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Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2023 ZHANG Lijuan, HE Junyi, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, LI Yinlong, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 221-227.   Abstract （485）      PDF（pc） （942KB）（412）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the progress of national schistosomiasis elimination program of China in 2023 and summarize the lessons and experiences, data on the endemic status of schistosomiasis and national schistosomiasis surveillance results in the People’s Republic of China were collected and analyzed at a national level. By the end of 2023, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan and Hubei provinces were identified to achieve the criteria of transmission interruption in 2020, and Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces achieved the criteria of transmission interruption in 2023. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2023, including 26 250 endemic villages covering 73 034 500 residents at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 78.49% (354/451) achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination and 21.51% (97/451) achieved the criteria of transmission interruption, respectively. In 2023, a total of 4 216 643 individuals received immunological tests, with 47 794 sero⁃positives identified, and a total of 184 216 individuals received parasitological examinations, with 4 egg⁃positives detected. A total of 27 768 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China by the end of 2023. In 2023, 539 548 bovines were raised in schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of China, and 125 440 bovines received immunological tests, with 124 sero⁃positives detected, while no egg⁃positives were identified among the 133 508 bovines receiving parasitological examinations. In 2023, snail survey was performed at an area of 641 339.53 hm2 and 184 819.77 hm2 snail habitats were identified, including 51.53 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 642.25 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2023, there were 20 198 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 598 183 person⁃time individuals and 283 954 herd⁃time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2023, snail control with chemical treatment was performed in 116 347.95 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 690.89 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 334.62 hm2. The national schistosomiasis surveillance results showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero among humans and bovines in 2023, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. These data demonstrated that transmission interruption of schistosomiasis had been achieved across all endemic provinces in China in 2023, and the endemic status of schistosomiasis tended to be stable, while advanced cases were predominant among all schistosomiasis cases. However, the areas of snail habitats remained high and cattle re⁃raising was very common in some regions. Intensified schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast and snail control in high⁃risk areas are needed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Anticancer effects of parasites and its underlying mechanisms: a review ZHANG Yingshu, DING Xin, DAI Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 91-97.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023074 Abstract （256）      PDF（pc） （1009KB）（321）       Knowledge map    Save Both parasitic diseases and cancers are disorders that seriously threaten human health. A strong correlation has been recently found between parasitic infections and cancers, and multiple species of parasites and their derived products have shown effective to suppress cancer development, progression and metastasis. Therefore, deciphering the interaction among parasites, cancers and hosts not only provides new insights into the development of cancer therapy, but also provides the basis for screening of parasites⁃derived active anticancer molecules. This review summarizes the latest advances in the anticancer activity of parasites and underlying mechanisms. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Schistosomiasis control in Sichuan Province since the 12th Five⁃Year Plan period: progress and prospects SHANG Jingye, ZHANG Yu, PU Chen, WAN Jiajia, CHEN Lin, WU Zisong, LIU Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 539-544,556.   Abstract （250）      PDF（pc） （1262KB）（496）       Knowledge map    Save An ambitious goal has been set for elimination of schistosomiasis in all endemic counties (districts) in Sichuan Province by 2023. To achieve this goal, and to continue to consolidate the control achievements, it is necessary to understand the current endemic status of schistosomiasis, identify the challenges and analyze the experiences and lessons from the schistosomiasis control program, and develop targeted control strategies and interventions in the province. This paper reviews the progress of schistosomiasis control in Sichuan Province since the 12th Five⁃Year Plan period, analyzes the challenges in the schistosomiasis elimination program, and proposes recommendations for future directions and priorities. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Molecular epidemiological characteristics of newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases in Fujian Province in 2020 XIE Meirong, LIN Liying, WANG Zhenghua, QIU Yuefeng, LU Xiaoli, ZHANG Chunyang, WU Shouli Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 583-589.   Abstract （240）      PDF（pc） （1252KB）（350）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the HIV⁃1 genotype and distribution of newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases in Fujian Province in 2020, so as to provide insights into formulation of the precise AIDS control strategy in the province. Methods　Newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases without antiretroviral therapy (excluding AIDS patients) were randomly sampled from each city of Fujian Province in 2020 at a proportion of 50% of the mean number of HIV⁃infected cases reported across 9 cities of Fujian Province during the past three years. Subjects’ demographic and epidemiological data were collected and blood samples were collected. The HIV⁃1 pol gene was amplified using nested reverse⁃transcription PCR assay, and the gene sequences were used for HIV⁃1 genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The gene sequences were uploaded to the HIV Drug Resistance Database (http://hivdb.stanford.edu) for genotypic drug resistance assays, and the scores and level of HIV drug resistance were estimated using the HIVDB Algorithm version 9.5. Results　A total of 1 043 newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases were reported in Fujian Province in 2020, and 936 gene sequences were successfully obtained following sequencing of blood samples. There were 9 HIV⁃1 genotypes characterized in blood samples from 936 newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases, with CRF07_BC (52.1%) and CRF01_AE (30.4%) as predominant subtypes, followed by CRF08_BC (4.9%), CRF55_01B (3.0%), subtype C (2.5%), subtype B (2.1%), CRF85_BC (1.7%), CRF59_01B (0.3%) and CRF65_CPX (0.1%), and unidentified subtypes were found in 26 blood samples. HIV⁃1 drug resistance was detected in 43 out of the 936 newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases, with 4.6% prevalence of HIV⁃1 drug resistance prior to therapy, and the highest drug resistance was found in the HIV CRF59_01B subtype, followed by in CRF08_BC, B, C, CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and other subtypes, with a significant difference in the genotype⁃specific prevalence of HIV⁃1 drug resistance ([χ2] = 45.002, P < 0.05). Conclusions　There was a HIV⁃1 genotype diversity in Fujian Province in 2020, and emerging recombinant and drug⁃resistant HIV⁃1 strains were detected and spread across patients and regions. Monitoring of HIV⁃1 genotypes is recommended to be reinforced for timely understanding of the transmission and spread of novel recombinant and drug⁃resistant HIV⁃1 strains. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Construction of an evaluation index system for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept LIU Jingshu, ZHOU Zhengbin, ZHANG Xiaoxi, HUANG Lulu, LUO Zhuowei, CHEN Shenglin, ZHANG Yi, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 545-556.   Abstract （215）      PDF（pc） （1162KB）（411）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To construct an evaluation index system for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept, so as to provide insights into the control and elimination of mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis using the One Health approach. Methods　A preliminary evaluation index system was constructed based on literature review, panel discussions and field surveys. Thirty⁃three experts were selected from 7 provincial disease control and prevention centers in Beijing Municipality, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Henan Province, Sichuan Province, Shaanxi Province and Gansu Province where mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis was endemic, and two rounds of expert consultations were conducted to screen the indicators. The positive coefficient, degree of concentration, degree of coordination, and authority of the experts were calculated, and the normalized weights of each index were calculated with the analytic hierarchy process. Results　The response rates of questionnaires during two rounds of expert consultation were both 100.00% (33/33), and the authority coefficients of the experts were 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. The coefficients of coordination among experts on the rationality, importance, and operability of the indicators were 0.392, 0.437, 0.258, and 0.364, 0.335, 0.263, respectively (all P values < 0.05). Following screening, the final evaluation index system included 3 primary indicators, 17 secondary indicators, and 50 tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of primary indicators “external environment”, “internal support” and “comprehensive control” were 16.98%, 38.73% and 44.29%, respectively. Among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “external environment”, the highest weight was seen for natural environment (66.67%), and among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “internal support”, the lowest weight was seen for the scientific research for visceral leishmaniasis control (8.26%), while other indicators had weights of 12.42% to 13.38%. Among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “comprehensive control”, the weight was 16.67% for each indicator. Conclusions　An evaluation index system has been constructed for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept. In addition to assessment of the effect of conventional mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis control measures, this index system integrates the importance of top⁃level design, organizational management, and implementation of control measures, and includes indicators related to multi⁃sectoral cooperation. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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High⁃quality acceleration of the Chinese national schistosomiasis elimination programme to advance the building of Healthy China XU Jing, WANG Qiang, YANG Kun, WEN Liyong, WANG Tianping, LIN Dandan, LIU Jianbing, ZHOU Jie, LIU Yang, DONG Yi, CAO Chunli, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 1-6.   Abstract （211）      PDF（pc） （1403KB）（480）       Knowledge map    Save The goal of achieving elimination of schistosomiasis across all endemic counties in China by 2030 was proposed in the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. On June 16, 2023, the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030) was jointly issued by National Disease Control and Prevention Administration and other 10 ministries, which deployed the targets and key tasks of the national schistosomiasis elimination programme in China. This article describes the progress of the national schistosomiasis control programme, analyzes the opportunities to eliminate schistosomiasis, and proposes targeted recommendations to tackle the challenges of schistosomiasis elimination, so as to accelerate the process towards schistosomiasis elimination and facilitate the building of a healthy China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Quantitative analysis of risk assessment indicators for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China CHAI Liying, CAO Yuanyuan, ZHAO Li, LIU Kaixuan, CHONG Zeyin, LU Yan, ZHU Guoding, CAO Jun, LU Guangyu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 604-613.   