Table of Content

25 October 2024, Volume 36 Issue 5

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Application of drones in Oncomelania hupensis snail control with molluscicides

HUANG Yixin

2024, 36(5):  439-440,449. 

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Oncomelania hupensis snail control by chemical treatment is an important approach for control and elimination of snails, and an appropriate apparatus for spraying chemicals is an important support to molluscicidal effects. Nevertheless, the research and evaluation of molluscicidal apparatuses have not been paid high attention in the schistosomiasis control programme for a long period of time. Currently, agricultural plant⁃protective apparatuses have been widely used for chemical treatment. This comment provides a short overview of the application of drones in O. hupensis snail control by chemical treatment, and proposes suggestions for solving the problems of use of drones in O. hupensis snail control by chemical treatment in China.

Molluscicidal effect and costs of spraying pyriclobenzuron with drones against Pomacea canaliculata

ZHAO Xiaolin, CHEN Ying, HU Yanyue, XU Yanggeng, WANG Youqi, LÜ Dan, WAN Chuanxu, SUN Yang, DUAN Liping, WANG Weisi, HUANG Shuijin

2024, 36(5):  441-449. 

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Objective　To evaluate the molluscicidal effects and costs of spraying 20% suspension concentrate of pyriclobenzuron sulphate (SCPS) with drones against Pomacea canaliculata in paddy environments, so as to provide insights into the extensive applications of pyriclobenzuron against P. canaliculata. Methods　On July 2022, a paddy field was selected from Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province as the study area, and 72 independent rectangular plots measuring 2 m × 1 m were allocated in the study area, with 1 m interval between each plot, and 20 P. canaliculata snails gently placed in each plot. The activity of 25% wettable powder of pyriclobenzuron sulphate (WPPS) by manual spraying at doses of 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 g/m2 and 4.00 g/m2 against P. canaliculata was tested in 54 plots, and manual spraying of 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (WPNES) at a dose of 0.10 g/m2 served as a chemical control, while manual spraying of the same volume of clean water served as a blank control, with 9 plots in each group. The activity of SCPS against P. canaliculata was tested in the remaining 18 plots. Based on the molluscicidal tests of WPPS, the molluscicidal effect of SCPS by manual spraying at doses of 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 g/m2 and 0.50 g/m2 against P. canaliculata was evaluated, and manual spraying of WPNES at a dose of 0.10 g/m2 served as a chemical control, while manual spraying of the same volume of clean water served as a blank control, with three plots in each group. On July 2023, 14 paddy fields with a mean living P. canaliculata density of > 5 snails/m2 were selected from Yujiang District, Yingtan City, Jiangxi Province for molluscicidal tests. Based on the molluscicidal effect of pyriclobenzuron against P. canaliculata in plots, the molluscicidal effects of WPPS by manual spraying at doses of 0.25, 0.50 g/m2 and 1.00 g/m2 and manual applications of WPPS at dose of 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 g/m2 and 2.00 g/m2 mixed with soil were tested, and manual spraying of 0.10 g/m2 WPNES served as a chemical control group, while manual spraying of the same volume of clean water served as a blank control, with one paddy field in each group. Based on the effect of pyriclobenzuron against P. canaliculata in plots, the activity of SCPS sprayed with drones at doses of 0.25 g/m2 and 0.50 g/m2 mixed in water at 2 kg/667 m2 and 4 kg/667 m2 was tested against P. canaliculata, and spraying of the same volume of clean water with drones served as a blank control. All P. canaliculata snails were captured 3 days and 7 days following chemical treatment in plots and paddy fields and identified for survival, and the mortality and corrected mortality of P. canaliculata snails were estimated. In addition, the areas of chemical treatment, amount of molluscicide use and labor costs of chemical treatment were estimated in molluscicidal tests in paddy fields, and the costs of chemical treatment for an area covering 667 m2 by drones and manual applications were calculated. Results　The mortality of P. canaliculata snails was all 100% in plots 3 days and 7 days following spraying WPPS at doses of 0.50, 1.00, 2.00 g/m2 and 4.00 g/m2, and the mortality rates of P. canaliculata snails were 66.67% to 100.00% 3 days post⁃treatment with SCPS at various doses ([χ2] = 277.897, P < 0.05) and 76.67% to 100.00% 7 days post⁃treatment ([χ2] = 274.206, P < 0.05). The mortality rates of P. canaliculata snails were 98.19% to 100.00% 3 days post⁃treatment with WPPS at various doses in paddy fields. There was a significant difference in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails among WPPS treatment groups and controls ([χ2] = 270.778, P < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between WPPS treatment groups and the chemical control group (all P values > 0.05), while there were significant differences in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails between WPPS treatment groups and the blank control group (all P values < 0.05). The mortality rates of P. canaliculata snails were 89.83% to 95.31% 3 days post⁃treatment with SCPS at various doses sprayed with drones, and there was a significant difference in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails among SCPS treatment groups and the blank control group ([χ2] = 1 132.892, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails among SCPS treatment groups or water mixture groups (all P values > 0.05), and there were significant differences in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails between SCPS treatment groups and the blank control group (all P values < 0.05). The mortality rates of P. canaliculata snails were 94.62% to 100.00% 7 days post⁃treatment with SCPS at various doses sprayed with drones, and there was a significant difference in the mortality of P. canaliculata snails among SCPS treatment groups and the blank control group ([χ2] = 1 266.932, P < 0.05), with the highest mortality found following spraying 0.50 g/m2 SCPS mixed in 2 kg/667 m2 water with drones (P < 0.05). The costs of P. canaliculata snail control by drones and manually were 35.85 Yuan/667 m2 and 43.33 Yuan/667 m2; however, the snail control efficiency was 6.67 times higher by drones than by manual applications. Conclusions　SCPS sprayed with drones is highly active against P. canaliculata snails in paddy fields. SCPS sprayed with drones is highly efficient and low in cost for P. canaliculata snail control in paddy fields, beaches and river courses.


