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Discovery and distribution of and response to arbovirus in China over the past seven decades XIA Han, YUAN Zhiming Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 427-436,450.   Abstract （293）      PDF（pc） （1541KB）（768）       Knowledge map    Save Arbovirus is a group of virus transmitted by blood⁃sucking arthropod bites, which infects both arthropods and vertebrates. More than 600 arboviruses have been characterized worldwide until now, including 65 highly pathogenic viruses, which pose a high threat to public health. The risk of arbovirus transmission is increasing due to climate change, international trade and urbanization. The review summarizes the discovery and distribution of emerging and reemerging arboviruses and novel arboviruses with potential pathogenic risks, and proposes responses to the arbovirus transmission risk, so as to provide insights into the research and management of arboviruses and arthropod⁃borne infectious diseases in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Distribution characteristics of emerging and reemerging Oncomelania hupensis in China from 2015 to 2021 YANG Fan, FENG Ting, HE Junyi, ZHANG Lijuan, XU Jing, CAO Chunli, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 437-443.   Abstract （233）      PDF（pc） （1289KB）（400）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the distribution characteristics of emerging and reemerging Oncomelania hupensis snails after the criteria for transmission control of schistosomiasis were achieved in China, so as to provide insights into assessment of schistosomiasis transmission risk and formulation of snail control strategies during the elimination phase. Methods　O. hupensis survey data in China from 2015 to 2021 were collected from the National Schistosomiasis Pevention and Control Information Management System, and the distribution characteristics of emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were descriptively analyzed. Results　Emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were identified in China each year from 2015 to 2021, with relatively larger areas with emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snail habitats in 2016 and 2021, and relatively higher numbers of counties (districts) where emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were detected in 2016 and 2021. A total of 4 586.30 hm2 of emerging O. hupensis snail habitats were found in 10 schistosomiasis⁃endemic provinces of China (except Fujian and Yunnan Provinces) from 2015 to 2021, with 96.80% in Anhui, Hunan and Hubei provinces, where marshland and lake endemic foci were predominant. A total of 21 023.90 hm2 of reemerging O. hupensis snail habitats were found in 12 schistosomiasis⁃endemic provinces of China from 2015 to 2021, with 97.67% in six provinces of Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Anhui, where marshland and lake and hilly endemic regions were predominant. Emerging snail habitats were found in 15.08% of all schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts) in China from 2015 to 2021, and 78.75% of all emerging snail habitats were identified in 11 schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts), with the largest area of emerging snail habitats found in Lixian County, Hunan Province (645.00 hm2). Reemerging snail habitats were found in 47.67% of all schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts) in China from 2015 to 2021, and 43.29% of all reemerging snail habitats were identified in 11 schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts), with the largest area of reemerging snail habitats found in Weishan Li and Hui Autonomous County of Hunan Province (1 579.70 hm2). Conclusions　Emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were identified in China each year from 2015 to 2021, with much larger areas of reemerging snail habitats than emerging snail habitats, and larger numbers of schistosomiasis⁃endemic provinces and counties (districts) with reemerging snails were found that those of provinces and counties (districts) with emerging snails. Specific snail control interventions are required tailored to the causes of emerging and reemerging snail habitats. Both emergence and reemergence of O. hupensis snails should be paid attention to in marshland and lake endemic areas, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Shanghai Municipality and Zhejiang Province where schistosomiasis had been eliminated, and reemergence of O. hupensis snails should be given a high priority in hilly areas. In addition, monitoring of O. hupensis snails should be reinforced in snail⁃free areas after flooding. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatial distribution characteristics of the prevalence of advanced schistosomiasis and seroprevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody in Hunan Province in 2020 ZHOU Yu, TANG Ling, TONG Yixin, HUANG Junhui, WANG Jiamin, ZHANG Yue, JIANG Honglin, XU Ning, GONG Yanfeng, YIN Jiangfan, JIANG Qingwu, ZHOU Jie, ZHOU Yibiao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 444-450.   Abstract （226）      PDF（pc） （2702KB）（342）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the spatial distribution characteristics of the prevalence of advanced schistosomiasis and sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody, and to examine the correlation between the prevalence of advanced schistosomiasis and sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody in Hunan Province in 2020, so as to provide insights into advanced schistosomiais control in the province. Methods　The epidemiological data of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province in 2020 were collected, including number of permanent residents in survey villages, number of advanced schistosomiasis patients, number of residents receiving serological tests and number of residents sero⁃positive for anti⁃Schistosoma antibody, and the prevalence advanced schistosomiasis and sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody were descriptively analyzed. Village⁃based spatial distribution characteristics of prevalence advanced schistosomiasis and sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody were identified in Hunan Province in 2020, and the correlation between the revalence advanced schistosomiasis and sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody was examined using Spearman correlation analysis. Results　The prevalence of advanced schistosomiasis was 0 to 2.72% and the sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody was 0 to 20.25% in 1 153 schistosomiasis⁃endemic villages in Hunan Province in 2020, and spatial clusters were identified in both the prevalence of advanced schistosomiasis was 0 to 2.72% (global Moran’s I = 0.416, P < 0.01) and the sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody (global Moran’s I = 0.711, P < 0.01) in Hunan Province. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis identified 98 schistosomiasis⁃endemic villages with high⁃high clusters of the prevalence of advanced schistosomiasis, 134 endemic villages with high⁃high clusters of the sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody and 36 endemic villages with high⁃high clusters of both the prevalence of advanced schistosomiasis and sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody in Hunan Province. In addition, spearman correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the prevalence of advanced schistosomiasis and sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody (rs = 0.235, P < 0.05). Conclusions　There were spatial clusters of the prevalence of advanced schistosomiasis and sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Schistosoma antibody in Hunan Province in 2020, which were predominantly located in areas neighboring the Dongting Lake. These clusters should be given a high priority in the schistosomiasis control programs. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in hilly regions HE Junyi, ZHANG Yun, BAO Ziping, GUO Suying, CAO Chunli, DU Chunhong, CHA Jianwei, SUN Jiayu, DONG Yi, XU Jing, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 451-457,507.   Abstract （216）      PDF（pc） （1268KB）（353）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To establish a snail control approach for spraying chemicals with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in complex snail habitats in hilly regions, and to evaluate its molluscicidal effect. Methods　The protocol for evaluating the activity of spraying chemical molluscicides with drones against O. hupensis snails was formulated based on expert consultation and literature review. In August 2022, a pretest was conducted in a hillside field environment (12 000 m2) north of Dafengji Village, Dacang Township, Weishan County, Yunnan Province, which was assigned into four groups, of no less than 3 000 m2 in each group. In Group A, environmental cleaning was not conducted and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with drones at a dose of 40 g/m2, and in Group B, environmental cleaning was performed, followed by 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with drones at a dose of 40 g/m2, while in Group C, environmental cleaning was not conducted and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2, and in Group D, environmental cleaning was performed, followed by 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2. Then, each group was equally divided into six sections according to land area, with Section 1 for baseline surveys and sections 1 to 5 for snail surveys after chemical treatment. Snail surveys were conducted prior to chemical treatment and 1, 3, 5, 7 days post⁃treatment, and the mortality and corrected mortality of snails, density of living snails and costs of molluscicidal treatment were calculated in each group. Results　The mortality and corrected mortality of snails were 9.49%, 69.09%, 53.57% and 83.48%, and 68.58%, 68.17%, 52.19% and 82.99% in groups A, B, C and D 14 days post⁃treatment, and the density of living snails reduced by 58.40%, 63.94%, 68.91% and 83.25% 14 days post⁃treatment relative to pre⁃treatment in four groups, respectively. The median concentrations of chemical molluscicides were 37.08, 35.42, 42.50 g/m2 and 56.25 g/m2 in groups A, B, C and D, and the gross costs of chemical treatment were 0.93, 1.50, 0.46 Yuan per m2 and 1.03 Yuan per m2 in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. Conclusions　The molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones against O. hupensis snails is superior to manual chemical treatment without environmental cleaning, and chemical treatment with drones and manual chemical treatment show comparable molluscicidal effects following environmental cleaning in hilly regions. The cost of chemical treatment with drones is slightly higher than manual chemical treatment regardless of environmental cleaning. Spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones is recommended in complex settings with difficulty in environmental cleaning to improve the molluscicidal activity and efficiency against O. hupensis snails. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of human ocular helaziasis in China from 2011 to 2022 based on bibliometrics ZHAO Yuhui, PEI Fengting, YANG Naifu, SUN Huayue, GAO Zihui, TIAN Qingmei, LU Xiuzhen Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 513-516.   Abstract （210）      PDF（pc） （884KB）（382）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To understand the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human ocular thelaziasis patients in China. Methods　Case reports regarding human ocular thelaziasis cases in China were retrieved in international and national electronic databases, including CNKI, VIP, CBM, Traditional Chinese Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System, Wanfang Database, PubMed and Web of Science from 2011 to 2022. Patients’ gender, age, clinical symptoms, treatment, recurrence, site of infections, time of onset, affected eye, affected sites, number of infected Thelazia callipaeda, sex of T. callipaeda and source of infections were extracted for descriptive analyses. Results　A total of 85 eligible publications were included, covering 101 cases of human ocular thelaziasis, including 57 males (56.44%) and 44 females (43.56%) and aged from 3 months to 85 years. The main clinical manifestations included foreign body sensation (56 case⁃times, 22.49%), eye itching (38 case⁃times, 15.26%), abnormal or increased secretions (36 case⁃times, 14.46%), tears (28 case⁃times, 11.24%) and eye redness (28 case⁃times, 11.24%), and conjunctival congestion (50 case⁃times, 41.67%) was the most common clinical sign. The most common main treatment (99/101, 98.02%) was removal of parasites from eyes using ophthalmic forceps, followed by administration with ofloxacin and pranoprofen. In publications presenting thelaziasis recurrence, there were 90 cases without recurrence (97.83%) and 2 cases with recurrence (2.17%). Of all cases, 51.96% were reported in four provinces of Hubei, Shandong, Sichuan, Hebei and Henan, and ocular thelaziasis predominantly occurred in summer (42.19%) and autumn (42.19%). In addition, 56.45% (35/62) had a contact with dogs. Conclusions　The human thelaziasis cases mainly occur in the continental monsoon and subtropical monsoon climate areas such as the Yellow River and the Yangtze River basin, and people of all ages and genders have the disease, with complex clinical symptoms and signs. Personal hygiene is required during the contact with dogs, cats and other animals, and individual protection is required during outdoor activities to prevent thelaziasis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Schistosomiasis control in Sichuan Province since the 12th Five⁃Year Plan period: progress and prospects SHANG Jingye, ZHANG Yu, PU Chen, WAN Jiajia, CHEN Lin, WU Zisong, LIU Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 539-544,556.   