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Application of the CRISPR/Cas system in gene editing and nucleic acid detection of parasitic diseases: a review YAN Shuning, YANG Shuo, YANG Hanyin, XIN Yi, XU Bin, HU Wei, LU Yan, ZHENG Bin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 314-320.   Abstract （286）      PDF（pc） （900KB）（1115）       Knowledge map    Save CRISPR/Cas system, an adaptive immune system with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, may interfere with exogenous nucleic acids and protect prokaryotes from external damages, is an effective gene editing and nucleic acid detection tools. The CRISPR/Cas system has been widely applied in virology and bacteriology; however, there is relatively less knowledge about the application of the CRISPR/Cas system in parasitic diseases. The review summarizes the mechanisms of action of the CRISPR/Cas system and provides a comprehensive overview of their application in gene editing and nucleic acid detection of parasitic diseases, so as to provide insights into future studies on parasitic diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2023 ZHANG Lijuan, HE Junyi, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, LI Yinlong, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 221-227.   Abstract （931）      PDF（pc） （942KB）（1098）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the progress of national schistosomiasis elimination program of China in 2023 and summarize the lessons and experiences, data on the endemic status of schistosomiasis and national schistosomiasis surveillance results in the People’s Republic of China were collected and analyzed at a national level. By the end of 2023, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan and Hubei provinces were identified to achieve the criteria of transmission interruption in 2020, and Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces achieved the criteria of transmission interruption in 2023. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2023, including 26 250 endemic villages covering 73 034 500 residents at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 78.49% (354/451) achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination and 21.51% (97/451) achieved the criteria of transmission interruption, respectively. In 2023, a total of 4 216 643 individuals received immunological tests, with 47 794 sero⁃positives identified, and a total of 184 216 individuals received parasitological examinations, with 4 egg⁃positives detected. A total of 27 768 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China by the end of 2023. In 2023, 539 548 bovines were raised in schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of China, and 125 440 bovines received immunological tests, with 124 sero⁃positives detected, while no egg⁃positives were identified among the 133 508 bovines receiving parasitological examinations. In 2023, snail survey was performed at an area of 641 339.53 hm2 and 184 819.77 hm2 snail habitats were identified, including 51.53 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 642.25 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2023, there were 20 198 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 598 183 person⁃time individuals and 283 954 herd⁃time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2023, snail control with chemical treatment was performed in 116 347.95 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 690.89 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 334.62 hm2. The national schistosomiasis surveillance results showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero among humans and bovines in 2023, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. These data demonstrated that transmission interruption of schistosomiasis had been achieved across all endemic provinces in China in 2023, and the endemic status of schistosomiasis tended to be stable, while advanced cases were predominant among all schistosomiasis cases. However, the areas of snail habitats remained high and cattle re⁃raising was very common in some regions. Intensified schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast and snail control in high⁃risk areas are needed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Advances in detection methods for fish⁃borne parasites in aquatic products ZHANG Yaoguang, WANG Zhenyu, CHEN Jian, YU Qing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 428-434,438.   Abstract （229）      PDF（pc） （1021KB）（688）       Knowledge map    Save Consumption of raw and semi⁃raw aquatic products is strongly associated with the development of fish⁃borne parasitic diseases. Detection of fish⁃borne parasites in aquatic products is of great significance for the prevention and control of fish⁃borne parasitic diseases. This review describes the advances in the application of etiological, molecular biological and immunological techniques alone and in combinations for detection of fish⁃borne parasites, so as to provide insights into detection of fish⁃borne parasites. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Trends in areas of Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023 based on the Mann⁃Kendall test GAO Fenghua, ZHANG Shiqing, DING Songjun, XU Xiaojuan, WANG Tianping, DAI Bo Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (5): 460-465.   Abstract （188）      PDF（pc） （1527KB）（682）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the trends in areas of Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023, so as to provide insights into facilitating the progress of schistosomiasis elimination in the province.  Methods　Areas of O. hupensis snail habitats in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023 were collected, and the trends in and mutations of O. hupensis snail habitats in Anhui Province, and the trends in O. hupensis snail habitats in different types of schistosomiasis⁃endemic foci and in different cities of Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023 were analyzed using Mann⁃Kendall test. Results　The areas of O. hupensis snail habitats reduced by 12.62% in Anhui Province in 2023 relative to in 2004. Mann⁃Kendall trend test showed that the areas of O. hupensis snail habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023 (Z = -3.926, P < 0.001, β = -215.66), with an annual average reduction of 215.66 hm2. Mann⁃Kendall mutation test showed that the areas of O. hupensis snail habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline in Anhui Province since 2015 (|Z| > U0.05, P < 0.05). The areas of O. hupensis snail habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline in marshland and lake regions (Z = -4.899, P < 0.001, β = -260.13), and a tendency towards a rise in hilly regions of Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023 (Z = 2.758, P < 0.01, β = 44.55). Among 9 cities endemic for schistosomiasis in Anhui Province, the areas of O. hupensis snail habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline in 5 cities of Ma'anshan, Tongling, Anqing, Huangshan and Chizhou (Z = -4.056 to -2.109, all P values < 0.05, β = -92.12 to -0.45). The average constituent ratios of areas of O. hupensis snail habitats were 88.19% and 11.81% in marshland and lake regions and hilly regions of Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023, respectively, and the ratio of areas of O. hupensis snail habitats in marshland and lake regions to areas of snail habitats in hilly regions reduced from 9.23∶1 in 2004 to 5.74∶1 in 2023 in Anhui Province, with the ratio appearing a tendency towards a decline (Z = -4.477, P < 0.001, β = -0.16). Conclusions　The areas of O. hupensis snail habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023, with a reduction in areas of O. hupensis snail habitats in marshland and lake regions and a rise in hilly regions. Targeted O. hupensis snail control interventions are required tailored to real snail status.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in the world: a review CHEN Xi, SHI Yue, ZHOU Sheng, GENG Mengjie, TU Hong, SONG Jiandong, ZHENG Canjun, SUN Junling Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 412-421,427.   