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    Geographical and temporal weighted regression model and its application in epidemiology: A review
    WANG Zhe, LIU Lu, YANG Kun
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (2): 199-.  
    Abstract788)      PDF(pc) (1050KB)(15646)       Save
    Geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR) model is a local regression linear model, which indirectly reflects the spatio⁃temporal non⁃stationary characteristics of the study data by calculating the trends for changes in parameters with space and time. Recently, GTWR model has become one of the hot topics in the study on spatio⁃temporal heterogeneity of diseases. This review summarizes the basic principles and study methods of the GTWR model, and describes the applications of this model in epidemiology.
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    The role of sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver injury: a review
    JIANG Tingting, HU Yuan, CAO Jianping
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (1): 92-.  
    Abstract593)      PDF(pc) (958KB)(8578)       Save
    Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) locate on the surface of hepatic sinusoids. As the first line of defense between the liver and blood, LSECs are the most abundant non-parenchymal cells in the liver. Under physiological conditions, LSECs may induce liver immune tolerance through participating in substance transport and metabolic waste removal, thereby maintaining liver homeostasis, and under pathological conditions, LSECs may promote liver immune response via antigen presentation. LSECs have been found to play a crucial regulatory role in maintaining the balance between liver regeneration and liver fibrosis. This article reviews the progress of researches on LSECs functions, LSECs changes in liver injury, signal pathways associated with regulation of LSECs functions, and the interaction between LSECs and other types of cells in the liver, aiming to elucidate the function of LSECs and their roles in liver diseases
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    Discovery and distribution of and response to arbovirus in China over the past seven decades
    XIA Han, YUAN Zhiming
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 427-436,450.  
    Abstract615)      PDF(pc) (1541KB)(6985)       Save
    Arbovirus is a group of virus transmitted by blood⁃sucking arthropod bites, which infects both arthropods and vertebrates. More than 600 arboviruses have been characterized worldwide until now, including 65 highly pathogenic viruses, which pose a high threat to public health. The risk of arbovirus transmission is increasing due to climate change, international trade and urbanization. The review summarizes the discovery and distribution of emerging and reemerging arboviruses and novel arboviruses with potential pathogenic risks, and proposes responses to the arbovirus transmission risk, so as to provide insights into the research and management of arboviruses and arthropod⁃borne infectious diseases in China.
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    Mechanism of hepatic fibrosis associated with Echinococcus: a review
    ZHANG Ren⁃jie, PANG Hua⁃sheng, LI Jing⁃zhong, LUO Zhao⁃hui, AI Lin, SONG Peng, CAI Yu⁃chun, LU Yan, MO Xiao⁃jin, CHEN Mu⁃xin , CHEN Jia⁃xu
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 646-.  
    Abstract475)      PDF(pc) (1023KB)(6569)       Save
    Echinococcosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus infections, and this disorder may cause fibrosis of multiple vital organs, which may further progress into cirrhosis. Early⁃stage hepatic fibrosis is reversible, and unraveling the mechanisms underlying hepatic fibrosis induced by Echinococcus infections is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of early⁃stage hepatic fibrosis. Recently, the studies pertaining to hepatic fibrosis associated with Echinococcus infections focus on cytokines and immune cells. This review summarizes the advances in the mechanisms underlying host immune cells⁃ and cytokines⁃mediated hepatic fibrosis in humans or mice following Echinococcus infections.
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    Artificial intelligence technology enables ultrasonography in precision diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases
    ZHOU Bo⁃yang, SHI Yi⁃lei, GUO Le⁃hang, MOU Li⁃chao, ZHU Xiao⁃xiang, ZHAO Chong⁃ke
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 458-.  
    Abstract1103)      PDF(pc) (1084KB)(5389)       Save
    Liver disease is one of the major problems affecting human health. Ultrasound plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of diffuse and focal liver diseases. However, conventional ultrasound evaluation is subjective and provides limited information. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology may supplement the disadvantages of conventional ultrasound and has been widely used in the field of ultrasound in liver diseases. To date, remarkable progress has been achieved for the use of AI technology in the diagnosis, assessment of therapeutic efficacy and prognosis prediction of liver diseases. This paper reviews the research progress of ultrasound image⁃based AI technology in the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse and focal liver diseases.
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    Epidemiology of pathogenic tick-borne viruses in China: a review#br# #br#
    MA Jingge, LIU Ning, LIU Ziyan, LIU Quan, WEI Feng, WANG Zedong
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (4): 325-330,348.  
    Abstract586)      PDF(pc) (973KB)(3829)       Save
    Ticks are obligate, haematophagous arthropods that are distributed across the world, which may transmit more than 200 pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. A large number of tick species are widespread in China, and their transmitting tick-borne viral diseases pose a great threat to human health in endemic foci. This review describes the epidemiology of common, emerging and potentially pathogenic tick-borne viruses in China, and recommends the assessment of public health significance and pathogenicity of emerging tick-borne viruses using reverse microbial etiology, so as to provide insights into the management of emerging tick-borne diseases in China.
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    Microbiota structure and diversity in Aedes albopictus at different developmental stages
    ZHAO Yong⁃qiao, XIA Ao, ZHANG Mei⁃hua, LI Ju⁃lin, ZHU Guo⁃ding, TANG Jian⁃xia
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 475-.  