Abstract （210）      PDF（pc） （1262KB）（429）       Knowledge map    Save An ambitious goal has been set for elimination of schistosomiasis in all endemic counties (districts) in Sichuan Province by 2023. To achieve this goal, and to continue to consolidate the control achievements, it is necessary to understand the current endemic status of schistosomiasis, identify the challenges and analyze the experiences and lessons from the schistosomiasis control program, and develop targeted control strategies and interventions in the province. This paper reviews the progress of schistosomiasis control in Sichuan Province since the 12th Five⁃Year Plan period, analyzes the challenges in the schistosomiasis elimination program, and proposes recommendations for future directions and priorities. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2023 ZHANG Lijuan, HE Junyi, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, LI Yinlong, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 221-227.   Abstract （210）      PDF（pc） （942KB）（247）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the progress of national schistosomiasis elimination program of China in 2023 and summarize the lessons and experiences, data on the endemic status of schistosomiasis and national schistosomiasis surveillance results in the People’s Republic of China were collected and analyzed at a national level. By the end of 2023, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan and Hubei provinces were identified to achieve the criteria of transmission interruption in 2020, and Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces achieved the criteria of transmission interruption in 2023. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2023, including 26 250 endemic villages covering 73 034 500 residents at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 78.49% (354/451) achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination and 21.51% (97/451) achieved the criteria of transmission interruption, respectively. In 2023, a total of 4 216 643 individuals received immunological tests, with 47 794 sero⁃positives identified, and a total of 184 216 individuals received parasitological examinations, with 4 egg⁃positives detected. A total of 27 768 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China by the end of 2023. In 2023, 539 548 bovines were raised in schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of China, and 125 440 bovines received immunological tests, with 124 sero⁃positives detected, while no egg⁃positives were identified among the 133 508 bovines receiving parasitological examinations. In 2023, snail survey was performed at an area of 641 339.53 hm2 and 184 819.77 hm2 snail habitats were identified, including 51.53 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 642.25 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2023, there were 20 198 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 598 183 person⁃time individuals and 283 954 herd⁃time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2023, snail control with chemical treatment was performed in 116 347.95 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 690.89 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 334.62 hm2. The national schistosomiasis surveillance results showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero among humans and bovines in 2023, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. These data demonstrated that transmission interruption of schistosomiasis had been achieved across all endemic provinces in China in 2023, and the endemic status of schistosomiasis tended to be stable, while advanced cases were predominant among all schistosomiasis cases. However, the areas of snail habitats remained high and cattle re⁃raising was very common in some regions. Intensified schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast and snail control in high⁃risk areas are needed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effect of information⁃knowledge⁃attitude⁃practice theory⁃based health education on clonorchiasis control among community residents and primary school students in Zhongshan City HUO Shuting, ZHENG Yingyan, DENG Shaona, HUANG Guoxian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 517-521.   Abstract （194）      PDF（pc） （892KB）（248）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the effect of information⁃knowledge⁃attitude⁃practice (IKAP) theory⁃based health education interventions on clonorchiasis control among community residents and primary school students in Torch High⁃tech Development Zone of Zhongshan City, so as to provide insights into formulation of clonorchiasis control strategies among different types of populations. Methods　Residents were randomly sampled from two communities and students from two primary schools using a random cluster sampling method in Torch High⁃tech Development Zone, Zhongshan City from 2019 to 2021, and health education pertaining to clonorchiasis control was performed based on the IKAP theory. The changes in the awareness of basic clonorchiasis control knowledge and belief, self⁃reported risk of Clonorchis sinensis infections and dietary behaviors were compared among community residents and primary school students before and after health education interventions. Results　The participants included 146 male and 151 female community residents and 158 male and 153 female primary school students, with no significant difference detected in gender distribution ([χ2] = 0.16, P > 0.05). The mean awareness of basic clonorchiasis control knowledge increased by 44.71% and 43.28% among primary school students and community residents 6 months following health education, and there were significant differences in the awareness of each item of basic clonorchiasis control knowledge before and after health education ([χ2] = 41.53 to 284.44, all P values < 0.05). The proportions of primary school students and community residents thinking very high and high risks of C. sinensis infections increased from 9.35% and 6.71% before health education to 22.15% and 37.75% after health education, but only the difference of the attitudes in community residents achieve statistical significance ([χ2] = 92.18, P < 0.05). The frequency of separation of raw and cooked foods with chopping board and knife significantly increased among community residents and primary school students following health education ([χ2] = 16.04 to 62.65, all P values < 0.05). The frequency of eating raw freshwater fish ([χ2] = 32.85，P < 0.05), fish congee ([χ2] = 7.02，P < 0.05) and fish fillet hot pot ([χ2] = 4.88，P < 0.05) significantly reduced among primary school students following health education, while only the frequency and proportions of eating raw freshwater fish have significantly reduced in community residents ([χ2] = 11.77, P < 0.05). Conclusions　Health education interventions based on the IKAP theory are effective to increase the awareness of clonorchiasis control knowledge and improve dietary behaviors associated with C. sinensis infections among community residents and primary school students in Zhongshan City. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2030 YAO Lixi, LIN Su, HUANG Jiaofeng, WU Yinlian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 464-475,496.   Abstract （191）      PDF（pc） （3686KB）（278）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To measure the burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2019, and to predict its changes from 2020 to 2030. Methods　The age⁃standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality and disability⁃adjusted life years (DALY) rate of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019) data resources, and the trends in burdens of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases were evaluated from 1990 to 2019 using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and annual percent change (APC). In addition, the changes in the burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases were predicted in China from 2020 to 2023 using the Bayesian model. Results　The overall incidence of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases reduced from 2 725.98/105 in 1990 to 1 397.31/105 in 2019 in China [estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) = −2.35%, 95% confidential interval (CI): (−2.58%, −2.13%)], with a reduction in the prevalence from 12 239.53/105 in 1990 to 6 566.12/105 in 2019 [EAPC = −2.34%, 95% CI: (−2.54%, −2.14%)], a reduction in the mortality from 24.67/105 in 1990 to 8.07/105 in 2019 [EAPC = −4.92%, 95% CI: (−5.37%, −4.47%)], and a reduction in the DALYs rate from 793.38/105 in 1990 to 247.71/105 in 2019 [(EAPC = −5.15%, 95% CI: (−5.64%, −4.66%)]. The DALYs of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases were mainly attributed to liver cancer, and the DALYs of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases appeared a tendency towards a rise in China from 2012 to 2019 [APC = 1.30%, 95% CI: (0.16%, 2.45%)]. The overall burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases was higher in males than in females, and the DALYs rate of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases increased with age, with the greatest DALY rate seen among patients at ages of 50 to 69 years. The overall incidence of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases was projected to be 866.79/105 in China in 2030, with the greatest incidence seen in acute hepatitis B (854.87/105), and the burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases was predicted to decline in China from 2020 to 2030; however, the burden of liver disease was projected to appear a tendency towards a rise. Conclusions　The burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases appears an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2030; however, the burden of liver cancer appears a tendency towards aggravation. Early diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer should be given a high priority. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of researches on developmental processes and reproduction mode of Pneumocystis XUE Ting, DU Weiqin, WANG Jing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 522-528.   Abstract （188）      PDF（pc） （1242KB）（393）       Knowledge map    Save Pneumocystis, an important opportunistic fungal pathogen that parasitizes in multiple mammalian lungs, may cause life⁃threatening Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and even death among immunocompromised individuals. With the rapid development of high⁃throughput sequencing and multi⁃omics technologies, systematic comparative analyses of genome, transcriptome, and whole⁃genome sequencing results demonstrate that Pneumocystis is a type of obligate biotrophic fungi, and requires obtaining nutrition from hosts. In addition, sexual reproduction is an essential process for Pneumocystis survival, production and transmission, and asexual reproduction facilitates Pneumocystis survival, which provides new insights into understanding of the whole developmental process of Pneumocystis in the host lung and inter⁃host transmission of Pneumocystis. This review summarizes the advances in the reproduction mode of Pneumocystis and underlying mechanisms, which provides insights into prevention and treatment of PCP, notably for the prophylaxis against nosocomial transmission of PCP. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of researches on molecular mechanisms underlying helminth infection⁃mediated type 1/2 host immune responses MU Qianqian, ZHOU Biying Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 534-538.   