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Surveillance of the population density of adult Aedes albopictus in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2023 LU Ruipeng, CHENG Mingji, LUO Ao, CHEN Yating, LUO Min, DUAN Jinhua, CHEN Zongjing, ZHONG Yuwen, HU Shengjun, DENG Hui Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 591-597.   Abstract （1122）      PDF（pc） （7274KB）（176）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the fluctuations in the population density of Aedes albopictus and changes in the population density of Ae. albopictus in different geographical areas and different breeding habitats in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2023, so as to provide insights into prevention and control of mosquito⁃borne infectious diseases in the province. Methods　Ae. albopictus surveillance sites were assigned in 1 609 townships (streets) from 121 districts (counties) of 21 cities in Guangdong Province during the period between March and November from 2018 to 2023. The surveillance of the population density of Ae. albopictus was performed once a month in each surveillance site, and once a month in specific settings in cities where dengue were highly prevalent in Guangdong Province from December to February of the next year during the period from 2018 through 2023. Four streets (villages) were selected in each surveillance site according to the geographic orientation, and mosquito ovitraps were assigned in gardens, rooftops or public green belts at residential areas, parks, hospitals and construction sites. All mosquito ovitraps were collected, and the mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) was calculated. The population density of Ae. albopictus was classified into four grades in each surveillance site according to MOI, including no risk, low risk, medium risk and high risk. The risk classification of the Ae. albopictus density was analyzed in each surveillance site each year from 2018 to 2023, and the population density of Ae. albopictus was analyzed at different months and in different geographical areas and breeding habitats.  Results　A total of 118 241 Ae. albopictus surveillance sites were assigned in 21 cities of Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2023, and there were 68.26% of the surveillance sites with the population density of Ae. albopictus that met the requirements for dengue prevention and control, among which low, medium and high risk surveillance sites accounted for 23.61%, 6.67% and 1.47%. The risk classification of the Ae. albopictus density increased rapidly in Guangdong Province since April to May each year from 2018 to 2023, and then gradually reduced since September to October, with the peak during the period between May and July. The mean MOI was 4.21 at each surveillance site in Guangdong Province during the period from 2018 to 2023, with 4.69, 4.80, 4.38, 3.82, 3.38, and 4.33 from 2018 to 2023, respectively. The MOI was 4.35, 4.43, 3.53 and 3.58 in the Pearl River Delta region, and eastern, western, and northern Guangdong Province, respectively, and was 4.18, 5.44, 4.75, 3.24, 4.27 and 3.70 in residential areas, parks, construction sites, hospitals, waste collection stations, and other breeding habitats, respectively. Conclusions　The population density of adult Ae. albopictus peaked in Guangdong Province during the period between May and July from 2018 to 2023, with a high density of Ae. albopictus in the Pearl River Delta region and eastern Guangdong Province. Targeted Ae. albopictus control measures are recommended to be implemented prior to the peak of the Ae. albopictus population density to reduce the development of mosquito⁃borne infectious diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surveillance for Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou City from 2021 to 2023 ZHOU Jinhua, HE Shiyu, LIU Tong, CHEN Zhifei, LI Xiaoning, JIANG Yimin, LIANG Xueying, CHEN Zongqiu, QIN Pengzhe Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 76-80.   Abstract （1060）      PDF（pc） （1306KB）（521）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the population density and seasonal fluctuations of Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, from 2021 to 2023, so as to provide insights into A. albopictus control and management of dengue fever. Methods　The surveillance of A. albopictus density was performed in all surveillance sites assigned across all streets (townships) in Guangzhou City during the period from January to December from 2021 to 2023. The surveillance frequency was twice every half month from May to September, and once every month for the rest of a year. In each surveillance period, A. albopictus mosquito larvae were captured from indoor and outdoor small water containers in residential areas, parks, medical facilities, schools, other government sectors and social organizations, construction sites, special industries  and others for mosquito species identification. Adult mosquitoes were captured usinglectric mosquito suction apparatus for species identification and gender classification. Adult mosquitoes and mosquito eggs were collected with mosquito and egg traps at the breeding and dwelling places of Aedes mosquitoes for identification. The mosquito oviposition index (MOI), Breteau index (BI), adult mosquito density index (ADI) and standard space index (SSI) were calculated. The A. albopictus density was classified into grades 0, 1, 2 and 3 in each surveillance site, with Grade 0 density defined eligible, and the eligible rate of A. albopictus density was calculated at all surveillance sites each year from 2021 to 2023. In addition, the changing trends in MOI, SSI, BI and ADI of A. albopictus were analyzed in Guangzhou City from 2021 to 2023. Results　The eligible rates of A. albopictus density were 61.69%, 68.75% and 55.15% in surveillance sites of Guangzhou City from 2021 to 2023 ([χ2] = 297.712, P < 0.001), and appeared a tendency towards a reduction followed by a rise each year, which gradually reduced since January, maintained at a low level during the period between May and October, and gradually increased from November to December. The MOI, SSI, BI and ADI of A. albopictus all appeared a tendency towards a rise followed by a reduction in Guangzhou City during the period between January and December from 2021 to 2023. The BI of A. albopictus peaked in the first half of June in 2021 (4.03), the first half of July in 2022 (3.89) and the last half of August in 2023 (5.02), and the SSI of A. albopictus peaked in the last half of June in 2021 (0.93), the last half of May in 2022 (0.59), and the last half of June (0.94) and the first half of September in 2023 (1.12). In addition, the MOI of A. albopictus peaked in the first half of May in 2021 (8.64), the first half of June in 2022 (8.96), and the last half of May (10.21) and the last half of June in 2023 (10.89), and the ADI of A. albopictus peaked in the first half of June in 2021 (3.41), the last half of June in 2022 (4.06), and the first half of July in 2023 (3.61).  Conclusions　The density of A. albopictus is high in Guangzhou City during the period from May to October, and the risk of local outbreak caused by imported dengue fever is high. Persistent intensified surveillance of the density and seasonal fluctuation of A. albopictus is recommended and timely mosquito prevention and control is required according to the fluctuation in the A. albopictus density. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis and forecast of the disease burden of schistosomiasis in China from 1992 to 2030 LIN Kai, ZHANG Chenhuan, XU Zhendong, LI Xuemei, HUANG Renzhan, LIU Yawen, YU Haihang, GU Lisi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 24-34.   Abstract （638）      PDF（pc） （2297KB）（721）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the trends in the disease burden of schistosomiasis in China from 1992 to 2021, and to project the disease burden of schistosomiasis in China from 2022 to 2030, so as to provide insights into the elimination of schistosomiasis in China.  Methods　The prevalence, age⁃standardized prevalence, disability⁃adjusted life year (DALYs) rate and age⁃standardized DALYs rate of schistosomiasis, as well as the years lost due to disability (YLDs) rate and age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections in China, the world and different socio⁃demographic index (SDI) regions were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) data resources, and the trends in the disease burden due to schistosomiasis were evaluated with estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). In addition, the age, period and cohort effects on the prevalence of schistosomiasis were examined in China using an age⁃period⁃cohort (APC) model, and the disease burden of schistosomiasis was predicted in China from 2022 to 2030 using a Bayesian age⁃period⁃cohort (BAPC) model.  Results　The age⁃standardized prevalence and DALYs rate of schistosomiasis, and the age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections were 761.32/105, 5.55/105 and 0.38/105 in China in 2021. These rates were all lower than the global levels (1 914.30/105, 21.90/105 and 3.36/105, respectively), as well as those in the medium SDI regions (1 413.61/105, 12.10/105 and 1.93/105, respectively), low⁃medium SDI regions (2 461.03/105, 26.81/105 and 4.48/105, respectively), and low SDI regions (5 832.77/105, 94.48/105 and 10.65/105, respectively), but higher than those in the high SDI regions (59.47/105, 0.49/105 and 0.05/105, respectively) and high⁃medium SDI regions (123.11/105, 1.20/105 and 0.12/105, respectively). The prevalence and DALYs rate of schistosomiasis were higher among men (820.79/105 and 5.86/105, respectively) than among women (697.96/105 and 5.23/105, respectively) in China in 2021, while the YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections was higher among women (0.66/105) than among men (0.12/105). The prevalence of schistosomiasis peaked at ages of 30 to 34 years among both men and women, while the DALYs rate of schistosomiasis peaked among men at ages of 15 to 19 years and among women at ages of 20 to 24 years. The age⁃standardized prevalence of schistosomiasis showed a moderate decline in China from 1992 to 2021 relative to different SDI regions [EAPC = -1.51%, 95% CI: (-1.65%, -1.38%)], while the age⁃standardized DALYs rate [EAPC = -3.61%, 95% CI: (-3.90%, -3.33%)] and age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections [EAPC = -4.16%, 95% CI: (-4.38%, -3.94%)] appeared the fastest decline in China from1992 to 2021 relative to different SDI regions. APC modeling showed age, period, and cohort effects on the trends in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in China from 1992 to 2021, and the prevalence of schistosomiasis appeared a rise followed by decline with age, and reduced with period and cohort. BAPC modeling revealed that the age⁃standardized prevalence and age⁃standardized DALYs rate of schistosomiasis, and age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections all appeared a tendency towards a decline in China from 2022 to 2030, which reduced to 722.72/105 [95% CI: (538.74/105, 906.68/105)], 5.19/105 [95% CI: (3.54/105, 6.84/105)] and 0.30/105 [95% CI: (0.21/105, 0.39/105)] in 2030, respectively. Conclusions　The disease burden of schistosomiasis appeared a tendency towards a decline in China from 1992 to 2021, and is projected to appear a tendency towards a decline from 2022 to 2030. There are age, period and cohort effects on the prevalence of schistosomiasis in China. Precision schistosomiasis control is required with adaptations to current prevalence and elimination needs.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Spatiotemporal distribution of Aedes albopictus and its influencing factors in China from 2000 to 2019 JIAO Zerui, QU Lei, WANG Duoquan, ZHANG Yi, LÜ Shan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (3): 268-275.   Abstract （615）      PDF（pc） （1564KB）（1004）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the spatial distribution of Aedes albopictus in China at different time periods from 2000 to 2019, so as to provide insights into precise management of Ae. albopictus in China. Methods  Data pertaining to the distribution of Ae. albopictus in China from 2000 to 2019 were collected through literature retrieval with terms of "Aedes albopictus", "monitoring", "survey", "density", "distribution", and "outbreak" in national and international databases. The title and time of the publication, sampling sites, sampling time, mosquito capture methods, and mosquito species and density were extracted, and the longitude and latitude of sampling sites were obtained through Baidu Map. Meteorological element data at meteorological observation stations within China were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center of the United States, and the annual maximum temperature, annual minimum temperature, average temperature in January, average temperature in July, annual temperature range, daily temperature range and relative humidity were calculated and subjected to Kriging interpolation. Monthly cumulative precipitation grid data and monthly average temperature grid data with a resolution of 1 km for China from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau Scientific Data Center, and the annual precipitation and annual average temperature were calculated cumulatively. Population density data in China from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the WorldPop Hub, and the gross domestic product (GDP) in China was obtained from the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The above data were divided into 5⁃year intervals to calculate data during the periods from 2000 to 2004, from 2005 to 2009, from 2010 to 2014, and from 2015 to 2019. Ae. albopictus distribution data were modeled in China from 2000 to 2019 and during each period with the classification random forest (RF) model, to predict the distribution of Ae. albopictus across the country and analyze the distribution of Ae. albopictus based on the seven major climate zones in China. The performance of RF models was evaluated by accuracy, precision, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the importance of each feature in the RF model was evaluated with mean decrease accuracy (MDA). Results  A total of 1 191 Chinese publictions and 391 English publications were retrieved, among which 580 articles provided detailed data on the sampling sites of Ae. albopictus and specific sampling years, meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 2 234 Ae. albopictus sampling sites were included in China from 2000 to 2019, and RF modeling results showed that the overall Ae. albopictus distribution area was mainly found in southeastern and southwestern provinces of China from 2000 to 2019, with scattered distribution in coastal areas of northeastern provinces, such as Liaoning Province. The accuracy, precision, recall and AUC of the RF model were 0.915 to 0.947, 0.933 to 0.975, 0.898 to 0.978, and 0.902 to 0.932 for the distribution of Ae. albopictus at different time periods from 2000 to 2019. Among all features in the RF models, population density was the most contributing factor to the distribution of Ae. albopictus in China, followed by GDP, and all meteorological variables contributed relatively less to the predictive power of the RF model. In China's seven major climate zones, Ae. albopictus was almost entirely distributed in the marginal tropical humid region, the north subtropical humid region, and the warm temperate semi⁃humid region. The combined distribution area of these three zones accounted for 100.0% of the national distribution area from 2000 to 2004, from 2005 to 2009, and from 2010 to 2014, and 99.9% from 2015 to 2019, and the proportion of Ae. albopictus distribution area in the warm temperate semi⁃humid region increased gradually from 20.2% to 30.2%. Conclusions Ae. albopictus is mainly distributed in the southeastern and southwestern provinces of China and is greatly influenced by population and economic factors. The warm temperate semi⁃humid region in China is gradually becoming a hot spot for the distribution of Ae. albopictus. