Most Read articles

Published in last 1 year |  In last 2 years |  In last 3 years |  All

All

Please wait a minute...


For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails

Select

Surveillance for Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou City from 2021 to 2023 ZHOU Jinhua, HE Shiyu, LIU Tong, CHEN Zhifei, LI Xiaoning, JIANG Yimin, LIANG Xueying, CHEN Zongqiu, QIN Pengzhe Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 76-80.   Abstract （1174）      PDF（pc） （1306KB）（531）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the population density and seasonal fluctuations of Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, from 2021 to 2023, so as to provide insights into A. albopictus control and management of dengue fever. Methods　The surveillance of A. albopictus density was performed in all surveillance sites assigned across all streets (townships) in Guangzhou City during the period from January to December from 2021 to 2023. The surveillance frequency was twice every half month from May to September, and once every month for the rest of a year. In each surveillance period, A. albopictus mosquito larvae were captured from indoor and outdoor small water containers in residential areas, parks, medical facilities, schools, other government sectors and social organizations, construction sites, special industries  and others for mosquito species identification. Adult mosquitoes were captured usinglectric mosquito suction apparatus for species identification and gender classification. Adult mosquitoes and mosquito eggs were collected with mosquito and egg traps at the breeding and dwelling places of Aedes mosquitoes for identification. The mosquito oviposition index (MOI), Breteau index (BI), adult mosquito density index (ADI) and standard space index (SSI) were calculated. The A. albopictus density was classified into grades 0, 1, 2 and 3 in each surveillance site, with Grade 0 density defined eligible, and the eligible rate of A. albopictus density was calculated at all surveillance sites each year from 2021 to 2023. In addition, the changing trends in MOI, SSI, BI and ADI of A. albopictus were analyzed in Guangzhou City from 2021 to 2023. Results　The eligible rates of A. albopictus density were 61.69%, 68.75% and 55.15% in surveillance sites of Guangzhou City from 2021 to 2023 ([χ2] = 297.712, P < 0.001), and appeared a tendency towards a reduction followed by a rise each year, which gradually reduced since January, maintained at a low level during the period between May and October, and gradually increased from November to December. The MOI, SSI, BI and ADI of A. albopictus all appeared a tendency towards a rise followed by a reduction in Guangzhou City during the period between January and December from 2021 to 2023. The BI of A. albopictus peaked in the first half of June in 2021 (4.03), the first half of July in 2022 (3.89) and the last half of August in 2023 (5.02), and the SSI of A. albopictus peaked in the last half of June in 2021 (0.93), the last half of May in 2022 (0.59), and the last half of June (0.94) and the first half of September in 2023 (1.12). In addition, the MOI of A. albopictus peaked in the first half of May in 2021 (8.64), the first half of June in 2022 (8.96), and the last half of May (10.21) and the last half of June in 2023 (10.89), and the ADI of A. albopictus peaked in the first half of June in 2021 (3.41), the last half of June in 2022 (4.06), and the first half of July in 2023 (3.61).  Conclusions　The density of A. albopictus is high in Guangzhou City during the period from May to October, and the risk of local outbreak caused by imported dengue fever is high. Persistent intensified surveillance of the density and seasonal fluctuation of A. albopictus is recommended and timely mosquito prevention and control is required according to the fluctuation in the A. albopictus density. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Current status and challenges of zoonosis prevention and control: a One Health perspective LI Cihuai, CHEN Feng, LÜ Shan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 98-103.   Abstract （1033）      PDF（pc） （1059KB）（2053）       Knowledge map    Save Zoonosis prevention and control is a complex public health concern, which requires the collaboration of multiple regions, disciplines, and departments to enhance the effectiveness. The One Health concept aims to achieve the joint health security of humans, animals and environments through cross⁃disciplinary, cross⁃sector and cross⁃field collaborations. This review summarizes the development of One Health and the successful practices in the prevention and control of echinococcosis, rabies, COVID⁃19 and schistosomiasis, as well as explores the challenges faced in applying this concept to the prevention and control of zoonoses, so as to provide insights into formulation of the integrated zoonoses control strategy and implementation of zoonoses control interventions at the human⁃animal⁃environment interface. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Progress of schistosomiasis control in the People's Republic of China in 2024 HE Junyi, ZHANG Lijuan, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, LI Yinlong, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (3): 223-231.   Abstract （770）      PDF（pc） （1146KB）（1698）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the progress of, summarize the lessons learned from and analyze the challenges in the national schistosomiasis elimination program of China in 2024, this article presented the endemic situation of schistosomiasis and national schistosomiasis surveillance results in the People's Republic of China in 2024. By the end of 2024, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate schistosomiasis elimination achievements, and 7 provinces of Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui and Jiangxi maintained the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission interruption. A total of 450 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2024, including 26 061 endemic villages covering 73 630 500 residents at risk of infections. Among the 450 counties (cities, districts) endemic for schistosomiasis, 388 (86.22%) achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination and 62 (13.78%) achieved the criteria of transmission interruption. In 2024, a total of 4 102 624 individuals received immunological tests for schistosomiasis in China, with 44 823 sero⁃positives identified (1.09% seroprevalence), and a total of 169 722 individuals received parasitological examinations, with 1 egg⁃positives detected. A total of 27 321 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China by the end of 2024. In 2024, a total of 575 686 bovines were raised in schistosomiasis⁃endemic villages of China, and 113 842 bovines received immunological tests, with 235 sero⁃positives detected (0.21% seroprevalence), while no egg⁃positives were identified among the 167 475 bovines receiving parasitological examinations. In 2024, snail survey was performed covering an area of 680 498.27 hm2 in China, and 190 778.66 hm2 snail habitats were identified, including 59.09 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 704.23 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2024, a total of 19 665 schistosomiasis patients receiving chemotherapy with praziquantel in China, and expanded chemotherapy was given to humans at 571 722 person⁃times and to bovines at 306 740 herd⁃times. In addition, snail control with chemical treatment covered 117 111.37 hm2 snail habitats across China in 2024, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 66 562.95 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 374.26 hm2. The national schistosomiasis surveillance results showed that the mean prevalence rates of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both 0 among humans and bovines in China in 2024, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. These data demonstrated that the prevalence of schistosomiasis remained at a low level in China in 2024; however, the areas of snail habitats remained high and the number of fenced cattle showed a slight increase. To address these risks, it is imperative to maintain the integrated strategy with an emphasis on management of the source of S. japonicum infection and intensified snail control in high⁃risk areas, and to reinforce schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast and snail control in high⁃risk areas.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Spatiotemporal distribution of Aedes albopictus and its influencing factors in China from 2000 to 2019 JIAO Zerui, QU Lei, WANG Duoquan, ZHANG Yi, LÜ Shan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (3): 268-275.   