Abstract （183）      PDF（pc） （1049KB）（379）       Knowledge map    Save Helminth infections are widespread worldwide, and pose a serious threat to human health and animal husbandry development. Understanding of helminth⁃host interactions is critical to effective control and ultimate eradication of helminthiasis. Following host infections, helminth infections firstly initiate innate immune responses and then mediate adaptive immune responses. Type 1 immune responses are predominant at early stage of helminth infections, which mainly play anti⁃infective actions, and type 2 immune responses are predominant at late stage of infections, which are associated with helminth immune evasion and aggravation of tissue damages. This review summarizes the progress of researches on type 1/2 immune responses⁃associated signaling pathways mediated by helminth infections in hosts. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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High⁃quality acceleration of the Chinese national schistosomiasis elimination programme to advance the building of Healthy China XU Jing, WANG Qiang, YANG Kun, WEN Liyong, WANG Tianping, LIN Dandan, LIU Jianbing, ZHOU Jie, LIU Yang, DONG Yi, CAO Chunli, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 1-6.   Abstract （175）      PDF（pc） （1403KB）（433）       Knowledge map    Save The goal of achieving elimination of schistosomiasis across all endemic counties in China by 2030 was proposed in the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. On June 16, 2023, the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030) was jointly issued by National Disease Control and Prevention Administration and other 10 ministries, which deployed the targets and key tasks of the national schistosomiasis elimination programme in China. This article describes the progress of the national schistosomiasis control programme, analyzes the opportunities to eliminate schistosomiasis, and proposes targeted recommendations to tackle the challenges of schistosomiasis elimination, so as to accelerate the process towards schistosomiasis elimination and facilitate the building of a healthy China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary application of recombinase⁃aided amplification in detection of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae in freshwater fish CHEN Jianfeng, WANG Zhiqi, HUANG Wenming, WANG Jin, CHEN Lijuan, SUN Yunle, ZHAO Lanmei, ZHAO Yang, QIAN Yin, DUAN Junwei, ZHANG Qiang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 458-463.   Abstract （174）      PDF（pc） （1168KB）（274）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the performance of recombinase⁃aided amplification (RAA) assay in detection of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae in freshwater fish samples, so as to provide insights into standardization and field application of this assay. Methods　Wild freshwater fish samples were collected in the rivers of administrative villages where C. sinensis⁃infected residents lived in Jiangyan District, Xinghua County and Taixing County of Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province from June to September 2022. Genomic DNA was extracted from six freshwater fish specimens (5 g each) containing 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 C. sinensis metacercariae for fluorescent RAA assay, and the diagnostic sensitivity was evaluated. Fluorescent RAA assay was performed with genomic DNA from C. sinensis, Metorchis orientalis, Haplorchis pumilio and Centrocestus formosanus metacercariae as templates to evaluate its cross⁃reactions. In addition, the detection of fluorescent RAA assay and direct compression method for C. sinensis metacercariae was compared in field⁃collected freshwater fish samples. Results　Positive amplification was found in freshwater fish specimens containing different numbers of C. sinensis metacercariae, and fluorescent RAA assay was effective to detect one C. sinensis metacercaria in 5 g freshwater fish specimens within 20 min. Fluorescent RAA assay tested negative for DNA from M. orientalis, H. pumilio and C. formosanus metacercariae. Fluorescent RAA assay and direct compression method showed 5.36% (93/1 735) and 2.88% (50/1 735) detections rate for C. sinensis metacercariae in 1 735 field⁃collected freshwater fish samples, with a statistically significant difference seen ([χ2] = 478.150, P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the detection of C. sinensis metacercariae in different species of freshwater fish by both the direct compression method ([χ2] = 11.20, P < 0.05) and fluorescent RAA assay ([χ2] = 20.26, P < 0.001), and the detection of C. sinensis metacercariae was higher in Pseudorasbora parva than in other fish species by both the direct compression method fluorescent RAA assay (both P values < 0.05). Conclusions　Fluorescent RAA assay has a high sensitivity for detection of C. sinensis metacercariae in freshwater fish samples, and has no cross⁃reactions with M. orientalis, H. pumilio or C. formosanus metacercariae. Fluorescent RAA assay shows a higher accuracy for detection of C. sinensis infections in field⁃collected freshwater fish than the direct compression method. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Construction of an evaluation index system for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept LIU Jingshu, ZHOU Zhengbin, ZHANG Xiaoxi, HUANG Lulu, LUO Zhuowei, CHEN Shenglin, ZHANG Yi, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 545-556.   Abstract （172）      PDF（pc） （1162KB）（383）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To construct an evaluation index system for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept, so as to provide insights into the control and elimination of mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis using the One Health approach. Methods　A preliminary evaluation index system was constructed based on literature review, panel discussions and field surveys. Thirty⁃three experts were selected from 7 provincial disease control and prevention centers in Beijing Municipality, Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Henan Province, Sichuan Province, Shaanxi Province and Gansu Province where mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis was endemic, and two rounds of expert consultations were conducted to screen the indicators. The positive coefficient, degree of concentration, degree of coordination, and authority of the experts were calculated, and the normalized weights of each index were calculated with the analytic hierarchy process. Results　The response rates of questionnaires during two rounds of expert consultation were both 100.00% (33/33), and the authority coefficients of the experts were 0.86 and 0.88, respectively. The coefficients of coordination among experts on the rationality, importance, and operability of the indicators were 0.392, 0.437, 0.258, and 0.364, 0.335, 0.263, respectively (all P values < 0.05). Following screening, the final evaluation index system included 3 primary indicators, 17 secondary indicators, and 50 tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of primary indicators “external environment”, “internal support” and “comprehensive control” were 16.98%, 38.73% and 44.29%, respectively. Among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “external environment”, the highest weight was seen for natural environment (66.67%), and among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “internal support”, the lowest weight was seen for the scientific research for visceral leishmaniasis control (8.26%), while other indicators had weights of 12.42% to 13.38%. Among the secondary indicators of the primary indicator “comprehensive control”, the weight was 16.67% for each indicator. Conclusions　An evaluation index system has been constructed for the capability of comprehensive control of mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept. In addition to assessment of the effect of conventional mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis control measures, this index system integrates the importance of top⁃level design, organizational management, and implementation of control measures, and includes indicators related to multi⁃sectoral cooperation. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cross⁃species regulation and underlying mechanisms of parasite⁃derived non⁃coding RNAs: a review DAI Yue, YANG Qingli Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 529-533.   Abstract （171）      PDF（pc） （1075KB）（319）       Knowledge map    Save Parasite⁃derived non⁃coding RNAs (ncRNAs) not only contribute to life activities of parasites, and microRNA (miRNA), long non⁃coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) may generate a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network with host miRNAs and mRNAs via extracellular vesicles, thereby participating in infection and pathogenic processes. This article presents an overview of characterizing ncRNAs derived from parasites and the cross⁃species regulatory role of parasite⁃derived ncRNAs in host gene expression and its underlying mechanisms. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Molecular detection and subtyping of Blastocystis sp. in pigs in Anhui Province GAO Sichao, WANG Jipu, WU Xinghua, LUO Xinyu, LI Qiaoqiao, CHEN Dongqian, LIU Xinchao, LI Wenchao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 508-512.   Abstract （170）      PDF（pc） （1082KB）（277）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence and subtype distribution of Blastocystis sp. in pigs in Anhui Province. Methods　A total of 500 stool samples were collected from large⁃scale pig farms in Bozhou, Anqing, Chuzhou, Hefei, Fuyang, and Lu’an cities in Anhui Province from October to December 2015. Blastocystis was detected in pig stool samples using a PCR assay based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene, and positive samples were subjected to sequencing and sequence analysis. Blastocystis subtypes were characterized in the online PubMLST database, and verified using phylogenetic tree created with the neighbor⁃joining algorithm in the Meta software. Results　The prevalence of Blastocystis infection was 43.2% (216/500) in pigs in 6 cities of Anhui Province, and all pig farms were tested positive for Blastocystis. There was a region⁃specific prevalence rate of Blastocystis (17.2% to 50.0%) ([χ2] = 26.084, P < 0.01), and there was a significant difference in the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. among nursery pigs (39.6%), preweaned pigs (19.1%), and growing pigs (62.3%) ([χ2] = 74.951, P < 0.01). Both online inquiry and phylogenetic analysis revealed ST1, ST3, and ST5 subtypes in pigs, with ST5 as the predominant subtype. Conclusion　The prevalence of Blastocystis sp. is high in pigs in Anhui Province, with three zoonotic subtypes identified, including ST1, ST3, and ST5. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence of Echinococcus infections in wild carnivores based on copro⁃DNA tests in Serthar County of Sichuan Province YANG Liu, YANG Yi, YU Wenjie, WANG Qian, ZHONG Bo, HUA Kaiqiong, LIU Yang, HUANG Yan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 492-496.   Abstract （168）      PDF（pc） （945KB）（322）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in wild carnivores in Serthar County, Sichuan Province, so as to provide insights into echinococcosis control in local areas. Methods　Stool samples were collected from wild carnivores in Serthar County, Sichuan Province in May 2021, and the host sources of stool samples and Echinococcus infections were identified using PCR assays. The prevalence of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus infections was estimated in different hosts. Results　A total of 583 stool samples were collected from wild carnivores, including 147 stool samples from fox, 154 from wolf, 227 from wild dogs and 11 from lynx. The overall prevalence of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus infections was 5.68%, 0.19% and 14.20% in canine stool samples, and no E. granulosus infection was detected in fox stool samples, while the prevalence of E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus infections was 0.68% and 47.62% in fox stool samples ([χ2] = 88.41, P < 0.001). No E. granulosus or E. shiquicus infection was detected in wolf stool samples, and the prevalence of E. multilocularis infection was 10.39% in wolf stool samples. The prevalence of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus infections was 5.73%, 0.44% and 2.20% in canine stool samples ([χ2] = 12.13, P < 0.01). In addition, the prevalence of E. multilocularis infections was significantly higher in wolf stool samples than in canine and fox stool samples ([χ2] = 13.23, P < 0.01), and the prevalence of E. shiquicus infections was significantly higher in fox stool samples than in canine and wolf stool samples ([χ2] =187.01, P < 0.001). No Echinococcus infection was identified in 11 lynx stool samples. Conclusions　The prevalence of Echinococcus infections is high in wild canines in Serthar County, Sichuan Province. Wolf, wild dog and fox all participate in the wild life cycle of E. multilocularis in Serthar County, and wolf and wild dogs may play a more important role. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Construction of a surveillance and early warning index system for schistosomiasis transmission risk along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin JIANG Sanhong, WANG Liman, SUN Li, LIU Tao, LIU Yuwei, LIU Xiaoli Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 486-491.   Abstract （167）      PDF（pc） （919KB）（380）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To establish a surveillance and early warning index system for schistosomiasis transmission risk along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, so as to provide insights into creation of a sensitive and highly efficient surveillance and early warning system for schistosomiasis. Methods　National and international publications, documents, laws and regulations pertaining to schistosomiasis control were retrieved with keywords including schistosomiasis, surveillance, early warning and control interventions from 2008 to 2022, and a thematic panel discussion was held to preliminarily construct surveillance and early warning index system for schistosomiasis transmission risk along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. The index system was then comprehensively scored and screened using the Delphi method, and the weight of each index was determined using analytic hierarchy process and the modified proportional allocation method. In addition, the credibility of the Delphi method was evaluated using positive coefficient, authority coefficient, degree of concentration and degree of coordination of experts. Results　Following two rounds of expert consultation, a surveillance and early warning index system for schistosomiasis transmission risk in endemic areas along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin was preliminarily constructed, including 3 primary indicators, 9 secondary indicators and 41 tertiary indicators. The normalized weights of primary indicators epidemics, natural and social factors and comprehensive control were 0.639 8, 0.145 6 and 0.214 6, respectively, and among all secondary indicators, snail status (0.321 3) and schistosomiasis prevalence (0.318 5) had the highest combined weights, while social factors had the lowest combined weight (0.030 4). Of all tertiary indicators, human egg⁃positive rate (0.041 9), number of acute schistosomiasis cases (0.041 5), number of stool⁃positive bovine and sheep (0.041 1), and prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum in free⁃ranging livestock (0.041 1) had the highest combined weights. During two rounds of consultation, the positive coefficient of experts was both 100%, and the authority coefficient was both 0.9 and greater, while the coordination coefficients were 0.338 to 0.441 and 0.426 to 0.565 ([χ2] = 22.875 to 216.524, both P values < 0.05). Conclusions　The established surveillance and early warning index system for schistosomiasis transmission risk along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin is of great scientific values and authority, which may provide insights into construction of the sensitive and highly efficient surveillance and early warning system for schistosomiasis in the context of low prevalence and low intensity of infection in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Molecular epidemiological characteristics of newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases in Fujian Province in 2020 XIE Meirong, LIN Liying, WANG Zhenghua, QIU Yuefeng, LU Xiaoli, ZHANG Chunyang, WU Shouli Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 583-589.   Abstract （167）      PDF（pc） （1252KB）（329）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the HIV⁃1 genotype and distribution of newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases in Fujian Province in 2020, so as to provide insights into formulation of the precise AIDS control strategy in the province. Methods　Newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases without antiretroviral therapy (excluding AIDS patients) were randomly sampled from each city of Fujian Province in 2020 at a proportion of 50% of the mean number of HIV⁃infected cases reported across 9 cities of Fujian Province during the past three years. Subjects’ demographic and epidemiological data were collected and blood samples were collected. The HIV⁃1 pol gene was amplified using nested reverse⁃transcription PCR assay, and the gene sequences were used for HIV⁃1 genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. The gene sequences were uploaded to the HIV Drug Resistance Database (http://hivdb.stanford.edu) for genotypic drug resistance assays, and the scores and level of HIV drug resistance were estimated using the HIVDB Algorithm version 9.5. Results　A total of 1 043 newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases were reported in Fujian Province in 2020, and 936 gene sequences were successfully obtained following sequencing of blood samples. There were 9 HIV⁃1 genotypes characterized in blood samples from 936 newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases, with CRF07_BC (52.1%) and CRF01_AE (30.4%) as predominant subtypes, followed by CRF08_BC (4.9%), CRF55_01B (3.0%), subtype C (2.5%), subtype B (2.1%), CRF85_BC (1.7%), CRF59_01B (0.3%) and CRF65_CPX (0.1%), and unidentified subtypes were found in 26 blood samples. HIV⁃1 drug resistance was detected in 43 out of the 936 newly diagnosed HIV⁃1 cases, with 4.6% prevalence of HIV⁃1 drug resistance prior to therapy, and the highest drug resistance was found in the HIV CRF59_01B subtype, followed by in CRF08_BC, B, C, CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and other subtypes, with a significant difference in the genotype⁃specific prevalence of HIV⁃1 drug resistance ([χ2] = 45.002, P < 0.05). Conclusions　There was a HIV⁃1 genotype diversity in Fujian Province in 2020, and emerging recombinant and drug⁃resistant HIV⁃1 strains were detected and spread across patients and regions. Monitoring of HIV⁃1 genotypes is recommended to be reinforced for timely understanding of the transmission and spread of novel recombinant and drug⁃resistant HIV⁃1 strains. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Sequence analysis of Paragonimus internal transcribed spacer 2 and cyclooxygenase 1 genes in freshwater crabs in Henan Province CHEN Weiqi, JIANG Tiantian, DENG Yan, ZHANG Yalan, AI Lin, JI Penghui, WANG Dan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 501-507.   Abstract （162）      PDF（pc） （1195KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the sequences of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cyclooxygenase 1 (COX1) genes of Paragonimus metacercariae in freshwater crabs in Henan Province, identify the species of Paragonimus and evaluate its genetic relationships with Paragonimus isolates from other provinces in China. Methods　Freshwater crabs were collected from 8 survey sites in Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Pingdingshan, Nanyang and Jiyuan cities of Henan Province from 2016 to 2021, and Paragonimus metacercariae were detected in freshwater crabs. Genomic DNA was extracted from Paragonimus metacercariae, and the ITS2 and COX1 genes were amplified using PCR assay, followed by sequencing of PCR amplification products. The gene sequences were spliced and aligned using the software DNASTAR, and aligned with the sequences of Paragonimus genes in the GenBank. Phylogenetic trees were created using the MEGA6 software with the Neighbor⁃Joining method based on ITS2 and COX1 gene sequences, with Fasciola hepatica as the outgroup. Results　The detection rates of Paragonimus metacercariae were 6.83% (11/161), 50.82% (31/61), 18.52% (5/26), 8.76% (12/137), 14.29% (9/63), 17.76% (19/105), 18.50% (32/173) and 42.71% (41/96) in freshwater crabs from 8 survey sites in Zhengzhou, Luoyang, Pingdingshan, Nanyang and Jiyuan cities of Henan Province, with a mean detection rate of 19.46% (160/822), and a mean infection intensity of 0.57 metacercariae/g. The amplified ITS2 and COX1 gene fragments of Paragonimus were approximately 500 bp and 450 bp in lengths, respectively. The ITS2 gene sequences of Paragonimus metacercariae from 8 survey sites of Henan Province showed the highest homology (99.8% to 100.0%) with the gene sequence of P. skrjabini (GenBank accession number: MW960209.1), and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Paragonimus in this study was clustered into the same clade with P. skrjabini from Sichuan Province (GenBank accession number: AY618747.1), Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (GenBank accession number: AY618729.1) and Hubei Province (GenBank accession number: AY618751.1), and P. miyazaki from Fujian Province (GenBank accession number: AY618741.1) and Japan (GenBank accession number: AB713405.1). The COX1 gene sequences of Paragonimus metacercariae from 8 survey sites of Henan Province showed the highest homology (90.0% to 100.0%) with the gene sequence of P. skrjabini (GenBank accession number: AY618798.1), and phylogenetic analysis showed that the Paragonimus in this study was clustered into the same clade with all P. skrjabini and clustered into the same sub⁃clade with P. skrjabini from Hubei Province (GenBank accession numbers: AY618782.1 and AY618764.1). Conclusions　Paragonimus species from freshwater crabs in Henan Province were all characterized as P. skrjabini, and the ITS2 and COX1 gene sequences had the highest homology to those of P. skrjabini from Hubei Province. The results provide insights into study of Paragonimus in Henan Province and China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Quality of blood smear examinations for malaria parasites in Chenzhou City after malaria elimination ZHU Hanwu, HOU Xishuo, YANG Hui Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 497-500.   Abstract （158）      PDF（pc） （886KB）（241）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the quality of blood smear examinations for malaria parasites in Chenzhou City, so as to provide insights into sustainable consolidation of malaria elimination achievements. Methods　All positive blood smears from fever patients were irregularly sampled from each county (district) of Chenzhou City from 2018 to 2022 and reexamined, and no less than 3% negative blood smears were reexamined. The preparation, dyeing, cleanliness and microscopic examination results of blood smear were reexamined, and the quality of blood smear reexaminations was assessed using a descriptive statistical method. Results　A total of 13 625 fever patients received blood smear examinations for malaria parasites in Chenzhou City from 2018 to 2022, of which 21 were positive and 13 604 were negative; 687 blood samples were reviewed, and the percentage of negative blood smear reexaminations was 4.90% (666/13 604), with a 63.51% rate of qualified negative blood smears preparation, a 67.87% rate of qualified dyeing and a 76.13% rate of qualified cleanliness, and no missing diagnosis found. There were 21 positive blood smears reexamined, and the proportions of qualified blood smears preparation, dyeing and cleanliness were all 85.71%, with 2 smears mistaking Plasmodium species (9.52%). The percentage of qualified negative blood smears preparation was 51.41% in 2022, which reduced by 31.61% in relative to that (75.17%) in 2019 ([χ2] = 9.033, P < 0.05), and the percentage of qualified negative blood smears dyeing was 60.19% in 2022, which reduced by 28.82% in relative to that (84.56%) in 2019 ([χ2] = 19.498, P < 0.05), while the percentage of qualified negative blood smears cleanliness was 62.96% in 2022, which reduced by 28.93 in relative to that (88.59%) in 2019 ([χ2] = 23.826, P < 0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences in the proportion of qualified negative blood smears preparation ([χ2] = 0.260, P > 0.05) or dyeing ([χ2] = 1.094, P > 0.05) among the three years, while a significant difference was detected in the percentage of qualified negative blood smears cleanliness ([χ2] = 12.175, P < 0.05). Conclusions　No missing diagnosis was seen in blood smear examinations for malaria parasites among fever patients in Chenzhou City after malaria elimination; however, there were reductions in proportions of qualified blood smears preparation, dyeing and cleanliness. Quality control of blood smear examinations is recommended to be reinforced in key regions of Chenzhou City. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Anticancer effects of parasites and its underlying mechanisms: a review ZHANG Yingshu, DING Xin, DAI Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 91-97.