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current status and challenges of zoonosis prevention and control: a One Health perspective LI Cihuai, CHEN Feng, LÜ Shan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 98-103.   Abstract （564）      PDF（pc） （1059KB）（1815）       Knowledge map    Save Zoonosis prevention and control is a complex public health concern, which requires the collaboration of multiple regions, disciplines, and departments to enhance the effectiveness. The One Health concept aims to achieve the joint health security of humans, animals and environments through cross⁃disciplinary, cross⁃sector and cross⁃field collaborations. This review summarizes the development of One Health and the successful practices in the prevention and control of echinococcosis, rabies, COVID⁃19 and schistosomiasis, as well as explores the challenges faced in applying this concept to the prevention and control of zoonoses, so as to provide insights into formulation of the integrated zoonoses control strategy and implementation of zoonoses control interventions at the human⁃animal⁃environment interface. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Establishment and application of an artificial intelligence⁃assisted platform for detection of parasite eggs ZHU Huiyin, LI Yuting, ZHU Daiqian, WANG Yaqian, ZHANG Jinhong, CHEN Shaoxuan, MA Xiaoyuan, WANG Huidi, LI Hongjun, LI Jian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 643-648.   Abstract （563）      PDF（pc） （5473KB）（225）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To establish an artificial intelligence (AI)⁃assisted platform for detection of parasite eggs, and to evaluate its detection efficiency and accuracy, so as to provide technical supports for elimination of parasitic diseases.  Methods　A total of 1 003 slides of Enterobius vermicularis, horkworm, Trichuris trichiura, Clonorchis sinensis, Taenia, Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma japonicum, Paragonimus westermani and Fasciolopsis buski eggs were collected, and converted into digital images with an automatated scanning microscope to create a dataset. Based on the Object Detection platform on the Baidu Easy DL model, an AI⁃assisted platform for detection of parasite eggs was created through procedures of uploading, labeling, training, evaluation and optimization. Then, 70% of the datasets were randomly selected for model training, and the precision, recall and average accuracy were calculated to evaluate the effectiveness of platform for recognition of parasite eggs. In addition, the platform was deployed on the computer and smart phone terminals for use. Results　An AI⁃assisted platform for detection of parasite eggs was successfully created. If the platform was deployed using the public cloud application programming interface (API), the average accuracy, precision and recall of the platform were 93.42%, 92.55% and 89.32% for recognition of parasite eggs. If the platform was deployed using the offline software development kit (SDK), the average accuracy, precision and recall of the platform were 92.97%, 94.78% and 87.63% for recognition of parasite eggs. In addition, the precision of the platform was 97.00% and 96.23% for identification of Taenia and C. sinensis eggs, respectively. Conclusions　The AI⁃assisted platform for detection of parasite eggs has been successfully created, which is high in the accuracy for recognition of parasite eggs and convenient in use. This platform may provide a powerful technical support for parasitic disease diagnosis.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of schistosomiasis control in the People's Republic of China in 2024 HE Junyi, ZHANG Lijuan, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, LI Yinlong, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (3): 223-231.   Abstract （526）      PDF（pc） （1146KB）（1569）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the progress of, summarize the lessons learned from and analyze the challenges in the national schistosomiasis elimination program of China in 2024, this article presented the endemic situation of schistosomiasis and national schistosomiasis surveillance results in the People's Republic of China in 2024. By the end of 2024, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate schistosomiasis elimination achievements, and 7 provinces of Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui and Jiangxi maintained the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission interruption. A total of 450 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2024, including 26 061 endemic villages covering 73 630 500 residents at risk of infections. Among the 450 counties (cities, districts) endemic for schistosomiasis, 388 (86.22%) achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination and 62 (13.78%) achieved the criteria of transmission interruption. In 2024, a total of 4 102 624 individuals received immunological tests for schistosomiasis in China, with 44 823 sero⁃positives identified (1.09% seroprevalence), and a total of 169 722 individuals received parasitological examinations, with 1 egg⁃positives detected. A total of 27 321 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China by the end of 2024. In 2024, a total of 575 686 bovines were raised in schistosomiasis⁃endemic villages of China, and 113 842 bovines received immunological tests, with 235 sero⁃positives detected (0.21% seroprevalence), while no egg⁃positives were identified among the 167 475 bovines receiving parasitological examinations. In 2024, snail survey was performed covering an area of 680 498.27 hm2 in China, and 190 778.66 hm2 snail habitats were identified, including 59.09 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 704.23 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2024, a total of 19 665 schistosomiasis patients receiving chemotherapy with praziquantel in China, and expanded chemotherapy was given to humans at 571 722 person⁃times and to bovines at 306 740 herd⁃times. In addition, snail control with chemical treatment covered 117 111.37 hm2 snail habitats across China in 2024, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 66 562.95 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 374.26 hm2. The national schistosomiasis surveillance results showed that the mean prevalence rates of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both 0 among humans and bovines in China in 2024, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. These data demonstrated that the prevalence of schistosomiasis remained at a low level in China in 2024; however, the areas of snail habitats remained high and the number of fenced cattle showed a slight increase. To address these risks, it is imperative to maintain the integrated strategy with an emphasis on management of the source of S. japonicum infection and intensified snail control in high⁃risk areas, and to reinforce schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast and snail control in high⁃risk areas.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of artificial intelligence in parasitic diseases and parasitology ZHOU Yibiao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 551-554.   Abstract （488）      PDF（pc） （4619KB）（362）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid development of artificial intelligence poses a huge impact on health and has become a core driving force for the new generation of the scientific and technological revolution in the field of healthcare. Recently, artificial intelligence has been gradually applied in the field of parasitic diseases and parasitology, including disease diagnosis, prognosis prediction, prediction of transmission risk, intelligent identification of vectors and intermediate hosts, and disease prevention and control, which facilitates the progress towards elimination of parasitic diseases. In addition, artificial intelligence provides highly efficient tools and approaches for healthcare workers and researchers. This comment mainly reviews the application of artificial intelligence in the fields of parasitic diseases and parasitology. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Malaria elimination strategy and joint prevention and control of malaria across China⁃Myanmar border areas: an overview WEI Chun, LIN Zurui, YANG Zhonghua, ZHOU Hongning, ZHOU Xingwu, YANG Rui Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 19-23,54.   Abstract （469）      PDF（pc） （1100KB）（484）       Knowledge map    Save Yunnan Province borders with Myanmar, Vietnam, and Laos, the China⁃Myanmar border area is the key area for prevention of re⁃establishment from imported malaria after the disease was eliminated in China. Since the malaria elimination action plan was launched in Yunnan Province in 2011, 129 counties (cities, districts) were classified into three categories according to malaria incidence and transmission risk, and different technical strategies and measures were implemented with adaptations to local circumstances. A total of 68 malaria consultation service stations were established on the Chinese side of the China⁃Myanmar border and 80 malaria prevention and control stations were established on the Myanmar side by Yunnan Province in 2014. Then, the ''Three Lines of Defense'' strategy was implemented for malaria elimination in the China⁃Myanmar border area in Yunnan Province during the period from 2015 to 2018, and this strategy was further refined and adjusted to the ''3 + 1'' strategy for prevention of re⁃establishment from imported malaria in 2019. Through decades of multifaceted efforts, the malaria elimination goal was achieved in Yunnan Province in June 2021. However, the number of imported malaria cases appeared a tendency towards a rise in Yunnan Province in 2023 and 2024, due to changes in the situation in Myanmar and the gradual resumption of international travel and border crossings following the adjustment of the COVID⁃19 prevention and control policy in China. The joint malaria prevention and control cooperation between China and Myanmar was initiated with the pilot project for joint malaria prevention and control in the China⁃Myanmar border area in 2005, and this project was progressed into the joint malaria and dengue fever prevention and control project in parts of the Greater Mekong Subregion border areas in 2010. The threat of overseas malaria epidemics to border areas in Yunnan Province was effectively reduced through implementation of coordination meetings with Myanmar health departments, establishment of efficient information exchange mechanisms, establishment of overseas surveillance sentinel sites, technical training, provision of material supports, joint propagation activities and joint responses to malaria epidemics. This project was incorporated into the Five⁃Year Plan of Action on Lancang⁃Mekong Cooperation (2018—2022) in China in 2018, with 5 liaison offices and 20 liaison workstations established in Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand, and 21 cross⁃border malaria surveillance sites assigned in border areas of Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam, and a long⁃term malaria prevention and control cooperation mechanisms was established through meetings, training, propagation, and joint investigations. Currently, Yunnan Province is poised to engage in more extensive and in⁃depth cooperation with neighboring countries, including malaria diagnosis and treatment techniques, drug and vaccine research and development, talent cultivation, information sharing, cross⁃border human health services, and health promotion, under the guidance of the Five⁃Year Plan of Action on Lancang⁃Mekong Cooperation (2023—2027). Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Evaluation of the performance of the artificial intelligence⁃enabled snail identification system for recognition of Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni and Tricula ZHOU Jihua, BAI Shaowen, SHI Liang, ZHANG Jianfeng, DU Chunhong, SONG Jing, ZHANG Zongya, YAN Jiaqi, WU Andong, DONG Yi, YANG Kun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 55-60,68.   Abstract （370）      PDF（pc） （2014KB）（327）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the performance of the artificial intelligence (AI)⁃enabled snail identification system for recognition of Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni and Tricula in schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of Yunnan Province. Methods　Fifty O. hupensis robertsoni and 50 Tricula samples were collected from Yongbei Township, Yongsheng County, Lijiang City, a schistosomiasis⁃endemic area in Yunnan Province in May 2024. A total of 100 snail sample images were captured with smartphones, including front⁃view images of 25 O. hupensis robertsoni and 25 Tricula samples (upward shell opening) and back⁃view images of 25 O. hupensis robertsoni and 25 Tricula samples (downward shell opening). Snail samples were identified as O. hupensis robertsoni or Tricula by schistosomiasis control experts with a deputy senior professional title and above according to image quality and morphological characteristics. A standard dataset for snail image classification was created, and served as a gold standard for recognition of snail samples. A total of 100 snail sample images were recognized with the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system based on a WeChat mini program in smartphones. Schistosomiasis control professionals were randomly sampled from stations of schistosomisis prevention and control and centers for disease control and prevention in 18 schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts, cities) of Yunnan Province, for artificial identification of 100 snail sample images. All professionals are assigned to two groups according the median years of snail survey experiences, and the effect of years of snail survey experiences on O. hupensis robertsoni sample image recognition was evaluated. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted, and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, Youden's index and the area under the curve (AUC) of the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification were calculated for recognition of snail sample images. The snail sample image recognition results of AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification were compared with the gold standard, and the internal consistency of artificial identification results was evaluated with the Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Results　A total of 54 schistosomiasis control professionals were sampled for artificial identification of snail sample image recognition, with a response rate of 100% (54/54), and the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Youden's index, and AUC of artificial identification were 90%, 86%, 94%, 0.80 and 0.90 for recognition of snail sample images, respectively. The overall Cronbach's coefficient alpha of artificial identification was 0.768 for recognition of snail sample images, and the Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.916 for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images and 0.925 for recognition of Tricula snail sample images. The overall accuracy of artificial identification was 90% for recognition of snail sample images, and there was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni (86%) and Tricula snail sample images (94%) ([χ2] = 1.778, P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images with upward (88%) and downward shell openings (92%) ([χ2] = 0.444, P > 0.05), and there was a significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images between schistosomiasis control professionals with snail survey experiences of 6 years and less (75%) and more than 6 years (90%) ([χ2] = 7.792, P < 0.05). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and AUC of the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system were 88%, 100%, 76% and 0.88 for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images, and there was no significant difference in the accuracy of recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images between the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification ([χ2] = 0.204, P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images with upward (90%) and downward shell openings (86%) ([χ2] = 0.379, P > 0.05), and there was a significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images between schistosomiasis control professionals with snail survey experiences of 6 years and less and more than 6 years ([χ2] = 5.604, P < 0.025). Conclusions　The accuracy of recognition of snail sample images is comparable between the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification by schistosomiasis control professionals, and the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system is feasible for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni and Tricula in Yunnan Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Global burden of visceral leishmaniasis from 1990 to 2021 and projections up to 2035 YANG Guobing, HE Aiwei, LI Yongjun, LÜ Shan, CHEN Muxin, TIAN Liguang, LIU Qin, DUAN Lei, LU Yan, YANG Jian, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong, WANG Jichun, ZHANG Shunxian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 35-43.   Abstract （338）      PDF（pc） （1659KB）（347）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the global burden of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) from 1990 to 2021 and predict the trends in the burden of VL from 2022 to 2035, so as to provide insights into global VL prevention and control. Methods　 The global age⁃standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality and disability⁃adjusted life years (DALYs) rates of VL and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) data resources. The trends in the global burden of VL were evaluated with average annual percent change (AAPC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from 1990 to 2021, and gender⁃, age⁃, country⁃, geographical area⁃ and socio⁃demographic index (SDI)⁃stratified burdens of VL were analyzed. The trends in the global burden of VL were projected with a Bayesian age⁃period⁃cohort (BAPC) model from 2022 to 2035, and the associations of age⁃standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs rates of VL with SDI levels were examined with a smoothing spline model. Results　The global age⁃standardized incidence [AAPC = -0.25%, 95% CI: (-0.25%, -0.24%)], prevalence [AAPC = -0.06%, 95% CI: (-0.06%, -0.06%)], mortality [AAPC = -0.25%, 95% CI: (-0.25%, -0.24%)] and DALYs rates of VL [AAPC = -2.38%, 95% CI: (-2.44%, -2.33%)] all appeared a tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021, and the highest age⁃standardized incidence [2.55/105, 95% UI: (1.49/105, 4.07/105)], prevalence [0.64/105, 95% UI: (0.37/105, 1.02/105)], mortality [0.51/105, 95% UI: (0, 1.80/105)] and DALYs rates of VL [33.81/105, 95% UI: (0.06/105, 124.09/105)] were seen in tropical Latin America in 2021. The global age⁃standardized incidence and prevalence of VL were both higher among men [0.57/105, 95% UI: (0.45/105, 0.72/105); 0.14/105, 95% UI: (0.11/105, 0.18/105)] than among women [0.27/105, 95% UI: (0.21/105, 0.33/105); 0.06/105, 95% UI: (0.05/105, 0.08/105)], and the highest mortality of VL was found among children under 5 years of age [0.24/105, 95% UI: (0.08/105, 0.66/105)]. The age⁃standardized incidence (r = -0.483, P < 0.001), prevalence (r = -0.483, P < 0.001), mortality (r = -0.511, P < 0.001) and DALYs rates of VL (r = -0.514, P < 0.001) correlated negatively with SDI levels from 1990 to 2021. In addition, the global burden of VL was projected with the BAPC model to appear a tendency towards a decline from 2022 to 2035, and the age⁃standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality and DALYs rates were projected to be reduced to 0.11/105, 0.03/105, 0.02/105 and 1.44/105 in 2035, respectively. Conclusions　Although the global burden of VL appeared an overall tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021, the burden of VL showed a tendency towards a rise in Central Asia and western sub⁃Saharan African areas. The age⁃standardized incidence and prevalence rates of VL were relatively higher among men, and the age⁃standardized mortality of VL was relatively higher among children under 5 years of age. The global burden of VL was projected to continue to decline from 2022 to 2035. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological and spatial distribution characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis human infections in Guangdong Province from 2016 to 2022 ZHANG Guanting, ZHANG Qiming, FANG Yueyi, PEI Fuquan, MAO Qiang, LIU Jiahui, DENG Zhuohui, WU De, LU Wencheng, LIU Jun, LIAO Yuhuang, ZHANG Jiayi, CHEN Jingdiao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 584-590.   Abstract （338）      PDF（pc） （6803KB）（233）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution characteristics of Clonorchis sinensis human infections in Guangdong Province from 2016 to 2022, so as to provide insights into formulation of the clonorchiasis control measures in the province.  Methods  Xinhui District of Jiangmen City, Longmen County of Huizhou City and Wengyuan County of Shaoguan City in Guangdong Province were selected as fixed surveillance sites for human clonorchiasis from 2016 to 2022, and additional 10% to 15% counties (districts) endemic for clonorchiasis were sampled from Guangdong Province as mobile surveillance sites each year from 2016 to 2022. A village (community) was randomly selected from each surveillance site according to the geographical orientations of east, west, south, north and middle, and subjects were randomly sampled from each village (community). C. sinensis eggs were detected in subjects' stool samples using the Kato⁃Katz technique, and the prevalence and intensity of C. sinensis infections were calculated. In addition, subjects' gender, age, ethnicity, educational level and occupation were collected. The Guangdong Provincial 1∶1 million electronic map in vector format was downloaded from the National Geomatics Center of China, and kernel density analysis and spatial autocorrelation analysis of C. sinensis human infections in Guangdong Province from 2016 to 2022 were performed using the software ArcGIS 10.7.  Results　A total of 153 188 residents were tested for C. sinensis infections in Guangdong Province from 2016 to 2022, including 75 596 men (49.35%) and 77 592 women (50.65%), and there were 5 369 residents infected with C. sinensis, with 3.50% overall prevalence of infections. The prevalence rates of severe, moderate and mild C. sinensis infections were 0.76%, 7.26% and 91.97% among C. sinensis⁃infected residents in Guangdong Province from 2016 to 2022, and there were age⁃, gender⁃, ethnicity⁃, occupation⁃ and educational level⁃specific prevalence of C. sinensis human infections ([χ2] = 2 578.31, 637.33, 52.22, 2 893.28 and 1 139.33, all P values < 0.05). Global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a cluster in the prevalence of C. sinensis human infections in Guangdong Province (Moran's I = 0.63, Z = 27.31，P < 0.05). Kernel density analysis showed that the prevalence of C. sinensis human infections with a high kernel density in Guangdong Province was mainly distributed along the Zhujiang River basin in Pearl River Delta areas, followed by in eastern and northern Guangdong Province. In addition, local spatial autocorrelation analysis identified 73 high⁃high clusters of the prevalence of C. sinensis human infections in Guangdong Province. Conclusions　The prevalence of C. sinensis human infections was high in Guangdong Province from 2016 to 2022, and mild infection was predominant among all clonorchiasis cases, with spatial clusters identified in the prevalence of C. sinensis human infections. Targeted clonorchiasis control measures are required among high⁃risk populations and areas.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of researches on mosquito salivary allergens JIANG Shangde, ZANG Xiao, WANG Wei, HONG Shanchao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 658-663.   Abstract （320）      PDF（pc） （6660KB）（213）       Knowledge map    Save There are multiple bioactive substances in the mosquito saliva, most of which are allergic to humans. Previous studies have demonstrated that mosquito bites may induce allergic reactions mediated by B and T lymphocytes, resulting in a reduction in the quality of life and even death among patients. To date, 11 salivary allergens and 8 non⁃salivary allergens have been characterized in mosquitoes. Nevertheless, there is still lack of highly sensitive, highly specific and safe tools for diagnosis of mosquito bites⁃induced allergy, and the difficulty in obtaining natural mosquito salivary allergens results in failure in widespread applications of immunotherapy for mosquito bites⁃induced allergy. This review provides an overview of the allergic symptoms of mosquito bites and underlying mechanisms, and mosquito salivary allergens that have been characterized and registered in the systematic allergen nomenclature website. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Physiological characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis with double mutations of cwlE and sigK and its activity against larvae of Culex pipiens pallens HUANG Lixin, HAN Guangjie, LI Chuanming, LIN Manman, ZHANG Nan, XU Jian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 606-613.   Abstract （314）      PDF（pc） （10631KB）（123）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the physiological characteristics of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (Bti) with double mutations of cwlE and sigK genes and to assess the activity of Bti against larvae of Culex pipiens pallens under different external factors, so as to provide the theoretical evidence for the use of engineered bacteria of Bti for effective mosquito control.  Methods　B. thuringiensis wild⁃type strain Bt⁃59 and Bt⁃59 strain with cwlE mutation [Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE)] were cultured in nutrient broth media for 24 hours, and Bt⁃59 strains with sigK mutation [Bt⁃59 (ΔsigK)] and double mutations of cwlE and sigK [Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE⁃sigK)] were cultured in nutrient broth media for 48 hours. Then, 5 μL of culture media were transferred to glass sides, and cell morphology and mother cell lysis were observed under an optical microscope. The optical densities of Bti strain culture media were measured at different time points of culture, and the growth curves of Bt⁃59, Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE), Bt⁃59 (ΔsigK), and Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE⁃sigK) strains were plotted. The differences in carbon source metabolism of four Bti strains were analyzed using the Biolog microplate culture method, and the metabolic activity of these strains was estimated with average well color development (AWCD). The fermentation media of these four Bti strains were diluted into final concentrations of 2.000, 1.000, 0.500, 0.250, and 0.125 μL/L, and the median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) of these four strains against the third instar larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens were determined. In addition, the fermentation media of Bti strains were processed as follows: pH adjusted to 5, 7 and 9; treated at 30, 40 ℃ and 50 ℃ for 12 hours; and exposed to irradiation with ultraviolet lights for 0 hour and 6 hours. Then, 20 third instar larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens were exposed to the above processed fermentation media at a final concentration of 1 μL/L in 200 mL of water at 26 ℃ for 24 hours, and the mosquito mortality was estimated to evaluate the effects of pH, temperature and ultraviolet irradiation on the larvicidal activity of four Bti strains.  Results　The growth curves of the Bt⁃59 strain and its mutants shared a similar changing trend, and both experienced a stable phase 6 hours post⁃culture. Both spores and crystal proteins were found in Bt⁃59 and Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE) cells, and only crystal proteins were found in Bt⁃59 (ΔsigK) and Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE⁃sigK) cells. No lysis was found in the cell wall of the Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE⁃sigK) strain, and the crystal protein was embedded in the mother cell. Biolog microplate culture assay showed that the AWCD values of four Bti strains showed a similar changing trend over time, and 33 carbon sources were found to be metabolized by all of the four strains, including dextrin, D⁃maltose and D⁃trehalose. The LC50 values of the fermentation media of Bt⁃59, Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE), Bt⁃59 (ΔsigK), and Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE⁃sigK) strains were 0.60, 0.51, 0.70 μL/L and 0.72 μL/L against Cx. pipiens pallens, respectively. The adjusted mortality of larval Cx. pipiens pallens reduced by 76.60%, 76.00%, 66.67%, and 0 following exposure to the fermentation media of Bt⁃59, Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE), Bt⁃59 (ΔsigK), and Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE⁃sigK) strains at a pH of 5 relative to at a pH of 7, and the adjusted mortality reduced by 49.02%, 51.06%, 36.36%, and 4.44% following 6⁃hour exposure to ultraviolet irradiation relative to 0⁃hour exposure, while the adjusted mortality was 68.33% to 83.33% following treatment with the fermentation media of four Bti strains at different temperatures.  