Abstract （203）      PDF（pc） （1023KB）（593）       Knowledge map    Save Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by viscerotropic Leishmania species and transmitted by bites of infected phlebotomine sandflies, which is predominantly prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, eastern Africa and South America. Currently, visceral leishmaniasis is the second most fatal parasitic disease in the world. Because of climate changes, urban development and individual conditions, there are changes in the density of visceral leishmaniasis vector sandflies and the likelihood of contact with humans, resulting in a visceral leishmaniasis transmission risk. The review summarizes natural, social and biological factors affecting the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis, so as to provide insights into formulation of targeted control measures for visceral leishmaniasis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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How do female mosquitoes determine the most suitable males for mating? LI Yitong, LI Dong, LIU Xiaofei, WANG Ying, LIU Tingting, XU Yanqiu, DENG Shengqun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 321-328.   Abstract （195）      PDF（pc） （1001KB）（571）       Knowledge map    Save More than 80% of the world’s populations are at risk of vector⁃borne diseases, with mosquito⁃borne diseases as a significant global public health problem. Mosquito populations control is critical to interrupting the transmission of mosquito⁃borne diseases. This review summarizes the physical attributes, smell, vision, touch, and hearing of mosquitoes to unravel the preferences of female mosquitoes, and describes the mechanisms underlying the best male mating by female mosquitoes, so as to provide new insights into management of mosquito⁃borne diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Biological threats to global malaria eliminationⅠAntimalarial drug resistance LU Feng Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 233-238.   Abstract （219）      PDF（pc） （1470KB）（485）       Knowledge map    Save Malaria is an infectious disease that seriously threatens human health. Currently, malaria control mainly depends on antimalarial chemotherapy. However, antimalarial drug resistance is becoming increasingly severe, which poses a great challenge to malaria control, notably treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. To address this challenge, there is a need to facilitate development of novel antimalarial drugs and innovation of treatment strategies, as well as reinforce surveillance and research on antimalarial drug resistance. This article reviews the main categories and use guidelines of current antimalarial agents, summarizes the current status and monitoring methods of antimalarial drug resistance, and proposes the response to antimalarial drug resistance, so as to provide insights into the use of antimalarial drugs and response to antimalarial drug resistance, and contribute to global malaria elimination. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Molecular characteristics of Japanese encephalitis virus carried by Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Dongchuan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province GU Yangyang, HE Yuwen, CHEN Yiju, YANG Zhenxing, LI Nan, LÜ Shunyan, ZHU Yantao, RUAN Fangchao, WANG Jiali, WANG Jinglin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 361-369.   Abstract （139）      PDF（pc） （2400KB）（450）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To isolate the Japanese encephalitis virus carried by Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Dongchuan District of Yunnan Province and analyze its molecular characteristics, so as to provide insights into the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis in Yunnan Province. Methods　Mosquito specimens were collected using mosquito⁃trapping lamps from pig farms in Batang Village and Xiaoxin Village, Dongchuan District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province in July 2016, and the mosquito species was identified according to the mosquito morphology. Then, 60 to 100 mosquitoes of each species served as a group and were ground. Baby hamster kidney⁃21 (BHK⁃21) cells and Aedes albopictus clone C6/36 cells were used for virus isolation, and positive isolates were identified using flavivirus primers. The positive isolates were amplified using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT⁃PCR) assay with 15 pairs of specific primers covering the full length of the genotypeⅠJapanese encephalitis virus, and DNA sequence assembly was performed using the software SeqMan in the DNASTAR package. The obtained sequences were aligned with the complete sequences of 38 Japanese encephalitis virus downloaded from the GenBank with the software MegAlign, and the nucleotide and amino acid homology analyses of the obtained sequences were performed. The difference in amino acid sites was analyzed with the software GeneDoc, and phylogenetic trees were created based on the sequences of the coding region and E protein of the isolated Japanese encephalitis virus with the software Mega X. In addition, the secondary and tertiary structures of the E protein of the Japanese encephalitis virus were predicted using the online tool SOPMA and the software Swiss⁃Model. Results　A total of 5 820 mosquitoes were collected and 3 843 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (66.03%) were identified according to the mosquito morphology. A positive virus isolate, termed YNDC55⁃33, was isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchoides following batches of virus isolation from mosquito specimens, and cytopathic effect was observed following inoculation into BHK⁃21 and C6/36 cells. The YNDC55⁃33 virus isolate was successfully amplified with the flavivirus primes, and a long sequence containing 300 nucleotides was obtained. Following sequence alignment using the BLAST tool, the sequence of the YNDC55⁃33 virus isolate had high homology with that of the genotypeⅠJapanese encephalitis virus. A long sequence with 10 845 nucleotides in length, which encoded 3 432 amino acids, was obtained by splicing the full sequence of the YNDC55⁃33 virus isolate. Phylogenetic analysis based on the whole⁃genome sequence and E gene sequence of the YNDC55⁃33 virus isolate showed that the new YNDC55⁃33 virus isolate was most closely related to the genotypeⅠGuizhou isolate (GenBank accession number: HM366552), with nucleotide homology of 98.5% and amino acid homology of 99.4%, and the YNDC55⁃33 virus isolate shared 97.96% ± 0.33% nucleotide homology and 99.35% ± 0.08% amino acid homology with other genotypeⅠJapanese encephalitis virus isolates, and < 90% nucleotide homology and < 98% amino acid homology with other genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus. The YNDC55⁃33 virus isolate and the live attenuated virus vaccine candidate SA14⁃14⁃2 isolate differed at 16 amino acid sites on E gene, and 7 out of 8 key amino acid sites related to neurovirulence. The secondary and tertiary structures of the E protein of the YNDC55⁃33 virus isolate were predicted to be characterized by random coils. Conclusions　A genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus was isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Dongchuan District, Kunming City. This virus isolate and the live attenuated virus vaccine candidate SA14⁃14⁃2 isolate does not differ at antigenic epitopes⁃related key amino acid sites, and the major protein structure of the virus isolate is random coils. This study adds new data for the epidemiological distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus in Yunnan Province, which may provide insights into the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis in the province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Biological threats to global malaria elimination Ⅳ Emergence of invasive vector species LIU Qiyong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 247-250.   Abstract （181）      PDF（pc） （1171KB）（439）       Knowledge map    Save Driven by international exchanges and climate changes, the invasion and spread of vector Anopheles mosquitoes posed a new challenge to achieving global malaria elimination. Taking the invasion of An. stephensi to exacerbate the malaria epidemic in Africa as an example, this article summarizes the current situation of global Anopheles invasion, and estimates the potential risk of vector Anopheles mosquitoes to unravel the difficulties and challenges in the global malaria elimination program, so as to provide insights into improved early earning and precision control of vector Anopheles mosquito invasion across the world. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Biological threats to global malaria eliminationⅡ Deletion in the malaria rapid diagnostic test target Plasmodium falciparum histidine⁃rich protein 2/3 genes XU Sui, TANG Jianxia Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 239-242,258.   