Abstract: Malaria is one of the most serious mosquito⁃borne infectious diseases in the world. The global malaria control progress has stalled in recent years, which is largely due to the biological threats from the malaria pathogen Plasmodium and the vector Anopheles mosquitoes. This article provides an overview of biological threats to global malaria elimination, including antimalarial drug resistance, deletions in the malaria rapid diagnostic test target P. falciparum histidine⁃rich protein 2/3 (Pfhrp2/3) genes, vector insecticide resistance and emergence of invasive vector species, so as to provide insights into malaria and vector research and the formulation and adjustment of the malaria control and elimination strategy.

Key words: Malaria, Elimination, Plasmodium, Anopheles, Biological threat

摘要： 疟疾是世界上危害最严重的蚊媒传染病之一。近年来，全球疟疾防控进展迟缓，重要原因之一是来自疟疾病原疟原虫和传播媒介按蚊的生物学挑战。本文针对抗疟药耐药性、疟疾快速诊断试纸条靶标恶性疟原虫富组氨酸蛋白2/3（Plasmodium falciparum histidine⁃rich protein 2/3, Pfhrp2/3）基因缺失、媒介杀虫剂抗性及按蚊入侵等生物学挑战进行概述，从而为当前疟疾及其媒介相关研究提供参考，亦为疟疾控制和消除策略的制订和调整提供科学依据。

关键词: 　疟疾, 消除, 疟原虫, 按蚊, 生物学挑战