Abstract （201）      PDF（pc） （2687KB）（379）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To quantitatively analyze the risk indicators of re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China and their weighting coefficients, so as to investigate the difference in the contribution of risk indicators included in the current risk assessment framework for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China to the risk assessment of re⁃introduction of imported malaria. Methods　Publications pertaining to the risk assessment framework for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China that reported the risk indicators and their weighting coefficients were retrieved in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP with terms of “malaria”, “re⁃introduction/re⁃transmission/re⁃establishment”, “risk assessment/risk evaluation/risk prediction” from the inception of the database through 3 August 2023, and literature search was performed in Google Scholar to ensure the comprehensiveness of the retrieval. Basic characteristics of included studies were extracted using pre⁃designed information extraction forms by two investigators, and data pertaining to risk indicators of re⁃introduction of imported malaria were cross⁃checked by these two investigators. The risk indicators included in the risk assessment framework for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China and their weighting coefficients were visualized with the Nightingale’s rose diagrams using the software R 4.2.1, and the importance of risk indictors was evaluated with the frequency of risk indicators included in the risk assessment framework and the ranking of weighting coefficients of risk indicators. In addition, the capability of risk indicators screened by different weighting methods was compared by calculating the ratio of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by different weighting methods. Results　A total of 2 138 publications were retrieved, and following removal of duplications and screening, a total of 8 publications were included in the final analysis. In these 8 studies, 8 risk assessment frameworks for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China and 52 risk indicators of re⁃introduction of imported malaria were reported, in which number of imported malaria cases (n = 8) and species of malaria vectors were more frequently included in the risk assessment frameworks (n = 8), followed by species of imported malaria parasites (n = 6) and population density of local malaria vectors (n = 6), and species of local malaria vectors (n = 6), number of imported malaria cases (n = 5) and species of imported malaria parasites had the three highest weighting coefficients (n = 4). The weighting methods included expert scoring method, combination of expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process, and combination of expert scoring method and entropy weight method in these 8 studies, and the ratios of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by the expert scoring method were 1.143 to 2.241, while the ratios of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by combination of the expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process were 34.970 to 162.000. Conclusions　Number of imported malaria cases, species of imported malaria parasites, species of local malaria vectors and population density of local malaria vectors are core indicators in the current risk assessment framework for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China. Combination of the expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process is superior to the expert scoring method alone for weighting the risk indicators. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Species and population density of malaria vector Anopheles in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021 GONG Xi, WU Xiaohong, HUO Fang, YU Tao, GE Li, LIU Yang, LI Li Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 565-572.   Abstract （191）      PDF（pc） （2152KB）（520）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the distribution of malaria vector Anopheles in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, so as to provide the scientific evidence for improving the surveillance of malaria vector Anopheles and preventing re⁃establishment of imported malaria in Sichuan Province. Methods　The density and species of Anopheles mosquitoes were investigated using human⁃bait trapping and light trapping techniques in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. The number, population and density of captured Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and descriptively analyzed, and the geographical distribution map of malaria vectors was plotted using the software ArcGIS 10.7 in Sichuan Province. Results　A total of 152 243 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, including 150 987 An. sinensis (99.18%) and 1 256 An. anthropophagus (0.82%) ([χ2] = 5 938.92, P < 0.01), and no other Anopheles species were captured. The annual densities of An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus were 0.64 to 1.27 mosquitoes/(person⁃hour) and 0 to 0.07 mosquitoes/(person⁃hour) by the human⁃bait trapping technique, and 6.46 to 26.50 mosquitoes/(light⁃night) and 0 to 0.82 mosquitoes/(light⁃night) by the light trapping technique in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. A relatively higher density of An. anthropophagus was seen in Renshou County, Jianyang City, Weiyuan County and Mabian Yi Autonomous County ［> 0.40 mosquitoes/(person⁃hour)］ by the human⁃bait trapping technique, and in Cuiping District and Gaoxian County in Yibin City ［> 1.00 mosquito/(light⁃night)］ by the light trapping technique in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2018, with no An. anthropophagus captured from 2019 to 2021, and a relatively higher density of An. sinensis was detected in Emeishan City, Lushan County, Luojiang District, Tongchuan District and Zhaohua District ［> 4.00 mosquitoes/(person⁃hour)］ by the human⁃bait trapping technique, and in Huili County, Yuexi County, Dechang County, Langzhong City, Pingchang County and Xuanhan County ［> 40.00 mosquitoes/(light⁃night)］ by the light trapping technique in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. Conclusions　Malaria vectors were still widespread in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, and An. sinensis was the dominant species of malaria vectors. There is still a risk of local re⁃establishment of imported malaria in Sichuan Province, and it is needed to continue to improve the surveillance of imported malaria cases and malaria vectors. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Single⁃nucleotide polymorphisms of artemisinin resistance⁃related Pfubp1 and Pfap2mu genes in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea from 2018 to 2020 ZHANG Taichan, LIANG Xueyan, WEI Huagui, LIN Min, CHEN Jiangtao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 557-564,572.   Abstract （187）      PDF（pc） （1213KB）（378）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of artemisinin resistance⁃related Pfubp1 and Pfap2mu genes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, so as to to provide baseline data for the formulation of malaria control strategies in Bioko Island. Methods　A total of 184 clinical blood samples were collected from patients with P. falciparum malaria in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea from 2018 to 2020, and genomic DNA was extracted. The Pfubp1 and Pfap2mu gene SNPs of P. falciparum were determined using a nested PCR assay and Sanger sequencing, and the gene sequences were aligned. Results　There were 159 wild⁃type P. falciparum isolates (88.83%) from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, and 6 SNPs were identified in 20 Pfubp1⁃mutant P. falciparum isolates (11.17%), in which 4 non⁃synonymous mutations were detected, including E1516G, K1520E, D1525E, E1528D. There was only one Pfubp1gene mutation site in 19 Pfubp1⁃mutant P. falciparum isolates (95.00%), in which non⁃synonymous mutations accounted for 68.42% (13/19). D1525E and E1528D were identified as major known epidemic mutation sites in the Pfubp1 gene associated with resistance to artemisinin⁃based combination therapies (ACTs). At amino acid position 1525, there were 178 wild⁃type P. falciparum isolates (99.44%) and 1 mutant isolate (0.56%), with such a mutation site identified in blood samples in 2018, and at amino acid position 1528, there were 167 wild⁃type P. falciparum isolates (93.30%) and 12 mutant isolates (6.70%). The proportions of wild⁃type P. falciparum isolates were 95.72% (134/140), 79.25% (126/159) and 95.83% (161/168) in the target amplification fragments of the three regions in the Pfap2mu gene (Pfap2mu⁃inner1, Pfap2mu⁃inner2, Pfap2mu⁃inner3), respectively. There were 16 different SNPs identified in all successfully sequenced P. falciparum isolates), in which 7 non⁃synonymous mutations were detected, including S160N, K199T, A475V, S508G, I511M, L595F, and Y603H. There were 7 out of 43 Pfap2mu⁃mutant P. falciparum isolates (16.28%) that harbored only one gene mutation site, in which non⁃synonymous mutations accounted for 28.57% (2/7). For the known delayed clearance locus S160N associated with ACTs, there were 143 wild⁃type (89.94%) and 16 Pfap2mu⁃mutant P. falciparum isolates (10.06%). Conclusions　Both Pfubp1 and Pfap2mu gene mutations were detected in P. falciparum isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea from 2018 to 2020, with a low prevalence rate of Pfubp1 gene mutation and a high prevalence rate of Pfap2mu gene mutation. In addition, new mutation sites were identified in the Pfubp1 (E1504E and K1520E) and Pfap2mu genes (A475V and S508G). Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence and molecular detection of human Cryptosporidium infections: a review  LIU Yufeng, LIU Hua, LI Kerong, LIU Yuhua Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 105-110.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023159 Abstract （178）      PDF（pc） （1017KB）（195）       Knowledge map    Save Cryptosporidium is an important intestinal parasite that is mainly transmitted through the fecal⁃oral route. Human infection may occur following ingestion of water and food contaminated by Cryptosporidium oocysts, and children and immunocompromised individuals are at a high risk of infections. The main symptoms of Cryptosporidium infections include diarrhea, vomiting, malnutrition, and even death. Because of high sensitivity and rapid procedures, molecular tests are helpful for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis and may reduce the public health risk of cryptosporidiosis. This review summarizes the advances in the latest prevalence and molecular detection of human Cryptosporidium infections during recent years. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comparison of the efficiency of different etiological assays for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild mice XU Xiaojuan, CHEN Xuefeng, WU Fan, WU Chenyang, LIU Ting, DAI Bo, WANG Tianping, ZHANG Shiqing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 573-582,589.   Abstract （177）      PDF（pc） （1200KB）（472）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To compare the efficiency of multiple etiological techniques for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild mice, so as to provide technical supports to assessment of schistosomiasis transmission risk. Methods　Wild mice were captured with baited traps at night in Oncomelania hupensis snail⁃infested settings in schistosomiasis⁃endemic foci of Anhui Province from October to November, 2022. S. japonicum infections were detected in wild mice using microscopy of mouse liver tissues, microscopy of mouse mesenteric tissues, microscopy of mouse liver tissue homogenates, miracidial hatching test of mouse liver tissue homogenates, Kato⁃Katz technique and miracidial hatching test of mouse stool samples alone and in combinations. Identification of S. japonicum eggs or miracidia by any of these six assays was defined as an infection. The sensitivity of six assays alone or in combinations was compared for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice. Results　A total of 1 703 wild mice were captured, with 366 wild mice detected positive for S. japonicum (21.49%). There were significant differences in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in wild mice by six assays (Q = 529.33, P < 0.001) and in the sensitivity of six assays for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice ([χ2] = 527.78, P < 0.001). In addition, the combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and mesenteric tissues, combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and liver tissue homogenates and combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues, microscopy of mesenteric tissues, microscopy of liver tissue homogenates and Kato⁃Katz technique showed 86.61%, 87.16% and 97.27% sensitivities for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice, respectively. Conclusions　Diverse etiological assays show various efficiencies for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice. Combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and microscopy of mesenteric tissues, and combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and microscopy of liver tissue homogenates are potential approaches for field detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary study on the effect of Echinococcus multilocaris on phenotypic transformations of glucose metabolism and polarization types in macrophages SHEN Yinhong, ZHANG Tao, YANG Zi⁃han, ZHANG Yaogang, HUANG Dengliang, HOU Jing, TIAN Meiyuan, MA Yanyan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 590-603,613.   