    Abstract775)      PDF(pc) (1932KB)(2909)       Save
    Objective To investigate the diversity and composition of microflora in laboratory⁃reared Aedes albopictus at different developmental stages and larval habitat waters. Methods The larval habitat waters and different developmental stages of laboratory⁃reared A. albopictus were collected, and the V3 and V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using Illumina Miseq next⁃generation sequencing. The abundance and diversity of the microflora were examined using alpha diversity index in A. albopictus at different developmental stages, and the difference in the microflora compositions was compared in A. albopictus at different developmental stages using principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, the species composition and relative abundance of microflora in A. albopictus at different developmental stages were described using histograms and Venn diagrams. Results A total of 16 phyla, 30 classes, 72 orders, 129 families and 224 genera of bacteria were detected in larval habitat waters and different developmental stages of A. albopictus. The highest bacterial diversity was seen in larval A. albopictus, with Chao index of 125.20 ± 30.48 and Shannon diversity index of 2.04 ± 0.39, which were comparable to those (Chao index of 118.52 ± 15.07 and Shannon diversity index of 2.15 ± 0.30) in larval habitat waters (t = 0.35 and -0.41, both P values > 0.05). The bacterial abundance and evenness were significantly greater in female adults than in male adults (Chao index: 42.50 ± 3.54 vs. 18.50 ± 2.13, t = 8.23, P < 0.05; Shannon diversity index: 1.25 ± 1.67 vs. 0.50 ± 0.05, t = 6.00, P < 0.05). Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes were four common phyla of bacteria at each developmental stage of A. albopictus, with Proteobacteria dominated at the pupal stage (90.36%), Bacteroidota dominated at the adult stage (46.01% in female adults and 86.11% in male adults), and Actinobacteriota dominated at the larval stage (32.10%). Elizabethkingia and Rahnella1 were common dominant genera of bacteria at each developmental stage of A. albopictus, with Rahnella1 as the major component at the pupal stage (87.56%), Elizabethkingia as the main component at the adult stage (46.01% in female adults and 86.11% in male adults, respectively), and Microbacteria as the dominant bacterial genus at the larval stage (12.11%). In addition, Delftia, Elizabethkingia, Romboutsia, Serratia, Rahnella1, Enterococcus and Microbacterium were common genera of bacteria at each developmental stage of A. albopictus, with Edaphobaculum dominated at the larval stage (17.54%) and Sphingobacterium dominated in larval habitat waters (13.93%). Conclusions There are differences in the composition of symbiotic bacteria at different developmental stages of A. albopictus; however, similar microflora diversity is maintained at the phylum level. The microflora diversity is comparable in larvae and larval habitat waters of A. albopictus.
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    Schistosomiasis control in China from 2012 to 2021: progress and challenges 
    XU Jing, CAO Chun⁃li, LÜ Shan, LI Shi⁃zhu, ZHOU Xiao⁃nong
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 559-.  
    Abstract1078)      PDF(pc) (1317KB)(2774)       Save
    Schistosomiasis has been endemic in China for more than 2 000 years, which causes huge morbidity, social and economic burdens. Guided by the national specific strategic programs and criteria for schistosomiasis, tremendous achievements have been gained for schistosomiasis elimination in China. This paper reviews the progress of schistosomiasis control and endemic status of schistosomiasis in China during the period from 2012 to 2021, analyzes the challenges to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in China by 2030, and proposes suggestions for future schistosomiasis control programs.
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    Taxonomic rank of human parasites
    JIA Tie⁃wu, WANG Wei, ZHOU Yi⁃biao, ZHOU Jie, MEI Zhong⁃qiu, LI Shi⁃zhu
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (4): 420-.  
    Abstract789)      PDF(pc) (4541KB)(2741)       Save
    Biological category is effective to indicate the evolution of organism populations between past and present. Conventional taxonomy of human parasites mainly depends on important morphological features, which suffers from a problem of categorizing related⁃genera species with similar morphological characteristics. With recent advances in molecular biological technologies, the effective applications of mitochondrial and ribosomal biomarkers and sequencing greatly improve the development of the taxonomic rank of human parasites. Worldwide, the classification of human parasites have been continuously revised and improved. Hereby, we re⁃categorize parasitic Protozoa, Trematoda, Cestoda and Nematoda, so as to provide insights into the researches on molecular systematics and genetic evolution of human parasites.
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    Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2021
    ZHANG Li⁃juan, XU Zhi⁃min, YANG Fan, HE Jun⁃yi, DANG Hui, LI Yin⁃long, CAO Chun⁃li, XU Jing, LI Shi⁃zhu, ZHOU Xiao⁃nong
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (4): 329-.  
    Abstract2256)      PDF(pc) (1069KB)(2518)       Save
    This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in the People’s Republic of China at a national level in 2021. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis in China, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2021. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2021, with 27 571 endemic villages covering 73 250 600 people at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 75.17% (339/451), 22.17% (100/451) and 2.66% (12/451) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. By the end of 2021, 29 037 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China. In 2021, 4 405 056 individuals received serological tests and 72 937 were sero⁃positive. A total of 220 629 individuals received stool examinations and 3 were positive. In 2021, snail survey was performed in 19 291 endemic villages in China and Oncomelania snails were found in 7 026 villages, accounting for 36.42% of all surveyed villages, with 12 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey was performed at an area of 686 574.46 hm2 and 191 159.91 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 1 063.08 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 5 113.87 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2021, 525 878 bovines were raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China, and 115 437 received serological examinations, with 231 positives detected. Among the 128 719 bovines received stool examinations, no positives were identified. In 2021, there were 19 927 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 729 113 person⁃time individuals and 256 913 herd⁃time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2021, snail control with chemicals was performed in 117 372.74 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 640.5 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 244.25 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero in humans and bovines in 2021, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. The results demonstrate that the overall endemic status of schistosomiasis remained at a low level in China in 2021; however, the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination was slowed and the areas of snail habitats rebounded mildly. Strengthening researches on snail diffusion and control, and improving schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast are recommended to prevent reemerging schistosomiasis.
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    A practice of curriculum ideological and political education in Medical Parasitology teaching based on the situation of Yunnan Province
    WANG Li⁃ming, WANG Wei⁃qun, WANG Hong, CHUNYU Wei⁃xun, LI Juan, XIANG Zheng, LI Cui⁃ying
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 537-.  