Nippostrongylus brasiliensis alleviates dextran sulfate sodium salt⁃induced ulcerative colitis in mice: a preliminary study 

ZHANG Yingshu, YUAN Caiyi, WANG Qiang, DING Xin, YAO Jiakai, ZHANG Bei, QIAO Shumiao, DAI Yang

2024, 36(5):  450-459,473. 

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Objective　To investigate the alleviation of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection on dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)⁃induced ulcerative colitis in mice, and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methods　Thirty male C57BL/6J mice of the SPF grade, each weighing approximately 25 g, were randomly divided into three groups, including the blank control group (NC group), DSS modeling group (DSS group), and N. brasiliensis treatment group (Nb + DSS group), of 10 mice in each group. Mice in the DSS group were orally administered with 3.5% DSS daily since day 1 (D0) for 6 successive days, and given normal drinking water since D6, and animals in the Nb + DSS group were subcutaneously injected with the third⁃stage larvae of N. brasiliensis at a dose of 500 larvae per mice 5 days prior to D0, followed by oral administration with 3.5% DSS daily since D0 for 6 successive days and normal drinking water since D6, while mice in the NC group were given normal drinking water. Mouse body weight and stool were observed and the disease activity index (DAI) was scored in each group during the study period. All mice were sacrificed on D9. The mouse colon length was measured, and mouse colon specimens were subjected to hematoxylin⁃eosin (HE) staining and histopathological scoring. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression of interleukin (IL)⁃1β and IL⁃10 was quantified in mouse colon specimens using quantitative fluorescent real⁃time PCR (qPCR) assay and enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the mRNA and protein expression of mucosal repair⁃associated molecules zonula occludens⁃1 (ZO⁃1), mucin 2 (MUC2) and claudin⁃1 was detected in mouse colon specimens using qPCR assay and immunofluorescence assay. Results　The mice body weights, DAI scores and colon lengths were (26.26 ± 1.93), (22.39 ± 1.65), (25.00 ± 1.58) g (F = 8.06, P < 0.01); (1.89 ± 0.34), (0.47 ± 0.39), 0 points (F = 57.61, P < 0.000 1); and (42.50 ± 5.75), (56.20 ± 5.96) mm and (61.17 ± 7.88) mm (F = 13.72, P < 0.001) in the NC, DSS and Nb + DSS groups on D9, respectively, and elevated mouse body weight (P < 0.05), reduced DAI score (P < 0.000 1) and increased colon length (P < 0.01) were observed in the Nb + DSS group relative to the DSS group on D9. Pathological examinations showed that the colonic crypts were relatively intact and the inflammatory cell infiltration was lower in the mouse colon specimens in the Nb + DSS group than in DSS the group. There was a significant difference in the histopathological scores of mouse colon specimens among the NC group (0 point), the DSS group [(2.00 ± 1.22) points] and the Nb + DSS group [(0.20 ± 0.45) points] (F = 10.71, P < 0.01), respectively, and the histopathological score of mouse colon specimens was significantly higher in the DSS group than in the NC and Nb + DSS groups (both P values < 0.01). qPCR assay quantified that the relative IL⁃10 and IL⁃1β mRNA expression was 1.25 ± 0.08, 0.44 ± 0.14 and 1.30 ± 0.45 (F = 10.66, P < 0.01), and 0.22 ± 0.13, 1.14 ± 0.31 and 0.41 ± 0.19 (F = 16.89, P < 0.001) in mouse colon specimens in the NC, DSS and Nb + DSS groups, respectively, and higher IL⁃10 mRNA expression and lower IL⁃1β mRNA expression were found in mouse colon specimens in the Nb + DSS group than in the DSS group (both P values < 0.01). The relative MUC2, claudin⁃1 and ZO⁃1 mRNA expression was 0.87 ± 0.25, 0.34 ± 0.26 and 4.21 ± 0.55 (F = 121.60, P < 0.000 1), 1.05 ± 0.41, 0.16 ± 0.09 and 0.22 ± 0.11 (F = 14.00, P < 0.01), and 1.03 ± 0.10, 0.60 ± 0.11 and 1.64 ± 0.28 (F = 32.16, P < 0.000 1) in mouse colon specimens in the NC, DSS and Nb + DSS groups, respectively, and significantly higher MUC2 and ZO⁃1 mRNA expression was quantified in mouse colon specimens in the Nb + DSS group than in the DSS group (both P values < 0.05). The mean fluorescence intensities of ZO⁃1 and claudin⁃1 were 17.18 ± 2.08, 12.38 ± 1.21 and 18.06 ± 2.59 (F = 8.95, P < 0.01) and 13.50 ± 1.63, 9.66 ± 2.03 and 13.61 ± 0.97 (F = 6.96, P < 0.05) in mouse colon specimens in the NC, DSS and Nb + DSS groups, respectively, and the mean fluorescence intensities of ZO⁃1 and claudin⁃1 were significantly greater in mouse colon specimens in the Nb + DSS group than in the DSS group (both P values < 0.05).  Conclusion　N. brasiliensis infection may remarkably alleviate DSS⁃induced ulcerative colitis in mice through promoting expression of anti⁃inflammatory cytokines, inhibiting expression of pro⁃inflammatory cytokines and facilitating mucosal repair in colon tissues.