Abstract （202）      PDF（pc） （1614KB）（420）       Knowledge map    Save The global malaria epidemic is still severe. Because of simple procedures, rapid detection and accuracy results, rapid diagnostic test (RDT) has become the most important and the most widely used diagnostic tool for malaria prevention and control. However, deletions in the RDT target Plasmodium falciparum histidine⁃rich protein 2/3 (Pfhrp2/3) genes may cause false⁃negative results of RDT, which has been included as one of the four biological threats to global malaria elimination. This article reviews the applications of RDT in the global malaria diagnosis, analyzes the threats and challenges caused by Pfhrp2/3 gene deletion, proposes methods for monitoring Pfhrp2/3 gene deletion, and summarizes the causes and countermeasures of negative RDT detections, so as to provide insights into consolidation of malaria elimination achievements in China and contributions to global malaria elimination. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of drones in Oncomelania hupensis snail control with molluscicides HUANG Yixin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (5): 439-440,449.   Abstract （239）      PDF（pc） （1007KB）（414）       Knowledge map    Save Oncomelania hupensis snail control by chemical treatment is an important approach for control and elimination of snails, and an appropriate apparatus for spraying chemicals is an important support to molluscicidal effects. Nevertheless, the research and evaluation of molluscicidal apparatuses have not been paid high attention in the schistosomiasis control programme for a long period of time. Currently, agricultural plant⁃protective apparatuses have been widely used for chemical treatment. This comment provides a short overview of the application of drones in O. hupensis snail control by chemical treatment, and proposes suggestions for solving the problems of use of drones in O. hupensis snail control by chemical treatment in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of interruption of schistosomiasis transmission and prospects in Yunnan Province ZHANG Yun, WANG Lifang, FENG Xiguang, WU Mingshou, SHEN Meifen, JIANG Hua, SONG Jing, SUN Jiayu, CHEN Chunqiong, YAN Jiaqi, ZHANG Zongya, ZHOU Jihua, DONG Yi, DU Chunhong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 422-427.   Abstract （144）      PDF（pc） （1128KB）（404）       Knowledge map    Save Schistosomiasis was once hyper⁃endemic in Yunnan Province. Following concerted efforts for over 70 years, remarkable achievements have been made for schistosomiasis control in the province. In 2004, the Mid⁃ and Long⁃term Plan for Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control in Yunnan Province was initiated in Yunnan Province, and the target for transmission control of schistosomiasis was achieved in the province in 2009. Following the subsequent implementation of the Outline for Key Projects in Integrated Schistosomiasis Control Program (2009—2015) and the 13th Five⁃year Plan for Schistosomiasis Control in Yunnan Province, no acute schistosomiasis had been identified in Yunnan Province for successive 12 years, and no local Schistosoma japonicum infections had been detected in humans, animals or Oncomelania hupensis snails for successive 6 years in the province by the end of 2020. The transmission of schistosomiasis was interrupted in Yunnan Province in 2020. This review summarizes the history of schistosomiasis, changes in schistosomiasis prevalence and progress of schistosomiasis control in Yunnan Province, and proposes the future priorities for schistosomiasis control in the province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Nippostrongylus brasiliensis alleviates dextran sulfate sodium salt⁃induced ulcerative colitis in mice: a preliminary study  ZHANG Yingshu, YUAN Caiyi, WANG Qiang, DING Xin, YAO Jiakai, ZHANG Bei, QIAO Shumiao, DAI Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (5): 450-459,473.   Abstract （192）      PDF（pc） （3112KB）（399）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the alleviation of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection on dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)⁃induced ulcerative colitis in mice, and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methods　Thirty male C57BL/6J mice of the SPF grade, each weighing approximately 25 g, were randomly divided into three groups, including the blank control group (NC group), DSS modeling group (DSS group), and N. brasiliensis treatment group (Nb + DSS group), of 10 mice in each group. Mice in the DSS group were orally administered with 3.5% DSS daily since day 1 (D0) for 6 successive days, and given normal drinking water since D6, and animals in the Nb + DSS group were subcutaneously injected with the third⁃stage larvae of N. brasiliensis at a dose of 500 larvae per mice 5 days prior to D0, followed by oral administration with 3.5% DSS daily since D0 for 6 successive days and normal drinking water since D6, while mice in the NC group were given normal drinking water. Mouse body weight and stool were observed and the disease activity index (DAI) was scored in each group during the study period. All mice were sacrificed on D9. The mouse colon length was measured, and mouse colon specimens were subjected to hematoxylin⁃eosin (HE) staining and histopathological scoring. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression of interleukin (IL)⁃1β and IL⁃10 was quantified in mouse colon specimens using quantitative fluorescent real⁃time PCR (qPCR) assay and enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the mRNA and protein expression of mucosal repair⁃associated molecules zonula occludens⁃1 (ZO⁃1), mucin 2 (MUC2) and claudin⁃1 was detected in mouse colon specimens using qPCR assay and immunofluorescence assay. Results　The mice body weights, DAI scores and colon lengths were (26.26 ± 1.93), (22.39 ± 1.65), (25.00 ± 1.58) g (F = 8.06, P < 0.01); (1.89 ± 0.34), (0.47 ± 0.39), 0 points (F = 57.61, P < 0.000 1); and (42.50 ± 5.75), (56.20 ± 5.96) mm and (61.17 ± 7.88) mm (F = 13.72, P < 0.001) in the NC, DSS and Nb + DSS groups on D9, respectively, and elevated mouse body weight (P < 0.05), reduced DAI score (P < 0.000 1) and increased colon length (P < 0.01) were observed in the Nb + DSS group relative to the DSS group on D9. Pathological examinations showed that the colonic crypts were relatively intact and the inflammatory cell infiltration was lower in the mouse colon specimens in the Nb + DSS group than in DSS the group. There was a significant difference in the histopathological scores of mouse colon specimens among the NC group (0 point), the DSS group [(2.00 ± 1.22) points] and the Nb + DSS group [(0.20 ± 0.45) points] (F = 10.71, P < 0.01), respectively, and the histopathological score of mouse colon specimens was significantly higher in the DSS group than in the NC and Nb + DSS groups (both P values < 0.01). qPCR assay quantified that the relative IL⁃10 and IL⁃1β mRNA expression was 1.25 ± 0.08, 0.44 ± 0.14 and 1.30 ± 0.45 (F = 10.66, P < 0.01), and 0.22 ± 0.13, 1.14 ± 0.31 and 0.41 ± 0.19 (F = 16.89, P < 0.001) in mouse colon specimens in the NC, DSS and Nb + DSS groups, respectively, and higher IL⁃10 mRNA expression and lower IL⁃1β mRNA expression were found in mouse colon specimens in the Nb + DSS group than in the DSS group (both P values < 0.01). The relative MUC2, claudin⁃1 and ZO⁃1 mRNA expression was 0.87 ± 0.25, 0.34 ± 0.26 and 4.21 ± 0.55 (F = 121.60, P < 0.000 1), 1.05 ± 0.41, 0.16 ± 0.09 and 0.22 ± 0.11 (F = 14.00, P < 0.01), and 1.03 ± 0.10, 0.60 ± 0.11 and 1.64 ± 0.28 (F = 32.16, P < 0.000 1) in mouse colon specimens in the NC, DSS and Nb + DSS groups, respectively, and significantly higher MUC2 and ZO⁃1 mRNA expression was quantified in mouse colon specimens in the Nb + DSS group than in the DSS group (both P values < 0.05). The mean fluorescence intensities of ZO⁃1 and claudin⁃1 were 17.18 ± 2.08, 12.38 ± 1.21 and 18.06 ± 2.59 (F = 8.95, P < 0.01) and 13.50 ± 1.63, 9.66 ± 2.03 and 13.61 ± 0.97 (F = 6.96, P < 0.05) in mouse colon specimens in the NC, DSS and Nb + DSS groups, respectively, and the mean fluorescence intensities of ZO⁃1 and claudin⁃1 were significantly greater in mouse colon specimens in the Nb + DSS group than in the DSS group (both P values < 0.05).  Conclusion　N. brasiliensis infection may remarkably alleviate DSS⁃induced ulcerative colitis in mice through promoting expression of anti⁃inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting expression of pro⁃inflammatory cytokines and facilitating mucosal repair in colon tissues. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatiotemporal clustering and hot spot analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in Gansu Province from 1993 to 2023 YU Dawei, HE Aiwei, FENG YU, YANG Guobing, YANG Chengming, LI Fan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 334-338,387.   Abstract （181）      PDF（pc） （1535KB）（365）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the spatiotemporal clustering characteristics of the reported incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Gansu Province from 1993 to 2023, so as to provide insights into the containment of VL and prevention of VL recurrence. Methods　County (district)⁃level epidemical data of VL in Gansu Province from 1993 to 2023 were collected, and the geographical information database of reported VL incidence in Gansu Province was created according to the county⁃level administrative code and electronic maps in Gansu Province. In addition, the spatial autocorrelation analysis and hot spot analysis of the reported VL incidence were performed in Gansu Province using the software ArcGIS 10.8. Results　A total of 2 597 VL cases were reported in Gansu Province from 1993 to 2023, with an annual average incidence rate of 3.036/105. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed spatial clustering of the reported VL incidence in Gansu Province (Moran’s I = 0.605, Z = 5.240, P < 0.001), appearing high⁃high clustering features (Getis⁃Ord G = 0.080, Z = 4.137, P < 0.001), and high⁃high clustering of the reported incidence of VL was identified in Diebu County, Dangchang County, Zhouqu County and Wenxian County. Hot spot analysis showed hot⁃spot areas of the reported VL incidence in Dangchang County, Zhouqu County, Wudu District and Wen County along the Bailong River basins and cold⁃spot areas in Qin’an County and Gangu County. Conclusions　There was spatial clustering and hot spots of the reported VL incidence in Gansu Province from 1993 to 2023. Intensified surveillance and control is required to prevent the spread of VL. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Optimization of the control strategy and research priorities to combat the resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis in China ZHOU Xiaonong, LI Shizhu, CHEN Junhu, ZHANG Yi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 329-333.   Abstract （232）      PDF（pc） （516KB）（364）       Knowledge map    Save Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infection and transmitted by sandflies. There are three main forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. China is mainly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, which is a class C notifiable infectious disease in the country. Following concerted efforts, the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis had been controlled in most endemic foci of China by the end of 1958, with a few cases reported in western China. Due to global climate changes and population mobility, resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis has recently occurred in historical endemic areas of central and western China, which is characterized by gradual expansion of endemic areas and remarkable rebounding epidemics. Hereby, we summarize the national and global epidemiology and control strategy of visceral leishmaniasis, propose 8 key research areas and 12 key research topics for visceral leishmaniasis control, and recommend the establishment of the joint prevention and control mechanism of "human⁃animals⁃vectors" and the working mechanism of animal prevention for human diseases based on the One Health approach, so as to combat the resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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While the priest climbs a post, the devil climbs ten: major biological threats from parasite and vector to malaria control and elimination YU Xinyu, CAO Jun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 228-232,238.   Abstract （244）      PDF（pc） （1180KB）（362）       Knowledge map    Save Malaria is one of the most serious mosquito⁃borne infectious diseases in the world. The global malaria control progress has stalled in recent years, which is largely due to the biological threats from the malaria pathogen Plasmodium and the vector Anopheles mosquitoes. This article provides an overview of biological threats to global malaria elimination, including antimalarial drug resistance, deletions in the malaria rapid diagnostic test target P. falciparum histidine⁃rich protein 2/3 (Pfhrp2/3) genes, vector insecticide resistance and emergence of invasive vector species, so as to provide insights into malaria and vector research and the formulation and adjustment of the malaria control and elimination strategy. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Genetic polymorphisms of common sandflies in selected areas of Henan Province based on DNA barcoding WANG Dan, HE Zhiquan, YANG Chengyun, LU Deling, SUN Yiying, KOU Yuanjing, QIAN Dan, ZHANG Hongwei, LIU Ying Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 352-360,392.   Abstract （184）      PDF（pc） （1276KB）（355）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To characterize the species of common sandflies in Henan Province using DNA barcoding with cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as the molecular marker, and to analyze the genetic polymorphisms of sandflies, so as to provide insights into visceral leishmaniasis prevention and control in Henan Province. Methods　Sandfly specimens were sampled from 13 sandflies surveillance sites from 2021 to 2023 in Anyang City, Zhengzhou, Luoyang and Xuchang cities (Zhengzhou⁃Luoyang⁃Xuchang areas) where visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported and in Jiaozuo and Xinxiang cities (Jiaozuo⁃Xinxiang areas) without visceral leishmaniasis cases reported. Genomic DNA was extracted from a single sandfly, and COI gene was amplified. The amplification product was subjected to bidirectional sequencing. Following sequence assembly, the species of sandflies was characterized through sequence alignment using the BLAST tool. The intra⁃specific and inter⁃specific genetic distances of sandflies were estimated among different areas using the software Mega 11, and phylogenetic trees were created. The polymorphisms of nucleotide sequences in the sandflies COI gene were estimated using the software DnaSP. The fixation index (FST) of different geographical isolates of sandflies was calculated using the Arlequin software, and the gene flow value (Nm) was used to measure the gene flow in the sandflies populations. In addition, the population genetic structure of different geographical populations of Phlebotomus chinensis was analyzed using the STRUCTURE software. Results　A total of 978 sandflies were collected from 13 sandflies surveillance sites in Zhengzhou⁃Luoyang⁃Xuchang areas, Jiaozuo⁃Xinxiang areas and Anyang City of Henan Province from 2021 to 2023, and 475 sandflies were randomly sampled for subsequent detections. A total of 304 Ph. chinensis, 162 Se. squamirostris and 9 Se. bailyi were identified based on molecular biological detection of the COI gene, and Se. bailyi was reported for the first time in Henan Province. The intraspecific genetic distances of sandflies were 0.000 to 0.040, and the interspecific genetic distances ranged from 0.133 to 0.161. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that each of the three sandfly species was clustered into a clade. The genetic polymorphisms of Ph. chinensis populations varied among different areas, with the highest haplotype diversity (0.966 ± 0.007) and the greatest nucleotide diversity (0.011) in Zhengzhou⁃Luoyang⁃Xuchang areas, and the lowest haplotype diversity (0.720 ± 0.091) and nucleotide diversity (0.004) in Anyang City. The dominant haplotype of Ph. chinensis populations was Pch_Hap_2 in Anyang City and Jiaozuo⁃Xinxiang areas, with moderate genetic differentiation (0.05 < FST < 0.15) and frequent gene exchange (Nm value > 1) between Ph. chinensis populations sampled from Anyang City, and Jiaozuo⁃Xinxiang areas. Population genetic structure analysis showed that the dominant component of Ph. chinensis populations was K5 in Anyang City and Jiaozuo⁃Xinxiang areas. No obvious dominant haplotype was observed in Ph. chinensis populations sampled from Zhengzhou⁃Luoyang⁃Xuchang areas, which had very high genetic differentiation (FST > 0.25) and little gene exchange (Nm value <１) with Ph. chinensis populations from Anyang City, and Jiaozuo⁃Xinxiang areas, with K3 as the dominant component. In addition, there was no significant difference in the genetic polymorphism level among Se. squamirostris populations from the three areas. Conclusions 　There are Ph. chinensis, Se. squamirostris and Se. bailyi in Henan Province, and S. bailyi is recorded for the first time in Henan Province by molecular biological assays. There are different levels of genetic differentiation and gene exchange among P. chinensis populations in different areas of Henan Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Distribution and seasonal fluctuation of visceral leishmaniasis vectors sandflie in Lüliang City of Shanxi Province in 2023 WANG Yanqin, JIA Yujie, LIANG Yifang, HAO Pingping, TIAN Xiaodong, FENG Wei, DONG Xiaoqing, WANG Caiping, ZHANG Yanbin, CHEN Huize Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 403-406.   