    Abstract465)      PDF(pc) (985KB)(2478)       Save
    In order to build a unified teaching pattern integrating knowledge delivery, skill cultivation and value guidance, this article, based on the targets of cultivating medical talents in the new era, aims to explore the pathway of curriculum ideological and political education in Medical Parasitology teaching based on the situation of Yunnan Province. By analyzing the epidemiology of parasitic diseases in Yunnan Province, the remarkable achievements of parasitic diseases control in China and Yunnan Province, cases with parasitic disease misdiagnosis, parasitologists’ selfless contributions, the contributions of traditional Chinese medicines to parasitic diseases control and the contributions of traditional Chinese medicines in Yunnan Province, the ideological and political education is naturally integrated into Medical Parasitology teaching, to create an educational model combining professional course teaching with ideological and political education curriculum.
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    Progress of researches on albendazole for treatment of alveolar echinococcosis C
    UI Ziyan, YE Gengbo, YU Wenhao, WANG Zhixin, KONG Fanyu, REN Li
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (1): 104-.  
    Abstract470)      PDF(pc) (988KB)(2195)       Save
    Alveolar echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus multilocularis infection, is a highly deadly zoonotic parasitic disease. As a benzimidazole compound, albendazole has a strong and broad⁃spectrum anti⁃parasitic action. For alveolar echinococcosis patients that are unwilling to receive surgical treatment, lose the timing for surgery, or are intolerant to surgery due to poor physical status, administration of albendazole may delay disease progression. Recently, a large number of advances have been achieved in experimental studies on alveolar echinococcosis. In order to increase the understanding of the therapeutic efficacy of albendazole for alveolar echinococcosis, this review summarizes the advances in albendazole treatment for alveolar echinococcosis, so as to provide insights into the clinical treatment of alveolar echinococcosis with albendazole.
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    Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2022
    ZHANG Lijuan, HE Junyi, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, LI Yinlong, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 217-224,250.  
    Abstract1768)      PDF(pc) (939KB)(2129)       Save
    This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance program in the People’s Republic of China in 2022. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to maintain the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2022. A total of 452 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2022, with 27 434 endemic villages covering 73 424 400 people at risk of infections. Among the 452 endemic counties (cities, districts), 75.89% (343/452), 23.45% (106/452) and 0.66% (3/452) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. In 2022, 4 317 356 individuals received serological tests for schistosomiasis, and 62 228 were sero⁃positive. A total of 208 646 individuals received stool examinations for schistosomiasis, with one positive and another two cases positive for urine microscopy, and these three 3 cases were imported schistosomiasis patients from Africa. There were 28 565 cases with advanced schistosomiasis documented in China by the end of 2022. Oncomelania hupensis snail survey was performed in 18 891 endemic villages in China in 2022 and O. hupensis snails were found in 6 917 villages (36.62% of all surveyed villages), with 8 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey was performed at an area of 655 703.01 hm2 and 183 888.60 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 110.58 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 844.35 hm2 re⁃emerging snail habitats. There were 477 200 bovines raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China in 2022, and 113 946 bovines received serological examinations for schistosomiasis, with 204 sero⁃positives detected. Among the 131 715 bovines received stool examinations, no positives were identified. In 2022, there were 19 726 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and expanded chemotherapy was performed in 714 465 person⁃time for humans and 234 737 herd⁃time for bovines in China. In 2022, snail control with chemical treatment was performed at an area of 119 134.07 hm2, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 825.27 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed at an area of 1 163.96 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance program of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections was both zero in humans and bovines in 2022, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in O. hupensis snails. These data demonstrated that the endemic status of schistosomiasis continued to decline in China in 2022, with 3 confirmed schistosomiasis patients that had a foreign nationality and all imported from Africa, and the areas of snail habitats remained high. Further improvements in the construction of the schistosomaisis surveillance and forecast system, and reinforcement of O. hupensis survey and control are required to prevent the re⁃emerging schistosomiasis.
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    Application of machine learning in clinical predictive models for infectious diseases: a review
    ZHENG Ruiying, LIU Genyan
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 317-321.  
    Abstract687)      PDF(pc) (1025KB)(1832)       Save
    Infectious diseases are one of the major threats to global public health. Inconvenience of diagnosis and treatment frequently causes misdiagnosis, missing diagnosis or overtreatment, resulting in serious clinical outcomes. As an important branch of artificial intelligence, machine learning has been widely used in multiple fields. Predictive models created based on patients’ clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, and imaging examinations are effective for prediction and evaluation of clinical diagnosis, therapeutic efficacy and prognosis, as well as detection of outbreaks. Machine learning modeling has the advantages of high efficiency, high accuracy and interpretability as compared to traditional modeling approaches, which provides a new tool for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. This review summarizes the advances of applications of machine learning in clinical predictive models for infectious diseases.
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    Risk predictive models of healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province based on the machine learning
    ZHANG Yuying, CAO Yuanyuan, YANG Kai, WANG Weiming, YANG Mengmeng, CHAI Liying, GU Jiyue, LI Mengyue, LU Yan, ZHOU Huayun, ZHU Guoding, CAO Jun, LU Guangyu
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 225-235,243.  