Abstract （173）      PDF（pc） （3883KB）（542）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the effects of Echinococcus multilocularis on the phenotypic transformations of glucose metabolism, polarization types and inflammatory responses in macrophages, so as to provide insights into elucidation of echinococcosis pathogenesis. Methods　Bone marrow cells were isolated from C57BL/6J mice at ages of 6 to 8 weeks, and induced into bone marrow⁃derived macrophages (BMDMs) with mouse macrophage colony⁃stimulating factor (M⁃CSF), which served as controls (BMDMs⁃M0). BMDMs⁃M0 induced M2 macrophages by interleukin⁃4 for 24 hours served as the IL⁃4 induction group, and BMDMs⁃M0 co⁃cultured with 2.4 ng/mL E. multilocularis cystic fluid (CF) served as the BMDM⁃CF co⁃culture group, while BMDMs⁃M0 co⁃cultured with E. multilocularis protoscolex (PSC) at a ratio of 500∶1 served as the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group. The types of polarization of BMDMs co⁃cultured with E. multilocularis CF and PSC were analyzed using flow cytometry, and the expression of macrophage markers, inflammatory factors, and glucose metabolism⁃related enzymes was quantified using fluorescent quantitative real⁃time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting assays. Results　There were significant differences among the four groups in terms of Arginase⁃1 (Arg1) (F = 1 457.00, P < 0.000 1), macrophages⁃derived C⁃C motif chemokine 22 (Ccl22) (F = 22 203.00, P < 0.000 1), resistin⁃like α (Retnla) (F = 151.90, P < 0.000 1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (F = 107.80, P < 0.001), hexokinase (HK) (F = 9 389.00, P < 0.000 1), pyruvate kinase (PK) (F = 641.40, P < 0.001), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) (F = 43.97, P < 0.01), glucokinase (GK) (F = 432.50, P < 0.000 1), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases1 (PDK1) (F = 737.30, P < 0.000 1), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) (F = 3 632.00, P < 0.000 1), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) (F = 532.40, P < 0.000 1), glyceraldehyde⁃3⁃phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (F = 460.00, P < 0.000 1), citrate synthase (CS) (F = 5 642.00, P < 0.01), glycogen synthase1 (GYS1) (F = 273.30, P < 0.000 1), IL⁃6 (F = 1 823.00, P < 0.000 1), IL⁃10 (F = 291.70, P < 0.000 1), IL⁃1β (F = 986.60, P < 0.000 1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)⁃α (F = 334.80, P < 0.000 1) and transforming growth factor (TGF)⁃β mRNA expression (F = 163.30, P < 0.001). The proportion of M2 macrophages was significantly higher than that of M1 macrophages in the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group [(22.87% ± 1.48%) vs. (1.70% ± 0.17%); t = 24.61, P < 0.001], and the proportion of M2 macrophages was significantly higher than that of M1 macrophages in the BMDM⁃CF co⁃culture group [(20.07% ± 0.64%) vs. (1.93% ± 0.25%); t = 45.73, P < 0.001]. The mRNA expression of M2 macrophages markers Arg1, Ccl22 and Retnla was significantly higher in the BMDM⁃CF and BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.01), and no significant difference was seen in the mRNA expression of the M1 macrophage marker iNOS among the three groups (P > 0.05), while qPCR assay quantified higher mRNA expression of key glycolytic enzymes HK, PK and PFK, as well as inflammatory factors IL⁃10, IL⁃1β, TNF⁃α and TGF⁃β in the BMDM⁃CF and BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.01). Western blotting assay determined higher HK, PK and PFK protein expression in the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group than in the control group (all P values < 0.05), and qPCR quantified higher GLUT1, GAPDH and IL⁃6 mRNA expression in the BMDM⁃CF co⁃culture group than in the control group (all P values < 0.05), while higher HK, PK and PFK protein and mRNA expression (all P values < 0.01), as well as lower IL⁃6 and TNF⁃α and higher TGF⁃β mRNA expression (both P values < 0.05) was detected in the IL⁃4 induction group than in the control group. Glycolytic stress test showed no significant difference in the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of mouse BMDM among the control group, IL⁃4 induction group and BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group (F = 124.4, P < 0.05), and a higher ECAR was seen in the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group and a lower ECAR was found in the IL⁃4 induction group than in the control group (both P values < 0.05). Conclusions Treatment of E. multilocularis CF or PSC mainly causes polarization of BMDM into M2 macrophages, and phenotypic transformation of glucose metabolism into high⁃energy and high⁃glycolytic metabolism, and affects inflammatory responses in BMDM. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effectiveness of the central government⁃funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022 LI Yuhua, ZHANG Peng, SUN Chenqing, XIAO Ning, YANG Yuancheng, ZHONG Baolin, FANG Chun, KUI Guoxiang, LIU Zijing, LI Fan, YANG Shijie, FENG Yu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 626-632.   Abstract （169）      PDF（pc） （1317KB）（359）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the effectiveness of the central government⁃funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, so as to provide insights into echinococcosis control. Methods　Administrative villages were sampled using a multi⁃stage cluster random sampling method from Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, and all residents at ages of 12 years and older in the sampled villages were screened for echinococcosis, and schools were sampled using a cluster sampling method, and all children at ages of 12 years and older in the sampled schools were screened for echinococcosis. Domestic dogs were sampled using a systematic random sampling method, and one domestic dog stool sample was collected from each household. Stray dog stool samples were collected outside the villages, and Echinococcus coproantigens were detected using enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay in domestic and stray dogs. In addition, echinococcosis was screened in sheep and cattle in designated slaughterhouses in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County. The trends in the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans and livestock and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens in dogs were examined with the Cochran⁃Armitage trend test. In addition, individuals screened for echinococcosis were randomly sampled from 2007 to 2022 for survey on the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge. Results　A total of 290 356 person⁃times were screened for echinococcosis among residents at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 1 094 residents detected with cystic echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline over years ([χ2] = 358.602, P < 0.001). A total of 32 931 person⁃times were screened for echinococcosis among children at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 296 children detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline over years ([χ2] = 267.673, P < 0.001). A total of 33 230 domestic dog stool samples were tested for Echinococcus coproantigens in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 1 777 Echinococcus coproantigens⁃positive samples tested, and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens appeared a tendency towards a decline in domestic dogs over years ([χ2] = 2 210.428, P < 0.001), while the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens showed a tendency towards a rise in domestic animals from 2016 to 2022 ([χ2] = 37.745, P < 0.001). The positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens remained relatively stable in stray dogs in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2019 to 2022 ([χ2] = 0.315, P = 0.575). A total of 10 973 sheep were screened for echinococcosis in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County from 2007 to 2022, with 334 sheep detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline in sheep over years ([χ2] = 53.579, P < 0.001); however, there was no significant change in the detection of echinococcosis during the period from 2015 through 2022 ([χ2] = 1.520, P = 0.218). A total of 2 400 cattle were screened for echinococcosis in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County from 2017 to 2022, with 231 cattle detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis showed a tendency towards a decline over years ([χ2] = 5.579, P < 0.05). The awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge increased from 44.37% in 2007 to 94.00% in 2022 among residents at ages of 12 years and older and from 52.50% in 2007 to 92.50% in 2022 among children at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, respectively. Conclusions 　There has been a reduction in the detection of echinococcosis in humans and domestic animals and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens in dogs and a rise in the awareness of the echinococcosis control knowledge following the implementation of the central government⁃funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province; however, integrated echinococcosis control measures are still required for further control of the prevalence of echinococcosis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Practice and development of schistosomiasis control culture in China: A case of Jiangxi Province WU Changming, GE Jun, LIN Dandan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 641-645.   Abstract （167）      PDF（pc） （913KB）（301）       Knowledge map    Save Schistosomiasis control is not only a disease control programme, but also a great social practice activity in China. During the evolution of national schistosomiasis control programmes, the special schistosomiasis control culture has been cultivated and developed, which contains the spiritual connotation of government⁃led, people⁃oriented, respect for science and integration of all efforts. The publication of Chairman Mao Zedong’s two poems entitled “Farewell to the God of Plague” and the postscript in 1958 was a sign for the formation and development of Chinese schistosomiasis control culture, which always lead the orientation of development and practice of schistosomiasis control culture building. The schistosomiasis control culture provide powerful spiritual motivation and supports to schistosomiasis control programmes in China, and improving the building of schistosomiasis control culture is of great significance to strengthen our belief in achieving the goal of schistosomiasis elimination, mobilize all social resources, accelerate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis and facilitate the high⁃quality development of healthcare services. Chinese schistosomiasis control spirit is the refinement from the cultural connotation of the long⁃term schistosomiasis control programmes in China, and is the most essential and concentrated embodiment of the schistosomiasis control culture. This article describes the great significance of two poems entitled “Farewell to the God of Plague”, summarizes the connotation and role of schistosomiasis control spirit, and introduces the practice, development and innovation of schistosomiasis control culture building in Jiangxi Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current prevalence and control strategies of visceral leishmaniasis in Sichuan Province: A review ZHENG Lujie, WU Xiaohong, LIU Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 646-650.   Abstract （167）      PDF（pc） （921KB）（273）       Knowledge map    Save Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by Phlebotomus chinensis that poses a great threat to human health. Historically, visceral leishmaniasis was predominantly prevalent in northwestern regions of Sichuan Province. Following the founding of the People’s Republic of China, large⁃scale integrated interventions had been implemented in visceral leishmaniasis⁃endemic areas of Sichuan Province, including identification and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis patients, elimination of infected dogs, Ph. chinensis control and health education. This review summarizes the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis, discusses the control strategy of visceral leishmaniasis and analyzes the challenges of elimination of visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept in Sichuan Province, so as to provide insights into elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Tracking evaluation on the implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) in Sichuan and Anhui provinces WAN Jiajia, YU Chenghang, WANG Nannan, PU Chen, ZHANG Yu, LIU Daohua, CAO Zhiguo, ZHENG Bin, LIU Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 638-640,650.   