Trends in areas of Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023 based on the Mann⁃Kendall test

GAO Fenghua, ZHANG Shiqing, DING Songjun, XU Xiaojuan, WANG Tianping, DAI Bo

2024, 36(5):  460-465. 

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Objective　To investigate the trends in areas of Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023, so as to provide insights into facilitating the progress of schistosomiasis elimination in the province.  Methods　Areas of O. hupensis snail habitats in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023 were collected, and the trends in and mutations of O. hupensis snail habitats in Anhui Province, and the trends in O. hupensis snail habitats in different types of schistosomiasis⁃endemic foci and in different cities of Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023 were analyzed using Mann⁃Kendall test. Results　The areas of O. hupensis snail habitats reduced by 12.62% in Anhui Province in 2023 relative to in 2004. Mann⁃Kendall trend test showed that the areas of O. hupensis snail habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023 (Z = -3.926, P < 0.001, β = -215.66), with an annual average reduction of 215.66 hm2. Mann⁃Kendall mutation test showed that the areas of O. hupensis snail habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline in Anhui Province since 2015 (|Z| > U0.05, P < 0.05). The areas of O. hupensis snail habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline in marshland and lake regions (Z = -4.899, P < 0.001, β = -260.13), and a tendency towards a rise in hilly regions of Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023 (Z = 2.758, P < 0.01, β = 44.55). Among 9 cities endemic for schistosomiasis in Anhui Province, the areas of O. hupensis snail habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline in 5 cities of Ma'anshan, Tongling, Anqing, Huangshan and Chizhou (Z = -4.056 to -2.109, all P values < 0.05, β = -92.12 to -0.45). The average constituent ratios of areas of O. hupensis snail habitats were 88.19% and 11.81% in marshland and lake regions and hilly regions of Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023, respectively, and the ratio of areas of O. hupensis snail habitats in marshland and lake regions to areas of snail habitats in hilly regions reduced from 9.23∶1 in 2004 to 5.74∶1 in 2023 in Anhui Province, with the ratio appearing a tendency towards a decline (Z = -4.477, P < 0.001, β = -0.16). Conclusions　The areas of O. hupensis snail habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2023, with a reduction in areas of O. hupensis snail habitats in marshland and lake regions and a rise in hilly regions. Targeted O. hupensis snail control interventions are required tailored to real snail status. 

Population genetic diversity of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Jining City of Shandong Province based on the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase Ⅰ gene

ZHANG Ye, ZANG Chuanhui, PAN Xiao, GONG Maoqing, LIU Hongmei

2024, 36(5):  466-473. 

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Objective　To understand the genetic basis of the adaptation of Culex tritaeniorhynchus to different environmental ecology in Jining City, Shandong Province, so as to provide insights into understanding of the population structure or isolation pattern of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the city. Methods　Seven sampling sites were selected from urban, suburban and rural areas of Jining City, Shandong Province from June to August 2023, and mosquitoes were  collected using mosquito⁃trapping lamps. All collected adult mosquitoes were identified morphologically. Genomic DNA was extracted from a single female Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquito, and the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidaseⅠ (COI) gene was amplified using a PCR assay, sequenced and subjected to molecular identification. The number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity (Hd), nucleotide diversity (Pi), and average number of nucleotide differences (K) of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus DNA sequences were estimated among different sampling sites using the software DnaSP 6, and a neutrality test was performed. The fixation index (FST), and gene flow (number of migrants, Nm) of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations were calculated using the software Arlequin 3.5.2, and subjected to analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). In addition, a haplotype network diagrams and a phylogenetic tree of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations were created using the software PopART and MEGA 11, respectively. Results　A total of 420 sequences were successfully amplified from the COI gene of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus samples collected from 7 sampling sites in Jining City, and a gene fragment sequence with a length of 603 bp was obtained, with 55 variable sites and 46 haplotypes and without insertion or deletion mutations. Of the 46 haplotypes, H01 was the dominant shared haplotype, and the haplotype frequency increased gradually from urban areas (34.00%) to rural areas (47.00%). The mean Hd, Pi and K values of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus COI genes were 0.814, 0.024 and 14.129, 0.489, 0.016 and 7.941 and 0.641, 0.016 and10.393 in suburban, urban, and rural areas, respectively, with the highest population diversity of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in suburban areas and the lowest in urban areas. Paired FST analysis among different types of sampling sites showed that the mean FST value was 0.029 between urban and suburban areas, indicating more frequent inter⁃population communication. AMOVA revealed that the percentage of intra⁃population variation (95.74%) was higher than that of inter⁃population variation (4.26%). Neutrality tests showed deviation from neutrality in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations collected from Nanyang Township (Tajima's D ＝ 2.793, Fu's Fs ＝ 6.429, both P values < 0.05). In addition, the mismatch distribution curves of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus COI gene appeared bimodal or multimodal patterns in Jining City, indicating a relatively stable overall population size. Conclusions　The mitochondrial COI gene may be used as a molecular marker to investigate the population genetic diversity of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The population genetic diversity of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is higher in the suburban areas of Jining City than in rural and urban areas, and there are frequent genetic exchanges between Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations from urban and suburban areas.

Spatiotemporal distribution of newly diagnosed echinococcosis patients in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2022

CUI Xinlu, MA Xiao, LIU Na, LIU Jia, LEI Wen, WU Shusheng, QIN Xianglan, CAIRENNYIMA, GONG Chunhua, MO Xiaojin, YANG Shijie, ZHANG Ting, CAO Li

2024, 36(5):  474-480. 