    Abstract540)      PDF(pc) (1362KB)(1765)       Save
    Objective To create risk predictive models of healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province based on machine learning algorithms, so as to provide insights into early identification of imported malaria cases in Jiangsu Province. Methods Case investigation, first symptoms and time of initial diagnosis of imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province in 2019 were captured from Infectious Disease Report Information Management System and Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control Information Management System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The risk predictive models of healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients were created with the back propagation (BP) neural network model, logistic regression model, random forest model and Bayesian model using thirteen factors as independent variables, including occupation, species of malaria parasite, main clinical manifestations, presence of complications, severity of disease, age, duration of residing abroad, frequency of malaria parasite infections abroad, incubation period, level of institution at initial diagnosis, country of origin, number of individuals travelling with patients and way to go abroad, and time of healthcare⁃seeking delay as a dependent variable. Logistic regression model was visualized using a nomogram, and the nomogram was evaluated using calibration curves. In addition, the efficiency of the four models for prediction of risk of healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients was evaluated using the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC). The importance of each characteristic was quantified and attributed by using SHAP to examine the positive and negative effects of the value of each characteristic on the predictive efficiency. Results A total of 244 imported malaria patients were enrolled, including 100 cases (40.98%) with the duration from onset of first symptoms to time of initial diagnosis that exceeded 24 hours. Logistic regression analysis identified a history of malaria parasite infection [odds ratio (OR) = 3.075, 95% confidential interval (CI): (1.597, 5.923)], long incubation period [OR = 1.010, 95% CI: (1.001, 1.018)] and seeking healthcare in provincial or municipal medical facilities [OR = 12.550, 95% CI: (1.158, 135.963)] as risk factors for delay in seeking healthcare among imported malaria cases. BP neural network modeling showed that duration of residing abroad, incubation period and age posed great impacts on delay in healthcare⁃seek among imported malaria patients. Random forest modeling showed that the top five factors with the greatest impact on healthcare⁃seeking delay included main clinical manifestations, the way to go abroad, incubation period, duration of residing abroad and age among imported malaria patients, and Bayesian modeling revealed that the top five factors affecting healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients included level of institutions at initial diagnosis, age, country of origin, history of malaria parasite infection and individuals travelling with imported malaria patients. ROC curve analysis showed higher overall performance of the BP neural network model and the logistic regression model for prediction of the risk of healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients (Z = 2.700 to 4.641, all P values < 0.01), with no statistically significant difference in the AUC among four models (Z = 1.209, P > 0.05). The sensitivity (71.00%) and Youden index (43.92%) of the logistic regression model was higher than those of the BP neural network (63.00% and 36.61%, respectively), and the specificity of the BP neural network model (73.61%) was higher than that of the logistic regression model (72.92%). Conclusions Imported malaria cases with long duration of residing abroad, a history of malaria parasite infection, long incubation period, advanced age and seeking healthcare in provincial or municipal medical institutions have a high likelihood of delay in healthcare⁃seeking in Jiangsu Province. The models created based on the logistic regression and BP neural network show a high efficiency for prediction of the risk of healthcare⁃seeking among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province, which may provide insights into health management of imported malaria patients.
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    Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in the world: a review
    CHEN Xi, SHI Yue, ZHOU Sheng, GENG Mengjie, TU Hong, SONG Jiandong, ZHENG Canjun, SUN Junling
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 412-421,427.  
    Abstract266)      PDF(pc) (1023KB)(1699)       Save
    Visceral leishmaniasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by viscerotropic Leishmania species and transmitted by bites of infected phlebotomine sandflies, which is predominantly prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, eastern Africa and South America. Currently, visceral leishmaniasis is the second most fatal parasitic disease in the world. Because of climate changes, urban development and individual conditions, there are changes in the density of visceral leishmaniasis vector sandflies and the likelihood of contact with humans, resulting in a visceral leishmaniasis transmission risk. The review summarizes natural, social and biological factors affecting the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis, so as to provide insights into formulation of targeted control measures for visceral leishmaniasis.
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    Current status and prospects of artificial intelligence in schistosomiasis prevention and control
    LI Zi⁃ang, JIAO Yi⁃ping, XU Jun
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 453-.  
    Abstract823)      PDF(pc) (1052KB)(1639)       Save
    Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that seriously endangers human health and affects socioeconomic developments. Artificial intelligence technology has been widely used in clinical medical sciences, including tumor screening, and electrocardiogram, imaging and pathological analyses, which has potential for precision control of schistosomiasis. Currently, artificial intelligence technology has been employed for clinical assessment of schistosomiasis⁃associated hepatic fibrosis and ectopic schistosomiasis, prognostic prediction of advanced schistosomiasis, automated identification of Oncomelania hupensis and Schistosoma japonicum eggs and miracidia, epidemiological surveillance of schistosomiasis, and drug discovery. This review summarizes the advances in the applications of artificial intelligence technology in the management of schistosomiasis and proposes the prospects for the use of artificial intelligence in schistosomiasis elimination.
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    Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2023
    ZHANG Lijuan, HE Junyi, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, LI Yinlong, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 221-227.  
    Abstract1316)      PDF(pc) (942KB)(1620)       Save
    To understand the progress of national schistosomiasis elimination program of China in 2023 and summarize the lessons and experiences, data on the endemic status of schistosomiasis and national schistosomiasis surveillance results in the People’s Republic of China were collected and analyzed at a national level. By the end of 2023, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan and Hubei provinces were identified to achieve the criteria of transmission interruption in 2020, and Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces achieved the criteria of transmission interruption in 2023. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2023, including 26 250 endemic villages covering 73 034 500 residents at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 78.49% (354/451) achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination and 21.51% (97/451) achieved the criteria of transmission interruption, respectively. In 2023, a total of 4 216 643 individuals received immunological tests, with 47 794 sero⁃positives identified, and a total of 184 216 individuals received parasitological examinations, with 4 egg⁃positives detected. A total of 27 768 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China by the end of 2023. In 2023, 539 548 bovines were raised in schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of China, and 125 440 bovines received immunological tests, with 124 sero⁃positives detected, while no egg⁃positives were identified among the 133 508 bovines receiving parasitological examinations. In 2023, snail survey was performed at an area of 641 339.53 hm2 and 184 819.77 hm2 snail habitats were identified, including 51.53 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 642.25 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2023, there were 20 198 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 598 183 person⁃time individuals and 283 954 herd⁃time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2023, snail control with chemical treatment was performed in 116 347.95 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 690.89 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 334.62 hm2. The national schistosomiasis surveillance results showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero among humans and bovines in 2023, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. These data demonstrated that transmission interruption of schistosomiasis had been achieved across all endemic provinces in China in 2023, and the endemic status of schistosomiasis tended to be stable, while advanced cases were predominant among all schistosomiasis cases. However, the areas of snail habitats remained high and cattle re⁃raising was very common in some regions. Intensified schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast and snail control in high⁃risk areas are needed.