Conclusions　Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE⁃sigK) strains  do not generate spores, and the absence of cwlE and sigK does not affect the growth, carbon source metabolism, and larvicidal activity of Bti strains against larval Cx. pipiens pallens. Cell wall embedding of Bt⁃59 (ΔcwlE⁃sigK) strains may protect larvicidal crystal proteins of Bti strains from external environmental factors, including ultraviolet irradiation, and pH alteration. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surveillance of parasitic infections in market⁃sold aquatic products and knowledge and practice towards food⁃borne parasitic diseases among residents in Shanghai Municipality from 2020 to 2023 DAI Simin, YU Qing, WANG Zhenyu, ZHANG Yaoguang, YANG Jiawei, WEI Zixin, MA Xiaojiang, ZHU Qian, CHEN Jian, PAN Hao, WU Huanyu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 631-636.   Abstract （312）      PDF（pc） （5114KB）（177）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of parasitic infections in market⁃sold aquatic products in Shanghai Municipality, and to understand the knowledge and practice towards food⁃borne parasitic diseases among residents, so as to provide insights into the surveillance and control of food⁃borne parasitic diseases. Methods　Freshwater products, seawater products and pickled products were randomly obtained from agricultural trade markets, supermarkets, retail stores and restaurants in Huangpu, Putuo, Minhang and Qingpu districts of Shanghai Municipality from 2020 to 2023. Parasite metacercariae and larvae were detected in these aquatic products using pressing method, digestion method and the dissection method, and the detection of parasitic infection was compared in different types of aquatic products. In addition, the knowledge and practice towards food⁃borne parasitic diseases were investigated among residents aged 10⁃80 years old who randomly selected from agricultural trade markets, supermarkets, community streets and other population concentration areas in these four districts by questionnaire in 2023, and the awareness of food⁃borne parasitic diseases knowledge and percentage of healthy behaviors formation were analyzed. Results　A total of 2 109 aquatic products sampled from Huangpu, Putuo, Minhang and Qingpu districts of Shanghai Municipality from 2020 to 2023 were detected, and there were 317 products detected with parasitic infections, with an overall detection rate of 15.03%. There were 8 products detected with parasitic infections in 1 221 freshwater products, with a detection rate of 0.66%, and Clonorchis sinensis was the predominant parasite, which was detected in Pseudorasbora parva, Rhodeus amarus and Carassius auratus. There were 82 products detected with parasitic infections in 501 seawater products, with a detection rate of 16.37%, and Anisakis was the predominant parasite, which was detected in Trichiurus lepturus, Larimichthys polyactis, Pneumatophorus japonicus, Collchthys lucidus, Mugil cephalus, Larimichthys crocea, Scomberomorus niphonius, Stromateoides argenteus and Cololabis saira. There were 227 products detected with parasitic infections in 387 pickled products, with a detection rate of 58.66%, and the prevalence rates of Echinostoma metacercariae were 76.27% (225/295) in Bullacta exarata and 11.11% (2/18) in crab pastes, respectively ([χ2] = 159.511, P < 0.05). No Paragonimus infection was found in freshwater shrimps, crabs and pickled products, and no Diphyllobothrium latum larvae infection was detected in freshwater and seawater fish. Questionnaire surveys showed that the awareness of food⁃borne parasitic diseases knowledge was 79.00% (222/281), and the percentages of washing hands before and after meals, not drinking filtered water or tap water directly, not eating raw or semi⁃raw food, being willing to change special dietary preferences or bad living habits for health, and being willing to learn more about food⁃borne parasitic diseases knowledge were 99.64% (280/281), 72.24% (203/281), 56.23% (158/281), 96.80% (272/281) and 97.51%(274/281) among residents living in Huangpu, Putuo, Minhang and Qingpu districts, respectively. Conclusions　There are food⁃borne parasite contaminations in market⁃sold aquatic products in Shanghai Municipality. Although residents are aware of food⁃borne parasitic diseases knowledge, sustainable surveillance of food⁃borne parasitic diseases and improved health education are required to minimize the risk of human parasitic infections. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research progress on techniques for detection of tick⁃borne encephalitis virus infections LIU Zhuofan, XIE Hao, SUN Xiaoliang, XIA Tao, GUO Junhui Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 209-216.   Abstract （299）      PDF（pc） （1150KB）（665）       Knowledge map    Save Tick⁃borne encephalitis is a central nervous system disease caused by infections with tick⁃borne pathogens, which is characterized by severe clinical symptoms, multiple sequelae, and a high fatality rate. Currently, there is no cure for tick⁃borne encephalitis. Tick⁃borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most common pathogen of tick⁃borne encephalitis. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection of TBEV contributes to reducing the mortality of tick⁃borne encephalitis, improving patients' prognosis, and reducing the risk of TBEV transmission. The currently available serological tests for detection of TBEV infections mainly include neutralization test, enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay, and nucleic acid tests mainly include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop⁃mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR⁃associated proteins (Cas)⁃based assays. This review summarizes the progress of researches on serological and nucleic acid tests for detection of TBEV infections, so as to provide insights into prevention and control of tick⁃borne encephalitis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Bulinus globosus QIAN Peijun, Masceline Jenipher Mutsaka⁃Makuvaza, LÜ Chao, QIAN Yingjun, WANG Wenya, CHEN Shenglin, XU Andong, XUE Jingbo, XU Jing, ZHOU Xiaonong, Nicholas Midzi, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 116-126, 135.   Abstract （285）      PDF（pc） （3009KB）（830）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the structural and phylogenetic characteristics of the mitochondrial genome from Bulinus globosus, so as to provide a theoretical basis for classification and identification of species within the Bulinus genus, and to provide insights into understanding of Bulinus⁃schistosomes interactions and the mechanisms of parasite transmission.  Methods　       B. globosus samples were collected from the Ruya River basin in Zimbabwe. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from B. globosus samples and the corresponding libraries were constructed for high⁃throughput sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. After raw sequencing data were subjected to quality control using the fastp software, genome assembly was performed using the A5⁃miseq and SPAdes tools, and genome annotation was conducted using the MITOS online server. Circular maps and sequence plots of the mitochondrial genome were generated using the CGView and OGDRAW software, and the protein conservation motifs and structures were analyzed using the TBtools software. Base composition and codon usage bias were analyzed and visualized using the software MEGA X and the ggplot2 package in the R software. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was created in the software MEGA X after sequence alignment with the software MAFFT 7, and visualized using the software iTOL.  Results　         The mitochondrial genome of B. globosus was a 13 730 bp double⁃stranded circular molecule, containing 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 13 protein⁃coding genes, with a marked AT preference. The mitochondrial genome composition of B. globosus was similar to that of other species within the Bulinus genus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of B. globosus was clustered with B. truncatus, B. nasutus, and B. ugandae into the same evolutionary clade, and gene superfamily analysis showed that the metabolism⁃related proteins of B. globosus were highly conserved, notably the cytochrome c oxidase family, which showed a significant consistency.  Conclusions　This is the first whole mitochondrial genome sequencing to decode the compositional features of the mitochondrial genome of B. globosus from Zimbabwe and its evolutionary relationship within the Bulinus genus, which provides important insights for further understanding of the phylogeny and mitochondrial genome characteristics of the Bulinus genus. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China's participation in schistosomiasis control in Africa: value and practice of the trinity model HE Jian, WANG Xinyao, HUANG Yuzheng, Saleh JUMA, Mayassa ALLY, ZHOU Xiaonong, YANG Kun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 1-7,13.   Abstract （283）      PDF（pc） （1407KB）（498）       Knowledge map    Save As a neglected tropical disease, schistosomiasis remains a major public health challenge in underdeveloped areas, notably Africa. Currently, the national schistosomiasis control programmes in Africa mainly depend on foreign aids; however, conventional international aid models have multiple limitations. To enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of global schistosomiasis control programmes, this article proposes a trinity collaboration model based on international rules, China's experiences and local needs, which is explained with China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar as an example. Based on the successful experiences from the national schistosomiasis control programme in China, this model emphasizes the compliance with World Health Organization guidelines and fully considers local actual needs to promote the effectiveness and sustainability of the schistosomiasis control programme through integrating international resources and promoting China's experience to meet local needs. The successful practice of the China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar provides strong evidence that the model is of great theoretical significance and practical value to improve the efficiency of multilateral collaboration and promote global health governance. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Strategic thinking on management of cross⁃boundary imported schistosomiasis XU Jing, LI Shizhen, LI Qin, GUO Suying, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 107-111.   Abstract （281）      PDF（pc） （1187KB）（1130）       Knowledge map    Save Schistosomiasis is prevalent in 78 countries and territories worldwide, while the eastern and western parts of sub⁃Sahara Africa bear the highest disease burden due to schistosomiasis. Recently, climate change, international trade and travel, urbanization and war have increased the risk of cross⁃boundary importation and transmission of schistosomiasis, and schistosomiasis has increasingly become a public health concern in non⁃endemic countries and territories. Biomphalaria straminea, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, has colonized in southern China and its habitats continue to move northward. In addition, cross⁃boundary imported cases of schistosomiasis have been reported occasionally in China. However, the real number of cases may be underestimated greatly due to insufficient diagnostic capacity and weak awareness of case reporting for overseas imported schistosomiasis in healthcare facilities. It is necessary to establish a multi⁃party collaborative mechanism, improve corresponding systems and technical specifications, reinforce surveillance and early warning, and border management, enhance technical reserves and capability building, and improve the awareness of schistosomiasis prevention and healthcare⁃seeking among entry⁃exit personnel, in order to effectively address the threat of cross⁃boundary imported schistosomiasis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cross⁃border joint prevention and control of tropical diseases in countries along the "Belt and Road" Initiative: a framework and roadmap QIAN Yingjun, DING Wei, LI Hongmei, WANG Duoquan, LÜ Shan, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 8-13.   Abstract （276）      PDF（pc） （1292KB）（794）       Knowledge map    Save Recently, there has been an increasing risk of importation of tropical diseases into China and the resultant retransmission in the country with the in⁃depth implementation of the "Belt and Road" Initiative, which poses a serious threat to the national public health security. To effectively respond to the cross⁃border transmission risk of tropical diseases and facilitate the process towards tropical disease control and elimination in China and the countries along the "Belt and Road" Initiative, this article analyzes the current status and governance risks of major imported tropical diseases, cross⁃border joint prevention and control polices implemented for tropical diseases and challenges in the establishment of the joint prevention and control system for tropical diseases in China, and discusses the establishment and implementation path of the joint prevention and control system for tropical diseases in countries along the "Belt and Road" Initiative. This path covers the establishment of cross⁃border cooperation mechanisms, research and development and pilot production of Chinese public health products, and implementation of key cross⁃border tropical disease prevention and control projects. The establishment of this system will further improve Chinese prevention and control capabilities for key cross⁃border tropical diseases, build a demonstrative prevention and control model for tropical diseases, and promote international technical exchanges and cooperation of tropical diseases.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prediction of potential geographic distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in Yunnan Province using random forest and maximum entropy models ZHANG Zongya, DU Chunhong, ZHANG Yun, WANG Hongqiong, SONG Jing, ZHOU Jihua, WANG Lifang, SUN Jiayu, SHEN Meifen, CHEN Chunqiong, JIANG Hua, YAN Jiaqi, FENG Xiguang, WANG Wenya, QIAN Peijun, XUE Jingbo, LI Shizhu, DONG Yi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 562-571,613.   Abstract （275）      PDF（pc） （11078KB）（174）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To predict the potential geographic distribution of Oncomelania hupensis  in Yunnan Province using random forest (RF) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models, so as to provide insights into O. hupensis surveillance and control in Yunnan Province.  