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Objective　To investigate the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and potential influencing factors of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2022, so as to provide insights into the formulation of the echinococcosis control strategy in Qinghai Province. Methods　The number of individuals screened for echinococcosis, number of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases, number of registered dogs and number of stray dogs were captured from the annual reports of echinococcosis control program in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2022, and the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was calculated. The number of populations, precipitation, temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours, average altitude, number of year⁃end cattle stock, number of year⁃end sheep stock, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, and number of village health centers in each county (district) of Qinghai Province were captured from the Qinghai Provincial Statistical Yearbook, and county⁃level electronic maps in Qinghai Province were downloaded from the National Platform for Common Geospatial Information Services. The software ArcGIS 10.8 was used to map the distribution of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases in Qinghai Province, and the spatial autocorrelation analysis of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was performed. In addition, the space⁃time scan analyses of number of individuals screened for echinococcosis, number of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases and geographical coordinates in Qinghai Province were performed with the software SaTScan 10.1.2, and the spatial stratified heterogeneity of the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was investigated with the software GeoDetector. Results　A total of 6 569 426 residents were screened for echinococcosis in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2022, and 5 924 newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases were found. The detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2016 to 2022 ([χ2] = 11.107, P < 0.01), with the highest detection in Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in 2017 (82.12/105). There were spatial clusters in the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2018 (Moran's I = 0.34 to 0.65, all Z values > 1.96, all P values < 0.05), and the distribution of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases appeared random distribution from 2019 to 2022 (Moran's I = -0.09 to 0.04, all Z values < 1.96, all P values > 0.05). Local spatial autocorrelation analysis showed high⁃high clusters and low⁃low clusters in the detection of new diagnosed echinococcosis cases in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2022, and space⁃time scan analysis showed that the first most likely cluster areas of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases in Qinghai Province from 2016 to 2022 were mainly distributed in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. GeoDetector⁃based analysis of the driving factors for the spatial stratified heterogeneity of detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases in Qinghai Province showed that average altitude, number of village health centers, number of cattle and sheep stock, GDP per capita, annual average sunshine hours, and annual average temperature had a strong explanatory power for the spatial distribution of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases, with q values of 0.630, 0.610, 0.600, 0.590, 0.588, 0.537 and 0.526, respectively. Conclusions　The detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases appeared a tendency towards a decline in Qinghai Province over years from 2016 to 2022, showing spatial clustering. Targeted control measures are required in cluster areas of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases for further control of the disease. 

Hepatic T cell subtypes and functional analysis among alveolar echinococcosis patients using single⁃cell RNA sequencing

CHEN Si, WANG Xiangqian, JIA Wanzhong, CAI Qigang, ZHANG Xueyong, ZHANG Qiang, ZHENG Haibo, ZHU Linghong, LI Bing, WANG Wei, HAN Xiumin

2024, 36(5):  481-493. 

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Objective　To investigate T cell subtypes and their functions in liver immune microenvironments among patients with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) using single⁃cell RNA sequencing (scRNA⁃seq).  Methods　Four AE patients that were admitted to Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital in 2023 for hepatic surgery for the first time were enrolled, and liver specimens were sampled 1 cm (peri⁃lesion, PL group) and > 5 cm from AE lesions (distal lesion, DL group) among each patient. Finally, a total of eight liver specimens were sampled from four AE patients for scRNA⁃seq analysis. Genome and transcriptome data of liver specimens were processed using the software Cell Ranger and R package. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their biological functions were analyzed using gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and the primary intercellular communication patterns and interaction mechanisms were identified among T cell subtypes in liver specimens using the CellChat package. In addition, the developmental stages of T cells were subjected to trajectory analysis with the monocle package to investigate the expression of genes associated with cell growth and tumor transformation, and to predict the developmental trajectories of T cells. Results　All four AE patients were female, with a mean age of (25.00 ± 9.06) years, and there were three cases from Jiuzhi County, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and one case from Chengduo County, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The viability of single⁃cell samples from eight liver specimens was 90.41% to 96.33%, and a total of 81 763 cells were analyzed, with 19 cell types annotated. Of these cell types, 13 were immune cells (87.60%), and T cells (33.13%), neutrophils (15.40%), and natural killer cells (11.92%) were the three most common cell types. Re⁃clustering of 27 752 T cells and proliferative T cells identified 10 distinct T cell subtypes, with CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (23.43%), CD8+ naive T cells (12.80%), and CD4+ effector memory T cells (17.73%) as dominant cell types. The proportions of T helper 2 (Th2) cells (5.19% vs. 3.63%; [χ2]  = 38.35, P < 0.01) and CD4+ effector memory T cells (21.59% vs. 13.67%; [χ2]  = 244.70, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in liver specimens in the PL group than in the DL group, and the proportion of CD4+ helper T cells was significantly lower in the PL group than in the DL group (7.50% vs. 14.75%; [χ2]  = 330.52, P < 0.01). KEGG pathway analysis revealed that Th2 cells were significantly enriched in cell apoptosis and multiple cancer⁃associated pathways, and CD4+ effector memory T cells were significantly enriched in the regulation of cytokines and chronic inflammation, while CD4+ helper T cells were significantly enriched in immune responses regulation. Trajectory analysis of T cells showed that CD4+ helper T cells were at an earlier developmental stage relative to Th2 cells and CD4+ effector memory T cells, and the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (ID3), thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), Bcl2⁃associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) and heat shock protein family B (small) member 1 (HSPB1) genes appeared a tendency towards a decline over time. Conclusions　CD4+ effector memory T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are primary interacting cells in the liver specimens of AE patients. Reduced expression of Th2 cells and CD4+ helper T cells contributes to an inhibitory immune microenvironment, which promotes immune evasion by Echinococcus multilocularis, and Th2 cells are significantly enriched in multiple cancer⁃associated pathways, which may be linked to the invasive growth of E. multilocularis.