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023074 Abstract （157）      PDF（pc） （1009KB）（201）       Knowledge map    Save Both parasitic diseases and cancers are disorders that seriously threaten human health. A strong correlation has been recently found between parasitic infections and cancers, and multiple species of parasites and their derived products have shown effective to suppress cancer development, progression and metastasis. Therefore, deciphering the interaction among parasites, cancers and hosts not only provides new insights into the development of cancer therapy, but also provides the basis for screening of parasites⁃derived active anticancer molecules. This review summarizes the latest advances in the anticancer activity of parasites and underlying mechanisms. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Quantitative analysis of risk assessment indicators for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China CHAI Liying, CAO Yuanyuan, ZHAO Li, LIU Kaixuan, CHONG Zeyin, LU Yan, ZHU Guoding, CAO Jun, LU Guangyu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 604-613.   Abstract （153）      PDF（pc） （2687KB）（362）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To quantitatively analyze the risk indicators of re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China and their weighting coefficients, so as to investigate the difference in the contribution of risk indicators included in the current risk assessment framework for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China to the risk assessment of re⁃introduction of imported malaria. Methods　Publications pertaining to the risk assessment framework for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China that reported the risk indicators and their weighting coefficients were retrieved in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP with terms of “malaria”, “re⁃introduction/re⁃transmission/re⁃establishment”, “risk assessment/risk evaluation/risk prediction” from the inception of the database through 3 August 2023, and literature search was performed in Google Scholar to ensure the comprehensiveness of the retrieval. Basic characteristics of included studies were extracted using pre⁃designed information extraction forms by two investigators, and data pertaining to risk indicators of re⁃introduction of imported malaria were cross⁃checked by these two investigators. The risk indicators included in the risk assessment framework for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China and their weighting coefficients were visualized with the Nightingale’s rose diagrams using the software R 4.2.1, and the importance of risk indictors was evaluated with the frequency of risk indicators included in the risk assessment framework and the ranking of weighting coefficients of risk indicators. In addition, the capability of risk indicators screened by different weighting methods was compared by calculating the ratio of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by different weighting methods. Results　A total of 2 138 publications were retrieved, and following removal of duplications and screening, a total of 8 publications were included in the final analysis. In these 8 studies, 8 risk assessment frameworks for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China and 52 risk indicators of re⁃introduction of imported malaria were reported, in which number of imported malaria cases (n = 8) and species of malaria vectors were more frequently included in the risk assessment frameworks (n = 8), followed by species of imported malaria parasites (n = 6) and population density of local malaria vectors (n = 6), and species of local malaria vectors (n = 6), number of imported malaria cases (n = 5) and species of imported malaria parasites had the three highest weighting coefficients (n = 4). The weighting methods included expert scoring method, combination of expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process, and combination of expert scoring method and entropy weight method in these 8 studies, and the ratios of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by the expert scoring method were 1.143 to 2.241, while the ratios of the maximum to the minimum of the weighting coefficients of the risk indicators screened by combination of the expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process were 34.970 to 162.000. Conclusions　Number of imported malaria cases, species of imported malaria parasites, species of local malaria vectors and population density of local malaria vectors are core indicators in the current risk assessment framework for re⁃introduction of imported malaria in China. Combination of the expert scoring method and analytic hierarchy process is superior to the expert scoring method alone for weighting the risk indicators. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis and prediction of burden of viral hepatitis C⁃associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2044 ZHOU Mei, YAO Lixi, WU Yinlian, LIN Su, HUANG Jiaofeng Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 476-485.   Abstract （152）      PDF（pc） （1744KB）（275）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To measure the burden of hepatitis C⁃associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2019, and to predict its changes from 2020 to 2044, so as to provide insights into formulation of the targeted hepatitis C control strategy. Methods 　The total burden due to hepatitis C⁃associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019) data resources, and the trends in age⁃standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality and disability⁃adjusted life years (DALYs) rate of hepatitis C⁃associated acute hepatitis C (AHC), chronic liver diseases (CLD) and liver cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 were evaluated in China from 1990 to 2019 using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). In addition, the changes in the burden of hepatitis C⁃associated diseases were predicted in China from 2020 to 2044 using a Bayesian model. Results　The prevalence, incidence, mortality and DALY rate of hepatitis C⁃associated diseases all appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2019 (EAPC = −2.64%, −2.24%, −3.81% and −3.90%, respectively); however, there was a minor rise in the incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C⁃associated diseases from 2015 to 2019. The overall prevalence of hepatitis C⁃associated diseases reduced from 2 152.7/105 in 1990 to 1 254.1/105 in 2019 in China, with a reduction of 41.7%. The overall incidence reduced from 87.9/105 in 1990 to 55.0/105 in 2019 in China, with a reduction of 37.4%, and the highest incidence was seen for AHC, followed by CLD and liver cancer. The overall mortality and DALYs rate of hepatitis C⁃associated diseases was 4.0/105 and 100.8/105 in China from 1990 to 2019, with CLD showing the largest contributions to the gross mortality and DALYs. The mortality and DALY rate of hepatitis C⁃associated diseases were 5.5/105 and 142.4/105 among men in China in 2019, which were both much higher than among women (2.8/105 and 60.3/105, respectively), and the overall prevalence (1 604.9/105), mortality (30.2/105) and DALYs (437.1/105) of hepatitis C⁃associated diseases were all highest among patients at ages of 70 years and older, and the highest incidence was seen among patients at ages of 0 to 9 years (167.3/105). The incidence of hepatitis C⁃associated diseases was predicted to rise in China from 2020 to 2044; however, the DALYs was projected to appear a tendency towards a decline. Conclusions　Although the burden of hepatitis C⁃associated diseases showed a tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, the burden remained high, and was predicted to slightly rise from 2020 to 2044. High attention should be paid to screening of hepatitis C among infants and treatment among adults. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Species and population density of malaria vector Anopheles in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021 GONG Xi, WU Xiaohong, HUO Fang, YU Tao, GE Li, LIU Yang, LI Li Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 565-572.   Abstract （151）      PDF（pc） （2152KB）（455）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the distribution of malaria vector Anopheles in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, so as to provide the scientific evidence for improving the surveillance of malaria vector Anopheles and preventing re⁃establishment of imported malaria in Sichuan Province. Methods　The density and species of Anopheles mosquitoes were investigated using human⁃bait trapping and light trapping techniques in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. The number, population and density of captured Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and descriptively analyzed, and the geographical distribution map of malaria vectors was plotted using the software ArcGIS 10.7 in Sichuan Province. Results　A total of 152 243 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, including 150 987 An. sinensis (99.18%) and 1 256 An. anthropophagus (0.82%) ([χ2] = 5 938.92, P < 0.01), and no other Anopheles species were captured. The annual densities of An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus were 0.64 to 1.27 mosquitoes/(person⁃hour) and 0 to 0.07 mosquitoes/(person⁃hour) by the human⁃bait trapping technique, and 6.46 to 26.50 mosquitoes/(light⁃night) and 0 to 0.82 mosquitoes/(light⁃night) by the light trapping technique in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. A relatively higher density of An. anthropophagus was seen in Renshou County, Jianyang City, Weiyuan County and Mabian Yi Autonomous County ［> 0.40 mosquitoes/(person⁃hour)］ by the human⁃bait trapping technique, and in Cuiping District and Gaoxian County in Yibin City ［> 1.00 mosquito/(light⁃night)］ by the light trapping technique in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2018, with no An. anthropophagus captured from 2019 to 2021, and a relatively higher density of An. sinensis was detected in Emeishan City, Lushan County, Luojiang District, Tongchuan District and Zhaohua District ［> 4.00 mosquitoes/(person⁃hour)］ by the human⁃bait trapping technique, and in Huili County, Yuexi County, Dechang County, Langzhong City, Pingchang County and Xuanhan County ［> 40.00 mosquitoes/(light⁃night)］ by the light trapping technique in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. Conclusions　Malaria vectors were still widespread in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, and An. sinensis was the dominant species of malaria vectors. There is still a risk of local re⁃establishment of imported malaria in Sichuan Province, and it is needed to continue to improve the surveillance of imported malaria cases and malaria vectors. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Single⁃nucleotide polymorphisms of artemisinin resistance⁃related Pfubp1 and Pfap2mu genes in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea from 2018 to 2020 ZHANG Taichan, LIANG Xueyan, WEI Huagui, LIN Min, CHEN Jiangtao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 557-564,572.   Abstract （145）      PDF（pc） （1213KB）（350）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of artemisinin resistance⁃related Pfubp1 and Pfap2mu genes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, so as to to provide baseline data for the formulation of malaria control strategies in Bioko Island. Methods　A total of 184 clinical blood samples were collected from patients with P. falciparum malaria in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea from 2018 to 2020, and genomic DNA was extracted. The Pfubp1 and Pfap2mu gene SNPs of P. falciparum were determined using a nested PCR assay and Sanger sequencing, and the gene sequences were aligned. Results　There were 159 wild⁃type P. falciparum isolates (88.83%) from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, and 6 SNPs were identified in 20 Pfubp1⁃mutant P. falciparum isolates (11.17%), in which 4 non⁃synonymous mutations were detected, including E1516G, K1520E, D1525E, E1528D. There was only one Pfubp1gene mutation site in 19 Pfubp1⁃mutant P. falciparum isolates (95.00%), in which non⁃synonymous mutations accounted for 68.42% (13/19). D1525E and E1528D were identified as major known epidemic mutation sites in the Pfubp1 gene associated with resistance to artemisinin⁃based combination therapies (ACTs). At amino acid position 1525, there were 178 wild⁃type P. falciparum isolates (99.44%) and 1 mutant isolate (0.56%), with such a mutation site identified in blood samples in 2018, and at amino acid position 1528, there were 167 wild⁃type P. falciparum isolates (93.30%) and 12 mutant isolates (6.70%). The proportions of wild⁃type P. falciparum isolates were 95.72% (134/140), 79.25% (126/159) and 95.83% (161/168) in the target amplification fragments of the three regions in the Pfap2mu gene (Pfap2mu⁃inner1, Pfap2mu⁃inner2, Pfap2mu⁃inner3), respectively. There were 16 different SNPs identified in all successfully sequenced P. falciparum isolates), in which 7 non⁃synonymous mutations were detected, including S160N, K199T, A475V, S508G, I511M, L595F, and Y603H. There were 7 out of 43 Pfap2mu⁃mutant P. falciparum isolates (16.28%) that harbored only one gene mutation site, in which non⁃synonymous mutations accounted for 28.57% (2/7). For the known delayed clearance locus S160N associated with ACTs, there were 143 wild⁃type (89.94%) and 16 Pfap2mu⁃mutant P. falciparum isolates (10.06%). Conclusions　Both Pfubp1 and Pfap2mu gene mutations were detected in P. falciparum isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea from 2018 to 2020, with a low prevalence rate of Pfubp1 gene mutation and a high prevalence rate of Pfap2mu gene mutation. In addition, new mutation sites were identified in the Pfubp1 (E1504E and K1520E) and Pfap2mu genes (A475V and S508G). Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Practice and development of schistosomiasis control culture in China: A case of Jiangxi Province WU Changming, GE Jun, LIN Dandan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 641-645.   Abstract （144）      PDF（pc） （913KB）（265）       Knowledge map    Save Schistosomiasis control is not only a disease control programme, but also a great social practice activity in China. During the evolution of national schistosomiasis control programmes, the special schistosomiasis control culture has been cultivated and developed, which contains the spiritual connotation of government⁃led, people⁃oriented, respect for science and integration of all efforts. The publication of Chairman Mao Zedong’s two poems entitled “Farewell to the God of Plague” and the postscript in 1958 was a sign for the formation and development of Chinese schistosomiasis control culture, which always lead the orientation of development and practice of schistosomiasis control culture building. The schistosomiasis control culture provide powerful spiritual motivation and supports to schistosomiasis control programmes in China, and improving the building of schistosomiasis control culture is of great significance to strengthen our belief in achieving the goal of schistosomiasis elimination, mobilize all social resources, accelerate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis and facilitate the high⁃quality development of healthcare services. Chinese schistosomiasis control spirit is the refinement from the cultural connotation of the long⁃term schistosomiasis control programmes in China, and is the most essential and concentrated embodiment of the schistosomiasis control culture. This article describes the great significance of two poems entitled “Farewell to the God of Plague”, summarizes the connotation and role of schistosomiasis control spirit, and introduces the practice, development and innovation of schistosomiasis control culture building in Jiangxi Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comparison of the efficiency of different etiological assays for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild mice XU Xiaojuan, CHEN Xuefeng, WU Fan, WU Chenyang, LIU Ting, DAI Bo, WANG Tianping, ZHANG Shiqing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 573-582,589.   Abstract （143）      PDF（pc） （1200KB）（412）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To compare the efficiency of multiple etiological techniques for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild mice, so as to provide technical supports to assessment of schistosomiasis transmission risk. Methods　Wild mice were captured with baited traps at night in Oncomelania hupensis snail⁃infested settings in schistosomiasis⁃endemic foci of Anhui Province from October to November, 2022. S. japonicum infections were detected in wild mice using microscopy of mouse liver tissues, microscopy of mouse mesenteric tissues, microscopy of mouse liver tissue homogenates, miracidial hatching test of mouse liver tissue homogenates, Kato⁃Katz technique and miracidial hatching test of mouse stool samples alone and in combinations. Identification of S. japonicum eggs or miracidia by any of these six assays was defined as an infection. The sensitivity of six assays alone or in combinations was compared for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice. Results　A total of 1 703 wild mice were captured, with 366 wild mice detected positive for S. japonicum (21.49%). There were significant differences in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in wild mice by six assays (Q = 529.33, P < 0.001) and in the sensitivity of six assays for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice ([χ2] = 527.78, P < 0.001). In addition, the combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and mesenteric tissues, combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and liver tissue homogenates and combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues, microscopy of mesenteric tissues, microscopy of liver tissue homogenates and Kato⁃Katz technique showed 86.61%, 87.16% and 97.27% sensitivities for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice, respectively. Conclusions　Diverse etiological assays show various efficiencies for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice. Combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and microscopy of mesenteric tissues, and combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and microscopy of liver tissue homogenates are potential approaches for field detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effectiveness of the central government⁃funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022 LI Yuhua, ZHANG Peng, SUN Chenqing, XIAO Ning, YANG Yuancheng, ZHONG Baolin, FANG Chun, KUI Guoxiang, LIU Zijing, LI Fan, YANG Shijie, FENG Yu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 626-632.   Abstract （142）      PDF（pc） （1317KB）（349）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the effectiveness of the central government⁃funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, so as to provide insights into echinococcosis control. Methods　Administrative villages were sampled using a multi⁃stage cluster random sampling method from Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, and all residents at ages of 12 years and older in the sampled villages were screened for echinococcosis, and schools were sampled using a cluster sampling method, and all children at ages of 12 years and older in the sampled schools were screened for echinococcosis. Domestic dogs were sampled using a systematic random sampling method, and one domestic dog stool sample was collected from each household. Stray dog stool samples were collected outside the villages, and Echinococcus coproantigens were detected using enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay in domestic and stray dogs. In addition, echinococcosis was screened in sheep and cattle in designated slaughterhouses in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County. The trends in the prevalence of echinococcosis in humans and livestock and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens in dogs were examined with the Cochran⁃Armitage trend test. In addition, individuals screened for echinococcosis were randomly sampled from 2007 to 2022 for survey on the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge. Results　A total of 290 356 person⁃times were screened for echinococcosis among residents at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 1 094 residents detected with cystic echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline over years ([χ2] = 358.602, P < 0.001). A total of 32 931 person⁃times were screened for echinococcosis among children at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 296 children detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline over years ([χ2] = 267.673, P < 0.001). A total of 33 230 domestic dog stool samples were tested for Echinococcus coproantigens in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2007 to 2022, with 1 777 Echinococcus coproantigens⁃positive samples tested, and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens appeared a tendency towards a decline in domestic dogs over years ([χ2] = 2 210.428, P < 0.001), while the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens showed a tendency towards a rise in domestic animals from 2016 to 2022 ([χ2] = 37.745, P < 0.001). The positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens remained relatively stable in stray dogs in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province from 2019 to 2022 ([χ2] = 0.315, P = 0.575). A total of 10 973 sheep were screened for echinococcosis in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County from 2007 to 2022, with 334 sheep detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline in sheep over years ([χ2] = 53.579, P < 0.001); however, there was no significant change in the detection of echinococcosis during the period from 2015 through 2022 ([χ2] = 1.520, P = 0.218). A total of 2 400 cattle were screened for echinococcosis in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County from 2017 to 2022, with 231 cattle detected with echinococcosis, and the detection of echinococcosis showed a tendency towards a decline over years ([χ2] = 5.579, P < 0.05). The awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge increased from 44.37% in 2007 to 94.00% in 2022 among residents at ages of 12 years and older and from 52.50% in 2007 to 92.50% in 2022 among children at ages of 12 years and older in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, respectively. Conclusions 　There has been a reduction in the detection of echinococcosis in humans and domestic animals and the positive rate of Echinococcus coproantigens in dogs and a rise in the awareness of the echinococcosis control knowledge following the implementation of the central government⁃funded echinococcosis control programme in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province; however, integrated echinococcosis control measures are still required for further control of the prevalence of echinococcosis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Tracking evaluation on the implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) in Sichuan and Anhui provinces WAN Jiajia, YU Chenghang, WANG Nannan, PU Chen, ZHANG Yu, LIU Daohua, CAO Zhiguo, ZHENG Bin, LIU Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 638-640,650.   Abstract （135）      PDF（pc） （920KB）（336）       Knowledge map    Save To evaluate the implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) in schistosomiasis⁃endemic foci, two schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties were selected from two provinces of Sichuan and Anhui. Professional staff working in province⁃, city⁃, county⁃ and township⁃level disease control and prevention institutions, parasitic disease control institutions or medical institutions were recruited, and the understanding, use and implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) were investigated using questionnaires and interviews. The awareness, use, proportion of propagation and implementation and correct rate of answering questions pertaining to Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) were analyzed. A total of 270 questionnaires were allocated, and 269 were recovered, including 254 valid questionnaires. The overall awareness of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) was 84.64% (215/254), and propagation and implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) was not performed in 23.28% (17/73) of the survey institutions following implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017), with meeting training and allocation of propagation materials as the main type of propagation and implementation. Among 254 respondents, 77.16% (196/254) were familiar with the standard, 66.14% (168/254) understood the conditions for use of the standard during snail surveys, and 96.85% (246/254) had the approach for identifying snails. In addition, there were 41.73% (106/254), 50.78% (129/254) and 7.48% (19/254) of respondents that considered the operability of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) was very good, good and general, respectively. The findings demonstrate that the issue and implementation of Survey of oncomelanid snails (WS/T 563—2017) has filled the gap for the standardization of snail control techniques, and which plays an importang guiding role in the national schistosomiasis control program. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current prevalence and control strategies of visceral leishmaniasis in Sichuan Province: A review ZHENG Lujie, WU Xiaohong, LIU Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 646-650.   