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    Preliminary study on the effect of Echinococcus multilocaris on phenotypic transformations of glucose metabolism and polarization types in macrophages
    SHEN Yinhong, ZHANG Tao, YANG Zi⁃han, ZHANG Yaogang, HUANG Dengliang, HOU Jing, TIAN Meiyuan, MA Yanyan
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 590-603,613.  
    Abstract368)      PDF(pc) (3883KB)(1479)       Save
    Objective To investigate the effects of Echinococcus multilocularis on the phenotypic transformations of glucose metabolism, polarization types and inflammatory responses in macrophages, so as to provide insights into elucidation of echinococcosis pathogenesis. Methods Bone marrow cells were isolated from C57BL/6J mice at ages of 6 to 8 weeks, and induced into bone marrow⁃derived macrophages (BMDMs) with mouse macrophage colony⁃stimulating factor (M⁃CSF), which served as controls (BMDMs⁃M0). BMDMs⁃M0 induced M2 macrophages by interleukin⁃4 for 24 hours served as the IL⁃4 induction group, and BMDMs⁃M0 co⁃cultured with 2.4 ng/mL E. multilocularis cystic fluid (CF) served as the BMDM⁃CF co⁃culture group, while BMDMs⁃M0 co⁃cultured with E. multilocularis protoscolex (PSC) at a ratio of 500∶1 served as the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group. The types of polarization of BMDMs co⁃cultured with E. multilocularis CF and PSC were analyzed using flow cytometry, and the expression of macrophage markers, inflammatory factors, and glucose metabolism⁃related enzymes was quantified using fluorescent quantitative real⁃time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting assays. Results There were significant differences among the four groups in terms of Arginase⁃1 (Arg1) (F = 1 457.00, P < 0.000 1), macrophages⁃derived C⁃C motif chemokine 22 (Ccl22) (F = 22 203.00, P < 0.000 1), resistin⁃like α (Retnla) (F = 151.90, P < 0.000 1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (F = 107.80, P < 0.001), hexokinase (HK) (F = 9 389.00, P < 0.000 1), pyruvate kinase (PK) (F = 641.40, P < 0.001), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) (F = 43.97, P < 0.01), glucokinase (GK) (F = 432.50, P < 0.000 1), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases1 (PDK1) (F = 737.30, P < 0.000 1), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) (F = 3 632.00, P < 0.000 1), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) (F = 532.40, P < 0.000 1), glyceraldehyde⁃3⁃phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (F = 460.00, P < 0.000 1), citrate synthase (CS) (F = 5 642.00, P < 0.01), glycogen synthase1 (GYS1) (F = 273.30, P < 0.000 1), IL⁃6 (F = 1 823.00, P < 0.000 1), IL⁃10 (F = 291.70, P < 0.000 1), IL⁃1β (F = 986.60, P < 0.000 1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)⁃α (F = 334.80, P < 0.000 1) and transforming growth factor (TGF)⁃β mRNA expression (F = 163.30, P < 0.001). The proportion of M2 macrophages was significantly higher than that of M1 macrophages in the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group [(22.87% ± 1.48%) vs. (1.70% ± 0.17%); t = 24.61, P < 0.001], and the proportion of M2 macrophages was significantly higher than that of M1 macrophages in the BMDM⁃CF co⁃culture group [(20.07% ± 0.64%) vs. (1.93% ± 0.25%); t = 45.73, P < 0.001]. The mRNA expression of M2 macrophages markers Arg1, Ccl22 and Retnla was significantly higher in the BMDM⁃CF and BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.01), and no significant difference was seen in the mRNA expression of the M1 macrophage marker iNOS among the three groups (P > 0.05), while qPCR assay quantified higher mRNA expression of key glycolytic enzymes HK, PK and PFK, as well as inflammatory factors IL⁃10, IL⁃1β, TNF⁃α and TGF⁃β in the BMDM⁃CF and BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.01). Western blotting assay determined higher HK, PK and PFK protein expression in the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group than in the control group (all P values < 0.05), and qPCR quantified higher GLUT1, GAPDH and IL⁃6 mRNA expression in the BMDM⁃CF co⁃culture group than in the control group (all P values < 0.05), while higher HK, PK and PFK protein and mRNA expression (all P values < 0.01), as well as lower IL⁃6 and TNF⁃α and higher TGF⁃β mRNA expression (both P values < 0.05) was detected in the IL⁃4 induction group than in the control group. Glycolytic stress test showed no significant difference in the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of mouse BMDM among the control group, IL⁃4 induction group and BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group (F = 124.4, P < 0.05), and a higher ECAR was seen in the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group and a lower ECAR was found in the IL⁃4 induction group than in the control group (both P values < 0.05). Conclusions Treatment of E. multilocularis CF or PSC mainly causes polarization of BMDM into M2 macrophages, and phenotypic transformation of glucose metabolism into high⁃energy and high⁃glycolytic metabolism, and affects inflammatory responses in BMDM.
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    Artificial intelligence facilitates tropical infectious disease control and research
    SHI Liang, ZHANG Jian⁃feng, LI Wei, YANG Kun
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 445-.  