Impact of patient⁃centered care services on the treatment compliance among patients with multidrug⁃resistant or rifampicin⁃resistant pulmonary tuberculosis

PAN Jingjing, ZHOU Hui, QIAN Linmei, ZHU Limei, LIU Qiao

2024, 36(5):  494-501. 

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Objective　To examine the effect of patient⁃centered care services on compliance to treatment among patients with multidrug⁃resistant (MDR) or rifampicin⁃resistant (RR) pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), so as to provide the scientific evidence for promoting the widespread application of the appropriate nursing process of MDR/RR PTB patients in the hospital.  Methods        The MDR/RR PTB patients that were definitely diagnosed at the Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong City during the period from January 2017 to October 2020 were enrolled. The patients with confirmed diagnosis of MDR/RR PTB during the period January 2017 to December 2018 served as controls, who were given routine care in the hospital, and those with confirmed diagnosis of MDR/RR PTB during the period January 2019 to October 2020 served as the care group, who were given patient⁃centered personalized care services, including one⁃to⁃one consultations, periodic group activities, informatization case management, and personal reminder for return visits. The proportion of inclusion into treatment, loss to follow⁃up, return visits and sputum examinations were compared between the care and control groups. Results　A total of 104 MDR/RR⁃PTB patients were included, including 54 cases in the control group and 50 cases in the care group. There was no significant difference in gender and age distribution between the two groups ([χ2] = 3.013, 1.336, P > 0.05). The proportion of inclusion into treatment was higher in the care group (100.00%, 50/50) than in the control group (87.04%, 47/54) (P = 0.013), and the proportion of loss to follow⁃up was lower in the care group (0, 0/43) than in the control group (19.05%, 8/42) (P = 0.002). In addition, the overall proportion of return visits was higher in the care group (93.09%, 377/405) than in the control group (83.56%, 371/444) ([χ2] = 18.345, P < 0.001), and the proportion of sputum examinations was higher in the care group was (83.70%, 339/405) than in the control group (79.28%, 352/444) ([χ2] = 2.737, P = 0.098).  Conclusion　Patient⁃centered care services facilitate the improvements in the proportion of inclusion into treatment and compliance to treatment and reduction in the proportion of loss to follow⁃up among MDR/RR PTB patients, which deserves widespread applications.

Cost⁃effectiveness analysis of chemical treatment with drones for snail control in marshland and lake areas

CHEN Yong, XU Xiaojuan, WEN Daolong, DAI Bo, GAO Lan, ZHANG Rong, HUANG Qingqing, LI Linlin, ZHA Fan, FANG Liang, ZHANG Ping, ZHANG Shiqing, CAO Chunli

2024, 36(5):  502-506. 

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Objective　To evaluate the molluscicidal effect and cost of spraying molluscicides with drones against Oncomelania hupensis snails in marshland and lake areas, so as to provide new insights into field snail control in China. Methods　A marshland and lake setting measuring approximately 12 000 m2 was selected in Wanzhi District, Wuhu City on June 2023 as the test field, and assigned to four groups, of 3 000 m2 in each group. Environmental cleaning was not conducted in groups A or B, which were given 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with knapsack⁃type sprayers and drones at a dose of 40 g/m2, and environmental cleaning was conducted in groups C and D, which were given 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with drones and knapsack⁃type sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2, respectively. O. hupensis snails were surveyed before chemical treatment and 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days post⁃treatment. The uniformity of chemicals was determined on the day of treatment, and the snail mortality, corrected snail mortality and density of living snails were calculated and compared among groups. The cost of molluscicides, labor fees of environmental cleaning and chemical treatment and cost of equipment were calculated, and the cost for a 1% reduction in the mean density of living snails was calculated 14 days post⁃treatment. Results　The mean densities of living snails and mortality rates of snails were 1.82 to 2.85 snails/0.1 m2 and 1.41% to 2.94% in groups A, B, C and D before chemical treatment, and the mortality and corrected mortality of snails were 55.75%, 49.32%, 85.94% and 87.50%, and 55.00%, 48.47%, 85.70% and 87.29% in groups A, B, C and D 14 days post⁃treatment. There was a significant difference in the mortality of snails among the four groups 14 days post⁃treatment ([χ2]  = 38.735, P < 0.005), and there was a higher snail mortality in Group D than in Group A ([χ2]  = 16.876, P < 0.005), and higher in Group C than in Group B ([χ2]  = 20.508, P < 0.005). The density of living snails reduced by 55.00%, 43.94%, 90.43% and 87.14% 14 days post⁃treatment relative to pre⁃treatment in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. The test for uniformity of chemicals showed that the mean dose of molluscicides were 57.34, 55.21, 40.19 g/m2 and 32.37 g/m2 in groups A, B, C and D, respectively, and the minimal standard deviation (7.07) and coefficient of variation (0.18) of mean doses were seen in Group C. The costs for chemical treatment were 0.33 Yuan in groups A and B and 1.53 Yuan in groups C and D, respectively. The costs for a 1% reduction in the mean density of living snails were 17.82, 22.47, 50.73 Yuan and 52.56 Yuan in groups A, B, C, and D 14 days post⁃treatment, respectively.  Conclusions　The molluscicidal effect and cost of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones are comparable to manual spraying, and chemical treatment with drones are high in uniformity of molluscicides, time⁃ and labor⁃saving, and feasible for applications in complex environments, which deserves widespread applications in the field of snail control.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards scrub typhus control and associated influencing factors among residents in Longling County, Yunnan Province in 2023

ZHOU Yu, YANG Shujuan, YANG Yuan, HE Yan, YUAN Shulian, CHEN Zhaowen, REN Tianguang

2024, 36(5):  507-513. 