Abstract （729）      PDF（pc） （1564KB）（1231）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the spatial distribution of Aedes albopictus in China at different time periods from 2000 to 2019, so as to provide insights into precise management of Ae. albopictus in China. Methods  Data pertaining to the distribution of Ae. albopictus in China from 2000 to 2019 were collected through literature retrieval with terms of "Aedes albopictus", "monitoring", "survey", "density", "distribution", and "outbreak" in national and international databases. The title and time of the publication, sampling sites, sampling time, mosquito capture methods, and mosquito species and density were extracted, and the longitude and latitude of sampling sites were obtained through Baidu Map. Meteorological element data at meteorological observation stations within China were obtained from the National Climatic Data Center of the United States, and the annual maximum temperature, annual minimum temperature, average temperature in January, average temperature in July, annual temperature range, daily temperature range and relative humidity were calculated and subjected to Kriging interpolation. Monthly cumulative precipitation grid data and monthly average temperature grid data with a resolution of 1 km for China from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the National Tibetan Plateau Scientific Data Center, and the annual precipitation and annual average temperature were calculated cumulatively. Population density data in China from 2000 to 2019 were obtained from the WorldPop Hub, and the gross domestic product (GDP) in China was obtained from the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The above data were divided into 5⁃year intervals to calculate data during the periods from 2000 to 2004, from 2005 to 2009, from 2010 to 2014, and from 2015 to 2019. Ae. albopictus distribution data were modeled in China from 2000 to 2019 and during each period with the classification random forest (RF) model, to predict the distribution of Ae. albopictus across the country and analyze the distribution of Ae. albopictus based on the seven major climate zones in China. The performance of RF models was evaluated by accuracy, precision, recall, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and the importance of each feature in the RF model was evaluated with mean decrease accuracy (MDA). Results  A total of 1 191 Chinese publictions and 391 English publications were retrieved, among which 580 articles provided detailed data on the sampling sites of Ae. albopictus and specific sampling years, meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 2 234 Ae. albopictus sampling sites were included in China from 2000 to 2019, and RF modeling results showed that the overall Ae. albopictus distribution area was mainly found in southeastern and southwestern provinces of China from 2000 to 2019, with scattered distribution in coastal areas of northeastern provinces, such as Liaoning Province. The accuracy, precision, recall and AUC of the RF model were 0.915 to 0.947, 0.933 to 0.975, 0.898 to 0.978, and 0.902 to 0.932 for the distribution of Ae. albopictus at different time periods from 2000 to 2019. Among all features in the RF models, population density was the most contributing factor to the distribution of Ae. albopictus in China, followed by GDP, and all meteorological variables contributed relatively less to the predictive power of the RF model. In China's seven major climate zones, Ae. albopictus was almost entirely distributed in the marginal tropical humid region, the north subtropical humid region, and the warm temperate semi⁃humid region. The combined distribution area of these three zones accounted for 100.0% of the national distribution area from 2000 to 2004, from 2005 to 2009, and from 2010 to 2014, and 99.9% from 2015 to 2019, and the proportion of Ae. albopictus distribution area in the warm temperate semi⁃humid region increased gradually from 20.2% to 30.2%. Conclusions Ae. albopictus is mainly distributed in the southeastern and southwestern provinces of China and is greatly influenced by population and economic factors. The warm temperate semi⁃humid region in China is gradually becoming a hot spot for the distribution of Ae. albopictus. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Analysis and forecast of the disease burden of schistosomiasis in China from 1992 to 2030 LIN Kai, ZHANG Chenhuan, XU Zhendong, LI Xuemei, HUANG Renzhan, LIU Yawen, YU Haihang, GU Lisi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 24-34.   Abstract （692）      PDF（pc） （2297KB）（848）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the trends in the disease burden of schistosomiasis in China from 1992 to 2021, and to project the disease burden of schistosomiasis in China from 2022 to 2030, so as to provide insights into the elimination of schistosomiasis in China.  Methods　The prevalence, age⁃standardized prevalence, disability⁃adjusted life year (DALYs) rate and age⁃standardized DALYs rate of schistosomiasis, as well as the years lost due to disability (YLDs) rate and age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections in China, the world and different socio⁃demographic index (SDI) regions were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) data resources, and the trends in the disease burden due to schistosomiasis were evaluated with estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). In addition, the age, period and cohort effects on the prevalence of schistosomiasis were examined in China using an age⁃period⁃cohort (APC) model, and the disease burden of schistosomiasis was predicted in China from 2022 to 2030 using a Bayesian age⁃period⁃cohort (BAPC) model.  Results　The age⁃standardized prevalence and DALYs rate of schistosomiasis, and the age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections were 761.32/105, 5.55/105 and 0.38/105 in China in 2021. These rates were all lower than the global levels (1 914.30/105, 21.90/105 and 3.36/105, respectively), as well as those in the medium SDI regions (1 413.61/105, 12.10/105 and 1.93/105, respectively), low⁃medium SDI regions (2 461.03/105, 26.81/105 and 4.48/105, respectively), and low SDI regions (5 832.77/105, 94.48/105 and 10.65/105, respectively), but higher than those in the high SDI regions (59.47/105, 0.49/105 and 0.05/105, respectively) and high⁃medium SDI regions (123.11/105, 1.20/105 and 0.12/105, respectively). The prevalence and DALYs rate of schistosomiasis were higher among men (820.79/105 and 5.86/105, respectively) than among women (697.96/105 and 5.23/105, respectively) in China in 2021, while the YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections was higher among women (0.66/105) than among men (0.12/105). The prevalence of schistosomiasis peaked at ages of 30 to 34 years among both men and women, while the DALYs rate of schistosomiasis peaked among men at ages of 15 to 19 years and among women at ages of 20 to 24 years. The age⁃standardized prevalence of schistosomiasis showed a moderate decline in China from 1992 to 2021 relative to different SDI regions [EAPC = -1.51%, 95% CI: (-1.65%, -1.38%)], while the age⁃standardized DALYs rate [EAPC = -3.61%, 95% CI: (-3.90%, -3.33%)] and age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections [EAPC = -4.16%, 95% CI: (-4.38%, -3.94%)] appeared the fastest decline in China from1992 to 2021 relative to different SDI regions. APC modeling showed age, period, and cohort effects on the trends in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in China from 1992 to 2021, and the prevalence of schistosomiasis appeared a rise followed by decline with age, and reduced with period and cohort. BAPC modeling revealed that the age⁃standardized prevalence and age⁃standardized DALYs rate of schistosomiasis, and age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections all appeared a tendency towards a decline in China from 2022 to 2030, which reduced to 722.72/105 [95% CI: (538.74/105, 906.68/105)], 5.19/105 [95% CI: (3.54/105, 6.84/105)] and 0.30/105 [95% CI: (0.21/105, 0.39/105)] in 2030, respectively. Conclusions　The disease burden of schistosomiasis appeared a tendency towards a decline in China from 1992 to 2021, and is projected to appear a tendency towards a decline from 2022 to 2030. There are age, period and cohort effects on the prevalence of schistosomiasis in China. Precision schistosomiasis control is required with adaptations to current prevalence and elimination needs.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Malaria elimination strategy and joint prevention and control of malaria across China⁃Myanmar border areas: an overview WEI Chun, LIN Zurui, YANG Zhonghua, ZHOU Hongning, ZHOU Xingwu, YANG Rui Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 19-23,54.   Abstract （564）      PDF（pc） （1100KB）（515）       Knowledge map    Save Yunnan Province borders with Myanmar, Vietnam, and Laos, the China⁃Myanmar border area is the key area for prevention of re⁃establishment from imported malaria after the disease was eliminated in China. Since the malaria elimination action plan was launched in Yunnan Province in 2011, 129 counties (cities, districts) were classified into three categories according to malaria incidence and transmission risk, and different technical strategies and measures were implemented with adaptations to local circumstances. A total of 68 malaria consultation service stations were established on the Chinese side of the China⁃Myanmar border and 80 malaria prevention and control stations were established on the Myanmar side by Yunnan Province in 2014. Then, the ''Three Lines of Defense'' strategy was implemented for malaria elimination in the China⁃Myanmar border area in Yunnan Province during the period from 2015 to 2018, and this strategy was further refined and adjusted to the ''3 + 1'' strategy for prevention of re⁃establishment from imported malaria in 2019. Through decades of multifaceted efforts, the malaria elimination goal was achieved in Yunnan Province in June 2021. However, the number of imported malaria cases appeared a tendency towards a rise in Yunnan Province in 2023 and 2024, due to changes in the situation in Myanmar and the gradual resumption of international travel and border crossings following the adjustment of the COVID⁃19 prevention and control policy in China. The joint malaria prevention and control cooperation between China and Myanmar was initiated with the pilot project for joint malaria prevention and control in the China⁃Myanmar border area in 2005, and this project was progressed into the joint malaria and dengue fever prevention and control project in parts of the Greater Mekong Subregion border areas in 2010. The threat of overseas malaria epidemics to border areas in Yunnan Province was effectively reduced through implementation of coordination meetings with Myanmar health departments, establishment of efficient information exchange mechanisms, establishment of overseas surveillance sentinel sites, technical training, provision of material supports, joint propagation activities and joint responses to malaria epidemics. This project was incorporated into the Five⁃Year Plan of Action on Lancang⁃Mekong Cooperation (2018—2022) in China in 2018, with 5 liaison offices and 20 liaison workstations established in Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand, and 21 cross⁃border malaria surveillance sites assigned in border areas of Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam, and a long⁃term malaria prevention and control cooperation mechanisms was established through meetings, training, propagation, and joint investigations. Currently, Yunnan Province is poised to engage in more extensive and in⁃depth cooperation with neighboring countries, including malaria diagnosis and treatment techniques, drug and vaccine research and development, talent cultivation, information sharing, cross⁃border human health services, and health promotion, under the guidance of the Five⁃Year Plan of Action on Lancang⁃Mekong Cooperation (2023—2027). Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Evaluation of the performance of the artificial intelligence⁃enabled snail identification system for recognition of Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni and Tricula ZHOU Jihua, BAI Shaowen, SHI Liang, ZHANG Jianfeng, DU Chunhong, SONG Jing, ZHANG Zongya, YAN Jiaqi, WU Andong, DONG Yi, YANG Kun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 55-60,68.   Abstract （428）      PDF（pc） （2014KB）（342）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the performance of the artificial intelligence (AI)⁃enabled snail identification system for recognition of Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni and Tricula in schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of Yunnan Province. Methods　Fifty O. hupensis robertsoni and 50 Tricula samples were collected from Yongbei Township, Yongsheng County, Lijiang City, a schistosomiasis⁃endemic area in Yunnan Province in May 2024. A total of 100 snail sample images were captured with smartphones, including front⁃view images of 25 O. hupensis robertsoni and 25 Tricula samples (upward shell opening) and back⁃view images of 25 O. hupensis robertsoni and 25 Tricula samples (downward shell opening). Snail samples were identified as O. hupensis robertsoni or Tricula by schistosomiasis control experts with a deputy senior professional title and above according to image quality and morphological characteristics. A standard dataset for snail image classification was created, and served as a gold standard for recognition of snail samples. A total of 100 snail sample images were recognized with the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system based on a WeChat mini program in smartphones. Schistosomiasis control professionals were randomly sampled from stations of schistosomisis prevention and control and centers for disease control and prevention in 18 schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts, cities) of Yunnan Province, for artificial identification of 100 snail sample images. All professionals are assigned to two groups according the median years of snail survey experiences, and the effect of years of snail survey experiences on O. hupensis robertsoni sample image recognition was evaluated. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted, and the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, Youden's index and the area under the curve (AUC) of the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification were calculated for recognition of snail sample images. The snail sample image recognition results of AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification were compared with the gold standard, and the internal consistency of artificial identification results was evaluated with the Cronbach's coefficient alpha. Results　A total of 54 schistosomiasis control professionals were sampled for artificial identification of snail sample image recognition, with a response rate of 100% (54/54), and the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Youden's index, and AUC of artificial identification were 90%, 86%, 94%, 0.80 and 0.90 for recognition of snail sample images, respectively. The overall Cronbach's coefficient alpha of artificial identification was 0.768 for recognition of snail sample images, and the Cronbach's coefficient alpha was 0.916 for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images and 0.925 for recognition of Tricula snail sample images. The overall accuracy of artificial identification was 90% for recognition of snail sample images, and there was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni (86%) and Tricula snail sample images (94%) ([χ2] = 1.778, P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images with upward (88%) and downward shell openings (92%) ([χ2] = 0.444, P > 0.05), and there was a significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images between schistosomiasis control professionals with snail survey experiences of 6 years and less (75%) and more than 6 years (90%) ([χ2] = 7.792, P < 0.05). The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and AUC of the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system were 88%, 100%, 76% and 0.88 for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images, and there was no significant difference in the accuracy of recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni snail sample images between the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification ([χ2] = 0.204, P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images with upward (90%) and downward shell openings (86%) ([χ2] = 0.379, P > 0.05), and there was a significant difference in the accuracy of artificial identification for recognition of snail sample images between schistosomiasis control professionals with snail survey experiences of 6 years and less and more than 6 years ([χ2] = 5.604, P < 0.025). Conclusions　The accuracy of recognition of snail sample images is comparable between the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system and artificial identification by schistosomiasis control professionals, and the AI⁃enabled intelligent snail identification system is feasible for recognition of O. hupensis robertsoni and Tricula in Yunnan Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Global burden of visceral leishmaniasis from 1990 to 2021 and projections up to 2035 YANG Guobing, HE Aiwei, LI Yongjun, LÜ Shan, CHEN Muxin, TIAN Liguang, LIU Qin, DUAN Lei, LU Yan, YANG Jian, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong, WANG Jichun, ZHANG Shunxian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 35-43.   Abstract （409）      PDF（pc） （1659KB）（355）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the global burden of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) from 1990 to 2021 and predict the trends in the burden of VL from 2022 to 2035, so as to provide insights into global VL prevention and control. Methods　 The global age⁃standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality and disability⁃adjusted life years (DALYs) rates of VL and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) data resources. The trends in the global burden of VL were evaluated with average annual percent change (AAPC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from 1990 to 2021, and gender⁃, age⁃, country⁃, geographical area⁃ and socio⁃demographic index (SDI)⁃stratified burdens of VL were analyzed. The trends in the global burden of VL were projected with a Bayesian age⁃period⁃cohort (BAPC) model from 2022 to 2035, and the associations of age⁃standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALYs rates of VL with SDI levels were examined with a smoothing spline model. Results　The global age⁃standardized incidence [AAPC = -0.25%, 95% CI: (-0.25%, -0.24%)], prevalence [AAPC = -0.06%, 95% CI: (-0.06%, -0.06%)], mortality [AAPC = -0.25%, 95% CI: (-0.25%, -0.24%)] and DALYs rates of VL [AAPC = -2.38%, 95% CI: (-2.44%, -2.33%)] all appeared a tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021, and the highest age⁃standardized incidence [2.55/105, 95% UI: (1.49/105, 4.07/105)], prevalence [0.64/105, 95% UI: (0.37/105, 1.02/105)], mortality [0.51/105, 95% UI: (0, 1.80/105)] and DALYs rates of VL [33.81/105, 95% UI: (0.06/105, 124.09/105)] were seen in tropical Latin America in 2021. The global age⁃standardized incidence and prevalence of VL were both higher among men [0.57/105, 95% UI: (0.45/105, 0.72/105); 0.14/105, 95% UI: (0.11/105, 0.18/105)] than among women [0.27/105, 95% UI: (0.21/105, 0.33/105); 0.06/105, 95% UI: (0.05/105, 0.08/105)], and the highest mortality of VL was found among children under 5 years of age [0.24/105, 95% UI: (0.08/105, 0.66/105)]. The age⁃standardized incidence (r = -0.483, P < 0.001), prevalence (r = -0.483, P < 0.001), mortality (r = -0.511, P < 0.001) and DALYs rates of VL (r = -0.514, P < 0.001) correlated negatively with SDI levels from 1990 to 2021. In addition, the global burden of VL was projected with the BAPC model to appear a tendency towards a decline from 2022 to 2035, and the age⁃standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality and DALYs rates were projected to be reduced to 0.11/105, 0.03/105, 0.02/105 and 1.44/105 in 2035, respectively. Conclusions　Although the global burden of VL appeared an overall tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021, the burden of VL showed a tendency towards a rise in Central Asia and western sub⁃Saharan African areas. The age⁃standardized incidence and prevalence rates of VL were relatively higher among men, and the age⁃standardized mortality of VL was relatively higher among children under 5 years of age. The global burden of VL was projected to continue to decline from 2022 to 2035. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Research progress on techniques for detection of tick⁃borne encephalitis virus infections LIU Zhuofan, XIE Hao, SUN Xiaoliang, XIA Tao, GUO Junhui Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 209-216.   Abstract （336）      PDF（pc） （1150KB）（708）       Knowledge map    Save Tick⁃borne encephalitis is a central nervous system disease caused by infections with tick⁃borne pathogens, which is characterized by severe clinical symptoms, multiple sequelae, and a high fatality rate. Currently, there is no cure for tick⁃borne encephalitis. Tick⁃borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most common pathogen of tick⁃borne encephalitis. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection of TBEV contributes to reducing the mortality of tick⁃borne encephalitis, improving patients' prognosis, and reducing the risk of TBEV transmission. The currently available serological tests for detection of TBEV infections mainly include neutralization test, enzyme⁃linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence assay, and nucleic acid tests mainly include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop⁃mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), reverse transcription polymerase spiral reaction, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR⁃associated proteins (Cas)⁃based assays. This review summarizes the progress of researches on serological and nucleic acid tests for detection of TBEV infections, so as to provide insights into prevention and control of tick⁃borne encephalitis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Cross⁃border joint prevention and control of tropical diseases in countries along the "Belt and Road" Initiative: a framework and roadmap QIAN Yingjun, DING Wei, LI Hongmei, WANG Duoquan, LÜ Shan, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 8-13.   Abstract （331）      PDF（pc） （1292KB）（907）       Knowledge map    Save Recently, there has been an increasing risk of importation of tropical diseases into China and the resultant retransmission in the country with the in⁃depth implementation of the "Belt and Road" Initiative, which poses a serious threat to the national public health security. To effectively respond to the cross⁃border transmission risk of tropical diseases and facilitate the process towards tropical disease control and elimination in China and the countries along the "Belt and Road" Initiative, this article analyzes the current status and governance risks of major imported tropical diseases, cross⁃border joint prevention and control polices implemented for tropical diseases and challenges in the establishment of the joint prevention and control system for tropical diseases in China, and discusses the establishment and implementation path of the joint prevention and control system for tropical diseases in countries along the "Belt and Road" Initiative. This path covers the establishment of cross⁃border cooperation mechanisms, research and development and pilot production of Chinese public health products, and implementation of key cross⁃border tropical disease prevention and control projects. The establishment of this system will further improve Chinese prevention and control capabilities for key cross⁃border tropical diseases, build a demonstrative prevention and control model for tropical diseases, and promote international technical exchanges and cooperation of tropical diseases.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Bulinus globosus QIAN Peijun, Masceline Jenipher Mutsaka⁃Makuvaza, LÜ Chao, QIAN Yingjun, WANG Wenya, CHEN Shenglin, XU Andong, XUE Jingbo, XU Jing, ZHOU Xiaonong, Nicholas Midzi, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 116-126, 135.   Abstract （323）      PDF（pc） （3009KB）（1154）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the structural and phylogenetic characteristics of the mitochondrial genome from Bulinus globosus, so as to provide a theoretical basis for classification and identification of species within the Bulinus genus, and to provide insights into understanding of Bulinus⁃schistosomes interactions and the mechanisms of parasite transmission.  Methods　       B. globosus samples were collected from the Ruya River basin in Zimbabwe. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from B. globosus samples and the corresponding libraries were constructed for high⁃throughput sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. After raw sequencing data were subjected to quality control using the fastp software, genome assembly was performed using the A5⁃miseq and SPAdes tools, and genome annotation was conducted using the MITOS online server. Circular maps and sequence plots of the mitochondrial genome were generated using the CGView and OGDRAW software, and the protein conservation motifs and structures were analyzed using the TBtools software. Base composition and codon usage bias were analyzed and visualized using the software MEGA X and the ggplot2 package in the R software. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was created in the software MEGA X after sequence alignment with the software MAFFT 7, and visualized using the software iTOL.  Results　         The mitochondrial genome of B. globosus was a 13 730 bp double⁃stranded circular molecule, containing 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 13 protein⁃coding genes, with a marked AT preference. The mitochondrial genome composition of B. globosus was similar to that of other species within the Bulinus genus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of B. globosus was clustered with B. truncatus, B. nasutus, and B. ugandae into the same evolutionary clade, and gene superfamily analysis showed that the metabolism⁃related proteins of B. globosus were highly conserved, notably the cytochrome c oxidase family, which showed a significant consistency.  Conclusions　This is the first whole mitochondrial genome sequencing to decode the compositional features of the mitochondrial genome of B. globosus from Zimbabwe and its evolutionary relationship within the Bulinus genus, which provides important insights for further understanding of the phylogeny and mitochondrial genome characteristics of the Bulinus genus. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Factors affecting Pomacea distribution and prediction of suitable distribution areas of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province LI Zhongqiu, LIU Yuhua, GUO Yunhai, WEI Zixin, CHEN Junhu, WANG Qiang, LI Tianmei, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 69-75.   Abstract （322）      PDF（pc） （2318KB）（650）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the factors affecting the distribution of Pomacea and project the trends in the spread of suitable distribution areas of Pomacea in 2050 and 2070 in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, so as to provide insights into Pomacea control in the prefecture. Methods　The longitudes and latitudes of Pomacea sampling sites were captured based on Pomacea field survey data in 12 cities (counties) of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture from 2023 to 2024. A total of 19 climatic factors (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, isothermality, temperature seasonality, maximum temperature of the warmest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature annual range, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest month, mean temperature of the coldest month, annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, precipitation of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and mean temperature of the coldest quarter) and representative concentration pathways (RCPs) were retrieved from the world climate database (www.worldclim.org). All climatic variables were employed to create a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model. The predictive accuracy of the model was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), and the contributions of these 19 climatic factors to the distribution of Pomacea were analyzed in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture using Jackknife test. In addition, the suitable distribution areas of Pomacea were predicted with the MaxEnt model in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in 2024 and in 2050 and 2070 under RCP4.5. Results　Data pertaining to 91 Pomacea sampling sites were captured. ROC analysis revealed the MaxEnt model had an AUC value of 0.885 ± 0.088 for predicting the suitable distribution areas of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. Of the 19 climatic factors, the maximum temperature of the warmest month had the highest contribution to the distribution of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, followed by mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the wettest quarter and minimum temperature of the coldest month. The suitable distribution area of Pomacea was predicted to be 14 555.69 m2 in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture in 2024, and would expand gradually to the southeastern part of the prefecture in the future due to climatic factors. The suitable distribution areas of Pomacea were projected to expand to 21 475.61 km² in 2050 and 25 782.52 km² in 2070 in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, respectively. Conclusions　Temperature is an important contributor to the distribution of Pomacea in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, and the suitable distribution area of Pomacea will gradually expand to the southeastern part of the prefecture in 2050 and 2070. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Strategic thinking on management of cross⁃boundary imported schistosomiasis XU Jing, LI Shizhen, LI Qin, GUO Suying, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 107-111.   Abstract （312）      PDF（pc） （1187KB）（1144）       Knowledge map    Save Schistosomiasis is prevalent in 78 countries and territories worldwide, while the eastern and western parts of sub⁃Sahara Africa bear the highest disease burden due to schistosomiasis. Recently, climate change, international trade and travel, urbanization and war have increased the risk of cross⁃boundary importation and transmission of schistosomiasis, and schistosomiasis has increasingly become a public health concern in non⁃endemic countries and territories. Biomphalaria straminea, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, has colonized in southern China and its habitats continue to move northward. In addition, cross⁃boundary imported cases of schistosomiasis have been reported occasionally in China. However, the real number of cases may be underestimated greatly due to insufficient diagnostic capacity and weak awareness of case reporting for overseas imported schistosomiasis in healthcare facilities. It is necessary to establish a multi⁃party collaborative mechanism, improve corresponding systems and technical specifications, reinforce surveillance and early warning, and border management, enhance technical reserves and capability building, and improve the awareness of schistosomiasis prevention and healthcare⁃seeking among entry⁃exit personnel, in order to effectively address the threat of cross⁃boundary imported schistosomiasis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