    Abstract980)      PDF(pc) (2219KB)(1396)       Save
    Since the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID⁃19) in late 2019, artificial intelligence technology has shown increasing values in the research and control of tropical infectious diseases. The introduction of artificial intelligence technology has shown remarkable effectiveness to reduce the diagnosis and treatment burdens, reduce missing diagnosis and misdiagnosis, improve the surveillance and forecast ability and enhance the medicine and vaccine development efficiency. This paper summarizes the current applications of artificial intelligence in tropical infectious disease control and research and discusses the important values of artificial intelligence in disease diagnosis and treatment, disease surveillance and forecast, vaccine and drug discovery, medical and public health services and global health governance. However, artificial intelligence technology suffers from problems of single and inaccurate diagnosis, poor disease surveillance and forecast ability in open environments, limited capability of intelligent system services, big data management and model interpretability. Hereby, we propose suggestions with aims to improve multimodal intelligent diagnosis of multiple tropical infectious diseases, emphasize intelligent surveillance and forecast of vectors and high⁃risk populations in open environments, accelerate the research and development of intelligent management system, strengthen ethical security, big data management and model interpretability.
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    Trends in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020 based on Joinpoint regression analysis
    GAO Feng⁃hua, DING Song⁃jun, ZHANG Shi⁃qing, WANG Tian⁃ping, HE Jia⁃chang, XU Xiao⁃juan, DAI Bo, LIU Ting
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 469-.  
    Abstract475)      PDF(pc) (1286KB)(1391)       Save
    Objective To investigate the changing trends in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis elimination strategy in the province. Methods The epidemiological data of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020 were collected, and the trends in the endemic status of schistosomiasis were analyzed using a Joinpoint regression model. The trends in the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in humans, bovines and Oncomelania hupensis were measured in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020 using average annual percent change (AAPC), and the correlations among the changing trends in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans, bovines and O. hupensis snail status were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. Results The prevalence of S. japonicum human infections continued to decline in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, with an annual mean decline of 14.8% [AAPC = -14.8%, 95% confidential interval (CI): (-18.9%, -10.5%), P < 0.01]. The prevalence of S. japonicum infections continued to decline in bovines in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2015 [AAPC = -31.3%, 95% CI: (-35.1%, -37.2%), P < 0.01], and was 0 for 5 successive years from 2016 to 2020. During the period from 2004 to 2020, there was an annual mean decline of 0.7% in areas of snail habitats [AAPC = -0.7%, 95% CI: (-1.2%, 0.3%), P < 0.05] and an annual mean decline of 9.2% in the density of living snails [AAPC = -9.2%, 95% CI: (-18.3%, 1.0%), P = 0.08] in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, and an annual mean decline of 35.6% was found in the density of S. japonicum⁃infected snails [AAPC = -35.6%, 95% CI: (-49.2%, -18.3%), P < 0.01] from 2004 to 2012, with no infected snails detected in Anhui Province from 2013 to 2020. There were significant correlations in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections between humans and bovines (r = 0.959, P < 0.01), between the prevalence of S. japonicum human infections and the density of S. japonicum⁃infected snails (r = 0.823, P < 0.01) and between the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in bovines and the density of S. japonicum⁃infected snails (r = 0.902, P < 0.01). Conclusions The prevalence of S. japonicum infections appeared a decline in humans, bovines and O. hupensis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, and significant correlations were found among the changing trends in the prevalence of S. japonicum human infections, the prevalence of S. japonicum bovine infections and the density of S. japonicum⁃infected O. hupensis snails. Because of a minor decline in the area of snail habitats and widespread distribution of O. hupensis, however, there is still a risk of schistosomiasis transmission, and precision control for schistosomiasis remains to be reinforced in Anhui Province.
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    Advances in detection methods for fish⁃borne parasites in aquatic products
    ZHANG Yaoguang, WANG Zhenyu, CHEN Jian, YU Qing
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 428-434,438.  
    Abstract294)      PDF(pc) (1021KB)(1384)       Save
    Consumption of raw and semi⁃raw aquatic products is strongly associated with the development of fish⁃borne parasitic diseases. Detection of fish⁃borne parasites in aquatic products is of great significance for the prevention and control of fish⁃borne parasitic diseases. This review describes the advances in the application of etiological, molecular biological and immunological techniques alone and in combinations for detection of fish⁃borne parasites, so as to provide insights into detection of fish⁃borne parasites.
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    High⁃fat intake alleviates lung injury induced by Paragonimus proliferus infection in rats through up⁃regulating CYP 4A1 expression in lung tissues
    LIU Siqi, WANG Qingqing, WANG Weiqun, WU Lei, MA Zhiqiang, WANG Lin, CHANG Guoji, DING Jie, HUA Lijuan, CHEN Huayi, LI Shenghao, WANG Wenlin
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (2): 171-.  