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Objective　To investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices （KAP） towards scrub typhus control and analyze the influencing factors among residents in Longling County, Yunnan Province in 2023, so as to provide insights into management of scrub typhus in the county.  Methods　Two townships were randomly sampled from Longling County, Baoshan City, Yunnan Province in July 2023, and 2 to 3 administrative villages were randomly selected from each township. Then, 20 to 40 households were randomly selected from each village, and 1 to 2 villagers were surveyed in each household. Residents' KAP towards scrub typhus control was investigated, and factor affecting residents' KAP towards scrub typhus control were identified with independent samples t test or analysis of variance （ANOVA） and multiple linear regression analysis.  Results　A total of 417 questionnaires were allocated, and 410 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 98.32%. Of all respondents, 65.85% （270/410） heard of scrub typhus but were not familiar with it, and 12.68% （52/410） and 1.95% （8/410） were familiar and very familiar with it, respectively. Residents mainly acquired scrub typhus control knowledge via their relatives and friends. The knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores of the respondents with regard to scrub typhus were （34.14 ± 13.07）,  （55.04 ± 6.69）, and  （21.40 ± 5.61）, respectively, and the total score for knowledge, belief, and behavior in relation to scrub typhus prevention and control was （110.57 ± 18.80）. Univariate analysis revealed that age （F = 3.12, P < 0.05）, education （F = 10.77, P < 0.05）, occupation （F = 4.89, P < 0.05）, frequency of outdoor activities （F = 3.61, P < 0.05）, and type of place of residence （t = 1.33, P < 0.05） were the factors that influenced the participants' scores for knowledge of the prevention and control of scrub typhus. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that literacy level （β = 10.20 to 16.71, P < 0.05） and category of residence （β = -7.23, P < 0.05） were the factors that influenced residents' current knowledge and trust behavior in relation to scrub typhus. Conclusions　Place of residence and educational level are critical factors affecting scrub typhus control among residents in Longling County, Yunnan Province. Intensified health education pertaining to scrub typhus control and appropriate behavioral interventions are required among residents living in urban areas, with a low educational level and frequent outdoor activities. 

Factors affecting differentiation between Oncomelania hupensis and Tricula snails among schistosomiasis control professionals in Yunnan Province

CUI Xiao, SONG Jing, LI Chunying, WANG Hongqiong, DU Chunhong, SHEN Meifen, YANG Zaogai, SHI Xinping, LI Shizhu, DONG Yi

2024, 36(5):  514-520. 

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Objective　To investigate the capability for distinguishing between the morphology of Oncomelania hupensis and Tricula snails and its influencing factors among schistosomiasis control professionals in Yunnan Province, so as to evaluate the interference of Tricula snails with O. hupensis surveys. Methods　O. hupensis and Tricula snails were sampled from 9 schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts) in Yunnan Province. The capability for distinguishing between O. hupensis and Tricula snails was evaluated using online questionnaire surveys and field blind tests among schistosomiasis control professionals, and the proportions of correct judgment, misjudgment and missed judgment were calculated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were created using the software SPSS 25.0, and factors affecting the proportion of correct judgments of O. hupensis snails were identified among schistosomiasis control professionals. Results　Questionnaire surveys and field blind tests showed that the overall proportions of correct judgments of O. hupensis snails were 56.77% (2 305/4 060) and 68.28% (1 556/2 279) among schistosomiasis control professionals in Yunnan Province, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis of online questionnaire surveys identified gender [odds ratio (OR) = 1.244, 95% confidential interval (CI): (1.073, 1.441), P < 0.05], professional title [OR = 0.628, 1.741, 95% CI: (0.453, 0.871), (1.109, 2.734), both P < 0.05], working duration [OR = 0.979, 95% CI: (0.971, 0.987), P < 0.05] and classification of schistosomiasis epidemics in endemic foci [OR = 1.410, 0.293, 0.523, 95% CI: (1.103, 1.804), (0.237, 0.361), (0.416, 0.657), both P < 0.05] as factors affecting the proportion of correct judgments of O. hupensis snails among schistosomiasis control professionals in Yunnan Province, and multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjustments showed that the proportion of O. hupensis snail misjudgments was 1.179 times higher among male schistosomiasis control professionals than among females [OR = 1.179, 95% CI: (1.006, 1.382), P < 0.05], and 1.474 times higher among schistosomiasis control professionals in schistosomiasis⁃elimination areas with snails than in areas without snails [OR = 1.474, 95% CI: (1.145, 1.898), P < 0.05], and the proportions of missed judgments of O. hupensis snails were 0.284 [OR = 0.284, 95% CI: (0.225, 0.359), P < 0.05] and 0.523 times [OR = 0.523, 95% CI: (0.412, 0.664), P < 0.05] higher among schistosomiasis control professionals in transmission⁃interruption areas with snails and schistosomiasis⁃elimination areas with snails than in schistosomiasis⁃elimination areas without snails. Univariate logistic regression analysis of field blind tests showed identified age [OR = 2.381, 95% CI: (1.677, 3.381), P < 0.05], professional title [OR = 1.688, 95% CI: (1.103, 2.582), P < 0.05］, working duration [OR = 0.970, 95% CI: (0.956, 0.984), P < 0.05] and classification of schistosomiasis epidemics in endemic foci [OR = 0.262, 0.593, 95% CI: (0.188, 0.364), (0.420, 0.837), both P < 0.05] as factors affecting the proportion of correct judgments of O. hupensis snails among schistosomiasis control professionals in Yunnan Province, and multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjustments showed the proportions of missed judgments of O. hupensis snails were 0.263 [OR = 0.263, 95% CI: (0.176, 0.394), P < 0.05] and 0.604 times [OR = 0.604, 95% CI: (0.416, 0.875), P < 0.05] higher among schistosomiasis control professionals in transmission⁃interruption areas with snails and schistosomiasis⁃elimination areas with snails than in schistosomiasis⁃elimination areas without snails. Conclusions　Schistosomiasis control professionals in Yunnan Province have a low accuracy rate for distinguishing between the morphology of O. hupensis and Tricula snails, and gender and classification of schistosomiasis epidemics in endemic foci are factors that affect their ability to distinguish. The presence of Tricula snails causes a high degree of interference with O. hupensis surveys in O. hupensis snail⁃infested areas of Yunnan Province. Reinforced training for distinguishing between O. hupensis and Tricula snails is required among schistosomiasis control professionals in Yunnan Province.