Abstract （162）      PDF（pc） （920KB）（354）       Knowledge map    Save To evaluate the implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) in schistosomiasis⁃endemic foci, two schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties were selected from two provinces of Sichuan and Anhui. Professional staff working in province⁃, city⁃, county⁃ and township⁃level disease control and prevention institutions, parasitic disease control institutions or medical institutions were recruited, and the understanding, use and implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) were investigated using questionnaires and interviews. The awareness, use, proportion of propagation and implementation and correct rate of answering questions pertaining to Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) were analyzed. A total of 270 questionnaires were allocated, and 269 were recovered, including 254 valid questionnaires. The overall awareness of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) was 84.64% (215/254), and propagation and implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) was not performed in 23.28% (17/73) of the survey institutions following implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017), with meeting training and allocation of propagation materials as the main type of propagation and implementation. Among 254 respondents, 77.16% (196/254) were familiar with the standard, 66.14% (168/254) understood the conditions for use of the standard during snail surveys, and 96.85% (246/254) had the approach for identifying snails. In addition, there were 41.73% (106/254), 50.78% (129/254) and 7.48% (19/254) of respondents that considered the operability of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) was very good, good and general, respectively. The findings demonstrate that the issue and implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) has filled the gap for the standardization of snail control techniques, and which plays an importang guiding role in the national schistosomiasis control program. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of researches on the antiparasitic activity of antimicrobial peptide LL⁃37 LOU Junchao, HE Xiaoqin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 98-104.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023157 Abstract （162）      PDF（pc） （1072KB）（211）       Knowledge map    Save Parasitic diseases caused by protozoan and helminth infections are still widespread across the world, notably in tropical and subtropical areas, which threaten the children and adult health. Long⁃term use of anti⁃parasitic drugs may result in reduced drug susceptibility and even drug resistance. Antimicrobial peptides have been demonstrated to inhibit parasite growth and development, which has potential antiparasitic values. LL⁃37, the only human antimicrobial peptide in the cathelicidin family, has been widely investigated. This paper reviews the progress of researches on the antiparasitic activity of LL⁃37, and discusses the prospects of LL⁃37 in the research of parasites. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Promoting implementation research and One Health approach to respond the four global health challenges: an interpretation of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) Strategy 2024—2029 FANG Jing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 13-16,24.   DOI: 10.1625/j.32.1374.2023146 Abstract （162）      PDF（pc） （1096KB）（161）       Knowledge map    Save Tropical diseases, notably neglected tropical diseases and infectious diseases of poverty, remain major health problems endangering the poorest and most⁃marginalized people in the world. The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), which is co⁃sponsored by the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank, is an important programme that helps facilitate, support, guide and coordinate global efforts to combat tropical diseases. On July 2023, TDR formally issued its 2024—2029 Strategy, which proposed the direction and proprieties of global tropical disease prevention and control in the next six years. Based on its original focus on supporting researchers and research institutions from low⁃ and middle⁃income countries to conduct research on tropical diseases and building their research capabilities, this strategy proposed some new developments, which mainly included incorporating tropical disease prevention and control into the overall framework of addressing major global health challenges and achieving the health goals set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to combat tropical diseases and contribute to achieving health goals of SDGs in a collaborative and integrated manner; supporting implementation research and encouraging practitioners and social innovators to participate in research to enable generation of solutions that may be used to solve local health problems; promoting and encouraging the One Health concept and interdisciplinary and cross⁃departmental collaboration; shifting gradually its focus from disease prevention and control to addressing the health needs of the poorest and most⁃marginalized populations. These new developments deserve the attention of personnel and institutions in China dedicated to the prevention and control of tropical diseases in order to help their future researches and activities. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Interpretation of the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030) ZHOU Xiaonong, ZHU Zelin, TU Hong, LIU Dexi, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 7-12.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023161 Abstract （159）      PDF（pc） （1011KB）（297）       Knowledge map    Save On June 16, 2023, National Disease Control and Prevention Administration of the People’s Republic of China, in collaboration with other ministries, formulated and issued the Action Plan for Accelerating Progress towards Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030). The implementation of this plan provides an important basis for achieving the targets set in the “Healthy China 2030” action plan and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This paper describes the background, principles, targets, control strategies, safeguard measures and effectiveness evaluation of the plan, in order to guide the scientific and standardized implementation of actions for schistosomiasis elimination at the grassroots level, and facilitate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis in China with a high quality. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Dynamic observation on capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induced by Echinococcus multilocularis infection ZHANG Renjie, XIE Jun, WEI Fanna, MO Xiaojin, SONG Peng, CAI Yuchun, LU Yan, SUN Jiahui, ZHOU Yan, LIN Lin, ZHANG Ting, CHEN Muxin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 34-43.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023243 Abstract （158）      PDF（pc） （3019KB）（163）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and its association with hepatic fibrosis during the development of alveolar echinococcosis, so as to provide the basis for unraveling the mechanisms underlying the role of LSEC in the development and prognosis of hepatic injuries and hepatic fibrosis caused by alveolar echinococcosis. Methods　Forty C57BL/6 mice at ages of 6 to 8 weeks were randomly divided into a control group and 1⁃, 2⁃ and 4⁃week infection groups, of 10 mice in each group. Each mouse in the infection groups was intraperitoneally injected with 2 000 Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces, while each mouse in the control group was given an equal volume of phosphate⁃buffered saline using the same method. All mice were sacrificed 1, 2 and 4 weeks post⁃infection and mouse livers were collected. The pathological changes of livers were observed using hematoxylin⁃eosin (HE) staining, and hepatic fibrosis was evaluated through semi⁃quantitative analysis of Masson’s trichrome staining⁃positive areas. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition were examined using immunohistochemical staining of α⁃smooth muscle actin (α⁃SMA) and collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), and the fenestrations on the surface of LSECs were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Primary LSECs were isolated from mouse livers, and the mRNA expression of LSEC marker genes Stabilin⁃1, Stabilin⁃2, Ehd3, CD209b, GATA4 and Maf was quantified using real⁃time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. Results　Destruction of local liver lobular structure was observed in mice 2 weeks post⁃infection with E. multilocularis protoscoleces, and hydatid cysts, which were surrounded by granulomatous tissues, were found in mouse livers 4 weeks post⁃infection. Semi⁃quantitative analysis of Masson’s trichrome staining showed a significant difference in the proportion of collagen fiber contents in mouse livers among the four groups (F = 26.060, P < 0.001), and a higher proportion of collagen fiber contents was detected in mouse livers in the 4⁃week infection group [(11.29 ± 2.58)%] than in the control group (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical staining revealed activation of a few HSCs and ECM deposition in mouse livers 1 and 2 weeks post⁃infection, and abundant brown⁃yellow stained α⁃SMA and COL1A1 were deposited in the lesion areas in mouse livers 4 weeks post⁃infection, which spread to surrounding tissues. Semi⁃quantitative analysis revealed significant differences in α⁃SMA (F = 7.667, P < 0.05) and COL1A1 expression (F = 6.530, P < 0.05) in mouse levers among the four groups, with higher α⁃SMA [(7.13 ± 3.68)%] and COL1A1 expression [(13.18 ± 7.20)%] quantified in mouse livers in the 4⁃week infection group than in the control group (both P values < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant differences in the fenestration frequency (F = 37.730, P < 0.001) and porosity (F = 16.010, P < 0.001) on the surface of mouse LSECs among the four groups, and reduced fenestration frequency and porosity were observed in the 1⁃ [(1.22 ± 0.48) /μm2 and [(3.05 ± 0.91)%] and 2⁃week infection groups [(3.47 ± 0.10)/μm2 and (7.57 ± 0.23)%] groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the average fenestration diameter on the surface of mouse LSECs among the four groups (F = 15.330, P < 0.001), and larger average fenestration diameters were measured in the 1⁃ [(180.80 ± 16.42) nm] and 2⁃week infection groups [(161.70 ± 3.85) nm] than in the control group (both P values < 0.05). In addition, there were significant differences among the four groups in terms of Stabilin⁃1 (F = 153.100, P < 0.001), Stabilin⁃2 (F = 57.010, P < 0.001), Ehd3 (F = 31.700, P < 0.001), CD209b (F = 177.400, P < 0.001), GATA4 (F = 17.740, P < 0.001), and Maf mRNA expression (F = 72.710, P < 0.001), and reduced mRNA expression of Stabilin⁃1, Stabilin⁃2, Ehd3, CD209b, GATA4 and Maf genes was quantified in three infection groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.001). Conclusions　E. multilocularis infections may induce capillarization of LSECs in mice, and result in a reduction in the expression of functional and phenotypic marker genes of LSECs, and capillarization of LSECs occurs earlier than activation of HSC and development of hepatic fibrosis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological and clinical features of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2022 ZHANG Yu, LIU Yang, GU Xiaoqin, WANG Nannan, WAN Jiajia, ZHANG Yi, CHEN Lin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 621-625,632.   