Abstract （133）      PDF（pc） （1189KB）（352）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the distribution and seasonal fluctuations of visceral leishmaniasis vectors sandflies in Lüliang City, Shanxi Province, so as to provide insights into assessment of the visceral leishmaniasis transmission risk and formulation of visceral leishmaniasis control measures. Methods　A total of 12 natural villages were sampled from Shilou County, Lishi District, Lanxian County, Linxian County and Wenshui County in Lüliang City, Shanxi Province from June to September, 2023, and sandflies were captured using light traps from 7 breeding habitats, including farmers’ houses, sheep pens, cattle pens, chicken coops, pig pens, mule and horse pens, and loess⁃cave dwellings. Following morphological identification of the sandfly species, the distribution of sandflies and the seasonal fluctuations of the sandfly density were analyzed. In addition, the Leishmania was detected in sandflies using a real⁃time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay. Results　A total of 2 831 sandflies were captured with 156 light traps in Lüliang City from June to September, 2023, including 2 638 female sandflies (93.18%) and 193 male sandflies (6.82%), and the average density was 16.91 sandflies/(light⁃night). The seasonal fluctuations of the sandfly density all appeared a unimodal distribution in all survey sites, and the sandfly density peaked in July and then declined rapidly. Among all types of breeding habitats, the greatest sandfly density was found in sheep pens [39.04 sandflies/(light⁃night)]. In addition, 4.08% (2/49) of the sandfly samples were tested positive for Leishmania nucleic acid as revealed by the real⁃time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay. Conclusions　Sandflies were widely distributed in Lüliang City, Shanxi Province in 2023, and the peak of the sandfly density was observed in July, which had a visceral leishmaniasis transmission risk. Intensified surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis and sandfly vectors is required and targeted vector control is recommended. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Molluscicidal effect and costs of spraying pyriclobenzuron with drones against Pomacea canaliculata ZHAO Xiaolin, CHEN Ying, HU Yanyue, XU Yanggeng, WANG Youqi, LÜ Dan, WAN Chuanxu, SUN Yang, DUAN Liping, WANG Weisi, HUANG Shuijin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (5): 441-449.   Abstract （227）      PDF（pc） （2459KB）（341）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the molluscicidal effects and costs of spraying 20% suspension concentrate of pyriclobenzuron sulphate (SCPS) with drones against Pomacea canaliculata in paddy environments, so as to provide insights into the extensive applications of pyriclobenzuron against P. canaliculata. Methods　On July 2022, a paddy field was selected from Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province as the study area, and 72 independent rectangular plots measuring 2 m × 1 m were allocated in the study area, with 1 m interval between each plot, and 20 P. canaliculata snails gently placed in each plot. The activity of 25% wettable powder of pyriclobenzuron sulphate (WPPS) by manual spraying at doses of 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 g/m2 and 4.00 g/m2 against P. canaliculata was tested in 54 plots, and manual spraying of 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPNES) at a dose of 0.10 g/m2 served as a chemical control, while manual spraying of the same volume of clean water served as a blank control, with 9 plots in each group. The activity of SCPS against P. canaliculata was tested in the remaining 18 plots. Based on the molluscicidal tests of WPPS, the molluscicidal effect of SCPS by manual spraying at doses of 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 g/m2 and 0.50 g/m2 against P. canaliculata was evaluated, and manual spraying of WPNES at a dose of 0.10 g/m2 served as a chemical control, while manual spraying of the same volume of clean water served as a blank control, with three plots in each group. On July 2023, 14 paddy fields with a mean living P. canaliculata density of > 5 snails/m2 were selected from Yujiang District, Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province for molluscicidal tests. Based on the molluscicidal effect of pyriclobenzuron against P. canaliculata in plots, the molluscicidal effects of WPPS by manual spraying at doses of 0.25, 0.50 g/m2 and 1.00 g/m2 and manual applications of WPPS at dose of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 g/m2 and 2.00 g/m2 mixed with soil were tested, and manual spraying of 0.10 g/m2 WPNES served as a chemical control group, while manual spraying of the same volume of clean water served as a blank control, with one paddy field in each group. Based on the effect of pyriclobenzuron against P. canaliculata in plots, the activity of SCPS sprayed with drones at doses of 0.25 g/m2 and 0.50 g/m2 mixed in water at 2 kg/667 m2 and 4 kg/667 m2 was tested against P. canaliculata, and spraying of the same volume of clean water with drones served as a blank control. All P. canaliculata snails were captured 3 days and 7 days following chemical treatment in plots and paddy fields and identified for survival, and the mortality and corrected mortality of P. canaliculata snails were estimated. In addition, the areas of chemical treatment, amount of molluscicide use and labor costs of chemical treatment were estimated in molluscicidal tests in paddy fields, and the costs of chemical treatment for an area covering 667 m2 by drones and manual applications were calculated. Results　The mortality of P. canaliculata snails was all 100% in plots 3 days and 7 days following spraying WPPS at doses of 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 g/m2 and 4.00 g/m2, and the mortality rates of P. canaliculata snails were 66.67% to 100.00% 3 days post⁃treatment with SCPS at various doses ([χ2] = 277.897, P < 0.05) and 76.67% to 100.00% 7 days post⁃treatment ([χ2] = 274.206, P < 0.05). The mortality rates of P. canaliculata snails were 98.19% to 100.00% 3 days post⁃treatment with WPPS at various doses in paddy fields. There was a significant difference in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails among WPPS treatment groups and controls ([χ2] = 270.778, P < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between WPPS treatment groups and the chemical control group (all P values > 0.05), while there were significant differences in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails between WPPS treatment groups and the blank control group (all P values < 0.05). The mortality rates of P. canaliculata snails were 89.83% to 95.31% 3 days post⁃treatment with SCPS at various doses sprayed with drones, and there was a significant difference in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails among SCPS treatment groups and the blank control group ([χ2] = 1 132.892, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails among SCPS treatment groups or water mixture groups (all P values > 0.05), and there were significant differences in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails between SCPS treatment groups and the blank control group (all P values < 0.05). The mortality rates of P. canaliculata snails were 94.62% to 100.00% 7 days post⁃treatment with SCPS at various doses sprayed with drones, and there was a significant difference in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails among SCPS treatment groups and the blank control group ([χ2] = 1 266.932, P < 0.05), with the highest mortality found following spraying 0.50 g/m2 SCPS mixed in 2 kg/667 m2 water with drones (P < 0.05). The costs of P. canaliculata snail control by drones and manually were 35.85 Yuan/667 m2 and 43.33 Yuan/667 m2; however, the snail control efficiency was 6.67 times higher by drones than by manual applications. Conclusions　SCPS sprayed with drones is highly active against P. canaliculata snails in paddy fields. SCPS sprayed with drones is highly efficient and low in cost for P. canaliculata snail control in paddy fields, beaches and river courses. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological characteristics of local visceral leishmaniasis in Beijing Municipality from 2021 to 2023 WU Wenting, WANG Xiaomei, KAN Chengyu, DU Dan, LIANG Huijie, ZHANG Daitao, HE Zhanying Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 388-392.   Abstract （135）      PDF（pc） （997KB）（337）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of local visceral leishmaniasis in Beijing Municipality from 2021 to 2023, so as to provide insights into formulation of the visceral leishmaniasis control strategy. Methods Epidemiological data of visceral leishmaniasis cases reported in Beijing Municipality from 2021 to 2023 were collected from the National Health Informatization Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the epidemiological characteristics of local visceral leishmaniasis cases were analyzed using a descriptive epidemiological method. In November 2021 and 2023, 50 to 100 permanent residents were voluntarily selected within a 100 meter radius of sites where patients lived or acquired Leishmania infections, and venous blood was sampled for anti⁃Leishmania antibody testing. Venous blood was sampled from dogs for anti⁃Leishmania antibody testing in natural villages where patients lived or acquired Leishmania infections, or in districts where Leishmania⁃infected dogs were reported. In addition, sandflies were captured with CO2 mosquito traps and fine mesh nets in natural villages where patients lived or acquired Leishmania infections from May to September, 2021 and 2023, for sandfly species identification. Results　A total of 4 local visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in Beijing Municipality from 2021 to 2023, with ages of 2 to 77 years, and acquiring Leishmania infections in Mentougou District (2 cases), Changping District (1 case), and Yanqing District (1 case). The anti⁃Leishmania antibody testing was all negative in 73 human blood samples and the sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Leishmania antibody was 25.00% in 36 venous blood samples from domestic dogs in 2021, with a total of 4 520 Phlebotomus chinensis captured. The sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Leishmania antibody was 0.51% in 198 human blood samples and 13.58% in 243 venous blood samples from domestic dogs in 2023, with 16.10%, 25.00%, 17.78% and 3.13% sero⁃prevalence in dogs sampled from Mentougou District, Changping District, Yanqing District and Haidian District, respectively (P = 0.011), while a total of 1 712 Ph. chinensis were captured, including 1 421 female sandflies (86.54%). Conclusions　The prevalence of local visceral leishmaniasis was low in Beijing Municipality from 2021 to 2023; however, there is a risk of further spread in the epidemic foci. Intensified visceral leishmaniasis surveillance and control is recommended. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Distribution and seasonal fluctuation of visceral leishmaniasis vectors sandflies in Henan Province in 2023 HE Zhiquan, WANG Dan, KOU Yuanjing, YANG Chengyun, SUN Yiying, JI Penghui, JIANG Tiantian, LU Deling, QIAN Dan, ZHANG Hongwei, LIU Ying Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 346-351,398.   Abstract （140）      PDF（pc） （1042KB）（314）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the geographical distribution and seasonal fluctuations of visceral leishmaniasis vectors sandflies in Henan Province in 2023, so as to provide insights into the prevention and control of visceral leishmaniasis vectors. Methods　A total of 23 counties (districts) were sampled from 18 cities of Henan Province from May to September, 2023 as sandfly surveillance sites, and sandflies were captured using human capture and light trapping methods. Following morphological identification, the changes in the sandfly density were calculated at different months and in different breeding habitats. Results 　 A total of 406 light traps were set at sandfly surveillance sites in Henan Province from May to September, 2023, and a total of 3 137 female sandlies were captured, with an average density of 7.73 sandlies/(light·night). A total of 1 494 Phlebotomus chinensis sandflies were captured, including 1 222 female sandflies, with an average density of 3.01 sandflies/(light·night), and the highest density of P. chinensis was found in Gongyi City [17.00 sandflies/(light·night)]. A total of 5 544 sandflies were captured using the human capture method, including 230 P. chinensis, and the density of P. chinensis appeared a unimodal distribution, with a peak in early July [5.81 sandflies/(light·night)]. Among different breeding habitats, the highest P. chinensis density was detected in pigpens [4.50 sandflies/(light·night)]. Conclusions　P. chinensis was predominantly distributed in hilly areas of northern and central⁃western Henan Province in 2023, and the sandfly density appeared a unimodal distribution. Intensified monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis vectors is recommended. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current status and challenges of zoonosis prevention and control: a One Health perspective LI Cihuai, CHEN Feng, LÜ Shan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 98-103.   Abstract （146）      PDF（pc） （1059KB）（306）       Knowledge map    Save Zoonosis prevention and control is a complex public health concern, which requires the collaboration of multiple regions, disciplines, and departments to enhance the effectiveness. The One Health concept aims to achieve the joint health security of humans, animals and environments through cross⁃disciplinary, cross⁃sector and cross⁃field collaborations. This review summarizes the development of One Health and the successful practices in the prevention and control of echinococcosis, rabies, COVID⁃19 and schistosomiasis, as well as explores the challenges faced in applying this concept to the prevention and control of zoonoses, so as to provide insights into formulation of the integrated zoonoses control strategy and implementation of zoonoses control interventions at the human⁃animal⁃environment interface. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Hepatic T cell subtypes and functional analysis among alveolar echinococcosis patients using single⁃cell RNA sequencing CHEN Si, WANG Xiangqian, JIA Wanzhong, CAI Qigang, ZHANG Xueyong, ZHANG Qiang, ZHENG Haibo, ZHU Linghong, LI Bing, WANG Wei, HAN Xiumin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (5): 481-493.   Abstract （154）      PDF（pc） （4415KB）（301）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate T cell subtypes and their functions in liver immune microenvironments among patients with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) using single⁃cell RNA sequencing (scRNA⁃seq).  Methods　Four AE patients that were admitted to Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital in 2023 for hepatic surgery for the first time were enrolled, and liver specimens were sampled 1 cm (peri⁃lesion, PL group) and > 5 cm from AE lesions (distal lesion, DL group) among each patient. Finally, a total of eight liver specimens were sampled from four AE patients for scRNA⁃seq analysis. Genome and transcriptome data of liver specimens were processed using the software Cell Ranger and R package. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their biological functions were analyzed using gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and the primary intercellular communication patterns and interaction mechanisms were identified among T cell subtypes in liver specimens using the CellChat package. In addition, the developmental stages of T cells were subjected to trajectory analysis with the monocle package to investigate the expression of genes associated with cell growth and tumor transformation, and to predict the developmental trajectories of T cells. Results　All four AE patients were female, with a mean age of (25.00 ± 9.06) years, and there were three cases from Jiuzhi County, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and one case from Chengduo County, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The viability of single⁃cell samples from eight liver specimens was 90.41% to 96.33%, and a total of 81 763 cells were analyzed, with 19 cell types annotated. Of these cell types, 13 were immune cells (87.60%), and T cells (33.13%), neutrophils (15.40%), and natural killer cells (11.92%) were the three most common cell types. Re⁃clustering of 27 752 T cells and proliferative T cells identified 10 distinct T cell subtypes, with CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (23.43%), CD8+ naive T cells (12.80%), and CD4+ effector memory T cells (17.73%) as dominant cell types. The proportions of T helper 2 (Th2) cells (5.19% vs. 3.63%; [χ2]  = 38.35, P < 0.01) and CD4+ effector memory T cells (21.59% vs. 13.67%; [χ2]  = 244.70, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in liver specimens in the PL group than in the DL group, and the proportion of CD4+ helper T cells was significantly lower in the PL group than in the DL group (7.50% vs. 14.75%; [χ2]  = 330.52, P < 0.01). KEGG pathway analysis revealed that Th2 cells were significantly enriched in cell apoptosis and multiple cancer⁃associated pathways, and CD4+ effector memory T cells were significantly enriched in the regulation of cytokines and chronic inflammation, while CD4+ helper T cells were significantly enriched in immune responses regulation. Trajectory analysis of T cells showed that CD4+ helper T cells were at an earlier developmental stage relative to Th2 cells and CD4+ effector memory T cells, and the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (ID3), thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), Bcl2⁃associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) and heat shock protein family B (small) member 1 (HSPB1) genes appeared a tendency towards a decline over time. Conclusions　CD4+ effector memory T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are primary interacting cells in the liver specimens of AE patients. Reduced expression of Th2 cells and CD4+ helper T cells contributes to an inhibitory immune microenvironment, which promotes immune evasion by Echinococcus multilocularis, and Th2 cells are significantly enriched in multiple cancer⁃associated pathways, which may be linked to the invasive growth of E. multilocularis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological features of visceral leishmaniasis cases in Henan Province from 2021 to 2023 YANG Chengyun, WANG Dan, LU Deling, HE Zhiquan, JI Penghui, QIAN Dan, LIU Ying, KOU Yuanjing, LI Suhua, ZHOU Ruimin, DENG Yan, ZHANG Hongwei Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 393-398.   Abstract （132）      PDF（pc） （1287KB）（290）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the characteristics of visceral leishmaniasis cases in Henan Province, so as to provide insights into formulation of the visceral leishmaniasis control srtrategy. Methods　All epidemiological data of reported visceral leishmaniasis cases in Henan Province from 2021 to 2023 were retrieved from the National Notifiable Disease Report Information Management System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the epidemiological features and diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis cases were descriptively analyzed. Results　A total of 93 visceral leishmaniasis cases were reported in Henan Province from 2021 to 2023, with a male to female ratio of 2.58∶1, and including 2 imported cases from other provinces and 91 local cases. The number of visceral leishmaniasis cases peaked during the period between March and May, and between July and October. The reported visceral leishmaniasis cases had ages of 7 months to 74 years, with the largest number of cases found at ages of 0 to 9 years (26 cases, 27.96%), followed by at ages of 60 to 70 years (24 cases, 25.81%). Farmer (47 cases, 50.54%) and diaspora children (19 cases, 20.43%) were predominant occupations, and 91 local visceral leishmaniasis cases were found in 6 cities of Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Anyang, Hebi, Sanmenxia and Xuchang. The median duration from onset of visceral leishmaniasis to diagnosis was 20 days, and there were 25.81% (24/93) cases with 10 days and less duration from onset to diagnosis, 38.71% (36/93) cases receiving diagnosis at 11 to 30 days following onset, and 35.48% (33/93) cases receiving diagnosis for more than 30 days following onset. All cases were predominantly diagnosed in province⁃ (60.00%) and city⁃level (28.89%) medical institutions. Conclusions　The number of visceral leishmaniasis is on the rise in Henan Province, with a gradually expanding coverage. Intensified monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis cases, dogs, and vectors, dog management, sandflies control and improved individual protection are recommended to prevent the spread of visceral leishmaniasis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and preliminary application of a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of four intestinal parasites in goats LI Yilong, MU Xuanru, XU Hui, LUO Xiaoping, YU Runzi, XU Xinyi, YANG Linlin, YU Xingang, HONG Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 376-383.   Abstract （182）      PDF（pc） （1227KB）（287）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To develop a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of four intestinal parasites, including Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium parvum, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Moniezia, and to preliminarily evaluate its detection efficiency. Methods　Four pairs of specific primers were designed based on the conserved sequences of the corresponding genes of G. duodenalis (GenBank accession number: XM_001710026.2), C. parvum (GenBank accession number: XM_626998.1), E. bieneusi (GenBank accession number: KJ719492.1) and Moniezia (GenBank accession number: OM296991.1) retrieved from the GenBank database, and a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of G. duodenalis, C. parvum, E. bieneusi and Moniezia was developed and optimized. A total of 116 fresh goat stool samples were collected from four goat farms in Zhanjiang City, Guangdong Province during the period from October to December 2022, including 96 samples used for evaluating the detection efficacy of the multiplex PCR assay, and 20 samples as baseline controls for sample testing. Genomic DNA extracted from 96 goat stool samples was tested using the single⁃target PCR assay and the developed multiplex PCR assay, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the multiplex PCR assay were evaluated for detection of G. duodenalis, C. parvum, E. bieneusi and Moniezia DNA in goat stool samples with the single⁃target PCR assay as the gold standard. Results　The multiplex PCR assay developed in this study allowed simultaneous amplification of specific gene fragments of G. duodenalis, C. parvum, E. bieneusi and Moniezia, with 1 400, 755, 314 bp and 585 bp in sizes, respectively, and the detection limit was 102 and higher copies of parasite DNA clones, while the multiplex PCR assay was negative for gene amplification of Schistosoma japonicum, Fasciola hepatica, Echinococcus granulosus, Blastocystis hominis and Homalogaster paloniae. Single⁃target PCR assay and the developed multiplex PCR assay were employed to test DNA samples extracted from 96 goat stool samples, and single⁃target PCR assay tested positive in 40 goat stool samples (41.67%), including 39 positive samples tested with the multiplex PCR assay, with a mean coincidence rate of 97.50% (39/40). The multiplex PCR assay tested positive for G. duodenalis DNA in 26 goat stool samples (27.10%), C. parvum DNA in 22 samples (22.90%), E. bieneusi DNA in 24 samples (25.00%), and Moniezia in 9 samples (9.40%), which was consistent with the detection using the single⁃target PCR assay. The sensitivity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of the multiplex PCR assay were 96.15%, 95.83%, 100.00% and 100.00%, 98.90%, 98.92%, 100.00% and 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% and 100.00% for detection of G. duodenalis, C. parvum, E. bieneusi and Moniezia DNA in goat stool samples, respectively, if the single⁃target PCR assay served as the gold standard. Conclusion　A highly sensitive and specific multiplex PCR assay has been developed for simultaneous detection of G. duodenalis, C. parvum, E. bieneusi and Moniezia in goats, which is suitable for rapid, large⁃scale screening of intestinal parasites in sheep stool samples. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of artificial intelligence in parasitic diseases and parasitology ZHOU Yibiao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 551-554.   