Laboratory malaria re⁃examination and evaluation of malaria diagnostic capability in Shanghai Municipal Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory from 2017 to 2022

ZHANG Yaoguang, WANG Zhenyu, ZHU Min, JIANG Li, ZHU Qian, MA Xiaojiang, YU Qing, CHEN Jian

2024, 36(5):  521-526. 

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Objective　To evaluate the malaria diagnostic capability in Shanghai Municipal Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory from 2017 to 2022 and to analyze factors affecting the diagnosis results, so as to provide the scientific evidence for increasing the laboratory malaria diagnostic capability during the post⁃elimination stage. Methods　Plasmodium⁃negative blood smears were randomly sampled using a proportional sampling method each quarter during the period from 2017 to 2022 and scored by Shanghai Municipal Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory. Malaria cases' blood samples from district centers for disease control and prevention in Shanghai Municipality were re⁃reviewed using microscopy and multiplex PCR assay to evaluate the capability of malaria diagnosis. Results　A total of 7 746 quality control blood smears were collected from district centers for disease control and prevention in Shanghai Municipality from 2017 to 2022, with a mean score of (76.74 ± 14.34) points and a qualification rate of 86.65% (6 712/7 746). A total of 387 blood smears were re⁃reviewed from 2017 to 2022, with an overall coincidence of 96.38% (373/387) for malaria diagnosis and 95.06% (308/324) for parasite species identification, and there were no significant differences in the coincidence for either malaria diagnosis ([χ2] = 2.57, P > 0.05) or parasite species identification among years ([χ2] = 1.04, P > 0.05). A total of 384 whole blood samples were collected from district centers for disease control and prevention, and the detection of whole blood samples was 70.31% (270/384) in district centers for disease control and prevention. All 384 whole blood samples were re⁃reviewed by Shanghai Municipal Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory using a multiplex PCR assay from 2017 to 2022, with an overall coincidence of 94.07% (254/270) for malaria diagnosis and 99.55% (223/224) for parasite species identification, and there were no significant differences in the coincidence for either malaria diagnosis ([χ2] = 5.77, P > 0.05) or parasite species identification among years ([χ2] = 8.37, P > 0.05). The overall coincidence rates of Plasmodium⁃positive and negative whole blood samples were 100.00% (224/224) and 65.22% (30/46) in district centers for disease control and prevention, with a significant difference ([χ2] = 82.82, P < 0.001), and there was a significant difference in the coincidence rate for identification of P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae and P. ovale ([χ2] = 24.28, P < 0.001). A total of 1 584 blind blood smears subjected to microscopic examinations by centers for disease control and prevention and medical institutions across all districts in Shanghai Municipality from 2017 to 2022, with a 96.15% (1 523/1 584) correct rate for malaria diagnosis and 85.07% (1 003/1 179) for parasite species identification, and there were significant differences in the correct rate of both malaria diagnosis ([χ2] = 20.98, P < 0.001) and parasite species identification among years ([χ2] = 70.77, P < 0.001). A total of 320 blind nucleic acid samples from malaria cases were tested, with a 99.38% (318/320) correct rate for malaria diagnosis and 100.00% (225/225) for parasite species identification, and there was no significant difference in the correct rate of malaria diagnosis among years ([χ2] = 6.04, P > 0.05). Conclusions　There were still shortcomings in blood smears preparation, microscopic examinations and nucleic acid testing in centers for disease control and prevention across all districts in Shanghai Municipality from 2017 to 2022. A greater role in the quality control of malaria diagnosis is recommended for Shanghai Municipal Malaria Diagnostic Reference Laboratory to prevent the re⁃establishment of imported malaria and consolidate the elimination achievements. 

Molluscicidal effect of spraying different formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in ditches

ZHU Zelin, ZHANG Xia, HE Junyi, CHEN Ying, WANG Weisi, HU Hehua, CAO Chunli, BAO Ziping, GUO Suying, DUAN Liping, YUAN Yi, XU Jing, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong

2024, 36(5):  527-530,541. 