Abstract （152）      PDF（pc） （1017KB）（398）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province, so as to provide the evidence for analyzing the causes and formulating targeted control measures of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases. Methods　Individual case investigation forms for advanced schistosomiasis cases were collected from the Sichuan Provincial Epidemic Annual Report System from 2011 to 2022, and patients’ demographics, previous medical history and liver parenchymal grading were retrieved. All advanced schistosomiasis cases’ medical records were reviewed, and the subtypes of schistosomiasis⁃endemic villages where the cases’ household registration were, floating population, survival and death and time of death were collected. Results　A total of 321 newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases were found in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2022, with a male to female ratio of 0.99 to 1. There were 274 cases at ages of over 50 years (85.4%), with the highest proportion seen at ages of 60 to 69 years (87 cases, 27.1%), and splenomegaly was the most common type (180 cases, 56.1%), with no dwarfism type detected. The highest number of cases was reported in 2011 (78 cases), followed by in 2022 (74 cases), and the highest number of cases were reported in Meishan City (199 cases, 62.0%), Dongpo District (131 cases, 40.8%), and hilly subtype areas (136 cases, 42.4%). As of the end of 2022, there were 111 deaths due to advanced schistosomiasis, with the highest number of deaths seen in 2018 (25 deaths), and the highest mortality was seen among patients with the ascites type (41.2%). There were 47 (37.3%), 40 (59.5%) and 4 (23.5%) cases with grade Ⅲ liver parenchyma among patients with splenomegaly, ascites, and colonic proliferation types, respectively, and there was a significant difference in the grading of Ⅲ liver parenchyma among three types of patients (H = 12.092, P < 0.05), with more severe liver parenchyma injuries seen among patients with the ascites type than among those with splenomegaly and colonic proliferation type (Z = 24.262 and 44.738, both Padjusted values < 0.05). Conclusions　There have been newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province during recent years, and patients with the ascites type should be given a high priority among advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province. Intensified clue surveys are needed for early identification and treatment of advanced schistosomiasis cases, so as to increase the survival rate and improve the quality of life. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Capacity building in schistosomiasis control institutions in China: a cross⁃sectional study HE Junyi, LI Shizhen, DENG Wangping, CAO Chunli, LI Shizhu, XU Jing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 67-73.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023208 Abstract （147）      PDF（pc） （1079KB）（199）       Knowledge map    Save [Abstract]　Objective　To understand the current status of capacity building in schistosomiasis control institutes in schistosomiasis⁃endemic provinces (municipality, autonomous region) of China. Methods　The responsibilities and construction requirements of various schistosomiasis control institutions were surveyed by expert discussions, and field interviews and visits during the period between May and June, 2023, and the questionnaire for capacity maintenance and consolidation in schistosomiasis control institutions was designed. An online questionnaire survey was conducted in county⁃, municipal⁃, and provincial⁃level institutions that undertook schistosomiasis control and surveillance activities through the Wenjuanxing program. The distribution of schistosomiasis control institutions, the status of institutions, departments and staff undertaking schistosomiasis control activities and the translation of scientific researches on schistosomiasis control in China were analyzed. The laboratories accredited by China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) were considered to be capable for testing associated with schistosomiasis control, and the testing capability of schistosomiasis control institutions was analyzed. Results　A total of 486 valid questionnaires were recovered from 486 schistosomiasis control institutions in 12 endemic provinces (municipality, autonomous region) of China, including 12 provincial⁃level institutions (2.5%), 77 municipal⁃level institutions (15.8%) and 397 county⁃level institutions (81.7%). Of all schistosomiasis control institutions, 376 (77.4%) were centers for disease control and prevention or public health centers, 102 (21.0%) were institutions for schistosomiasis, endemic disease and parasitic disease control, and 8 (1.6%) were hospitals, healthcare centers or others. There were 37 713 active employees in the 486 schistosomiasis control institutions, including 5 675 employees related to schistosomiasis control, and the proportions of employees associated with schistosomiasis control among all active employees were 5.9% (231/3 897), 5.5% (566/10 134), and 20.6% (4 878/23 682) in provincial⁃, municipal⁃, and county⁃level institutions, respectively. There were 3 826 full⁃time employees working in schistosomiasis control activities, with 30.5% (1 166/3 826), 34.6% (1 324) and 34.9% (1 336/3 826) at ages of 40 years and below, 41 to 50 years and over 50 years, and there were 1 571 (41.0%) full⁃time schistosomiasis control employees with duration of schistosomiasis control activities for over 25 years, and 1 358 (35.5%) employees with junior professional titles and 1 290 with intermediate professional titles (35.5%), while 712 (18.6%) full⁃time employees working in schistosomiasis control activities had no professional titles. The three core schistosomiasis control activities included snail control (26.3%, 374/1 420), epidemics surveillance and management (25.4%, 361/1 420) and health education (18.8%, 267/1 420) in schistosomiasis control institutions. The Kato⁃Katz method, miracidium hatching test with nylon gauzes, and indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) were the most commonly used techniques for detection of schistosomiasis, and there were less than 50% laboratories that had capabilities or experimental conditions for performing enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA), dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA), loop⁃mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. During the period from 2018 to 2022, schistosomiasis control institutions had undertaken a total of 211 research projects for schistosomiasis control, with a total funding of 18.596 million RMB, published 619 articles, participated in formulation of 13 schistosomiasis control⁃related criteria, and applied for 113 schistosomiasis control⁃related patents, including 101 that were granted, and commercialized 4 scientific research outcomes. Conclusions　The proportion of independent specialized schistosomiasis control institutions is low in schistosomiasis control institutions in China, which suffers from problems of unsatisfactory laboratory testing capabilities, aging of staff and a high proportion of low⁃level professional titles. More investment into and intensified schistosomiasis control activities and improved capability building and talent cultivation in schistosomiasis control institutions are recommended to provide a powerful support for high⁃quality elimination of schistosomiasis in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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While the priest climbs a post, the devil climbs ten: major biological threats from parasite and vector to malaria control and elimination YU Xinyu, CAO Jun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 228-232,238.   Abstract （143）      PDF（pc） （1180KB）（205）       Knowledge map    Save Malaria is one of the most serious mosquito⁃borne infectious diseases in the world. The global malaria control progress has stalled in recent years, which is largely due to the biological threats from the malaria pathogen Plasmodium and the vector Anopheles mosquitoes. This article provides an overview of biological threats to global malaria elimination, including antimalarial drug resistance, deletions in the malaria rapid diagnostic test target P. falciparum histidine⁃rich protein 2/3 (Pfhrp2/3) genes, vector insecticide resistance and emergence of invasive vector species, so as to provide insights into malaria and vector research and the formulation and adjustment of the malaria control and elimination strategy. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of LAG3 deficiency on natural killer cell function and hepatic fibrosis in mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis ZIBIGU Rousu, ABIDAN Ainiwaer, ADILAI Duolikun, LI Yinshi, KANG Xuejiao, YU Qian, DENG Bingqing, ZHENG Xuran, WANG Maolin, LI Jing, WANG Hui, ZHANG Chuanshan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 59-66.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024013 Abstract （138）      PDF（pc） （1473KB）（126）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the effect of LAG⁃3 deficiency (LAG3⁃/⁃) on natural killer (NK) cell function and hepatic fibrosis in mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis. Methods　C57BL/6 mice, each weighing (20 ± 2) g, were divided into the LAG3⁃/⁃ and wild type (WT) groups, and each mouse in both groups was inoculated with 3 000 E. multilocularis protoscoleces via the hepatic portal vein. Mouse liver and spleen specimens were collected 12 weeks post⁃infection, sectioned and stained with sirius red, and the hepatic lesions and fibrosis were observed. Mouse hepatic and splenic lymphocytes were isolated, and flow cytometry was performed to detect the proportions of hepatic and splenic NK cells, the expression of CD44, CD25 and CD69 molecules on NK cell surface, and the secretion of interferon γ (IFN⁃γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF⁃α), interleukin (IL)⁃4, IL⁃10 and IL⁃17A.  Results　Sirius red staining showed widening of inflammatory cell bands and hyperplasia of fibrotic connective tissues around mouse hepatic lesions, as well as increased deposition of collagen fibers in the LAG3⁃/⁃ group relative to the WT group. Flow cytometry revealed lower proportions of mouse hepatic (6.29% ± 1.06% vs. 11.91% ± 1.85%, P < 0.000 1) and splenic NK cells (4.44% ± 1.22% vs. 5.85% ± 1.10%, P > 0.05) in the LAG3⁃/⁃ group than in the WT group, and the mean fluorescence intensity of CD44 was higher on the surface of mouse hepatic NK cells in the LAG3⁃/⁃ group than in the WT group (t = −3.234, P < 0.01), while no significant differences were found in the mean fluorescence intensity of CD25 or CD69 on the surface of mouse hepatic NK cells between the LAG3⁃/⁃ and WT groups (both P values > 0.05). There were significant differences between the LAG3⁃/⁃ and WT groups in terms of the percentages of IFN⁃γ (t = −0.723, P > 0.05), TNF⁃α (t = −0.659, P > 0.05), IL⁃4 (t = −0.263, P > 0.05), IL⁃10 (t = −0.455, P > 0.05) or IL⁃17A secreted by mouse hepatic NK cells (t = 0.091, P > 0.05), and the percentage of IFN⁃γ secreted by mouse splenic NK cells was higher in the LAG3⁃/⁃ group than in the WT group (58.40% ± 1.64% vs. 50.40% ± 4.13%; t = −4.042, P < 0.01); however, there were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the proportions of TNF⁃α (t = −1.902, P > 0.05), IL⁃4 (t = −1.333, P > 0.05), IL⁃10 (t = −1.356, P > 0.05) or IL⁃17A secreted by mouse splenic NK cells (t = 0.529, P > 0.05). Conclusions　During the course of E. multilocularis infections, LAG3⁃/⁃ promotes high⁃level secretion of IFN⁃γ by splenic NK cells, which may participate in the reversal the immune function of NK cells, resulting in aggravation of hepatic fibrosis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Seroprevalence of the specific antibody against Toxoplasma gondii among patients with hematological diseases GAN Donghui, FAN Jinqing, ZENG Jinfang, LIN Jun, CHEN Xiaojun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 83-86.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023197 Abstract （136）      PDF（pc） （1007KB）（133）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infections among patients with hematological diseases, so as to provide insights into improving the prognosis and quality of life among patients with hematological diseases. Methods　A total of 240 patients with hematological diseases (including 170 patients with hematological tumors and 70 patients with non⁃tumor hematological diseases) admitted to The Affiliated Hospital of Putian University during the period from January 1, 2021 through October 10, 2023 and 500 healthy volunteers in the hospital during the same period were enrolled. Subjects’ demographics and serum samples were collected, and serum specific IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii were detected using the chemiluminescence assay, with any of a positive IgG or IgM antibody defined as a positive T. gondii infection. The seroprevalence of specific IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii was compared between patients with hematological diseases and healthy volunteers. Results　The mean age (F = 2.034, P > 0.05) and gender distribution ([χ2] = 0.462, P > 0.05) were comparable among patients with hematological tumors, patients with non⁃tumor hematological diseases and healthy volunteers, and there was no significant difference in the proportion of history of cat or dog contacts between patients with hematological diseases and healthy volunteers ([χ2] = 0, P > 0.05). The seroprevalence of anti⁃T. gondii antibody was significantly higher among patients with hematological diseases than among healthy volunteers (15.8% vs. 0.6%; [χ2] = 71.902, P < 0.01), and there was a significant difference in the seroprevalence of anti⁃T. gondii antibody among patients with hematological tumors (18.2%), patients with non⁃tumor hematological diseases (10.0%) and healthy volunteers ([χ2] = 78.327, P < 0.01). The seroprevalence of anti⁃T. gondii antibody was significantly higher among patients with hematological tumors and non⁃tumor hematological diseases than among healthy volunteers (both P values < 0.05), while no significant difference was seen in the seroprevalence of anti⁃T. gondii antibody between patients with hematological tumors and non⁃tumor hematological diseases (P > 0.05). In addition, the proportion of history of cat or dog contacts was significantly higher among patients with hematological diseases that were positive for serum anti⁃T. gondii antibody than among those negative for serum anti⁃T. gondii antibody (21.1% vs. 5.4%; [χ2] = 8.653, P < 0.05). Conclusions　There is a high seroprevalene rate of T. gondii infections among hematological diseases, which is significantly greater than that among healthy volunteers. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Investigation of the population diversity of intermediate host snails and crabs of Paragonimus along Jiulong River, Zhangjiang River and Dongxi River basins in southern Fujian Province WU Wenyong, LUO Jun, HUANG Mingsong, CAI Maorong, CHENG Youzhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 44-51.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023144 Abstract （133）      PDF（pc） （1531KB）（212）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the population distribution of intermediate host snails and crabs of Paragonimus  along the Jiulongjiang River, Zhangjiang River, and Dongxi River basins in Bopingling Mountain, southern Fujian Province, so as to provide baseline data for researches on parasitic disease prevention and control and enlargement of samples in the parasitic resource bank. Methods　A total of 23 villages in 8 counties (districts) along the Jiulong River, Zhangjiang River, and Dongxi River basins in Zhangzhou City, Fujian Province were selected as survey sites during the period from November 2020 through March 2023, and snail and freshwater crabs were sampled from 1 to 3 streams and ditches neighboring residential areas in each village. Morphological identification of snails was performed according to the external morphological characteristics of collected snail shells, and the unidentified snail species sampled from the natural foci of paragonimiasis in Yunxiao County were subjected to sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene. The crab species was identified by observing the morphological characteristics of the terminal segment of the first pleopod of male crabs, and Paragonimus cercariae and metacercariae were detected in collected snails. Results　The shells of the unidentified snails sampled from the natural foci of paragonimiasis in Yunxiao County were approximately 50 mm in height and 18 mm in width, thick and solid, long tower cone⁃shaped, and had 8 to 10 whorls. CO1 gene sequence analysis identified the snail species as Sulcospira hainanensis. A total of 6 freshwater snail species belonging to 5 genera within 3 families, identified 23 survey sites, including Semisulcospira libertina, Paludomus zhangchouensis and S. hainanensis that belonged to the Family Pleurceridae, Tricula fujianensis and T. huaanensis that belonged to the subfamily Triculinae, Family Pomatiopsidae, and Melanoides tuberculata (Family Thiaridae), and 11 species of freshwater crabs belonging to 5 genera within 2 families were identified, including Sinopotamon  genus of S. jianglense, S. pinheense, and  S. zhangzhouense, Huananpotamon genus of H. planopodum and H. zhangzhouense, Nanhaipotamon genus of N. huaanense and  N. longhaiense, and Minpotamon genus of M. nasicum and M. auritum that belonged to the Family Potamidae, and Somanniathelphusa genus of S. huaanensis and S. zhangpuensis (Family Parathelphusidae). In addition, the prevalence of P. westermani cercariae infections was 0.08% (2/2 317) in P. zhangchouensis from Danyan Village in Changtai District and 0.09% (1/1 039) in S. hainanensis from Jinkeng Village in Yunxiao County, and the prevalence of P. westermani metacercariae infections was 25.81% (8/31) in S. jianglense from Danyan Village in Changtai District, and 26.31% (5/19) in S. zhangzhouense from Jinkeng Village in Yunxiao County, respectively.  Conclusions　There is a population diversity in the intermediate host snails and crabs along the Jiulongjiang River, Zhangjiang River, and Dongxi River basins in Bopingling Mountain, southern Fujian Province, and P. zhangzhouensis and S. hainanensis are, for the first time, confirmed as the first intermediate hosts of P. westermani. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence of taeniasis and sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃cysticercus antibody among residents in Tibetan agricultural areas of Sichuan Province CHEN Xingwang, HUANG Lin, YU Wenjie, HE Wei, LI Tiaoying, LIU Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 633-637,645.   Abstract （131）      PDF（pc） （942KB）（324）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of taeniasis and cysticercosis among residents in Tibetan agricultural areas of Sichuan province, so as to provide insights for the prevention and control of taeniasis and cysticercosis. Methods　From 2016 to 2022, Kangding City, Daocheng County, Derong County, Ruoergai County and Muli Tibetan Autonomous County were sampled from Tibetan agricultural areas of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, and 1 to 6 townships were sampled from each county (district), followed by 4 to 7 villages sampled from each township. Primary school children were sampled using a cluster sampling method, and permanent residents at ages of over 16 years were randomly sampled from each village. Participants’ demographics, history of tapeworm excretion during the past year and clinical symptoms and signs of cysticercosis were collected through questionnaire surveys, and participants’ stool and venous blood samples were collected. Taenia eggs were detected in stool samples using the direct smear method, and deworming was performed among taeniasis patients with areca nut⁃squash seeds. The tapeworm species were identified using a multiplex PCR assay, and serum specific IgG antibody against cysticercus was detected using enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results　A total of 5 249 respondents participated in the questionnaire survey, including 603 respondents (11.5%) with a self⁃reported history of proglottids secretion during the past year. A total of 3 976 residents were subjected to stool examinations, and the detection of Taenia eggs was 6.5%. Of 258 participants undergoing deworming, there were 403 cases (94.2%) with excretions of Taenia worms or proglottids. The mean prevalence of taeniasis was 10.9% (439/4 043), and there were gender⁃, age⁃ and region⁃specific prevalence rates of taeniasis ([χ2] = 36.73, 126.31 and 163.41, all P values < 0.05). Multiplex PCR assays detected 41 cases with T. solium infections (12.5%), 197 cases with T. saginata infections (59.9%) and 91 cases with T. asiatica infections (27.6%) among 329 patients undergoing deworming, and there were region⁃specific prevalence rates of T. solium, T. saginata and T. asiatica infections ([χ2] = 45.39, P < 0.05). In addition, the sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃cysticercus IgG antibody was 7.0% (345/4 933), and there were age⁃ and region⁃specific sero⁃prevalence rates of anti⁃cysticercus IgG antibody ([χ2] = 13.49 and 51.76, both P values < 0.05). Conclusion　Multiple Taenia species are prevalent in Tibetan agricultural areas of Sichuan Province and the sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃cysticercus antibody is high among residents. Monitoring and control of taeniasis and cysticercosis should be strengthened. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Molecular tracing of Biomphalaria straminea in China DUAN Lei, QU Lei, GUO Yunhai, GU Wenbiao, LÜ Shan, ZHANG Yi, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 272-278,285.   Abstract （129）      PDF（pc） （2139KB）（161）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the origin of Biomphalaria straminea in China, so as to provide insights into assessment of schistosomiasis mansoni transmission risk and B. straminea control. Methods　Guanlan River, Dasha River, Shenzhen Reservoir, upper and lower reaches of Kuiyong River, and Xinzhen River in Shenzhen, China, were selected as sampling sites. Ten Biomphalaria samples were collected from each site, and genomic DNA was extracted from Biomphalaria samples. DNA samples were obtained from 15 B. straminea sampled from 5 sampling sites in Minas Gerais State, Pará State, Federal District, Pernambuco State, and Sao Paulo State in Brazil, South America. Cytochrome c oxidaseⅠ(COI) and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) genes were sampled using the above DNA templates, and the amplified products were sequenced. The COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences were downloaded from GenBank, and the sampling sites were acquired. All COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences were aligned and evolutionary trees of B. straminea were created based on COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences to identify the genetic similarity and evolutionary relationship between B. straminea samples from China and South America. Results　A total of 60 COI gene sequences with a length of 529 bp and 3 haplotypes were obtained from B. straminea sampled from China. There were 165 COI gene sequences of B. straminea retrieved from GenBank, and following alignment with the above 60 gene sequences, a total of 33 haplotypes were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the three haplotypes of B. straminea from China were clustered into one clade, among which the haplotype China11 and three B. straminea samples from Brazil retrieved from GenBank belonged to the same haplotype. Geographical evolution analysis showed that the B. straminea samples from three sampling sites along eastern coasts of Brazil had the same haplotype with China11, and B. straminea samples from other two sampling sites were closely, genetically related to China11. A total of 60 16S rDNA gene sequences with approximately 322 bp in length were amplified from B. straminea in China, with 2 haplotypes identified. A total of 70 16S rDNA gene sequences of B. straminea were captured from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Biomphalaria snails collected from China were clustered into a clade, and the haplotype China64 and the haplotype 229BS from Brazil shared the same haplotype. The 49 16S rDNA gene sequences of B. straminea from 25 sampling sites in southern Brazil, which were captured from GenBank, were included in the present analysis, and the B. straminea from 3 sampling sites shared the same haplotype with China64 in China. Geographical evolution analysis based on COI and 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that B. straminea sampled from eastern coastal areas of Brazil shared the same haplotypes in two gene fragment sequences with Biomphalaria snails collected from China. Conclusions　The Biomphalaria snails in China are characterized as B. straminea, which have a low genetic diversity. The Biomphalaria snails in China have a high genetic similarity with B. straminea sampled from eastern coastal areas of Brazil, which may have originated from the eastern coastal areas of Brazil. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Expression of neutrophil extracellular traps and phagocytic functions among patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis RENZENGZHUOGA, FAN Haining, YANG Kangjie, WANG Zhixin, ZHANG Yaogang, LU Yongliang, WANG Haijiu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 25-33.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023172 Abstract （128）      PDF（pc） （4045KB）（294）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the expression of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and phagocytic function in the peripheral blood of patients with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE), and to examine their correlations with clinical inflammatory indicators and liver functions. Methods　A total of 50 patients with HAE admitted to Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University from August 2022 to June 2023 were enrolled, while 50 age⁃ and gender⁃matched healthy individuals from the Centre for Healthy Examinations of the hospital during the same period served as controls. The levels of NETs markers neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil elastase (NE) were measured using enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated using density gradient centrifugation, stimulated in vitro using phorbol 12⁃myristate 13 acetate (PMA), and the levels of MPO and citrullination histone H3 (CitH3) released by neutrophils were quantified using flow cytometry. The phagocytic functions of neutrophils were examined using flow cytometry. In addition, the correlations of MPO and NE levels with clinical inflammatory indicators and liver biochemical indicators were examined using Spearman correlation analysis among HAE patients. Results　The peripheral blood plasma MPO ［(417.15 ± 76.08) ng/mL vs. (255.70 ± 80.84) ng/mL; t = 10.28, P < 0.05］, NE ［(23.16 ± 6.75) ng/mL vs. (11.92 ± 3.17) ng/mL; t = 10.65, P < 0.05］ and Cit H3 levels［(33.93 ± 18.93) ng/mL vs. (19.52 ± 13.89) ng/mL; t = 4.34, P < 0.05］ were all significantly higher among HAE patients than among healthy controls, and a lower phagocytosis rate of neutrophils was detected among HAE patients than among healthy controls ［(70.85 ± 7.32)% vs. (94.04 ± 3.90)%; t = 20.18, P < 0.05］, and the ability to produce NETs by neutrophils was higher among HAE patients than among healthy controls following in vitro PMA stimulation. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the phagocytosis rate of neutrophils correlated negatively with platelet⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil⁃to⁃lymphocyte ratio (NLR), interleukin⁃6 (IL⁃6) level and C⁃reactive protein (CRP) level (rs = −0.515 to −0.392 , all P values < 0.05), and the MPO and NE levels positively correlated with inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, CRP and IL⁃6 (rs = 0.333 to 0.445, all P values < 0.05) and clinical liver biochemical indicators aspartic transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, direct bilirubin and total bilirubin among HAE patients (rs = 0.290 to 0.628, all P values < 0.001). Conclusions　Excessive formation of NETs is found among HAE patients, which affects the phagocytic ability of neutrophils and results in elevated levels of inflammatory indicators. NETs markers may be promising novel biomarkers for early diagnosis, monitoring, and severity assessment of liver disease. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Thinking on ideological and political education in Medical Parasitology teaching ZHANG Xi, LONG Shaorong, LIU Ruodan, JIANG Peng, CUI Jing, WANG Zhongquan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 87-90.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023206 Abstract （127）      PDF（pc） （1016KB）（193）       Knowledge map    Save With the deepening reform of ideological and political education, Medical Parasitology teaching needs to update the teaching concept, change the teaching ideas, as well as keep trying to combine ideological and political education with the curriculum content closely. In addition to teaching students’ basic knowledge and practical skills, teachers are needed to cultivate their moral literacy and political awareness through course teaching, so as to provide the basis for students’ subsequent adaptations to social environments and jobs. Currently, the study of ideological and political education in Medical Parasitology teaching is still in the exploratory stage. Therefore, colleges and universities need to carry out effective construction of ideological and political education in Medical Parasitology teaching, in order to achieve good teaching outcomes and provide insights into ideological and political education in teaching. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022 HE Wei, YU Wenjie, HUANG Yan, LIAO Sha, ZHANG Guangjia, WANG Qi, LI Ruirui, YANG Liu, YAO Renxin, ZHANG Zhongshuang, ZHONG Bo, LIU Yang, WANG Qian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 614-620.   Abstract （127）      PDF（pc） （1968KB）（380）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of future control interventions. Methods　Data pertaining to comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source and echinococcosis surveillance in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022 were collected. The effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source was evaluated with prevalence of human echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis patients, prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs, prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock, prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals and awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge, and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Results　The prevalence of human echinococcosis reduced from 1.08% in 2010 to 0.40% in 2022 in Sichuan Province ([χ2] = 1 482.97, P < 0.05), with a reduction from 0.30% to 0.02% in the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases ([χ2] = 2 776.41, P < 0.05), a reduction from 15.87% to 0.46% in the prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs ([χ2] = 20 823.96, P < 0.05), a reduction from 8.05% to 1.07% in the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock ([χ2] = 1 296.02, P < 0.05), and the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge increased from 50.65% to 95.24% ([χ2] = 34 938.63, P < 0.05); in addition, there was a year⁃specific prevalence rate of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals ([χ2] = 164.07，P < 0.05). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed that the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases correlated positively with the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in domestic dogs (rs = 0.823, P < 0.05) and the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (rs = 0.795, P < 0.05), and correlated negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge (rs = − 0.918, P < 0.05), and the prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs correlated positively with the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (rs = 0.753, P < 0.05) and negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge (rs = −0.747, P < 0.05); however, there was no correlation between the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in domestic dogs and the prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals (rs = −0.750, P > 0.05). Conclusions　The comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source had achieved remarkable effectiveness in Sichuan Province; however, the transmission chain of echinococcosis has not been interrupted. Reinforced comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source and sustained tracking evaluation of the effectiveness are recommended in Sichuan Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comparison of the microbiota diversity between autogenous and anautogenous Culex pipiens pallens LEI Jingjing, LÜ Wenxiang, WANG Wenqian, WANG Haifang, GUO Xiuxia, CHENG Peng, GONG Maoqing, LIU Lijuan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 52-58,73.   DOI: 10.1620/j.32.1374.2023204 Abstract （124）      PDF（pc） （1950KB）（153）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the microbiota composition and diversity between autogenous and anautogenous Culex pipiens pallens, so as to provide insights into unraveling the pathogenesis of autogeny in Cx. pipiens pallens. Methods　Autogenous and anautogenous adult Cx. pipiens pallens samples were collected at 25 ℃, and the hypervariable regions of the microbial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene was sequenced on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing platform. The microbiota abundance and diversity were evaluated using the alpha diversity index, and the difference in the microbiota structure was examined using the beta diversity index. The microbiota with significant differences in the abundance between autogenous and anautogenous adult Cx. pipiens pallens samples was identified using the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). Results　The microbiota in autogenous and anautogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples belonged to 18 phyla, 28 classes, 70 orders, 113 families, and 170 genera, and the dominant phyla included Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and so on. At the genus level, Wolbachia was a common dominant genus, and the relative abundance was (77.62 ± 11.35)% in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples and (47.52 ± 8.54)% in anautogenous mosquito samples, while Faecalibaculum (0.42% ± 0.11%), Dubosiella (0.54% ± 0.00%) and Massilia (0.52% ± 0.07%) were specific species in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples. Alpha diversity analysis showed that higher Chao1 index and ACE index in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples than in anautogenous samples (both P values > 0.05), and lower Shannon index (P > 0.05) and Simpson index (P < 0.05) in autogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples than in anautogenous samples. LEfSe analysis showed a total of 48 significantly different taxa between autogenous and anautogenous Cx. pipiens pallens samples (all P values < 0.05). Conclusion　There is a significant difference in the microbiota diversity between autogenous and anautogenous Cx. pipiens pallens. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Resistance to deltamethrin and its association with mutation sites in the sodium iron channel domain III gene in Rhipicephalus microplus in Huaihua City of Hunan Province LI Zhongbo, YANG Tian, SHU Ming, HU Hui, HUANG Cuiqin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 17-24.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023113 Abstract （122）      PDF（pc） （1314KB）（132）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the level of deltamethrin resistance and mutation sites in the sodium iron channel gene in Rhipicephalus microplus in Huaihua City, Hunan Province, and to examine the correlation between deltamethrin resistance and mutation sites in the sodium iron channel gene in Rh. microplus. Methods　Rh. microplus was sampled from multiple yellow cattle farms in Huaihua City, Hunan Province from June to September 2022, and the level of resistance to deltamethrin was determined in ticks using the adult immersion test. The sodium iron channel domain III gene was amplified in deltamethrin⁃resistant and wild⁃type Rh. microplus using PCR assay. Following sequencing and sequence alignment, mutation sites were detected in bases. The sodium iron channel domain III gene in Rh. microplus was translated, and the signal peptide, transmembrane domain, and phosphorylation and glycosylation sites were detected in amino acid sequences. The tertiary structures of the sodium iron channel domain III protein of deltamethrin⁃resistant and wild⁃type Rh. microplus were deduced and compared, and the association between mutation sites in bases and resistance to deltamethrin was examined in Rh. microplus according the level of deltamethrin resistance, sequence alignment and protein tertiary structure. Results　The median (LC50) and 95% lethal concentrations (LC95) of deltamethrin were 121.39 mg/L and 952.61 mg/L against Rh. microplus, with a resistance factor of 9.24 and level II resistance. The sequence of the sodium ion channel domain III gene was 1 010 bp in size, and mutation sites were detected in two neighboring bases in the sequence of the sodium ion channel domain III gene in deltamethrin⁃resistant Rh. microplus. Although no signal peptides were found in the sodium iron channel domain III protein of deltamethrin⁃resistant or wild⁃type Rh. microplus, 6 transmembrane domains, 42 phosphorylation sites and 8 glycosylation sites were identified, with a significant difference in the tertiary structure of the sodium iron channel domain III protein between deltamethrin⁃resistant and wild⁃type Rh. microplus. Conclusions　Level II resistance to deltamethrin is detected in Rh. microplus in Huaihua City, Hunan Province, and two mutation sites that correlate with the emergence of deltamethrin resistance are identified in the sequence of the sodium iron channel domain III gene in deltamethrin⁃resistant Rh. microplus. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surveillance of echinococcosis in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022 ZHANG Yue, WU Jun, ADILI Simayi, WANG Shuo, ZHANG Haiting, SHI Guangzhong, ZHAO Jiangshan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 79-82.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023169 Abstract （122）      PDF（pc） （1093KB）（137）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the echinococcosis surveillance results in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of echinococcosis control measures in the prefecture. Methods　Villagers were randomly sampled using a multistage sampling method from class I and II echinococcosis endemic counties in Bayingolin Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022 for detection of human echinococcosis, while all patients undergoing ultrasound examinations in medical institutions in class Ⅲ endemic counties received active echinococcosis screening. In addition, livestock in centralized slaughterhouses or slaughtering sites were screened for echinococcosis using the palpation and necropsy method, and fresh domestic dog feces samples were collected from randomly selected dog owners in each administrative village for detection of Echinococcus copro⁃antigen in domestic dogs. The trends in detection of human and livestock echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed human echinococcosis cases and detection of Echinococcus copro⁃antigen in domestic dogs were analyzed in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022. Results　The mean detection rate of human echinococcosis was 0.13% (540/407 803) in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture from 2017 to 2022, which appeared a tendency towards a decline over years ([χ2]trend = 1 217.21, P < 0.001), and the highest detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases was seen in Hejing County (0.28%, 191/67 865). The detection of livestock echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 ([χ2]trend = 147.02, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate seen in Hejing County (3.44%, 86/2 500), and the detection of Echinococcus copro⁃antigen in domestic dogs appeared a tendency towards a decline over years from 2017 to 2022 ([χ2]trend = 302.46, P < 0.001), with the highest detection rate in Qiemo County (2.74%, 118/4 313). Conclusions　The detection of human and livestock echinococcosis and dog feces antigens Echinococcus copro⁃antigen in domestic dogs all appeared a tendency towards a decline in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from 2017 to 2022; however, there is still a high echinococcosis transmission risk in local areas. Sustainable integrated echinococcosis control is required in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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How do female mosquitoes determine the most suitable males for mating? LI Yitong, LI Dong, LIU Xiaofei, WANG Ying, LIU Tingting, XU Yanqiu, DENG Shengqun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 321-328.   