Abstract （299）      PDF（pc） （4619KB）（287）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid development of artificial intelligence poses a huge impact on health and has become a core driving force for the new generation of the scientific and technological revolution in the field of healthcare. Recently, artificial intelligence has been gradually applied in the field of parasitic diseases and parasitology, including disease diagnosis, prognosis prediction, prediction of transmission risk, intelligent identification of vectors and intermediate hosts, and disease prevention and control, which facilitates the progress towards elimination of parasitic diseases. In addition, artificial intelligence provides highly efficient tools and approaches for healthcare workers and researchers. This comment mainly reviews the application of artificial intelligence in the fields of parasitic diseases and parasitology. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China's participation in schistosomiasis control in Africa: value and practice of the trinity model HE Jian, WANG Xinyao, HUANG Yuzheng, Saleh JUMA, Mayassa ALLY, ZHOU Xiaonong, YANG Kun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 1-7,13.   Abstract （154）      PDF（pc） （1407KB）（280）       Knowledge map    Save As a neglected tropical disease, schistosomiasis remains a major public health challenge in underdeveloped areas, notably Africa. Currently, the national schistosomiasis control programmes in Africa mainly depend on foreign aids; however, conventional international aid models have multiple limitations. To enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of global schistosomiasis control programmes, this article proposes a trinity collaboration model based on international rules, China's experiences and local needs, which is explained with China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar as an example. Based on the successful experiences from the national schistosomiasis control programme in China, this model emphasizes the compliance with World Health Organization guidelines and fully considers local actual needs to promote the effectiveness and sustainability of the schistosomiasis control programme through integrating international resources and promoting China's experience to meet local needs. The successful practice of the China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar provides strong evidence that the model is of great theoretical significance and practical value to improve the efficiency of multilateral collaboration and promote global health governance. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Auxiliary diagnostic value of T cells spot test of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection for pulmonary and extra⁃pulmonary tuberculosis among the elderly HUANG Rui, LI Shuai, WANG Changmin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 310-313.   Abstract （196）      PDF（pc） （975KB）（277）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the auxiliary diagnostic value of T cells spot test of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (T⁃SPOT.TB) for pulmonary and extra⁃pulmonary tuberculosis among the elderly. Methods　A total of 173 elderly patients at ages of 60 years and older and with suspected tuberculosis that were admitted to People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during the period from October 2022 through February 2024 were enrolled, and all patients underwent T⁃SPOT.TB, acid fast staining and GeneXpert MTB/RIF tests. The etiological tests of MTB served as a gold standard, and the diagnostic values of T⁃SPOT.TB, acid fast staining and GeneXpert MTB/RIF tests for pulmonary and extra⁃pulmonary tuberculosis were compared among the elderly patients. Results　Of the 173 elderly patients suspected of tuberculosis, there were 44 patients definitely diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis, 30 cases with extra⁃pulmonary tuberculosis, and 99 cases without tuberculosis. The sensitivities of T⁃SPOT.TB, acid fast staining and GeneXpert MTB/RIF tests were 86.5%, 27.0% and 54.1% for diagnosis of tuberculosis. The sensitivities of T⁃SPOT.TB were 86.4% and 86.7% for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and extra⁃pulmonary tuberculosis, with an 80.8% specificity for diagnosis of tuberculosis. The sensitivities of GeneXpert MTB/RIF were 56.8% and 50.0% for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and extra⁃pulmonary tuberculosis, with a 100.0% specificity each, and the sensitivities of acid fast staining were 31.8% and 20.0% for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and extra⁃pulmonary tuberculosis, with a 100.0% specificity each. In addition, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.836, 0.635 and 0.770 for diagnosis of tuberculosis with T⁃SPOT.TB, acid fast staining and GeneXpert MTB/RIF tests among the elderly patients, respectively. Conclusion　T⁃SPOT.TB has a high auxiliary diagnostic value for both pulmonary and extra⁃pulmonary tuberculosis among elderly patients. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development of a grading diagnostic model for schistosomiasis⁃induced liver fibrosis based on radiomics and clinical laboratory indicators GUO Zhaoyu, SHAO Juping, ZOU Xiaoqing, ZHAO Qinping, QIAN Peijun, WANG Wenya, HUANG Lulu, XUE Jingbo, XU Jing, YANG Kun, ZHOU Xiaonong, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 251-258.   Abstract （219）      PDF（pc） （2542KB）（267）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the feasibility of developing a grading diagnostic model for schistosomiasis⁃induced liver fibrosis based on B⁃mode ultrasonographic images and clinical laboratory indicators. Methods　Ultrasound images and clinical laboratory testing data were captured from schistosomiasis patients admitted to the Second People’s Hospital of Duchang County, Jiangxi Province from 2018 to 2022. Patients with grade Ⅰ schistosomiasis⁃induced liver fibrosis were enrolled in Group 1, and patients with grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ schistosomiasis⁃induced liver fibrosis were enrolled in Group 2. The machine learning binary classification tasks were created based on patients’ radiomics and clinical laboratory data from 2018 to 2021 as the training set, and patients’ radiomics and clinical laboratory data in 2022 as the validation set. The features of ultrasonographic images were labeled with the ITK⁃SNAP software, and the features of ultrasonographic images were extracted using the Python 3.7 package and PyRadiomics toolkit. The difference in the features of ultrasonographic images was compared between groups with t test or Mann⁃Whitney U test, and the key imaging features were selected with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithm. Four machine learning models were created using the Scikit⁃learn repository, including the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), linear regression (LR) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The optimal machine learning model was screened with the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and features with the greatest contributions to the differentiation features of ultrasound images in machine learning models with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. Results　The ultrasonographic imaging data and clinical laboratory testing data from 491 schistosomiasis patients from 2019 to 2022 were included in the study, and a total of 851 radiomics features and 54 clinical laboratory indicators were captured. Following statistical tests (t = -5.98 to 4.80, U = 6 550 to 20 994, all P values < 0.05) and screening of key features with LASSO regression, 44 features or indicators were included for the subsequent modeling. The areas under ROC curve (AUCs) were 0.763 and 0.611 for the training and validation sets of the SVM model based on clinical laboratory indicators, 0.951 and 0.892 for the training and validation sets of the SVM model based on radiomics, and 0.960 and 0.913 for the training and validation sets of the multimodal SVM model. The 10 greatest contributing features or indicators in machine learning models included 2 clinical laboratory indicators and 8 radiomics features. Conclusions　The multimodal machine learning models created based on ultrasound⁃based radiomics and clinical laboratory indicators are feasible for intelligent identification of schistosomiasis⁃induced liver fibrosis, and are effective to improve the classification effect of one⁃class data models. 　 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 0-0.   Abstract （124）      PDF（pc） （8183KB）（265）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）