Abstract （135）      PDF（pc） （921KB）（241）       Knowledge map    Save Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by Phlebotomus chinensis that poses a great threat to human health. Historically, visceral leishmaniasis was predominantly prevalent in northwestern regions of Sichuan Province. Following the founding of the People’s Republic of China, large⁃scale integrated interventions had been implemented in visceral leishmaniasis⁃endemic areas of Sichuan Province, including identification and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis patients, elimination of infected dogs, Ph. chinensis control and health education. This review summarizes the prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis, discusses the control strategy of visceral leishmaniasis and analyzes the challenges of elimination of visceral leishmaniasis based on the One Health concept in Sichuan Province, so as to provide insights into elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Preliminary study on the effect of Echinococcus multilocaris on phenotypic transformations of glucose metabolism and polarization types in macrophages SHEN Yinhong, ZHANG Tao, YANG Zi⁃han, ZHANG Yaogang, HUANG Dengliang, HOU Jing, TIAN Meiyuan, MA Yanyan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 590-603,613.   Abstract （130）      PDF（pc） （3883KB）（499）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the effects of Echinococcus multilocularis on the phenotypic transformations of glucose metabolism, polarization types and inflammatory responses in macrophages, so as to provide insights into elucidation of echinococcosis pathogenesis. Methods　Bone marrow cells were isolated from C57BL/6J mice at ages of 6 to 8 weeks, and induced into bone marrow⁃derived macrophages (BMDMs) with mouse macrophage colony⁃stimulating factor (M⁃CSF), which served as controls (BMDMs⁃M0). BMDMs⁃M0 induced M2 macrophages by interleukin⁃4 for 24 hours served as the IL⁃4 induction group, and BMDMs⁃M0 co⁃cultured with 2.4 ng/mL E. multilocularis cystic fluid (CF) served as the BMDM⁃CF co⁃culture group, while BMDMs⁃M0 co⁃cultured with E. multilocularis protoscolex (PSC) at a ratio of 500∶1 served as the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group. The types of polarization of BMDMs co⁃cultured with E. multilocularis CF and PSC were analyzed using flow cytometry, and the expression of macrophage markers, inflammatory factors, and glucose metabolism⁃related enzymes was quantified using fluorescent quantitative real⁃time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting assays. Results　There were significant differences among the four groups in terms of Arginase⁃1 (Arg1) (F = 1 457.00, P < 0.000 1), macrophages⁃derived C⁃C motif chemokine 22 (Ccl22) (F = 22 203.00, P < 0.000 1), resistin⁃like α (Retnla) (F = 151.90, P < 0.000 1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (F = 107.80, P < 0.001), hexokinase (HK) (F = 9 389.00, P < 0.000 1), pyruvate kinase (PK) (F = 641.40, P < 0.001), phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) (F = 43.97, P < 0.01), glucokinase (GK) (F = 432.50, P < 0.000 1), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases1 (PDK1) (F = 737.30, P < 0.000 1), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) (F = 3 632.00, P < 0.000 1), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) (F = 532.40, P < 0.000 1), glyceraldehyde⁃3⁃phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (F = 460.00, P < 0.000 1), citrate synthase (CS) (F = 5 642.00, P < 0.01), glycogen synthase1 (GYS1) (F = 273.30, P < 0.000 1), IL⁃6 (F = 1 823.00, P < 0.000 1), IL⁃10 (F = 291.70, P < 0.000 1), IL⁃1β (F = 986.60, P < 0.000 1), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)⁃α (F = 334.80, P < 0.000 1) and transforming growth factor (TGF)⁃β mRNA expression (F = 163.30, P < 0.001). The proportion of M2 macrophages was significantly higher than that of M1 macrophages in the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group [(22.87% ± 1.48%) vs. (1.70% ± 0.17%); t = 24.61, P < 0.001], and the proportion of M2 macrophages was significantly higher than that of M1 macrophages in the BMDM⁃CF co⁃culture group [(20.07% ± 0.64%) vs. (1.93% ± 0.25%); t = 45.73, P < 0.001]. The mRNA expression of M2 macrophages markers Arg1, Ccl22 and Retnla was significantly higher in the BMDM⁃CF and BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.01), and no significant difference was seen in the mRNA expression of the M1 macrophage marker iNOS among the three groups (P > 0.05), while qPCR assay quantified higher mRNA expression of key glycolytic enzymes HK, PK and PFK, as well as inflammatory factors IL⁃10, IL⁃1β, TNF⁃α and TGF⁃β in the BMDM⁃CF and BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.01). Western blotting assay determined higher HK, PK and PFK protein expression in the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group than in the control group (all P values < 0.05), and qPCR quantified higher GLUT1, GAPDH and IL⁃6 mRNA expression in the BMDM⁃CF co⁃culture group than in the control group (all P values < 0.05), while higher HK, PK and PFK protein and mRNA expression (all P values < 0.01), as well as lower IL⁃6 and TNF⁃α and higher TGF⁃β mRNA expression (both P values < 0.05) was detected in the IL⁃4 induction group than in the control group. Glycolytic stress test showed no significant difference in the extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) of mouse BMDM among the control group, IL⁃4 induction group and BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group (F = 124.4, P < 0.05), and a higher ECAR was seen in the BMDM⁃PSC co⁃culture group and a lower ECAR was found in the IL⁃4 induction group than in the control group (both P values < 0.05). Conclusions Treatment of E. multilocularis CF or PSC mainly causes polarization of BMDM into M2 macrophages, and phenotypic transformation of glucose metabolism into high⁃energy and high⁃glycolytic metabolism, and affects inflammatory responses in BMDM. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological and clinical features of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2022 ZHANG Yu, LIU Yang, GU Xiaoqin, WANG Nannan, WAN Jiajia, ZHANG Yi, CHEN Lin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 621-625,632.   Abstract （126）      PDF（pc） （1017KB）（375）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province, so as to provide the evidence for analyzing the causes and formulating targeted control measures of newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases. Methods　Individual case investigation forms for advanced schistosomiasis cases were collected from the Sichuan Provincial Epidemic Annual Report System from 2011 to 2022, and patients’ demographics, previous medical history and liver parenchymal grading were retrieved. All advanced schistosomiasis cases’ medical records were reviewed, and the subtypes of schistosomiasis⁃endemic villages where the cases’ household registration were, floating population, survival and death and time of death were collected. Results　A total of 321 newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases were found in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2022, with a male to female ratio of 0.99 to 1. There were 274 cases at ages of over 50 years (85.4%), with the highest proportion seen at ages of 60 to 69 years (87 cases, 27.1%), and splenomegaly was the most common type (180 cases, 56.1%), with no dwarfism type detected. The highest number of cases was reported in 2011 (78 cases), followed by in 2022 (74 cases), and the highest number of cases were reported in Meishan City (199 cases, 62.0%), Dongpo District (131 cases, 40.8%), and hilly subtype areas (136 cases, 42.4%). As of the end of 2022, there were 111 deaths due to advanced schistosomiasis, with the highest number of deaths seen in 2018 (25 deaths), and the highest mortality was seen among patients with the ascites type (41.2%). There were 47 (37.3%), 40 (59.5%) and 4 (23.5%) cases with grade Ⅲ liver parenchyma among patients with splenomegaly, ascites, and colonic proliferation types, respectively, and there was a significant difference in the grading of Ⅲ liver parenchyma among three types of patients (H = 12.092, P < 0.05), with more severe liver parenchyma injuries seen among patients with the ascites type than among those with splenomegaly and colonic proliferation type (Z = 24.262 and 44.738, both Padjusted values < 0.05). Conclusions　There have been newly reported advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province during recent years, and patients with the ascites type should be given a high priority among advanced schistosomiasis cases in Sichuan Province. Intensified clue surveys are needed for early identification and treatment of advanced schistosomiasis cases, so as to increase the survival rate and improve the quality of life. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence and molecular detection of human Cryptosporidium infections: a review  LIU Yufeng, LIU Hua, LI Kerong, LIU Yuhua Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 105-110.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023159 Abstract （119）      PDF（pc） （1017KB）（163）       Knowledge map    Save Cryptosporidium is an important intestinal parasite that is mainly transmitted through the fecal⁃oral route. Human infection may occur following ingestion of water and food contaminated by Cryptosporidium oocysts, and children and immunocompromised individuals are at a high risk of infections. The main symptoms of Cryptosporidium infections include diarrhea, vomiting, malnutrition, and even death. Because of high sensitivity and rapid procedures, molecular tests are helpful for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis and may reduce the public health risk of cryptosporidiosis. This review summarizes the advances in the latest prevalence and molecular detection of human Cryptosporidium infections during recent years. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Promoting implementation research and One Health approach to respond the four global health challenges: an interpretation of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) Strategy 2024—2029 FANG Jing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 13-16,24.   DOI: 10.1625/j.32.1374.2023146 Abstract （116）      PDF（pc） （1096KB）（147）       Knowledge map    Save Tropical diseases, notably neglected tropical diseases and infectious diseases of poverty, remain major health problems endangering the poorest and most⁃marginalized people in the world. The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), which is co⁃sponsored by the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank, is an important programme that helps facilitate, support, guide and coordinate global efforts to combat tropical diseases. On July 2023, TDR formally issued its 2024—2029 Strategy, which proposed the direction and proprieties of global tropical disease prevention and control in the next six years. Based on its original focus on supporting researchers and research institutions from low⁃ and middle⁃income countries to conduct research on tropical diseases and building their research capabilities, this strategy proposed some new developments, which mainly included incorporating tropical disease prevention and control into the overall framework of addressing major global health challenges and achieving the health goals set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to combat tropical diseases and contribute to achieving health goals of SDGs in a collaborative and integrated manner; supporting implementation research and encouraging practitioners and social innovators to participate in research to enable generation of solutions that may be used to solve local health problems; promoting and encouraging the One Health concept and interdisciplinary and cross⁃departmental collaboration; shifting gradually its focus from disease prevention and control to addressing the health needs of the poorest and most⁃marginalized populations. These new developments deserve the attention of personnel and institutions in China dedicated to the prevention and control of tropical diseases in order to help their future researches and activities. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of researches on the antiparasitic activity of antimicrobial peptide LL⁃37 LOU Junchao, HE Xiaoqin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 98-104.