    Abstract242)      PDF(pc) (1233KB)(1354)       Save
    Objective To explore the improvements of high⁃fat intake on lung injury induced by Paragonimus proliferus infection in rats, and to preliminarily explore the mechanisms underlying the role of cytochrome P450 4A1 (CYP 4A1) in the improvements. Methods SD rats were randomly assigned into three groups, including the normal control group (n = 10), the infection and normal diet group (n = 12) and the infection and high⁃fat diet group (n = 12). Rats in the normal control group were fed with normal diet and without any other treatments, and animals in the infection and normal diet group were subcutaneously injected with 8 excysted metacercariae of P. proliferus via the abdominal wall, followed by feeding with normal diet, while rats in the infection and high⁃fat diet group were subcutaneously injected with 8 excysted metacercariae of P. proliferus via the abdominal wall, followed by feeding with high⁃fat diet. All rats were sacrificed 28 weeks post⁃infection, and serum samples and lung specimens were collected. Following hematoxylin⁃eosin (HE) staining of rat lung specimens, the rat lung injury was observed under an optical microscope, and alveolitis was evaluated using semi⁃quantitative scoring. Serum interleukin⁃1β (IL⁃1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF⁃α) levels were measured using enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the cytochrome P450 4A1 (CYP 4A1) expression was quantified in rat lung specimens at transcriptional and translational levels using quantitative real⁃time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting assays. Results Alveolar wall thickening, edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were alleviated 28 weeks post⁃infection with P. proliferus in rats in the infection and high⁃fat diet group relative to the infection and normal diet group, and no alveolar consolidation was seen in the infection and high⁃fat diet group. The semi⁃quantitative score of alveolitis was significantly higher in the infection and normal diet group [(2.200 ± 0.289) points] than in the normal control group [(0.300 ± 0.083) points] and the infection and high⁃fat diet group [(1.300 ± 0.475) points] (both P values < 0.05), and higher serum IL⁃1β [(151.586 ± 20.492)] pg/mL and TNF⁃α levels [(180.207 ± 23.379) pg/mL] were detected in the infection and normal diet group than in the normal control group [IL⁃1β: (103.226 ± 3.366) pg/mL; TNF⁃α: (144.807 ± 1.348) pg/mL] and the infection and high⁃fat diet group [IL⁃1β: (110.131 ± 12.946) pg/mL; TNF⁃α: (131.764 ± 27.831) pg/mL] (all P values < 0.05). In addition, lower CYP 4A1 mRNA (3.00 ± 0.81) and protein expression (0.40 ± 0.02) was quantified in lung specimens in the infection and normal diet group than in the normal control group [(5.03 ± 2.05) and (0.84 ± 0.14)] and the infection and high⁃fat diet group [(11.19 ± 3.51) and (0.68 ± 0.18)] (all P values < 0.05). Conclusion High⁃fat intake may alleviate lung injuries caused by P. proliferus infection in rats through up⁃regulating CYP 4A1 expression in lung tissues at both translational and transcriptional levels.
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    Dermatophagoides farinae induces conjunctival epithelial cell damage to promote neutrophil migration and neutrophil extracellular traps formation 
    WU Meili, YAN Ru, ZHAO Wenjun
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 271-278.  
    Abstract340)      PDF(pc) (4417KB)(1344)       Save
    Objective To investigate the mechanisms underlying allergic conjunctivitis caused by conjunctival epithelial cell damage, neutrophil migration and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation induced by crude extracts of Dermatophagoides farinae mite (CDM). Methods Human conjunctival epithelial cells were stimulated with 500, 1 000, 2 000, 4 000 ng/mL, and the expression levels of interleukin⁃6 (IL⁃6), tumor necrosis factor⁃α (TNF⁃α), interferon⁃γ (IFN⁃γ) and IL⁃8 were detected using quantitative real⁃time PCR (qPCR) assay and enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The culture supernatant of human conjunctival epithelial cells was collected and co⁃cultured with neutrophils. Neutrophil migration was measured using Transwell migration assay, and the expression of NETs markers myeloperoxidase (MPO) and citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3) was quantified using immunofluorescence staining. Neutrophils were stimulated with phorbol 12⁃myristate 13⁃acetate (PMA), and then NETs were collected for treatment of human conjunctival epithelial cells. Cell apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry, and the levels of IL⁃6, TNF⁃α, IFN⁃γ and IL⁃8 were measured in the cell culture supernatant using ELISA. Results Treatment with CDM at concentrations of 2 000 ng/mL and 4 000 ng/mL up⁃regulated IL⁃6, TNF⁃α, IFN⁃γ and IL⁃8 expression in human conjunctival epithelial cells. Following treatment with CDM at concentrations of 2 000 ng/mL and 4 000 ng/mL, the culture supernatant of human conjunctival epithelial cells promoted neutrophil migration and induced increases in the staining intensity of MPO and CitH3. In addition, increased NETs triggered the apoptosis of human conjunctival epithelial cells and IL⁃6, TNF⁃α, IFN⁃γ and IL⁃8 secretion in the culture supernatant of human conjunctival epithelial cells. Conclusions CDM induces human conjunctival epithelial cell damages, thereby promoting neutrophil migration and NETs formation, while the release of NETs further aggravates human conjunctival epithelial cell damages.
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    Progress in methodology of the Global Burden of Disease Study and its impact on the disease burden of parasitic diseases
    ZENG Ting, JIA Tiewu
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 299-306.  
    Abstract568)      PDF(pc) (1232KB)(1340)       Save
    Currently, the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) is the most comprehensive, systematic, and largest-scale global observational epidemiological project, which measures the national, regional and global mortality and disability of diseases, injuries and risk factors that threaten human health using unified indicators, such as disability-adjusted life year. This review describes the development history, assessment process and methodological advances of GBD, and discusses the impact of GBD on the burden of parasitic diseases, aiming to provide insights into the widespread use of GBD.
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    Application of the CRISPR/Cas system in gene editing and nucleic acid detection of parasitic diseases: a review
    YAN Shuning, YANG Shuo, YANG Hanyin, XIN Yi, XU Bin, HU Wei, LU Yan, ZHENG Bin
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 314-320.  
    Abstract434)      PDF(pc) (900KB)(1294)       Save
    CRISPR/Cas system, an adaptive immune system with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, may interfere with exogenous nucleic acids and protect prokaryotes from external damages, is an effective gene editing and nucleic acid detection tools. The CRISPR/Cas system has been widely applied in virology and bacteriology; however, there is relatively less knowledge about the application of the CRISPR/Cas system in parasitic diseases. The review summarizes the mechanisms of action of the CRISPR/Cas system and provides a comprehensive overview of their application in gene editing and nucleic acid detection of parasitic diseases, so as to provide insights into future studies on parasitic diseases.
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    How do female mosquitoes determine the most suitable males for mating?
    LI Yitong, LI Dong, LIU Xiaofei, WANG Ying, LIU Tingting, XU Yanqiu, DENG Shengqun
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 321-328.  