Methods　The O. hupensis snail survey data in Yunnan Province from 2015 to 2016 were collected and converted into O. hupensis snail distribution site data. Data of 22 environmental variables in Yunnan Province were collected, including twelve climate variables (annual potential evapotranspiration, annual mean ground surface temperature, annual precipitation, annual mean air pressure, annual mean relative humidity, annual sunshine duration, annual mean air temperature, annual mean wind speed, ≥ 0 ℃ annual accumulated temperature, ≥ 10 ℃ annual accumulated temperature, aridity and index of moisture), eight geographical variables (normalized difference vegetation index, landform type, land use type, altitude, soil type, soil texture⁃clay content, soil texture⁃sand content and soil texture⁃silt content) and two population and economic variables (gross domestic product and population).  Variables were screened with Pearson correlation test and variance inflation factor (VIF) test. The RF and MaxEnt models and the ensemble model were created using the biomod2 package of the software R 4.2.1, and the potential distribution of O. hupensis snails after 2016 was predicted in Yunnan Province. The predictive effects of models were evaluated through cross⁃validation and independent tests, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), true skill statistics (TSS) and Kappa statistics were used for model evaluation. In addition, the importance of environmental variables was analyzed, the contribution of environmental variables output by the models with AUC values of > 0.95 and TSS values of > 0.85 were selected for normalization processing, and the importance percentage of environmental variables was obtained to analyze the importance of environmental variables. Results　Data of 148 O. hupensis snail distribution sites and 15 environmental variables were included in training sets of RF and MaxEnt models, and both RF and MaxEnt models had high predictive performance, with both mean AUC values of > 0.9 and all mean TSS values and Kappa values of > 0.8, and significant differences in the AUC (t = 19.862, P < 0.05), TSS (t = 10.140, P < 0.05) and Kappa values (t = 10.237, P < 0.05) between two models. The AUC, TSS and Kappa values of the ensemble model were 0.996, 0.954 and 0.920, respectively. Independent data verification showed that the AUC, TSS and Kappa values of the RF model and the ensemble model were all 1, which still showed high performance in unknown data modeling, and the MaxEnt model showed poor performance, with TSS and Kappa values of 0 for 24% (24/100) of the modeling results. The modeling results of 79 RF models, 38 MaxEnt models and their ensemble models with AUC values of > 0.95 and TSS values of > 0.85 were included in the evaluation of importance of environmental variables. The importance of annual sunshine duration (SSD) was 32.989%, 37.847% and 46.315% in the RF model, the MaxEnt model and their ensemble model, while the importance of annual mean relative humidity (RHU) was 30.947%, 15.921% and 28.121%, respectively. Important environment variables were concentrated in modeling results of the RF model, dispersed in modeling results of the MaxEnt model, and most concentrated in modeling results of the ensemble model. The potential distribution of O. hupensis snails after 2016 was predicted to be relatively concentrated in Yunnan Province by the RF model and relatively large by the MaxEnt model, and the distribution of O. hupensis snails predicted by the ensemble model was mostly the joint distribution of O. hupensis snails predicted by RF and MaxEnt models.  Conclusions 　Both RF and MaxEnt models are effective to predict the potential distribution of O. hupensis snails in Yunnan Province, which facilitates targeted O. hupensis snail control.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effects of intravenous and intraperitoneal routes on Babesia microti infections and splenic immune cells in BALB/c mice YANG Hanyin, CAI Yuchun, YAN Shuning, XIN Yi, MO Ziran, XU Bin, ZHENG Bin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 61-68.   Abstract （270）      PDF（pc） （1588KB）（359）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the changes in the prevalence of Babesia microti infections, spleen morphology and proportions of splenic immune cells in BALB/c mice following intravenous and intraperitoneal injections, so as to provide insights into unraveling the immune regulatory mechanisms of Babesia infections.  Methods　Laboratory⁃maintained B. microti strains were prepared into whole blood samples with 10% prevalence of B. microti infection. A total of 75 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups, including the normal control group, intravenous injection group, and intraperitoneal injection group, of 25 mice in each group. Mice in the intravenous and intraperitoneal injection groups were administered 100 μL of whole blood samples with 10% prevalence of B. microti infection, with the day of injection recorded as d0, and animals in the normal control group were given no treatments. Blood was sampled from mice in each group via the tail tip on d7, d14, d21, d28 and d35, and prepared into thin⁃film blood smears, and B. microti infection was observed in red blood cells. Five mice were randomly sampled from each group and sacrificed on d7, d14, d21, d28 and d35, and spleen was collected for measurement of spleen size and weight. In addition, splenic cells were isolated, and the proportions of CD3e+ T cells, CD45R+ B cells, CD49b+ nature killer (NK) cells, and F4/80+ macrophages were detected in CD45+ lymphocytes using flow cytometry.  Results　 The prevalence of B. microti infection in the intravenous (22.80%) and intraperitoneal injection groups (44.82%) peaked on d7 ([χ2] = 8.141, P < 0.01) and then rapidly decreased, and no parasites were observed on d35. The longest mouse spleen length [(32.91 ± 2.20) mm] and width [(9.82 ± 0.43) mm], and the greatest weight [(0.78 ± 0.10) g] were found on d14 in the intravenous injection group, and the longest spleen length [(32.42 ± 3.21) mm] and width [(10.25 ± 0.73) mm], and the greatest weight [(0.73 ± 0.09) g] were seen in the intraperitoneal injection group on d21, d7 and d14, respectively. There were significant differences among the intravenous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and the normal control group in terms of spleen length (F = 10.310, P < 0.05), width (F = 9.824, P < 0.05), and weight (F = 10.672, P < 0.05) on d21, and the mouse spleen length, width and weight were all significantly greater in the intraperitoneal injection group than in the intravenous injection group (all P values < 0.05). The proportions of splenic CD3e+ T cells [(60.60 ± 6.20)% and (39.68 ± 7.62)%], CD45R+ B cells [(43.32 ± 2.08)% and (49.53 ± 4.90)%], CD49b+ NK cells [(6.88 ± 1.34)% and (7.71 ± 1.59)%], and F4/80+ macrophages [(2.21 ± 0.29)% and (3.80 ± 0.35)%] peaked on d14, d21, d21 and d14 in the intravenous and intraperitoneal injection groups, respectively. There were significant differences in the proportions of CD3e+ T cells (F = 16.730, P  < 0.05) and F4/80+ macrophages (F = 15.941, P  < 0.05) among the intravenous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and normal control group on d14, and a higher proportion of CD3e+ T cells and a lower proportion of F4/80+ macrophages were detected in the intravenous injection group than in the intraperitoneal injection group (both P values < 0.01). There were significant differences among the intravenous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and normal control group on d21 in terms of proportions of splenic CD3e+ T cells (F = 9.252, P < 0.05), CD45R+ B cells (F = 14.349, P  < 0.05), CD49b+ NK cells (F = 13.436, P  < 0.05), and F4/80+ macrophages (F = 8.180, P  < 0.05), and a higher proportion of CD3e+ T cells and lower proportions of CD45R+ B cells and F4/80+ macrophages were detected in the intravenous injection group than in the intraperitoneal injection group (all P values < 0.01). In addition, there was a significant difference in the proportion of CD3e+ T cells among the intravenous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and normal control group on d28 (F = 9.772, P < 0.05), and a lower proportion of CD3e+ T cells was found in the intravenous injection group than in the intraperitoneal injection group (P < 0.01). Conclusions　Both intraperitoneal and intravenous routes are effective to induce B. microti infections in BALB/c mice, and the prevalence of B. microti infections is higher in BALB/c mice through the intraperitoneal route than through the intravenous route. Intraperitoneal and intravenous injections with B. microti cause diverse spleen morphologies and proportions of splenic immune cells in mice, indicating routes of B. microti infections cause different impacts on immune response mechanisms in mice.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Construction of a visual intelligent identification model for Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni in Yunnan Province based on the EfficientNet⁃B4 model BAI Shaowen, ZHOU Jihua, DONG Yi, ZHANG Jianfeng, SHI Liang, YANG Kun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 555-561.   Abstract （266）      PDF（pc） （7830KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To construct a visual intelligent recognition model for Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni in Yunnan Province based on the EfficientNet⁃B4 model, and to evaluate the impact of data augmentation methods and model hyperparameters on the recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni. Methods　A total of 400 O. hupensis robertsoni and 400 Tricula snails were collected from Yongsheng County, Yunnan Province in June 2024, and snail images were captured following identification and classification of 300 O. hupensis robertsoni and 300 Tricula snails. A total of 925 O. hupensis robertsoni images and 1 062 Tricula snail images were collected as a dataset and divided into a training set and validation set in a ratio of 8∶2, while 352 images captured from the other 100 O. hupensis robertsoni and 354 images from 100 Tricula snails served as an external test set. All acquired images were subjected to preprocessing, including cropping and resizing. Three data augmentation approaches were employed, including baseline, Mixup and Gaussian blurring, and model hyperparameters included two optimization algorithms of adaptive moment estimation (Adam) and stochastic gradient descent (SGD), two loss functions of focal loss and cross entropy loss, and two learning rate decay strategies of cosine annealing and multi⁃step. The intelligent recognition models of O. hupensis robertsoni and Tricula snails were constructed based on the EfficientNet⁃B4 model, and 7 training strategy groups were generated by combinations of different data augmentation approaches and hyperparameters. The performance of intelligent recognition models was tested with external test sets, and evaluated with accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, loss, Youden's index, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) under different training strategies. Results　The variation of loss values was comparable among intelligent recognition models with different data augmentation approaches. The Group 4 model constructed with Mixup and Gaussian blurring data augmentation approaches showed the optimal performance, with an accuracy of 90.38%, precision of 90.07%, F1 score of 89.44%, Youden's index of 0.81 and AUC values of 0.961 in the external test set. The accuracy of models using the SGD optimizer reduced by 29.16% as compared to those using the Adam optimizer ([χ2] = 81.325, P < 0.001), and the accuracy of models using the cross entropy loss function reduced by 0.80% as compared to the Group 4 model ([χ2] = 3.147, P > 0.05), while the accuracy of models using the multi⁃step learning rate decay strategy increased by 0.65% as compared to the Group 4 model ([χ2] = 0.208, P > 0.05). In addition, the model with the baseline + Mixup + Gaussian blurring data augmentation approach and hyperparameters of Adam optimizer, focal loss function and multi⁃step learning rate decay strategy showed the highest performance, with an accuracy of 91.03%, precision of 91.97%, recall of 88.11%, F1 score of 90.00%, Youden's index of 0.82 and AUC values of 0.969 in external test set, respectively. Conclusions　The intelligent recognition model of O. hupensis robertsoni based on EfficientNet⁃B4 model is accurate for identification of O. hupensis robertsoni and Tricula snails in Yunnan Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Factors affecting Pomacea distribution and prediction of suitable distribution areas of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province LI Zhongqiu, LIU Yuhua, GUO Yunhai, WEI Zixin, CHEN Junhu, WANG Qiang, LI Tianmei, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 69-75.   Abstract （261）      PDF（pc） （2318KB）（536）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the factors affecting the distribution of Pomacea and project the trends in the spread of suitable distribution areas of Pomacea in 2050 and 2070 in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, so as to provide insights into Pomacea control in the prefecture. Methods　The longitudes and latitudes of Pomacea sampling sites were captured based on Pomacea field survey data in 12 cities (counties) of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture from 2023 to 2024. A total of 19 climatic factors (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, isothermality, temperature seasonality, maximum temperature of the warmest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature annual range, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest month, mean temperature of the coldest month, annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, precipitation of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and mean temperature of the coldest quarter) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs) were retrieved from the world climate database (www.worldclim.org). All climatic variables were employed to create a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The predictive accuracy of the model was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), and the contributions of these 19 climatic factors to the distribution of Pomacea were analyzed in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture using Jackknife test. In addition, the suitable distribution areas of Pomacea were predicted with the MaxEnt model in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in 2024 and in 2050 and 2070 under RCP4.5. Results　Data pertaining to 91 Pomacea sampling sites were captured. ROC analysis revealed the MaxEnt model had an AUC value of 0.885 ± 0.088 for predicting the suitable distribution areas of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. Of the 19 climatic factors, the maximum temperature of the warmest month had the highest contribution to the distribution of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, followed by mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter and minimum temperature of the coldest month. The suitable distribution area of Pomacea was predicted to be 14 555.69 m2 in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in 2024, and would expand gradually to the southeastern part of the prefecture in the future due to climatic factors. The suitable distribution areas of Pomacea were projected to expand to 21 475.61 km² in 2050 and 25 782.52 km² in 2070 in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, respectively. Conclusions　Temperature is an important contributor to the distribution of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, and the suitable distribution area of Pomacea will gradually expand to the southeastern part of the prefecture in 2050 and 2070. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Dynamics of eosinophil infiltration and microglia activation in brain tissues of mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis WEI Fanna, ZHANG Renjie, HU Yahong, QIN Xiaoyu, GUO Yunhai, MO Xiaojin, LU Yan, SUN Jiahui, ZHOU Yan, GUO Jiatian, SONG Peng, CHU Yanhong1, XU Bin, ZHANG Ting, CAI Yuchun, CHEN Muxin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 163-175.   Abstract （258）      PDF（pc） （4606KB）（412）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the changes in eosinophil counts and the activation of microglial cells in the brain tissues of mice at different stages of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection, and to examine the role of microglia in regulating the progression of angiostrongyliasis and unravel the possible molecular mechanisms. Methods　Fifty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the control group and the 7⁃d, 14⁃d, 21⁃day and 25⁃d infection groups, of 10 mice in each group. All mice in infection groups were infected with 30 stage Ⅲ A. cantonensis larvae by gavage, and animals in the control group was given an equal amount of physiological saline. Five mice were collected from each of infection groups on days 7, 14, 21 d and 25 d post⁃infection, and 5 mice were collected from the control group on the day of oral gavage. The general and focal functional impairment was scored using the Clark scoring method to assess the degree of mouse neurological impairment. Five mice from each of infection groups were sacrificed on days 7, 14, 21 d and 25 d post⁃infection, and 5 mice from the control group were sacrificed on the day of oral gavage. Mouse brain tissues were sampled, and the pathological changes of brain tissues were dynamically observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Immunofluorescence staining with eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) was used to assess the degree of eosinophil infiltration and the counts of microglial cells in mouse brain tissues in each group, and the morphological parameters of microglial cells (skeleton analysis and fractal analysis) were quantified by using Image J software to determine the morphological changes of microglial cells. In addition, the expression of M1 microglia markers Fcγ receptor Ⅲ (Fcgr3), Fcγ receptor Ⅱb (Fcgr2b) and CD86 antigen (Cd86), M2 microglia markers Arginase 1 (Arg1), macrophage mannose receptor C⁃type 1 (Mrc1), chitinase⁃like 3 (Chil3), and phagocytosis genes myeloid cell triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2), CD68 antigen (Cd68), and apolipoprotein E (Apoe) was quantified using real⁃time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT⁃qPCR) assay in the mouse cerebral cortex of mice post⁃infection. Results　A large number of A. cantonensis larvae were seen on the mouse meninges surface post⁃infection, and many neuronal nuclei were crumpled and deeply stained, with a large number of bleeding points in the meninges. The median Clark scores of mouse general functional impairment were 0 (interquartile range, 0), 0 (interquartile range, 0.5), 6 (interquartile range, 1.0), 14 (interquartile range, 8.5) points and 20 (interquartile range, 9.0) points in the control group and the 7⁃d, 14⁃d, 21⁃d and 25⁃d groups, respectively (H = 22.45, P < 0.01), and the median Clark scores of mouse focal functional impairment were 0 (interquartile range, 0), 2 (interquartile range, 2.5), 7 (interquartile range, 3.0), 18 (interquartile range, 5.0) points and 25 (interquartile range, 6.5) points in the control group and the 7⁃d, 14⁃d, 21⁃d and 25⁃d groups, respectively (H = 22.72, P < 0.01). The mean scores of mice general and focal functional impairment were all higher in the infection groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed a significant difference in the eosinophil counts in mouse brain tissues among the five groups (F = 40.05, P < 0.000 1), and the eosinophil counts were significantly higher in mouse brain tissues in the 14⁃d (3.08 ± 0.78) and 21⁃d infection groups (5.97 ± 1.37) than in the control group (1.00 ± 0.28) (both P values < 0.05). Semi⁃quantitative analysis of microglia immunofluorescence showed a significant difference in the counts of microglial cells among the five groups (F = 17.66, P < 0.000 1), and higher Iba1 levels were detected in mouse brain tissues in 14⁃d (5.75 ± 1.28), 21⁃d (6.23 ± 1.89) and 25⁃d infection groups (3.70 ± 1.30) than in the control group (1.00 ± 0.30) (all P values < 0.05). Skeleton and fractal analyses showed that the branch length [(162.04 ± 34.10) μm vs. (395.37 ± 64.11) μm; t = 5.566, P < 0.05] and fractal dimension of microglial cells [(1.30 ± 0.01) vs. (1.41 ± 0.03); t = 5.266, P < 0.05] were reduced in mouse brain tissues in the 21⁃d infection group relative to the control group. In addition, there were significant differences among the 5 groups in terms of M1 and M2 microglia markers Fcgr3 (F = 48.34, P < 0.05) , Fcgr2b (F = 55.46, P < 0.05), Cd86 (F = 24.44, P < 0.05), Arg1 (F = 31.18, P < 0.05), Mrc1 (F = 15.42, P < 0.05) and Chil3 (F = 24.41, P < 0.05), as well as phagocytosis markers Trem2 (F = 21.19, P < 0.05), Cd68 (F = 43.95, P < 0.05) and Apoe (F = 7.123, P < 0.05) in mice brain tissues. Conclusions　A. cantonensis infections may induce severe pathological injuries in mouse brain tissues that are characterized by massive eosinophil infiltration and persistent activation of microglia cells, thereby resulting in progressive deterioration of neurological functions.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium infections among HIV⁃positive individuals in Jiangxi Province HU Zhuhua, LU Liang, YU Yingfang, LI Lin, WANG Wei, FAN Guoyin, FENG Changhua, ZHENG Yangyun, PENG Guohua Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 637-642.   Abstract （257）      PDF（pc） （6438KB）（129）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and the distribution of parasite species and genotypes among HIV⁃positive individuals in Jiangxi Province. Methods　HIV⁃positive individuals' sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from three AIDS designated hospitals in Jiangxi Province from January 2022 to March 2023. Subjects' stool samples were collected, and genomic DNA was extracted from stool samples. Nested PCR assay was performed based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium, and Cryptosporidium gp60 gene was amplified in stool samples positive for the SSU rRNA gene. The second⁃round PCR amplification product was checked with 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis, and the products of suspected positive amplifications were sequenced, followed by sequence alignment. The phylogenetic tree was created using the Neighbor⁃Joining method with the software MEGA 11.0, to characterize the species, genotypes and sub⁃genotypes of Cryptosporidium.  Results　A total of 382 HIV⁃positive individuals were enrolled, with two cases identified with Cryptosporidium infection (0.52% prevalence), and both cases had no abdominal pain or diarrhea. Following sequencing and sequence alignment, the gene sequences of these two Cryptosporidium isolates shared 99.76% and 99.88% similarity with the gene sequence of C. meleagridis isolates. Phylogenetic analysis based on the Cryptosporidium SSU rRNA gene sequence identified the species of these two Cryptosporidium⁃positive stool samples as C. meleagridis. Following nested PCR amplification of the Cryptosporidium gp60 gene, sequencing and sequence alignment, the two C. meleagridis isolates were characterized as ⅢeA17G2R1 and ⅢbA25G1R1a sub⁃genotypes, and the sub⁃genotype ⅢbA25G1R1a was firstly described in humans. Conclusion　The prevalence of Cryptosporidium is low among HIV⁃positive individuals in Jiangxi Province. The likelihood of Cryptosporidium infection cannot be neglected among HIV⁃positive individuals without diarrhea.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Incidence and risk factors of anemia among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Jiangsu Province in 2021 ZHANG Zhi, SUN Qi, QIU Tao, DING Ping, WANG Boshen, ZHU Baoli Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 598-605.   Abstract （250）      PDF（pc） （7046KB）（154）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the incidence of anemia and evaluate the immune status among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Jiangsu Province in 2021, and to identify the risk factors of anemia among patients living with HIV infections. Methods　Newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Jiangsu Province from January 1 to December 31, 2021 that were registered in China's National AIDS Comprehensive Control Information Management System were enrolled. Subjects' fresh whole blood samples were collected, and hemoglobin levels, CD4 and CD8 cell counts and HIV viral loads were measured. Anemia was defined according to hemoglobin levels, and the immunological parameters and HIV viral loads were compared between HIV⁃infected patients with and without anemia. The risk factors of anemia were identified among individuals living with HIV infections using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. In addition, subjects' CD4 cell counts one year following antiretroviral therapy (ART) were retrieved from China's National AIDS Comprehensive Control Information Management System, and compared between subjects with and without anemia.  Results　A total of 635 newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2021, including 544 males (85.67%) and 91 females (14.33%), and with ages of 15 to 83 years, and the overall incidence of anemia was 5.51% (35/635) among the study subjects. Men, individuals at ages of 45 years and lower and workers had relatively higher hemoglobin levels, with median hemoglobin levels of 156 (interquartile range, 22), 154 (interquartile range, 23) g/L and 162 (interquartile range, 19) g/L, respectively. The median baseline HIV viral load was 40 500.00 (interquartile range, 119 735.00) copies/mL among HIV⁃infected individuals with anemia and 29 754.00 (69 183.00) copies/mL among those without anemia (Z = -0.91, P = 0.31), and the median baseline CD4 and CD8 cell counts were significantly lower among HIV⁃infected individuals with anemia [166 (interquartile range, 143) cells/μL and 755 (653) cells/μL] than those without anemia [308 (253) cells/μL and 892 (638) cells/μL] (Z = -4.36 and -2.37, both P values < 0.05). The median CD4 cell counts remained lower among HIV⁃infected individuals with anemia than those without anemia [296 (interquartile range, 229) cells/μL vs. 457 (interquartile range, 313) cells/μL; Z = -3.71, P < 0.05] one year following ART, and the proportions of moderate and severe immunosuppression were significantly higher among HIV⁃infected individuals with anemia (40.00% and 17.14%) than those without anemia (21.00% and 9.33%) ([χ2]  = 10.37 and 8.79, both P values < 0.01). Univariate analysis showed a higher detection rate of anemia among female HIV⁃infected individuals than among males [odds ratio (OR) = 4.528, 95% confidence interval (CI): (3.811, 5.245), P < 0.001], a higher rate among HIV⁃infected individuals at ages of 45 to < 60 years [OR = 3.415, 95% CI: (1.191, 9.788), P = 0.022] and 60 years and older [OR = 5.820, 95% CI: (2.013, 16.826), P < 0.001] than among those at ages of 15 to < 30 years, a higher rate among HIV⁃infected individuals through heterosexual transmission than among those through homogeneous transmission [OR = 3.015, 95% CI: (1.423, 6.387), P = 0.004], a lower rate among HIV⁃infected individuals with an educational level of college and above than among those with an educational level of primary school [OR = 0.103, 95% CI: (0.028, 0.386), P < 0.001], a higher rate among HIV⁃infected individuals with baseline CD4 cell counts of < 200 cells/μL than among those with baseline CD4 cell counts of 200 cells/μL and higher [OR = 4.340, 95% CI: (2.165, 8.702), P < 0.001], and lower detection rates among HIV⁃infected individuals with CD4/CD8 cell ratios of 0.208 to < 0.326 [OR = 0.232, 95% CI: (0.076, 0.711), P = 0.011] and 0.516 and higher [OR = 0.292, 95% CI: (0.104, 0.818), P = 0.019] than among those with CD4/CD8 cell ratios of < 0.208. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified woman [OR = 4.945, 95% CI: (3.944, 5.946), P = 0.002], and CD4 cell counts of < 200 cells/μL [OR = 3.597, 95% CI: (1.448, 8.937), P = 0.006] as risk factors of anemia among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients.  Conclusions　The incidence of anemia was low among newly reported HIV/AIDS patients in Jiangsu Province in 2021, and the immune status was poorer among HIV⁃infected individuals with anemia than those without anemia at baseline and one year following ART. Female and CD4 cell counts of < 200 cells/μL are risk factors of anemia among individuals living with HIV infections, and intensified surveillance, follow⁃up and precision interventions are recommended targeting female HIV⁃infected individuals and HIV⁃infected individuals with low CD4 cell counts. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of researches on antiparasitic activities of scorpion venoms and their antimicrobial peptides AORIGELE Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 649-657.   Abstract （249）      PDF（pc） （8283KB）（132）       Knowledge map    Save Scorpion venom is a highly complicated cocktail of bioactive components including mucoproteins, enzymes, lipids, bioactive peptides, and other organic or inorganic molecules. Scorpion venom antimicrobial peptides are a class of small⁃molecule bioactive peptides extracted from scorpion venoms, which have shown a variety of biological activities, including antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor actions. This review describes the progress of researches on the antiparasitic activities of scorpion venoms and their antimicrobial peptides, so as to provide insights into the research and development of novel antiparasitic agents. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Toxicity and sublethal effects of calcium cyanamide against susceptible strains of Aedes albopictus ZHENG Luyang, XU Huiyi, WEN Qingqiu, ZHOU Ning, ZHENG Xueli Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 196-200,222.   