China's participation in schistosomiasis control in Africa: value and practice of the trinity model HE Jian, WANG Xinyao, HUANG Yuzheng, Saleh JUMA, Mayassa ALLY, ZHOU Xiaonong, YANG Kun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 1-7,13.   Abstract （311）      PDF（pc） （1407KB）（513）       Knowledge map    Save As a neglected tropical disease, schistosomiasis remains a major public health challenge in underdeveloped areas, notably Africa. Currently, the national schistosomiasis control programmes in Africa mainly depend on foreign aids; however, conventional international aid models have multiple limitations. To enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of global schistosomiasis control programmes, this article proposes a trinity collaboration model based on international rules, China's experiences and local needs, which is explained with China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar as an example. Based on the successful experiences from the national schistosomiasis control programme in China, this model emphasizes the compliance with World Health Organization guidelines and fully considers local actual needs to promote the effectiveness and sustainability of the schistosomiasis control programme through integrating international resources and promoting China's experience to meet local needs. The successful practice of the China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar provides strong evidence that the model is of great theoretical significance and practical value to improve the efficiency of multilateral collaboration and promote global health governance. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Effects of intravenous and intraperitoneal routes on Babesia microti infections and splenic immune cells in BALB/c mice YANG Hanyin, CAI Yuchun, YAN Shuning, XIN Yi, MO Ziran, XU Bin, ZHENG Bin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 61-68.   Abstract （311）      PDF（pc） （1588KB）（497）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the changes in the prevalence of Babesia microti infections, spleen morphology and proportions of splenic immune cells in BALB/c mice following intravenous and intraperitoneal injections, so as to provide insights into unraveling the immune regulatory mechanisms of Babesia infections.  Methods　Laboratory⁃maintained B. microti strains were prepared into whole blood samples with 10% prevalence of B. microti infection. A total of 75 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups, including the normal control group, intravenous injection group, and intraperitoneal injection group, of 25 mice in each group. Mice in the intravenous and intraperitoneal injection groups were administered 100 μL of whole blood samples with 10% prevalence of B. microti infection, with the day of injection recorded as d0, and animals in the normal control group were given no treatments. Blood was sampled from mice in each group via the tail tip on d7, d14, d21, d28 and d35, and prepared into thin⁃film blood smears, and B. microti infection was observed in red blood cells. Five mice were randomly sampled from each group and sacrificed on d7, d14, d21, d28 and d35, and spleen was collected for measurement of spleen size and weight. In addition, splenic cells were isolated, and the proportions of CD3e+ T cells, CD45R+ B cells, CD49b+ nature killer (NK) cells, and F4/80+ macrophages were detected in CD45+ lymphocytes using flow cytometry.  Results　 The prevalence of B. microti infection in the intravenous (22.80%) and intraperitoneal injection groups (44.82%) peaked on d7 ([χ2] = 8.141, P < 0.01) and then rapidly decreased, and no parasites were observed on d35. The longest mouse spleen length [(32.91 ± 2.20) mm] and width [(9.82 ± 0.43) mm], and the greatest weight [(0.78 ± 0.10) g] were found on d14 in the intravenous injection group, and the longest spleen length [(32.42 ± 3.21) mm] and width [(10.25 ± 0.73) mm], and the greatest weight [(0.73 ± 0.09) g] were seen in the intraperitoneal injection group on d21, d7 and d14, respectively. There were significant differences among the intravenous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and the normal control group in terms of spleen length (F = 10.310, P < 0.05), width (F = 9.824, P < 0.05), and weight (F = 10.672, P < 0.05) on d21, and the mouse spleen length, width and weight were all significantly greater in the intraperitoneal injection group than in the intravenous injection group (all P values < 0.05). The proportions of splenic CD3e+ T cells [(60.60 ± 6.20)% and (39.68 ± 7.62)%], CD45R+ B cells [(43.32 ± 2.08)% and (49.53 ± 4.90)%], CD49b+ NK cells [(6.88 ± 1.34)% and (7.71 ± 1.59)%], and F4/80+ macrophages [(2.21 ± 0.29)% and (3.80 ± 0.35)%] peaked on d14, d21, d21 and d14 in the intravenous and intraperitoneal injection groups, respectively. There were significant differences in the proportions of CD3e+ T cells (F = 16.730, P  < 0.05) and F4/80+ macrophages (F = 15.941, P  < 0.05) among the intravenous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and normal control group on d14, and a higher proportion of CD3e+ T cells and a lower proportion of F4/80+ macrophages were detected in the intravenous injection group than in the intraperitoneal injection group (both P values < 0.01). There were significant differences among the intravenous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and normal control group on d21 in terms of proportions of splenic CD3e+ T cells (F = 9.252, P < 0.05), CD45R+ B cells (F = 14.349, P  < 0.05), CD49b+ NK cells (F = 13.436, P  < 0.05), and F4/80+ macrophages (F = 8.180, P  < 0.05), and a higher proportion of CD3e+ T cells and lower proportions of CD45R+ B cells and F4/80+ macrophages were detected in the intravenous injection group than in the intraperitoneal injection group (all P values < 0.01). In addition, there was a significant difference in the proportion of CD3e+ T cells among the intravenous injection group, intraperitoneal injection group and normal control group on d28 (F = 9.772, P < 0.05), and a lower proportion of CD3e+ T cells was found in the intravenous injection group than in the intraperitoneal injection group (P < 0.01). Conclusions　Both intraperitoneal and intravenous routes are effective to induce B. microti infections in BALB/c mice, and the prevalence of B. microti infections is higher in BALB/c mice through the intraperitoneal route than through the intravenous route. Intraperitoneal and intravenous injections with B. microti cause diverse spleen morphologies and proportions of splenic immune cells in mice, indicating routes of B. microti infections cause different impacts on immune response mechanisms in mice.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Dynamics of eosinophil infiltration and microglia activation in brain tissues of mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis WEI Fanna, ZHANG Renjie, HU Yahong, QIN Xiaoyu, GUO Yunhai, MO Xiaojin, LU Yan, SUN Jiahui, ZHOU Yan, GUO Jiatian, SONG Peng, CHU Yanhong1, XU Bin, ZHANG Ting, CAI Yuchun, CHEN Muxin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 163-175.   