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Objective　To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of spraying different formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in ditches. Methods　A semi⁃dry and semi⁃wet ditch with O. hupensis snails was selected in the second branch field of Jiangbei Farm, Jiangling County, Hubei Province in May 2023, and divided into 4 experimental areas, named groups A1, A2, B1 and B2. Environmental cleaning was performed in groups A1 and B2, and was not conducted in groups A2 or B2. Then, 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt was sprayed with drones at a dose of 2 g/m2 in groups A1 and A2, and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granule was sprayed with drones at an effective dose of 2 g/m2 in groups B1 and B2. O. hupensis snails were surveyed using the systematic sampling method 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days after spraying, and the natural mortality and corrected mortality of O. hupensis snails were calculated. Results　The occurrence of frames with living snails, mean density of living snails and natural mortality of snails were 97.50% (117/120), 6.30 snails/0.1 m2 and 1.18% (9/765) in the test ditch before spraying, respectively. There were significant differences in the mortality of snails among four groups 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after spraying niclosamide formulations with drones ([χ2] = 17.230, 51.707, 65.184, 204.050 and 34.435, all P values < 0.01). The overall mortality rates of snails were 94.51% (1 051/1 112), 79.44% (908/1 143), 96.54% (977/1 012) and 88.55% (1 021/1 153) in groups A1, A2, B1 and B2 ([χ2] = 207.773, P < 0.05), respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference in the overall snail mortality between groups A1 and B1 (P > 0.05), and the snail mortality in groups A1 and B1 were both statistically different from that in groups A2 and B2 (all P values < 0.05). Conclusion　Both 50% wettlable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granule sprayed with drones are active against O. hupensis snails in ditches, and environmental cleaning may improve the molluscicidal effect. 

Molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in marshland areas

CAO Chunli, ZHANG Jianfeng, LI Yefang, SHEN Xuehui, HE Junyi, BAO Ziping, GUO Suying, YANG Kun, XU Jing, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong

2024, 36(5):  531-534. 

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Objective　To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones against of Oncomelania hupensis snails in snail habitats in marshland areas. Methods　From September to October, 2022, marshlands were sampled from Dantu District, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province as study areas, and assigned into four groups, of approximately 3 000 m2 per group. In Group A, environmental cleaning was performed, followed by spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2, and in Group B, 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2 without environmental cleaning, while in Group C, environmental cleaning was conducted, followed by spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones at a dose of 40 g/m2, and in Group D, 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with drones at a dose of 40 g/m2 without environmental cleaning. Then, the study areas in each group were equally divided into six blocks, with Block 1 for baseline surveys and blocks 2 to 6 for snail surveys 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days following chemical treatment. The mortality of snails and the reduction of the density of living snails were calculated. Results　A total of 132 frames were surveyed during the period from September to October 2022, and the occurrence of frames with living snails and means density of living snails were 61.36% (81/132) and 1.58 snails/0.1 m2, respectively. The overall mortality rates of snails were 43.02% (77/179), 38.69% (77/199), 47.78% (86/180) and 31.02% (58/187) 14 days following chemical treatment in groups A, B, C and D, respectively ([χ2] = 11.646, P < 0.05), and there were differences detected in the snail mortality between group A and D, and between groups C and D (both Padjusted values < 0.05). The adjusted mortality rates of snails were 37.42%, 36.07%, 38.85% and 40.40% in groups A, B, C and D 14 days post⁃treatment, and the density of living snails decreased by 48.10%, 63.29%, 67.09% and 69.62% 14 days post⁃treatment relative to pre⁃treatment, respectively. Conclusions　Chemical treatment with drones is feasible for O. hupensis snail control in marshland areas; however, the molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones is comparable to spraying chemicals manually in marshland areas regardless of environmental cleaning.

Application of machine learning models in schistosomiasis control: a review

ZHOU Yu, TONG Yixin, ZHOU Yibiao

2024, 36(5):  535-541. 

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Schistosomiasis is a major public health concern in the world, and precision control is crucial to combating this disease. Due to the complex and diverse transmission route of schistosomiasis, conventional statistical models have significant limitations for precision control of schistosomiasis. As an important branch of artificial intelligence, machine learning has shown remarkable advantages in schistosomiasis control and research. It has been shown that machine learning is highly effective for disease prediction and risk assessment, so as to optimize the disease control strategy and resource allocation and achieve the precision control target. This review summarizes the characteristics of machine learning models and their applications in the research of intermediate host snails and schistosomiasis.


Progress of researches on toxoplasmosis vaccines based on the CRISPR/Cas9 technology

WU Yan, ZHANG Xin, LI Jin, XIE Jinjing, WANG Longjiang, SUN Hui

2024, 36(5):  542-547. 

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Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular parasite which infects a variety of warm⁃blooded animals and causes toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis seriously endangers human health and animal husbandry production. As one of the effective gene editing tools, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR⁃associated proteins (Cas) system has been widely used for knockout of genes in T. gondii. This review summarizes the applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 technology in vaccines against single⁃ and double⁃gene deletion strains of T. gondii, so as to provide insights into development of toxoplasmosis vaccines.

First overseas imported case of schistosomiasis haematobia in Xihu District, Hangzhou City  

ZHANG Huami, SU Xing, ZHANG Jianfeng, ZHANG Yingyi

2024, 36(5):  548-550. 

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This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of the first imported case of schistosomiasis haematobia in Xihu District of Hangzhou. The patient was an international student from Zimbabwe, and experienced repeated gross hematuria without obvious motivation. Cystoscopy displayed bladder masses, and a large number of fresh or calcified parasite eggs were found in pathological sections. In addition, urine microscopy identified Schistosoma haematobium eggs. The case was therefore definitively diagnosed as overseas imported case of imported schistosomiasis haematobia. Another case of schistosomiasis mansoni was identified among international students in the same school with the patient above by indirect haemagglutination test and urine and stool etiology examination. It is recommended to intensify health education and monitoring among overseas floating populations and improve the diagnostic skills of overseas imported schistosomiasis among professionals working in medical and disease control and prevention institutions, in order to prevent misdiagnosis and mistreatment.