Abstract （246）      PDF（pc） （1455KB）（504）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To examine the toxicity and sublethal effects of calcium cyanamide against susceptible isolates of Aedes albopictus, so as to provide insights into rational use of calcium cyanamide for integrated management of Ae. albopictus. Methods　The sublethal concentrations ［30% lethal concentration (LC30) and median lethal concentration (LC50)］of calcium cyanamide against susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were determined using the larval immersion test. With 100 mL of dechlorinated water as the control group, after the larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were immersed in calcium cyanamide for 24 hours, the pupation rate, pupation duration, emergence rate, number of eggs laid, percentage of eggs hatched, and lifespan of Ae. albopictus were calculated and compared post⁃treatment with calcium cyanamide at different sublethal concentrations. The midgut tissues of larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus treated with 100 mg/L calcium cyanamide were sampled for pathological sectioning to observe midgut tissue damages. To evaluate the residual activity, 100 larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were treated with 200 mg/L and 500 mg/L calcium cyanamide, and the mortality of larvae was calculated every 24 hour, with dead larvae replaced until no larval death. Results　The regression equation for the toxicity of calcium cyanamide against larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus was y = -9.441 + 4.657x, with an LC50 of 106.42 mg/L［95% confidence interval (CI): (94.64, 118.36) mg/L］and an LC30 of 82.17 mg/L［95% CI: (94.64, 118.36) mg/L］, respectively. After larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were treated with sublethal concentrations (LC30 and LC50) of calcium cyanamide for 24 hours, there were reduced pupation and emergence rates of larvae (all P values < 0.000 1), prolonged pupal stage (both P values < 0.000 1), reduced numbers of eggs laid by survival female Ae. albopictus (both P values < 0.000 1), reduced percentages of eggs hatched by Ae. albopictus eggs (both P values < 0.000 1), and reduced median survival period of survival female Ae. albopictus ([χ2] = 9.36 and 20.33, both P values < 0.01) in the LC30 and LC50 groups relative to the control group. There was a numerical decline in the median survival period of survival female Ae. albopictus in the LC30 groups relative to the control group ([χ2] = 2.42, P > 0.05), and there was a significant decline in the median survival period of survival female Ae. albopictus in the LC50 group relative to the control group ([χ2] = 11.42, P < 0.01). Histopathological examinations showed severe damages to the midgut tissues of larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus, and residual activity assay revealed that the mortality of larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus was both 0 on day 32 post⁃treatment with calcium cyanamide at a concentration of 200 mg/L and on day 70 post⁃treatment with calcium cyanamide at a concentration of 500 mg/L, showing complete loss of the larvicidal activity of calcium cyanamide.  Conclusions　Calcium cyanamide is highly toxic against susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus, and calcium cyanamide at sublethal concentrations (LC30 and LC50) may inhibit growth, development, and reproductive capability of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus, and shorten the lifespan of adult mosquitoes. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Population genetic structure of sandflies in China based on mitochondrial DNA LI Zhongqiu, WEI Zixin, ZHOU Zhengbin, ZHANG Yi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 144-151.   Abstract （238）      PDF（pc） （1427KB）（449）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the genetic diversity of sandfly populations in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in China, so as to provide references insights into management of visceral leishmaniasis and the vector sandflies. Methods　Sixteen sampling sites were selected from main endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in China from June to September 2024, including Shanxi Province, Shaanxi Province, Henan Province, Gansu Province, Sichuan Province, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Sandflies were captured using light traps and manual aspirators from sheep pens, chicken coops, cave dwellings, bovine sheds, and pig pens at each sampling site. A single sandfly sample was washed in phosphate⁃buffered saline (PBS), and genomic DNA was extracted from sandfly samples. Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene was amplified using PCR assay with universal primers, and analyzed and retrieved with the nucleotide sequence analysis tool (BLAST) software, and the sequence of COI gene was aligned with the ClustalX 1.83 and MEGA 7.0 software. The base composition and variation site of the COI gene sequence were analyzed using the software MEGA 7.0, and the number of haplotypes, total number of segregating sites, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and average nucleotide differences were calculated in the COI gene sequence using the software DnaSP 5.10, followed by Tajima's D test for neutrality. Haplotypes were screened using the software DnaSP 5.10, and the haplotype network map of sandfly samples was plotted using the software Network 5.0. MEGA 7.0 software was employed for gene sequence editing and alignment, and calculation of genetic distances among sandfly species sampled from different regions, and a phylogenetic tree was built with a neighbor⁃joining method. Results　A total of 466 sandflies were captured from 16 sampling sites in China from June to September 2024, and 430 gene sequences were yielded following PCR amplification and sequencing of the COI gene, with 652 to 688 bp in the length of amplification fragments. The captured sandfly samples were characterized as Phlebotomus chinensis, Sergentomyia squamirostris, Se. koloshanensis, Ph. sichuanensis, and Ph. longiductus following the COI gene sequence alignment in BLAST. A total of 251 haplotypes were identified in the 430 gene sequences from sandfly samples (50.5%), and the average haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and average number of nucleotide difference were 0.885, 0.257 and 160.761, respectively. The Tajima's D values were -0.92 for sandfly populations from Yangquan City,  Shanxi Province and -1.73 for sandfly populations from Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, and were all more than 0 for sandfly populations from other sampling sites. Haplotype analysis identified 50 haplotypes, which were classified into two haplogroups. Heplogroup 1 included 29 haplotypes, which had a high homology, and heplogroup 2 included 21 haplotypes. The average genetic distance was 0.000 to 0.604 among sandfly samples from different sampling sites, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five sandfly species were clustered into distinct clades, all with 100% clade confidence. Conclusions　There is a high genetic polymorphism in the COI gene from five sandfly populations in main endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in China, and COI gene may serve as a marker gene for analysis of the genetic structure of sandfly populations. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Etiological characteristics and molecular evolution of the first mpox case in Huai'an City of Jiangsu Province YANG Pengfei, HE Fang, YAN Qingli, GENG Heyuan, GAO Tong, GAO Qiang, XIONG Chenglong, PENG Haiyan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 85-92,97.   Abstract （237）      PDF（pc） （2576KB）（592）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the virus subtypes, molecular evolutional and molecular transmission network features of the first confirmed mpox case in Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province, so as to provide insights into understanding of the transmission and evolution dynamics of mpox virus and formulation of the mpox control strategy in the city.  Methods　Genomic DNA was extracted from swabs of the first confirmed mpox case's skin lesions in Huai'an City, and the amplicon sequencing library was constructed using the hypersensitive mpox virus whole⁃genome capture kit. High⁃throughput sequencing was performed using the GridION X5 nanopore sequencer on the Nanopore sequencing platform, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of mpox virus genome sequences was performed following sequence assembly. In addition, phylogenetic analysis, genetic genealogy and molecular traceability analysis were performed. Results　The virus whole genome sequence of the first confirmed mpox case was successfully obtained by high⁃throughput sequencing, with a full length of 197 182 bp, and was named hMpxV/China/JS⁃HA01/2023, which belonged to the clade IIb (West African clade) lineage B.1.3. Compared with the mpox virus reference sequence MPXV⁃M5312⁃HM12Rivers⁃001 (GenBank accession number: NC_063383), the genome sequence of the Huai'an virus isolate carried 86 SNPs, including 40 SNPs in the coding region as non⁃synonymous mutations and 73 SNPs as nucleotide mutations caused by APOBEC3 (APOBEC3). Of the 97 mpox virus gene sequences, 79 sequences were included in the molecular network (81.44%), and the threshold of the genetic distance accessed to the network was 0.35/105. There were two large molecular transmission clusters and one scattered cluster in the molecular transmission network of the mpox virus, and the hMpxV/China/JS⁃HA01/2023 sequence was located in the large cluster. The 97 gene sequences formed 92 haplotypes, including three shared haplotypes Hap_4, Hap_6 and Hap_38, and an exclusive haplotype Hap_1 of hMpxV/China/JS⁃HA01/2023 generated from mutation of the exclusive haplotype Hap_43, while the exclusive haplotype Hap_43 was generated from mutation of the shared haplotype Hap_38. Conclusions　The whole genome sequence of the mpox virus isolated from the first confirmed mpox case in Huai'an City has been successfully obtained, and the molecular evolutionary and molecular transmission network characteristics of the virus  have been preliminarily understood. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Non⁃coding RNAs expression profile of adjacent and distant liver tissues of hepatic cystic echinococcosis lesions IRSHAT Ibrahim, AIZEMAITI Aikebaier, WUBULIKASIMU Mijiti, XU Qilin, ABUDUSIKUER Abudumijiti, WU Yuanquan, KAHAER Tuersun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 152-162.   Abstract （236）      PDF（pc） （3892KB）（404）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the differential expression of non⁃coding RNAs (ncRNAs) from liver tissues adjacent to hepatic cystic echinococcosis (CE) lesions and distant normal liver tissues using whole transcriptome sequencing, and perform functional annotations of differentially expressed ncRNAs, so as  to explore the potential role of ncRNAs in the pathogenesis of CE. Methods　Intraoperative liver tissue specimens adjacent to hepatic CE lesions and distant normal liver tissue specimen were sampled from patients with hepatic CE, and the expression profiles of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non⁃coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were detected using whole transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were identified, and functional annotations were performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. In addition, a circRNA/lncRNA⁃miRNA⁃messenger RNA (mRNA) competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed using the Cytoscape software, and the expression of hub miRNAs in the network was validated using real⁃time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT⁃qPCR) assay.  Results　A total of 41 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified between the adjacent and distal tissues of hepatic CE lesions, including 8 up⁃regulated and 33 down⁃regulated miRNAs, which were significantly enriched in biological processes of Ras signaling and neutrophil activation. Five differentially expressed circRNAs were detected, including 3 up⁃regulated and 2 down⁃regulated circRNAs, which were significantly enriched in molecular functions of hormone signaling pathways and RNA transcription regulation. A total of 447 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified, including 200 up⁃regulated and 247 down⁃regulated lncRNAs, which were involved in cell proliferation, immune regulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling pathways. MiRNA target analysis predicted hsa⁃miR⁃27a⁃5p, hsa⁃miR⁃21⁃3p, and hsa⁃miR⁃181b⁃2⁃3p as hub nodes in the ceRNA network. RT⁃qPCR assay detected that the relative expression levels of ENSG00000253736, HAS2⁃AS1, PCSK6, hsa⁃miR⁃21⁃3p, hsa⁃miR⁃27a⁃5p, MIR23AHG, VIPR1⁃AS1, LINC02910, and hsa⁃miR⁃181b⁃2⁃3p were 3.00 ± 0.25, 2.75 ± 0.33, 1.01 ± 0.51, 2.65 ± 0.41, 1.01 ± 0.29, 1.10 ± 0.31, 1.05 ± 0.27, 0.25 ± 0.49, and 2.56 ± 0.35 in adjacent tissues of hepatic CE lesions, normalized to that in distant tissues from hepatic CE lesions,  respectively (t = 6.21, 5.83, 7.51, 7.46, 6.12, 6.65, 7.13, 1.87 and 7.81, all P values  < 0.01), which was consistent with whole transcriptome sequencing results. Conclusions　Differentially expressed ncRNAs from adjacent and distal liver tissues of hepatic CE lesions may contribute to the pathological mechanisms of CE through mediating cell proliferation, immune evasion, and inflammatory responses, in which hsa⁃miR⁃27a⁃5p and hsa⁃miR⁃21⁃3p may serve as hub miRNAs. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The future is already here and the wave is coming: progress and challenges in the research and application of artificial intelligence-empowered malaria control programmes ZHU Guoding, CAO Jun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 112-115.   Abstract （234）      PDF（pc） （1090KB）（856）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid rise and fast development of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to all sectors, including disease prevention control. Malaria is one of the world's most devastating infectious diseases. This article summarizes the advances in the research and application of AI⁃empowered malaria control programmes, analyzes key challenges during the implementation of malaria control programmes, and proposes future development directions and research proprieties, so as to provide insights into facilitating the translation of AI⁃driven strategies in global infectious disease control efforts. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 0-0.   Abstract （231）      PDF（pc） （163190KB）（494）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Risk of and response to cross⁃border importation and secondary transmission of malaria ZHOU Yaowu, ZHANG Li, XIA Zhigui Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 14-18.   Abstract （231）      PDF（pc） （1058KB）（747）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, the global malaria epidemic is still severe. China was certified malaria⁃free by WHO in 2021; however, there is a risk of cross⁃border importation and secondary transmission of malaria via aircrafts and through land bordering countries in China because of the complex environments in border areas between China and neighboring malaria⁃endemic countries, notably the explosive growth in the malaria epidemic in Myanmar in China⁃Myanmar border areas. This article summarizes typical cases of secondary transmission caused by imported malaria across the world, and proposes responses to cross⁃border importation and secondary transmission of malaria in non⁃border and border areas of China, in order to effectively reduce the risk of malaria importation and secondary transmission and consolidate the hard earned malaria elimination achievements. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prediction of areas of Oncomelania hupensis snail spread in Anhui Province based on five machine learning models GAO Fenghua Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 572-576.   Abstract （228）      PDF（pc） （5279KB）（352）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To predict the areas of Oncomelania hupensis snail spread in Anhui Province from 1977 to 2023 using machine learning models, and to compare the effectiveness of different machine learning models for prediction of areas of O. hupensis snail spread, so as to provide insights into investigating the trends in areas of O. hupensis snail spread. Methods　Data pertaining to O. hupensis snail spread in Anhui Province from 1977 to 2023 were collected and a database was created. Five machine learning models were created using the software Matlab R2019b, including support vector regression (SVR), nonlinear autoregressive (NAR) neural network, back propagation (BP) neural network, gated recurrent unit (GRU) neural network and long short⁃term memory (LSTM) neural network models, and the model fitting effect was evaluated with mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). Following model training, the areas of O. hupensis snail spread were predicted in Anhui Province from 2024 to 2030. Results　The cumulative areas of O. hupensis snail spread were 40 241.32 hm2 in Anhui Province from 1977 to 2023, and the area of O. hupensis snail spread varied greatly among years, with a periodic peak every 4 to 6 years. The fitting curves of SVR, NAR neural network, BP neural network, GRU neural network and LSTM neural network models were increasingly closer to the real curves for areas of O. hupensis snail spread in Anhui Province. The trends in areas of O. hupensis snail spread in Anhui Province from 2024 to 2030 appeared approximately "M"⁃shaped curves by SVR and NAR neural network models, approximately "W"⁃shaped curves by BP and GRU neural network models, and a unimodal conical curve by the LSTM neural network model. The LSTM neural network model had the best effect for predicting areas of O. hupensis snail spread in Anhui Province, with the RMSE of 1 277 480, MAE of 797 422 and R2 of 0.978 9, respectively. Conclusions　Among the five models, The LSTM neural network model has a high efficiency for predicting areas of O. hupensis snail spread in Anhui Province, which may serve as a tool to investigate the trends in areas of O. hupensis snail spread.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current status of anticoccidial drug resistance in China BAI Yidan, LI Wenting, LUO Wanxin, YU Yuxin, LI Dongfang, ZHAO Junlong, HE Lan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 217-222.   Abstract （228）      PDF（pc） （1169KB）（288）       Knowledge map    Save Avian coccidiosis, an acute parasitic disease that mainly harms chicks, is widely prevalent across the world, which poses a serious threat to poultry industry. Because of the single prophylactic formulations, veterinary clinical treatment of coccidiosis mainly relies on chemically synthesized agents, polyether ionophores and Chinese herbal medicines. The introduction of novel anticoccidial drugs is slow for a long period of time, and there is an increasing problem of anticoccidial drug resistance following long⁃term use, which has become an urgent problem to be solved in poultry industry. This review summarizes the levels of anticoccidial drug resistance across China from 2018 to 2023, and analyzes the resistance to various anticoccidial agents in coccidia. It is indicated that the overall prevalence of anticoccidial drug resistance is high in coccidia, and development of novel anticoccidial agents and products with reduced antibiotics use and alternatives of antibiotics is of an urgent need.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Proportions of memory T cells and expression of their associated cytokines in lymph nodes of mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis LI Yinshi, ADILAI Duolikun, DENG Bingqing, ABIDAN Ainiwaer, SUN Sheng, XIAO Wenying, GE Conghui, TANG Na, LI Jing, WANG Hui, JIANG Tao, ZHANG Chuanshan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 136-143,189.   Abstract （224）      PDF（pc） （3134KB）（565）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the effects of Echinococcus multilocularis infection on levels of memory T (Tm) cells and their subsets in lymph nodes of mice at different stages of infection, so as to provide new insights into immunotherapy for alveolar echinococcosis.  Methods　Twenty⁃four C57BL/6J mice aged 6 to 9 weeks were randomly divided into the infection group and the control group, of 12 mice in each group. Mice in the infection group were administered with 3 000 E. multilocularis protoscoleces via portal venous injection, while animals in the control group were administered with an equal volume of physiological saline. Three mice from each group were sacrificed 4, 12 weeks and 24 weeks post⁃infection, and lymph nodes were sampled and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to investigate the histopathological changes of mouse lymph nodes in the infection group. The expression and localization of T lymphocyte surface markers CD3, CD4, and CD8 were observed in mouse lymph nodes using immunohistochemical staining. In addition, lymphocyte suspensions were prepared from mouse lymph nodes in both groups at different time points post⁃infection, and the levels of Tm cell subsets and their secreted cytokines were detected using flow cytometry.  Results　HE staining showed diffuse structural alterations in the subcapsular cortical and paracortical regions of mouse lymph nodes in the infection group 4 weeks post⁃infection with E. multilocularis. Immunohistochemical staining detected CD3, CD4 and CD8 expression in mouse lymph nodes in both groups. Flow cytometry revealed higher proportions of CD4+ Tm cells [(55.3 ± 4.8)% vs. (38.8 ± 6.1)%; t = -4.259, P < 0.05] and CD4+ tissue⁃resident Tm (Trm) cells [(57.7 ± 3.7)% vs. (34.1 ± 11.2)%; t = -3.990, P < 0.05] in mouse lymph nodes in the infection group than in the control group 4 weeks post⁃infection, and higher proportions of CD4+ Tm cells [(34.6 ± 3.2)% vs. (23.3 ± 7.5)%; t = -2.764，P < 0.05] and CD4+ Trm cells [(44.0 ± 1.9)% vs. (31.2 ± 1.5)%; t = -4.039，P < 0.05] in mouse lymph nodes in the infection group than in the control group 24 weeks post⁃infection. The proportions of CD8+ Tm cells were higher in the infection group than in the control group 4 weeks [(56.8 ± 2.7)% vs. (43.9 ± 5.2)%; t = -4.416, P < 0.01] and 12 weeks post⁃infection [(25.4 ± 2.7)% vs. (12.0 ± 2.6)%; t = -2.552, P < 0.05], while the proportions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)⁃α+ CD4+ T cells [(15.7 ± 5.0)% vs. (49.4 ± 6.4)%; t = 7.150, P < 0.01], TNF⁃α+ CD8+ T cells [(20.7 ± 5.5)% vs. (57.5 ± 8.4)%; t = -6.694, P < 0.01], and TNF⁃α+ CD8+ Tm cells [7.0% (1.0%)  vs. 31.0% (11.0%); Z = -2.236, P < 0.05] were lower in the infection group than in the control group 24 weeks post⁃infection. Conclusions　Tm cells levels are consistently increased in lymph nodes of mice at different stages of E. multilocularis infection, with Trm cells as the predominantly elevated subset. The impaired capacity of CD8+ Tm cells to secrete the effector molecule TNF⁃α in mouse lymph nodes at the late⁃stage infection may facilitate chronic parasitism of E. multilocularis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Investigation of tick species in Suizhou City, Hubei Province from 2023 to 2024 LU Huiya, GUO Fang, PAN Yibin, PENG Meng, WU Libang, LIN Ye, LIU Xiaohui, YU Xuejie Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 184-189.   Abstract （220）      PDF（pc） （1408KB）（462）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the species of ticks in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, so as to provide insights into management of ticks and tick⁃borne diseases. Methods　During the period between May 2023 and June 2024, livestock breeding farms and vegetation neighboring the place of residence of confirmed and suspected patients with tick⁃borne disease were selected as sampling points in rural areas from Yindian Township, Gaocheng Township, Wanhe Township, Wushan Township, Xiaolin Township, Xihe Township, Hedian Township and Beijiao Street in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, where confirmed and suspected cases with tick⁃borne diseases had been reported. The parasitic ticks on the body surface of free⁃range livestock were captured with tweezers in livestock breeding farms, and free ticks on the vegetation surface were captured with the flagging method. Morphological identification of tick samples was performed under a microscope, and the gender and developmental stage of ticks were determined. One engorged adult tick, 2 to 3 blood⁃feeding but non⁃engorged adult ticks, 10 to 15 unfed female ticks, 15 to 20 unfed male ticks, and 30 to 40 tick nymphs or larvae were assigned into a group, respectively. Genomic DNA was extracted from tick samples in each group, and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene was amplified. Sequence analysis was performed with the DNASTAR software, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using the software MEGA 7.0. In addition, the phylogenetic tree was generated using the maximum likelihood method based on the Kimura 2 parameter model. Results　A total of 2 438 ticks were captured from Suizhou City, Hubei Province during the period between May 2023 and June 2024, including 595 free ticks and 1 483 parasitic ticks. Three developmental stages of ticks were captured, including larvae, nymphs, and adults, and 75.18% (1 899/2 438) of captured ticks were adult, in which 79.04% (1 501/1 899) were female. Morphological and molecular biological assays identified one family, three genera and four species of captured ticks, including 2 425 Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks (99.47%) and one H. flava tick (0.04%) of the genus Haemaphysalis, 11 Rhipicephalus microplus ticks (0.45%) of the genus Rhipicephalus, and one Ixodes sinensis tick (0.04%) of the genus Ixodes in the family Ixodidae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H. longicornis sequence (SZ49) in this study was clustered with sequences from Yunnan Province (GenBank accession number: MH024510.1), Hebei Province (GenBank accession number: MK450606.1) and Henan Province (GenBank accession number: MZ230645.1) into a clade, and the H. flava sequence (SZ19) in this study was clustered with sequences from Japan (GenBank accession number: MW064044.1), South Korea (GenBank accession number: ON629585.1), and Jiangsu Province (GenBank accession number: PP494741.1) and Hebei Province of China (GenBank accession number: MH520685.1) into a clade, while the R. microplus sequence (SZ8) in this study was clustered with the sequences from India (GenBank accession number: MK621328.1), and Henan Province (GenBank accession number: MT555307.1) and Guizhou Province of China (GenBank accession number: PP446801.1) into a clade. The sequence of I. sinensis (SZ23) in this study had 99.51% homology with that (GenBank accession number: OM368265.1) of ticks sampled from Wuhan City, Hubei Province. Conclusion　There are four tick species of H. longicornis, H. flava, R. microplus and I. sinensis in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, and H. longicornis is the dominant species. H. flava is firstly recorded in Suizhou City.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Risk assessment of human Spirometra mansoni infections and cross⁃sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice towards sparganosis in endemic areas of Henan Province ZHANG Yalan, JIANG Tiantian, MA Xiaohui, DENG Yan, CHEN Weiqi, ZHU Yankun, TANG Zhenqiang, LIN Ximeng, ZHANG Hongwei Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 190-195.   Abstract （219）      PDF（pc） （1148KB）（342）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To assess the risk of human Spirometra mansoni infections and investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards sparganosis mansoni among residents in Henan Province, so as to provide insights into formulation of the sparganosis mansoni control measures. Methods　Qinling Village in Fugou County of Zhoukou City, Bali Village in Yancheng District of Luohe City, Duzhai Village in Puyang County of Puyang City and Doushan Village in Luoshan County of Xinyang City were sampled as survey sites in Henan Province from July to August 2023, and more than 40 frogs were sampled from ponds or streams in each survey site for detection of Sparganum mansoni infections. At least 150 residents were sampled using a cluster sampling method from each survey site, and the sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃S. mansoni IgG antibody was estimated. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the KAP towards sparganosis mansoni among participants, and the proportion of eligible KAP, rate of correct KAP and KAP scores were calculated.  Results　A total 229 frogs were collected from 4 survey sites in 2023, and the overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 4.37% (10/229) in frogs, with 7.75% (10/129) prevalence in wild frogs and 0 in farm⁃bred frogs. A questionnaire survey was performed among 649 residents sampled from 4 survey sites, and 649 serum samples were collected. The sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃S.mansoni IgG antibody was 0.15% (1/649) and the overall proportion of eligible KAP was 23.73% (154/649) among participants. There were age⁃ ([χ2]  = 30.905, P = 0.000), educational level⁃ ([χ2] = 41.011, P = 0.000), and occupation⁃specific proportions of eligible KAP among participants ([χ2] = 10.721, P = 0.005), and the proportion of eligible KAP decreased with age ([χ2] trend = 22.717, P = 0.000) and increased with education levels ([χ2] trend = 40.025, P = 0.000). The rates of correct KAP towards sparganosis mansoni were 40.81% (2 119/5 192), 96.66% (1 882/1 947) and 63.81% (3 727/5 841) ([χ2] = 1 913.731, P = 0.000) among residents, respectively. The rates of correct KAP towards sparganosis mansoni varied significantly among survey sites ([χ2] = 136.872, 42.347 and 255.157; all P values= 0.000, with the highest rate of correct knowledge (51.94%, 748/1 440) and practices (75.86%, 1 229/1 620) in Yancheng District of Luohe City and the highest rate of correct attitudes in Puyang County of Puyang City (99.11%, 446/450) (all P values< 0.05).  Conclusions　There is still a high transmission risk of sparganosis mansoni in Henan Province, and the KAP towards sparganosis mansoni is required to be improved among residents. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）