Abstract （304）      PDF（pc） （4606KB）（431）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the changes in eosinophil counts and the activation of microglial cells in the brain tissues of mice at different stages of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection, and to examine the role of microglia in regulating the progression of angiostrongyliasis and unravel the possible molecular mechanisms. Methods　Fifty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the control group and the 7⁃d, 14⁃d, 21⁃day and 25⁃d infection groups, of 10 mice in each group. All mice in infection groups were infected with 30 stage Ⅲ A. cantonensis larvae by gavage, and animals in the control group was given an equal amount of physiological saline. Five mice were collected from each of infection groups on days 7, 14, 21 d and 25 d post⁃infection, and 5 mice were collected from the control group on the day of oral gavage. The general and focal functional impairment was scored using the Clark scoring method to assess the degree of mouse neurological impairment. Five mice from each of infection groups were sacrificed on days 7, 14, 21 d and 25 d post⁃infection, and 5 mice from the control group were sacrificed on the day of oral gavage. Mouse brain tissues were sampled, and the pathological changes of brain tissues were dynamically observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Immunofluorescence staining with eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) was used to assess the degree of eosinophil infiltration and the counts of microglial cells in mouse brain tissues in each group, and the morphological parameters of microglial cells (skeleton analysis and fractal analysis) were quantified by using Image J software to determine the morphological changes of microglial cells. In addition, the expression of M1 microglia markers Fcγ receptor Ⅲ (Fcgr3), Fcγ receptor Ⅱb (Fcgr2b) and CD86 antigen (Cd86), M2 microglia markers Arginase 1 (Arg1), macrophage mannose receptor C⁃type 1 (Mrc1), chitinase⁃like 3 (Chil3), and phagocytosis genes myeloid cell triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2), CD68 antigen (Cd68), and apolipoprotein E (Apoe) was quantified using real⁃time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT⁃qPCR) assay in the mouse cerebral cortex of mice post⁃infection. Results　A large number of A. cantonensis larvae were seen on the mouse meninges surface post⁃infection, and many neuronal nuclei were crumpled and deeply stained, with a large number of bleeding points in the meninges. The median Clark scores of mouse general functional impairment were 0 (interquartile range, 0), 0 (interquartile range, 0.5), 6 (interquartile range, 1.0), 14 (interquartile range, 8.5) points and 20 (interquartile range, 9.0) points in the control group and the 7⁃d, 14⁃d, 21⁃d and 25⁃d groups, respectively (H = 22.45, P < 0.01), and the median Clark scores of mouse focal functional impairment were 0 (interquartile range, 0), 2 (interquartile range, 2.5), 7 (interquartile range, 3.0), 18 (interquartile range, 5.0) points and 25 (interquartile range, 6.5) points in the control group and the 7⁃d, 14⁃d, 21⁃d and 25⁃d groups, respectively (H = 22.72, P < 0.01). The mean scores of mice general and focal functional impairment were all higher in the infection groups than in the control group (all P values < 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed a significant difference in the eosinophil counts in mouse brain tissues among the five groups (F = 40.05, P < 0.000 1), and the eosinophil counts were significantly higher in mouse brain tissues in the 14⁃d (3.08 ± 0.78) and 21⁃d infection groups (5.97 ± 1.37) than in the control group (1.00 ± 0.28) (both P values < 0.05). Semi⁃quantitative analysis of microglia immunofluorescence showed a significant difference in the counts of microglial cells among the five groups (F = 17.66, P < 0.000 1), and higher Iba1 levels were detected in mouse brain tissues in 14⁃d (5.75 ± 1.28), 21⁃d (6.23 ± 1.89) and 25⁃d infection groups (3.70 ± 1.30) than in the control group (1.00 ± 0.30) (all P values < 0.05). Skeleton and fractal analyses showed that the branch length [(162.04 ± 34.10) μm vs. (395.37 ± 64.11) μm; t = 5.566, P < 0.05] and fractal dimension of microglial cells [(1.30 ± 0.01) vs. (1.41 ± 0.03); t = 5.266, P < 0.05] were reduced in mouse brain tissues in the 21⁃d infection group relative to the control group. In addition, there were significant differences among the 5 groups in terms of M1 and M2 microglia markers Fcgr3 (F = 48.34, P < 0.05) , Fcgr2b (F = 55.46, P < 0.05), Cd86 (F = 24.44, P < 0.05), Arg1 (F = 31.18, P < 0.05), Mrc1 (F = 15.42, P < 0.05) and Chil3 (F = 24.41, P < 0.05), as well as phagocytosis markers Trem2 (F = 21.19, P < 0.05), Cd68 (F = 43.95, P < 0.05) and Apoe (F = 7.123, P < 0.05) in mice brain tissues. Conclusions　A. cantonensis infections may induce severe pathological injuries in mouse brain tissues that are characterized by massive eosinophil infiltration and persistent activation of microglia cells, thereby resulting in progressive deterioration of neurological functions.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Etiological characteristics and molecular evolution of the first mpox case in Huai'an City of Jiangsu Province YANG Pengfei, HE Fang, YAN Qingli, GENG Heyuan, GAO Tong, GAO Qiang, XIONG Chenglong, PENG Haiyan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 85-92,97.   Abstract （300）      PDF（pc） （2576KB）（707）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the virus subtypes, molecular evolutional and molecular transmission network features of the first confirmed mpox case in Huai'an City, Jiangsu Province, so as to provide insights into understanding of the transmission and evolution dynamics of mpox virus and formulation of the mpox control strategy in the city.  Methods　Genomic DNA was extracted from swabs of the first confirmed mpox case's skin lesions in Huai'an City, and the amplicon sequencing library was constructed using the hypersensitive mpox virus whole⁃genome capture kit. High⁃throughput sequencing was performed using the GridION X5 nanopore sequencer on the Nanopore sequencing platform, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of mpox virus genome sequences was performed following sequence assembly. In addition, phylogenetic analysis, genetic genealogy and molecular traceability analysis were performed. Results　The virus whole genome sequence of the first confirmed mpox case was successfully obtained by high⁃throughput sequencing, with a full length of 197 182 bp, and was named hMpxV/China/JS⁃HA01/2023, which belonged to the clade IIb (West African clade) lineage B.1.3. Compared with the mpox virus reference sequence MPXV⁃M5312⁃HM12Rivers⁃001 (GenBank accession number: NC_063383), the genome sequence of the Huai'an virus isolate carried 86 SNPs, including 40 SNPs in the coding region as non⁃synonymous mutations and 73 SNPs as nucleotide mutations caused by APOBEC3 (APOBEC3). Of the 97 mpox virus gene sequences, 79 sequences were included in the molecular network (81.44%), and the threshold of the genetic distance accessed to the network was 0.35/105. There were two large molecular transmission clusters and one scattered cluster in the molecular transmission network of the mpox virus, and the hMpxV/China/JS⁃HA01/2023 sequence was located in the large cluster. The 97 gene sequences formed 92 haplotypes, including three shared haplotypes Hap_4, Hap_6 and Hap_38, and an exclusive haplotype Hap_1 of hMpxV/China/JS⁃HA01/2023 generated from mutation of the exclusive haplotype Hap_43, while the exclusive haplotype Hap_43 was generated from mutation of the shared haplotype Hap_38. Conclusions　The whole genome sequence of the mpox virus isolated from the first confirmed mpox case in Huai'an City has been successfully obtained, and the molecular evolutionary and molecular transmission network characteristics of the virus  have been preliminarily understood. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Population genetic structure of sandflies in China based on mitochondrial DNA LI Zhongqiu, WEI Zixin, ZHOU Zhengbin, ZHANG Yi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 144-151.   Abstract （278）      PDF（pc） （1427KB）（528）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the genetic diversity of sandfly populations in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in China, so as to provide references insights into management of visceral leishmaniasis and the vector sandflies. Methods　Sixteen sampling sites were selected from main endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in China from June to September 2024, including Shanxi Province, Shaanxi Province, Henan Province, Gansu Province, Sichuan Province, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Sandflies were captured using light traps and manual aspirators from sheep pens, chicken coops, cave dwellings, bovine sheds, and pig pens at each sampling site. A single sandfly sample was washed in phosphate⁃buffered saline (PBS), and genomic DNA was extracted from sandfly samples. Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene was amplified using PCR assay with universal primers, and analyzed and retrieved with the nucleotide sequence analysis tool (BLAST) software, and the sequence of COI gene was aligned with the ClustalX 1.83 and MEGA 7.0 software. The base composition and variation site of the COI gene sequence were analyzed using the software MEGA 7.0, and the number of haplotypes, total number of segregating sites, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, and average nucleotide differences were calculated in the COI gene sequence using the software DnaSP 5.10, followed by Tajima's D test for neutrality. Haplotypes were screened using the software DnaSP 5.10, and the haplotype network map of sandfly samples was plotted using the software Network 5.0. MEGA 7.0 software was employed for gene sequence editing and alignment, and calculation of genetic distances among sandfly species sampled from different regions, and a phylogenetic tree was built with a neighbor⁃joining method. Results　A total of 466 sandflies were captured from 16 sampling sites in China from June to September 2024, and 430 gene sequences were yielded following PCR amplification and sequencing of the COI gene, with 652 to 688 bp in the length of amplification fragments. The captured sandfly samples were characterized as Phlebotomus chinensis, Sergentomyia squamirostris, Se. koloshanensis, Ph. sichuanensis, and Ph. longiductus following the COI gene sequence alignment in BLAST. A total of 251 haplotypes were identified in the 430 gene sequences from sandfly samples (50.5%), and the average haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and average number of nucleotide difference were 0.885, 0.257 and 160.761, respectively. The Tajima's D values were -0.92 for sandfly populations from Yangquan City,  Shanxi Province and -1.73 for sandfly populations from Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, and were all more than 0 for sandfly populations from other sampling sites. Haplotype analysis identified 50 haplotypes, which were classified into two haplogroups. Heplogroup 1 included 29 haplotypes, which had a high homology, and heplogroup 2 included 21 haplotypes. The average genetic distance was 0.000 to 0.604 among sandfly samples from different sampling sites, and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the five sandfly species were clustered into distinct clades, all with 100% clade confidence. Conclusions　There is a high genetic polymorphism in the COI gene from five sandfly populations in main endemic foci of visceral leishmaniasis in China, and COI gene may serve as a marker gene for analysis of the genetic structure of sandfly populations. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Toxicity and sublethal effects of calcium cyanamide against susceptible strains of Aedes albopictus ZHENG Luyang, XU Huiyi, WEN Qingqiu, ZHOU Ning, ZHENG Xueli Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 196-200,222.   Abstract （277）      PDF（pc） （1455KB）（508）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To examine the toxicity and sublethal effects of calcium cyanamide against susceptible isolates of Aedes albopictus, so as to provide insights into rational use of calcium cyanamide for integrated management of Ae. albopictus. Methods　The sublethal concentrations ［30% lethal concentration (LC30) and median lethal concentration (LC50)］of calcium cyanamide against susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were determined using the larval immersion test. With 100 mL of dechlorinated water as the control group, after the larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were immersed in calcium cyanamide for 24 hours, the pupation rate, pupation duration, emergence rate, number of eggs laid, percentage of eggs hatched, and lifespan of Ae. albopictus were calculated and compared post⁃treatment with calcium cyanamide at different sublethal concentrations. The midgut tissues of larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus treated with 100 mg/L calcium cyanamide were sampled for pathological sectioning to observe midgut tissue damages. To evaluate the residual activity, 100 larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were treated with 200 mg/L and 500 mg/L calcium cyanamide, and the mortality of larvae was calculated every 24 hour, with dead larvae replaced until no larval death. Results　The regression equation for the toxicity of calcium cyanamide against larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus was y = -9.441 + 4.657x, with an LC50 of 106.42 mg/L［95% confidence interval (CI): (94.64, 118.36) mg/L］and an LC30 of 82.17 mg/L［95% CI: (94.64, 118.36) mg/L］, respectively. After larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus were treated with sublethal concentrations (LC30 and LC50) of calcium cyanamide for 24 hours, there were reduced pupation and emergence rates of larvae (all P values < 0.000 1), prolonged pupal stage (both P values < 0.000 1), reduced numbers of eggs laid by survival female Ae. albopictus (both P values < 0.000 1), reduced percentages of eggs hatched by Ae. albopictus eggs (both P values < 0.000 1), and reduced median survival period of survival female Ae. albopictus ([χ2] = 9.36 and 20.33, both P values < 0.01) in the LC30 and LC50 groups relative to the control group. There was a numerical decline in the median survival period of survival female Ae. albopictus in the LC30 groups relative to the control group ([χ2] = 2.42, P > 0.05), and there was a significant decline in the median survival period of survival female Ae. albopictus in the LC50 group relative to the control group ([χ2] = 11.42, P < 0.01). Histopathological examinations showed severe damages to the midgut tissues of larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus, and residual activity assay revealed that the mortality of larvae of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus was both 0 on day 32 post⁃treatment with calcium cyanamide at a concentration of 200 mg/L and on day 70 post⁃treatment with calcium cyanamide at a concentration of 500 mg/L, showing complete loss of the larvicidal activity of calcium cyanamide.  Conclusions　Calcium cyanamide is highly toxic against susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus, and calcium cyanamide at sublethal concentrations (LC30 and LC50) may inhibit growth, development, and reproductive capability of susceptible strains of Ae. albopictus, and shorten the lifespan of adult mosquitoes. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Current status of anticoccidial drug resistance in China BAI Yidan, LI Wenting, LUO Wanxin, YU Yuxin, LI Dongfang, ZHAO Junlong, HE Lan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 217-222.   Abstract （270）      PDF（pc） （1169KB）（314）       Knowledge map    Save Avian coccidiosis, an acute parasitic disease that mainly harms chicks, is widely prevalent across the world, which poses a serious threat to poultry industry. Because of the single prophylactic formulations, veterinary clinical treatment of coccidiosis mainly relies on chemically synthesized agents, polyether ionophores and Chinese herbal medicines. The introduction of novel anticoccidial drugs is slow for a long period of time, and there is an increasing problem of anticoccidial drug resistance following long⁃term use, which has become an urgent problem to be solved in poultry industry. This review summarizes the levels of anticoccidial drug resistance across China from 2018 to 2023, and analyzes the resistance to various anticoccidial agents in coccidia. It is indicated that the overall prevalence of anticoccidial drug resistance is high in coccidia, and development of novel anticoccidial agents and products with reduced antibiotics use and alternatives of antibiotics is of an urgent need.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Proportions of memory T cells and expression of their associated cytokines in lymph nodes of mice infected with Echinococcus multilocularis LI Yinshi, ADILAI Duolikun, DENG Bingqing, ABIDAN Ainiwaer, SUN Sheng, XIAO Wenying, GE Conghui, TANG Na, LI Jing, WANG Hui, JIANG Tao, ZHANG Chuanshan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 136-143,189.   Abstract （268）      PDF（pc） （3134KB）（579）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the effects of Echinococcus multilocularis infection on levels of memory T (Tm) cells and their subsets in lymph nodes of mice at different stages of infection, so as to provide new insights into immunotherapy for alveolar echinococcosis.  Methods　Twenty⁃four C57BL/6J mice aged 6 to 9 weeks were randomly divided into the infection group and the control group, of 12 mice in each group. Mice in the infection group were administered with 3 000 E. multilocularis protoscoleces via portal venous injection, while animals in the control group were administered with an equal volume of physiological saline. Three mice from each group were sacrificed 4, 12 weeks and 24 weeks post⁃infection, and lymph nodes were sampled and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to investigate the histopathological changes of mouse lymph nodes in the infection group. The expression and localization of T lymphocyte surface markers CD3, CD4, and CD8 were observed in mouse lymph nodes using immunohistochemical staining. In addition, lymphocyte suspensions were prepared from mouse lymph nodes in both groups at different time points post⁃infection, and the levels of Tm cell subsets and their secreted cytokines were detected using flow cytometry.  Results　HE staining showed diffuse structural alterations in the subcapsular cortical and paracortical regions of mouse lymph nodes in the infection group 4 weeks post⁃infection with E. multilocularis. Immunohistochemical staining detected CD3, CD4 and CD8 expression in mouse lymph nodes in both groups. Flow cytometry revealed higher proportions of CD4+ Tm cells [(55.3 ± 4.8)% vs. (38.8 ± 6.1)%; t = -4.259, P < 0.05] and CD4+ tissue⁃resident Tm (Trm) cells [(57.7 ± 3.7)% vs. (34.1 ± 11.2)%; t = -3.990, P < 0.05] in mouse lymph nodes in the infection group than in the control group 4 weeks post⁃infection, and higher proportions of CD4+ Tm cells [(34.6 ± 3.2)% vs. (23.3 ± 7.5)%; t = -2.764，P < 0.05] and CD4+ Trm cells [(44.0 ± 1.9)% vs. (31.2 ± 1.5)%; t = -4.039，P < 0.05] in mouse lymph nodes in the infection group than in the control group 24 weeks post⁃infection. The proportions of CD8+ Tm cells were higher in the infection group than in the control group 4 weeks [(56.8 ± 2.7)% vs. (43.9 ± 5.2)%; t = -4.416, P < 0.01] and 12 weeks post⁃infection [(25.4 ± 2.7)% vs. (12.0 ± 2.6)%; t = -2.552, P < 0.05], while the proportions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)⁃α+ CD4+ T cells [(15.7 ± 5.0)% vs. (49.4 ± 6.4)%; t = 7.150, P < 0.01], TNF⁃α+ CD8+ T cells [(20.7 ± 5.5)% vs. (57.5 ± 8.4)%; t = -6.694, P < 0.01], and TNF⁃α+ CD8+ Tm cells [7.0% (1.0%)  vs. 31.0% (11.0%); Z = -2.236, P < 0.05] were lower in the infection group than in the control group 24 weeks post⁃infection. Conclusions　Tm cells levels are consistently increased in lymph nodes of mice at different stages of E. multilocularis infection, with Trm cells as the predominantly elevated subset. The impaired capacity of CD8+ Tm cells to secrete the effector molecule TNF⁃α in mouse lymph nodes at the late⁃stage infection may facilitate chronic parasitism of E. multilocularis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Effects of Toxoplasma gondii type Ⅰ/Ⅱ rhoptry protein 16 on the polarization and inflammatory response of mouse alveolar macrophages LI Jiaming, DANG Tiantian, ZHAO Zhijun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 127-135.   