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023157 Abstract （115）      PDF（pc） （1072KB）（148）       Knowledge map    Save Parasitic diseases caused by protozoan and helminth infections are still widespread across the world, notably in tropical and subtropical areas, which threaten the children and adult health. Long⁃term use of anti⁃parasitic drugs may result in reduced drug susceptibility and even drug resistance. Antimicrobial peptides have been demonstrated to inhibit parasite growth and development, which has potential antiparasitic values. LL⁃37, the only human antimicrobial peptide in the cathelicidin family, has been widely investigated. This paper reviews the progress of researches on the antiparasitic activity of LL⁃37, and discusses the prospects of LL⁃37 in the research of parasites. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Interpretation of the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030) ZHOU Xiaonong, ZHU Zelin, TU Hong, LIU Dexi, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 7-12.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023161 Abstract （114）      PDF（pc） （1011KB）（233）       Knowledge map    Save On June 16, 2023, National Disease Control and Prevention Administration of the People’s Republic of China, in collaboration with other ministries, formulated and issued the Action Plan for Accelerating Progress towards Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030). The implementation of this plan provides an important basis for achieving the targets set in the “Healthy China 2030” action plan and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This paper describes the background, principles, targets, control strategies, safeguard measures and effectiveness evaluation of the plan, in order to guide the scientific and standardized implementation of actions for schistosomiasis elimination at the grassroots level, and facilitate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis in China with a high quality. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022 HE Wei, YU Wenjie, HUANG Yan, LIAO Sha, ZHANG Guangjia, WANG Qi, LI Ruirui, YANG Liu, YAO Renxin, ZHANG Zhongshuang, ZHONG Bo, LIU Yang, WANG Qian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 614-620.   Abstract （109）      PDF（pc） （1968KB）（362）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of future control interventions. Methods　Data pertaining to comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source and echinococcosis surveillance in Sichuan Province from 2010 to 2022 were collected. The effectiveness of comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source was evaluated with prevalence of human echinococcosis, detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis patients, prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs, prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock, prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals and awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge, and Spearman’s rank correlation analysis. Results　The prevalence of human echinococcosis reduced from 1.08% in 2010 to 0.40% in 2022 in Sichuan Province ([χ2] = 1 482.97, P < 0.05), with a reduction from 0.30% to 0.02% in the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases ([χ2] = 2 776.41, P < 0.05), a reduction from 15.87% to 0.46% in the prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs ([χ2] = 20 823.96, P < 0.05), a reduction from 8.05% to 1.07% in the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock ([χ2] = 1 296.02, P < 0.05), and the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge increased from 50.65% to 95.24% ([χ2] = 34 938.63, P < 0.05); in addition, there was a year⁃specific prevalence rate of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals ([χ2] = 164.07，P < 0.05). Spearman’s rank correlation analysis revealed that the detection of newly diagnosed echinococcosis cases correlated positively with the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in domestic dogs (rs = 0.823, P < 0.05) and the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (rs = 0.795, P < 0.05), and correlated negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge (rs = − 0.918, P < 0.05), and the prevalence of Echinococcus infection in domestic dogs correlated positively with the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in livestock (rs = 0.753, P < 0.05) and negatively with the awareness of echinococcosis control knowledge (rs = −0.747, P < 0.05); however, there was no correlation between the prevalence of Echinococcus infections in domestic dogs and the prevalence of alveolar echinococcosis in small mammals (rs = −0.750, P > 0.05). Conclusions　The comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source had achieved remarkable effectiveness in Sichuan Province; however, the transmission chain of echinococcosis has not been interrupted. Reinforced comprehensive echinococcosis control measures with emphasis on management of infectious source and sustained tracking evaluation of the effectiveness are recommended in Sichuan Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Dynamic observation on capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induced by Echinococcus multilocularis infection ZHANG Renjie, XIE Jun, WEI Fanna, MO Xiaojin, SONG Peng, CAI Yuchun, LU Yan, SUN Jiahui, ZHOU Yan, LIN Lin, ZHANG Ting, CHEN Muxin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 34-43.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023243 Abstract （108）      PDF（pc） （3019KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and its association with hepatic fibrosis during the development of alveolar echinococcosis, so as to provide the basis for unraveling the mechanisms underlying the role of LSEC in the development and prognosis of hepatic injuries and hepatic fibrosis caused by alveolar echinococcosis. Methods　Forty C57BL/6 mice at ages of 6 to 8 weeks were randomly divided into a control group and 1⁃, 2⁃ and 4⁃week infection groups, of 10 mice in each group. Each mouse in the infection groups was intraperitoneally injected with 2 000 Echinococcus multilocularis protoscoleces, while each mouse in the control group was given an equal volume of phosphate⁃buffered saline using the same method. All mice were sacrificed 1, 2 and 4 weeks post⁃infection and mouse livers were collected. The pathological changes of livers were observed using hematoxylin⁃eosin (HE) staining, and hepatic fibrosis was evaluated through semi⁃quantitative analysis of Masson’s trichrome staining⁃positive areas. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition were examined using immunohistochemical staining of α⁃smooth muscle actin (α⁃SMA) and collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1), and the fenestrations on the surface of LSECs were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Primary LSECs were isolated from mouse livers, and the mRNA expression of LSEC marker genes Stabilin⁃1, Stabilin⁃2, Ehd3, CD209b, GATA4 and Maf was quantified using real⁃time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. Results　Destruction of local liver lobular structure was observed in mice 2 weeks post⁃infection with E. multilocularis protoscoleces, and hydatid cysts, which were surrounded by granulomatous tissues, were found in mouse livers 4 weeks post⁃infection. Semi⁃quantitative analysis of Masson’s trichrome staining showed a significant difference in the proportion of collagen fiber contents in mouse livers among the four groups (F = 26.060, P < 0.001), and a higher proportion of collagen fiber contents was detected in mouse livers in the 4⁃week infection group [(11.29 ± 2.58)%] than in the control group (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemical staining revealed activation of a few HSCs and ECM deposition in mouse livers 1 and 2 weeks post⁃infection, and abundant brown⁃yellow stained α⁃SMA and COL1A1 were deposited in the lesion areas in mouse livers 4 weeks post⁃infection, which spread to surrounding tissues. Semi⁃quantitative analysis revealed significant differences in α⁃SMA (F = 7.667, P < 0.05) and COL1A1 expression (F = 6.530, P < 0.05) in mouse levers among the four groups, with higher α⁃SMA [(7.13 ± 3.68)%] and COL1A1 expression [(13.18 ± 7.20)%] quantified in mouse livers in the 4⁃week infection group than in the control group (both P values < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant differences in the fenestration frequency (F = 37.730, P < 0.001) and porosity (F = 16.010, P < 0.001) on the surface of mouse LSECs among the four groups, and reduced fenestration frequency and porosity were observed in the 1⁃ [(1.22 ± 0.48) /μm2 and [(3.05 ± 0.91)%] and 2⁃week infection groups [(3.47 ± 0.10)/μm2 and (7.57 ± 0.23)%] groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the average fenestration diameter on the surface of mouse LSECs among the four groups (F = 15.330, P < 0.001), and larger average fenestration diameters were measured in the 1⁃ [(180.80 ± 16.42) nm] and 2⁃week infection groups [(161.70 ± 3.85) nm] than in the control group (both P values < 0.05). In addition, there were significant differences among the four groups in terms of Stabilin⁃1 (F = 153.100, P < 0.001), Stabilin⁃2 (F = 57.010, P < 0.001), Ehd3 (F = 31.700, P < 0.001), CD209b (F = 177.400, P < 0.001), GATA4 (F = 17.740, P < 0.001), and Maf mRNA expression (F = 72.710, P < 0.001), and reduced mRNA expression of Stabilin⁃1, Stabilin⁃2, Ehd3, CD209b, GATA4 and Maf genes was quantified in three infection groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.001). Conclusions　E. multilocularis infections may induce capillarization of LSECs in mice, and result in a reduction in the expression of functional and phenotypic marker genes of LSECs, and capillarization of LSECs occurs earlier than activation of HSC and development of hepatic fibrosis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence of taeniasis and sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃cysticercus antibody among residents in Tibetan agricultural areas of Sichuan Province CHEN Xingwang, HUANG Lin, YU Wenjie, HE Wei, LI Tiaoying, LIU Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (6): 633-637,645.   Abstract （102）      PDF（pc） （942KB）（305）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of taeniasis and cysticercosis among residents in Tibetan agricultural areas of Sichuan province, so as to provide insights for the prevention and control of taeniasis and cysticercosis. Methods　From 2016 to 2022, Kangding City, Daocheng County, Derong County, Ruoergai County and Muli Tibetan Autonomous County were sampled from Tibetan agricultural areas of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture and Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, and 1 to 6 townships were sampled from each county (district), followed by 4 to 7 villages sampled from each township. Primary school children were sampled using a cluster sampling method, and permanent residents at ages of over 16 years were randomly sampled from each village. Participants’ demographics, history of tapeworm excretion during the past year and clinical symptoms and signs of cysticercosis were collected through questionnaire surveys, and participants’ stool and venous blood samples were collected. Taenia eggs were detected in stool samples using the direct smear method, and deworming was performed among taeniasis patients with areca nut⁃squash seeds. The tapeworm species were identified using a multiplex PCR assay, and serum specific IgG antibody against cysticercus was detected using enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results　A total of 5 249 respondents participated in the questionnaire survey, including 603 respondents (11.5%) with a self⁃reported history of proglottids secretion during the past year. A total of 3 976 residents were subjected to stool examinations, and the detection of Taenia eggs was 6.5%. Of 258 participants undergoing deworming, there were 403 cases (94.2%) with excretions of Taenia worms or proglottids. The mean prevalence of taeniasis was 10.9% (439/4 043), and there were gender⁃, age⁃ and region⁃specific prevalence rates of taeniasis ([χ2] = 36.73, 126.31 and 163.41, all P values < 0.05). Multiplex PCR assays detected 41 cases with T. solium infections (12.5%), 197 cases with T. saginata infections (59.9%) and 91 cases with T. asiatica infections (27.6%) among 329 patients undergoing deworming, and there were region⁃specific prevalence rates of T. solium, T. saginata and T. asiatica infections ([χ2] = 45.39, P < 0.05). In addition, the sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃cysticercus IgG antibody was 7.0% (345/4 933), and there were age⁃ and region⁃specific sero⁃prevalence rates of anti⁃cysticercus IgG antibody ([χ2] = 13.49 and 51.76, both P values < 0.05). Conclusion　Multiple Taenia species are prevalent in Tibetan agricultural areas of Sichuan Province and the sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃cysticercus antibody is high among residents. Monitoring and control of taeniasis and cysticercosis should be strengthened. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）