Abstract （121）      PDF（pc） （1001KB）（156）       Knowledge map    Save More than 80% of the world’s populations are at risk of vector⁃borne diseases, with mosquito⁃borne diseases as a significant global public health problem. Mosquito populations control is critical to interrupting the transmission of mosquito⁃borne diseases. This review summarizes the physical attributes, smell, vision, touch, and hearing of mosquitoes to unravel the preferences of female mosquitoes, and describes the mechanisms underlying the best male mating by female mosquitoes, so as to provide new insights into management of mosquito⁃borne diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Optimization of the control strategy and research priorities to combat the resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis in China ZHOU Xiaonong, LI Shizhu, CHEN Junhu, ZHANG Yi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 329-333.   Abstract （121）      PDF（pc） （516KB）（241）       Knowledge map    Save Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infection and transmitted by sandflies. There are three main forms of leishmaniasis, including cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. China is mainly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, which is a class C notifiable infectious disease in the country. Following concerted efforts, the transmission of visceral leishmaniasis had been controlled in most endemic foci of China by the end of 1958, with a few cases reported in western China. Due to global climate changes and population mobility, resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis has recently occurred in historical endemic areas of central and western China, which is characterized by gradual expansion of endemic areas and remarkable rebounding epidemics. Hereby, we summarize the national and global epidemiology and control strategy of visceral leishmaniasis, propose 8 key research areas and 12 key research topics for visceral leishmaniasis control, and recommend the establishment of the joint prevention and control mechanism of "human⁃animals⁃vectors" and the working mechanism of animal prevention for human diseases based on the One Health approach, so as to combat the resurgence of visceral leishmaniasis in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Biological threats to global malaria eliminationⅠAntimalarial drug resistance LU Feng Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 233-238.   Abstract （120）      PDF（pc） （1470KB）（190）       Knowledge map    Save Malaria is an infectious disease that seriously threatens human health. Currently, malaria control mainly depends on antimalarial chemotherapy. However, antimalarial drug resistance is becoming increasingly severe, which poses a great challenge to malaria control, notably treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. To address this challenge, there is a need to facilitate development of novel antimalarial drugs and innovation of treatment strategies, as well as reinforce surveillance and research on antimalarial drug resistance. This article reviews the main categories and use guidelines of current antimalarial agents, summarizes the current status and monitoring methods of antimalarial drug resistance, and proposes the response to antimalarial drug resistance, so as to provide insights into the use of antimalarial drugs and response to antimalarial drug resistance, and contribute to global malaria elimination. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of the CRISPR/Cas system in gene editing and nucleic acid detection of parasitic diseases: a review YAN Shuning, YANG Shuo, YANG Hanyin, XIN Yi, XU Bin, HU Wei, LU Yan, ZHENG Bin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 314-320.   Abstract （116）      PDF（pc） （900KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Save CRISPR/Cas system, an adaptive immune system with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, may interfere with exogenous nucleic acids and protect prokaryotes from external damages, is an effective gene editing and nucleic acid detection tools. The CRISPR/Cas system has been widely applied in virology and bacteriology; however, there is relatively less knowledge about the application of the CRISPR/Cas system in parasitic diseases. The review summarizes the mechanisms of action of the CRISPR/Cas system and provides a comprehensive overview of their application in gene editing and nucleic acid detection of parasitic diseases, so as to provide insights into future studies on parasitic diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development of a grading diagnostic model for schistosomiasis⁃induced liver fibrosis based on radiomics and clinical laboratory indicators GUO Zhaoyu, SHAO Juping, ZOU Xiaoqing, ZHAO Qinping, QIAN Peijun, WANG Wenya, HUANG Lulu, XUE Jingbo, XU Jing, YANG Kun, ZHOU Xiaonong, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 251-258.   Abstract （114）      PDF（pc） （2542KB）（158）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the feasibility of developing a grading diagnostic model for schistosomiasis⁃induced liver fibrosis based on B⁃mode ultrasonographic images and clinical laboratory indicators. Methods　Ultrasound images and clinical laboratory testing data were captured from schistosomiasis patients admitted to the Second People’s Hospital of Duchang County, Jiangxi Province from 2018 to 2022. Patients with grade Ⅰ schistosomiasis⁃induced liver fibrosis were enrolled in Group 1, and patients with grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ schistosomiasis⁃induced liver fibrosis were enrolled in Group 2. The machine learning binary classification tasks were created based on patients’ radiomics and clinical laboratory data from 2018 to 2021 as the training set, and patients’ radiomics and clinical laboratory data in 2022 as the validation set. The features of ultrasonographic images were labeled with the ITK⁃SNAP software, and the features of ultrasonographic images were extracted using the Python 3.7 package and PyRadiomics toolkit. The difference in the features of ultrasonographic images was compared between groups with t test or Mann⁃Whitney U test, and the key imaging features were selected with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression algorithm. Four machine learning models were created using the Scikit⁃learn repository, including the support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), linear regression (LR) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). The optimal machine learning model was screened with the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and features with the greatest contributions to the differentiation features of ultrasound images in machine learning models with the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method. Results　The ultrasonographic imaging data and clinical laboratory testing data from 491 schistosomiasis patients from 2019 to 2022 were included in the study, and a total of 851 radiomics features and 54 clinical laboratory indicators were captured. Following statistical tests (t = -5.98 to 4.80, U = 6 550 to 20 994, all P values < 0.05) and screening of key features with LASSO regression, 44 features or indicators were included for the subsequent modeling. The areas under ROC curve (AUCs) were 0.763 and 0.611 for the training and validation sets of the SVM model based on clinical laboratory indicators, 0.951 and 0.892 for the training and validation sets of the SVM model based on radiomics, and 0.960 and 0.913 for the training and validation sets of the multimodal SVM model. The 10 greatest contributing features or indicators in machine learning models included 2 clinical laboratory indicators and 8 radiomics features. Conclusions　The multimodal machine learning models created based on ultrasound⁃based radiomics and clinical laboratory indicators are feasible for intelligent identification of schistosomiasis⁃induced liver fibrosis, and are effective to improve the classification effect of one⁃class data models. 　 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infections among children in China from 2016 to 2021: a meta⁃analysis LI Xuecheng, MAO Fanzhen, WANG Yi, LIU Yaobao, CAO Jun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (2): 116-129.   Abstract （111）      PDF（pc） （2403KB）（417）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infections among children in China from 2016 to 2021, so as to provide insights into enterobiasis control and formulation of the enterobiasis control strategy among children. Methods　Publications pertaining to the prevalence of E. vermicularis infections among children were retrieved from Wanfang Data, CNKI, VIP and PubMed databases published from January 2016 to June 2023. Eligible publications were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the publication bias was evaluated using the assessment tool for prevalence studies proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence⁃Based Practice Resources in Australia. The study period, study areas, study subjects, sample size and number of infections were extracted from publications, and a pooled analysis was performed using a meta⁃analysis. A meta⁃regression analysis was performed with the prevalence of E. vermicularis infections as an independent variable, and sample size, source of samples, study area, study method, geographical area and province as dependent variables to identify the source of the study heterogeneity. Results　A total of 66 studies were included, covering 23 provinces (municipalities, autonomous regions) in China, and with the investigations conducted between 2016 and 2021. Meta⁃analysis showed that the pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 4.5%［95% confidence interval (CI): (3.1%, 6.0%)］ among children in China from 2016 to 2021, and the annual prevalence was 4.1%［95% CI: (2.2%, 6.5%)］, 4.2%［95% CI: (2.4%, 6.6%)］, 4.2%［95% CI: (2.2%, 6.8%)］, 3.2%［95% CI: (1.5%, 5.4%)］, 2.3%［95% CI: (0.9%, 4.3%)］ and 1.1%［95% CI: (0.4%, 2.1%)］ from 2016 to 2021. The pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 4.9%［95% CI: (3.4%, 6.8%)］ in studies with a sample size of < 5 000 cases, which was higher than that in studies with a sample size of 5 000 cases and higher ［2.1%, 95% CI: (0.2%, 3.6%)］, and the pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 5.2%［95% CI: (2.9%, 8.2%)］ among subjects from schools, which was higher than that among subjects from communities ［4.2%, 95% CI: (2.7%, 6.0%)］. The pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 4.4%［95% CI: (2.8%, 6.2%)］ among children included in comprehensive surveillance, which was higher than that among children included in specific surveillance ［4.8%, 95% CI: (2.6%, 7.7%)］, and the pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was 5.7%［95% CI: ( 3.8%, 7.8%)］ among children included in county⁃level surveys, which was higher than that among children included in city⁃ ［4.8%, 95% CI: (2.3%, 8.0%)］ and province⁃level surveys ［1.8%, 95% CI: (0.3%, 4.7%)］. In addition, the pooled prevalence of E. vermicularis infections was higher among children in southern China ［11.3%, 95% CI: (7.5%, 15.7%)］ than that in central China ［5.2%, 95% CI: (2.8%, 8.2%)］, eastern China ［5.2%, 95% CI: (2.8%, 8.2%)］ and southwestern China ［2.6%, 95% CI: (1.4%, 4.1%)］. Meta⁃regression analysis identified geographical area and survey province as factors affecting the study heterogeneity. Conclusions　Currently, the overall prevalence of E. vermicularis infections is moderate among children in China, and the prevalence varies greatly in regions, with a high prevalence rate in southern China and presence of small⁃scale clusters. Enterobiasis surveillance and health education pertaining to enterobiasis control are required with adaptations to local circumstance to reduce the prevalence of E. vermicularis infections among children. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）