    Abstract225)      PDF(pc) (1001KB)(1294)       Save
    More than 80% of the world’s populations are at risk of vector⁃borne diseases, with mosquito⁃borne diseases as a significant global public health problem. Mosquito populations control is critical to interrupting the transmission of mosquito⁃borne diseases. This review summarizes the physical attributes, smell, vision, touch, and hearing of mosquitoes to unravel the preferences of female mosquitoes, and describes the mechanisms underlying the best male mating by female mosquitoes, so as to provide new insights into management of mosquito⁃borne diseases.
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    Hepatic T cell subtypes and functional analysis among alveolar echinococcosis patients using single⁃cell RNA sequencing
    CHEN Si, WANG Xiangqian, JIA Wanzhong, CAI Qigang, ZHANG Xueyong, ZHANG Qiang, ZHENG Haibo, ZHU Linghong, LI Bing, WANG Wei, HAN Xiumin
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (5): 481-493.  
    Abstract202)      PDF(pc) (4415KB)(1260)       Save
    Objective To investigate T cell subtypes and their functions in liver immune microenvironments among patients with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) using single⁃cell RNA sequencing (scRNA⁃seq).  Methods Four AE patients that were admitted to Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital in 2023 for hepatic surgery for the first time were enrolled, and liver specimens were sampled 1 cm (peri⁃lesion, PL group) and > 5 cm from AE lesions (distal lesion, DL group) among each patient. Finally, a total of eight liver specimens were sampled from four AE patients for scRNA⁃seq analysis. Genome and transcriptome data of liver specimens were processed using the software Cell Ranger and R package. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their biological functions were analyzed using gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, and the primary intercellular communication patterns and interaction mechanisms were identified among T cell subtypes in liver specimens using the CellChat package. In addition, the developmental stages of T cells were subjected to trajectory analysis with the monocle package to investigate the expression of genes associated with cell growth and tumor transformation, and to predict the developmental trajectories of T cells. Results All four AE patients were female, with a mean age of (25.00 ± 9.06) years, and there were three cases from Jiuzhi County, Golog Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and one case from Chengduo County, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province. The viability of single⁃cell samples from eight liver specimens was 90.41% to 96.33%, and a total of 81 763 cells were analyzed, with 19 cell types annotated. Of these cell types, 13 were immune cells (87.60%), and T cells (33.13%), neutrophils (15.40%), and natural killer cells (11.92%) were the three most common cell types. Re⁃clustering of 27 752 T cells and proliferative T cells identified 10 distinct T cell subtypes, with CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (23.43%), CD8+ naive T cells (12.80%), and CD4+ effector memory T cells (17.73%) as dominant cell types. The proportions of T helper 2 (Th2) cells (5.19% vs. 3.63%; [χ2]  = 38.35, P < 0.01) and CD4+ effector memory T cells (21.59% vs. 13.67%; [χ2]  = 244.70, P < 0.01) were significantly higher in liver specimens in the PL group than in the DL group, and the proportion of CD4+ helper T cells was significantly lower in the PL group than in the DL group (7.50% vs. 14.75%; [χ2]  = 330.52, P < 0.01). KEGG pathway analysis revealed that Th2 cells were significantly enriched in cell apoptosis and multiple cancer⁃associated pathways, and CD4+ effector memory T cells were significantly enriched in the regulation of cytokines and chronic inflammation, while CD4+ helper T cells were significantly enriched in immune responses regulation. Trajectory analysis of T cells showed that CD4+ helper T cells were at an earlier developmental stage relative to Th2 cells and CD4+ effector memory T cells, and the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding 3 (ID3), thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), Bcl2⁃associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) and heat shock protein family B (small) member 1 (HSPB1) genes appeared a tendency towards a decline over time. Conclusions CD4+ effector memory T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are primary interacting cells in the liver specimens of AE patients. Reduced expression of Th2 cells and CD4+ helper T cells contributes to an inhibitory immune microenvironment, which promotes immune evasion by Echinococcus multilocularis, and Th2 cells are significantly enriched in multiple cancer⁃associated pathways, which may be linked to the invasive growth of E. multilocularis.
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    Application of integrated species distribution models in parasitic diseases prevention and control: a review
    LI Lu, WANG Qiang, XU Jing
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 659-.  
    Abstract498)      PDF(pc) (1036KB)(1257)       Save
    Species distribution model, a mathematical model theoretically based on the temporal and spatial locations of species in the ecosystem and their associations with other species, is useful to display the current species distribution and predict the future species distribution, which has been widely applied in ecology, biogeography and spatial transmission of infectious diseases. Integrated species distribution model is a comprehensive, summative and reliable combination model that simultaneously uses multiple species distribution models or integrates multiple data sources for modeling. This review describes the theory and classification of species distribution models, and summarizes the creation and verification of integrated species distribution models and their applications in parasitic disease prevention and control. During the practical applications of integrated species distribution models, the study scale, niche matching, big data utilization, combination of multidisciplinary methods and knowledge background and ecological implications should be emphasized.  
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    Current status and challenges of zoonosis prevention and control: a One Health perspective
    LI Cihuai, CHEN Feng, LÜ Shan
    Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 98-103.  
    Abstract326)      PDF(pc) (1059KB)(1222)       Save
    Zoonosis prevention and control is a complex public health concern, which requires the collaboration of multiple regions, disciplines, and departments to enhance the effectiveness. The One Health concept aims to achieve the joint health security of humans, animals and environments through cross⁃disciplinary, cross⁃sector and cross⁃field collaborations. This review summarizes the development of One Health and the successful practices in the prevention and control of echinococcosis, rabies, COVID⁃19 and schistosomiasis, as well as explores the challenges faced in applying this concept to the prevention and control of zoonoses, so as to provide insights into formulation of the integrated zoonoses control strategy and implementation of zoonoses control interventions at the human⁃animal⁃environment interface.
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