Abstract （264）      PDF（pc） （2432KB）（578）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the effects of Toxoplasma gondii typeⅠand Ⅱrhoptry protein 16 (ROP16) on the polarization and inflammatory response of mouse alveolar macrophages, so as to provide the scientific evidence for unveiling the immunoregulatory mechanisms following T. gondii infection in host cells and the clinical diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary toxoplasmosis. Methods　Mouse alveolar macrophages served as blank controls, and mouse alveolar macrophages transfected with the empty lentiviral expression vector served as negative controls, and mouse alveolar macrophages transfected with lentiviral vectors overexpressing T. gondii typeⅠand Ⅱ ROP16 served as the typeⅠand ⅡROP16 overexpression groups. Following puromycin selection, stably transfected cells that overexpressed typeⅠand ⅡROP16 were generated, observed for green fluorescence expression under a fluorescence microscope and verified using PCR, Western blotting and real⁃time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT⁃qPCR) assays. The expression of ROP16, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), arginase (Arg)⁃1, mannose receptor (CD206), cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86), NOD⁃like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase⁃1, apoptosis⁃associated speck⁃like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and interleukin (IL)⁃1β proteins was determined in mouse alveolar macrophages using Western blotting assay, and the mRNA levels of ROP16, iNOS, IL⁃1β, IL⁃4, IL⁃12, IL⁃18, Arg⁃1, IL⁃10, IL⁃6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)⁃α and transforming growth factor (TGF)⁃β were detected in mouse alveolar macrophages using RT⁃qPCR assay. Results　Fluorescence microscopy showed 90% of mouse alveolar macrophages producing green fluorescent signals in the typeⅠand Ⅱ ROP16 overexpression groups and the negative control group. The relative ROP16 protein expression was  1.000 ± 0.000, 1.003 ± 0.020, 1.349 ± 0.055, and 1.376 ± 0.080 in mouse alveolar macrophages in the blank control group, negative control group, and typeⅠand ⅡROP16 overexpression groups (F = 35.30, P < 0.01), and the relative ROP16 mRNA expression was 1.007 ± 0.172, 2.030 ± 0.356, 1 409.579 ± 75.960, and 1 413.581 ± 27.712 in the blank control group, negative control group, and typeⅠand Ⅱ ROP16 overexpression groups (F = 811.00, P < 0.01). The ROP16 expression was significantly higher in the typeⅠand ⅡROP16 overexpression groups than in the blank control group at both protein and mRNA levels (all P value < 0.01). Western blotting assay detected significant differences among the four groups in terms of iNOS, Arg⁃1, CD86, CD206, NLRP3, caspase⁃1, ASC, and IL⁃1β protein expression (F = 124.70, 82.40, 79.82, 919.40, 84.74, 39.85, 2 354.00 and 65.96, all P values < 0.05), and the expression of Arg⁃1, CD206, NLRP3, caspase⁃1, ASC, and IL⁃1β proteins was significantly higher in the typeⅠROP16 overexpression group than in the blank control group (all P values < 0.001), while the expression of iNOS, CD86, NLRP3, caspase⁃1, ASC, and IL⁃1β proteins was significantly higher in the type ⅡROP16 overexpression group than in the blank control group (all P values < 0.01). RT⁃qPCR assay detected significant differences among the four groups in terms of iNOS, IL⁃1β, IL⁃4, IL⁃12, IL⁃18, Arg⁃1, IL⁃10, IL⁃6, TNF⁃α, and TGF⁃β mRNA expression (F = 407.00, 1 528.00, 833.10, 267.90, 989.80, 161.80, 461.10, 5 529.00, 849.60 and 8 836.00, all P values < 0.05), and the Arg⁃1, IL⁃4, IL⁃10, and TGF⁃β mRNA expression was significantly higher in the typeⅠROP16 overexpression group than in the blank control group (all P values < 0.001), while the iNOS, IL⁃1β, IL⁃12, IL⁃18, IL⁃6, and TNF⁃α mRNA expression was significantly higher in the typeⅡROP16 overexpression group than in the blank control group (all P values < 0.001). Conclusions　T. gondii typeⅠROP16 may induce M2⁃dominant phenotypes of mouse alveolar macrophages, and typeⅡROP16 may induce M1⁃dominant phenotypes of mouse alveolar macrophages. Both T. gondii typeⅠand ⅡROP16 may activate NLRP3, and mediate the activation of ASC, caspase⁃1 and IL⁃1β to promote inflammatory responses. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Risk assessment of human Spirometra mansoni infections and cross⁃sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice towards sparganosis in endemic areas of Henan Province ZHANG Yalan, JIANG Tiantian, MA Xiaohui, DENG Yan, CHEN Weiqi, ZHU Yankun, TANG Zhenqiang, LIN Ximeng, ZHANG Hongwei Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 190-195.   Abstract （263）      PDF（pc） （1148KB）（354）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To assess the risk of human Spirometra mansoni infections and investigate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards sparganosis mansoni among residents in Henan Province, so as to provide insights into formulation of the sparganosis mansoni control measures. Methods　Qinling Village in Fugou County of Zhoukou City, Bali Village in Yancheng District of Luohe City, Duzhai Village in Puyang County of Puyang City and Doushan Village in Luoshan County of Xinyang City were sampled as survey sites in Henan Province from July to August 2023, and more than 40 frogs were sampled from ponds or streams in each survey site for detection of Sparganum mansoni infections. At least 150 residents were sampled using a cluster sampling method from each survey site, and the sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃S. mansoni IgG antibody was estimated. In addition, a questionnaire survey was conducted on the KAP towards sparganosis mansoni among participants, and the proportion of eligible KAP, rate of correct KAP and KAP scores were calculated.  Results　A total 229 frogs were collected from 4 survey sites in 2023, and the overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 4.37% (10/229) in frogs, with 7.75% (10/129) prevalence in wild frogs and 0 in farm⁃bred frogs. A questionnaire survey was performed among 649 residents sampled from 4 survey sites, and 649 serum samples were collected. The sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃S.mansoni IgG antibody was 0.15% (1/649) and the overall proportion of eligible KAP was 23.73% (154/649) among participants. There were age⁃ ([χ2]  = 30.905, P = 0.000), educational level⁃ ([χ2] = 41.011, P = 0.000), and occupation⁃specific proportions of eligible KAP among participants ([χ2] = 10.721, P = 0.005), and the proportion of eligible KAP decreased with age ([χ2] trend = 22.717, P = 0.000) and increased with education levels ([χ2] trend = 40.025, P = 0.000). The rates of correct KAP towards sparganosis mansoni were 40.81% (2 119/5 192), 96.66% (1 882/1 947) and 63.81% (3 727/5 841) ([χ2] = 1 913.731, P = 0.000) among residents, respectively. The rates of correct KAP towards sparganosis mansoni varied significantly among survey sites ([χ2] = 136.872, 42.347 and 255.157; all P values= 0.000, with the highest rate of correct knowledge (51.94%, 748/1 440) and practices (75.86%, 1 229/1 620) in Yancheng District of Luohe City and the highest rate of correct attitudes in Puyang County of Puyang City (99.11%, 446/450) (all P values< 0.05).  Conclusions　There is still a high transmission risk of sparganosis mansoni in Henan Province, and the KAP towards sparganosis mansoni is required to be improved among residents. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Non⁃coding RNAs expression profile of adjacent and distant liver tissues of hepatic cystic echinococcosis lesions IRSHAT Ibrahim, AIZEMAITI Aikebaier, WUBULIKASIMU Mijiti, XU Qilin, ABUDUSIKUER Abudumijiti, WU Yuanquan, KAHAER Tuersun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 152-162.   Abstract （261）      PDF（pc） （3892KB）（416）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the differential expression of non⁃coding RNAs (ncRNAs) from liver tissues adjacent to hepatic cystic echinococcosis (CE) lesions and distant normal liver tissues using whole transcriptome sequencing, and perform functional annotations of differentially expressed ncRNAs, so as  to explore the potential role of ncRNAs in the pathogenesis of CE. Methods　Intraoperative liver tissue specimens adjacent to hepatic CE lesions and distant normal liver tissue specimen were sampled from patients with hepatic CE, and the expression profiles of microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non⁃coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were detected using whole transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes were identified, and functional annotations were performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. In addition, a circRNA/lncRNA⁃miRNA⁃messenger RNA (mRNA) competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed using the Cytoscape software, and the expression of hub miRNAs in the network was validated using real⁃time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT⁃qPCR) assay.  Results　A total of 41 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified between the adjacent and distal tissues of hepatic CE lesions, including 8 up⁃regulated and 33 down⁃regulated miRNAs, which were significantly enriched in biological processes of Ras signaling and neutrophil activation. Five differentially expressed circRNAs were detected, including 3 up⁃regulated and 2 down⁃regulated circRNAs, which were significantly enriched in molecular functions of hormone signaling pathways and RNA transcription regulation. A total of 447 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified, including 200 up⁃regulated and 247 down⁃regulated lncRNAs, which were involved in cell proliferation, immune regulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling pathways. MiRNA target analysis predicted hsa⁃miR⁃27a⁃5p, hsa⁃miR⁃21⁃3p, and hsa⁃miR⁃181b⁃2⁃3p as hub nodes in the ceRNA network. RT⁃qPCR assay detected that the relative expression levels of ENSG00000253736, HAS2⁃AS1, PCSK6, hsa⁃miR⁃21⁃3p, hsa⁃miR⁃27a⁃5p, MIR23AHG, VIPR1⁃AS1, LINC02910, and hsa⁃miR⁃181b⁃2⁃3p were 3.00 ± 0.25, 2.75 ± 0.33, 1.01 ± 0.51, 2.65 ± 0.41, 1.01 ± 0.29, 1.10 ± 0.31, 1.05 ± 0.27, 0.25 ± 0.49, and 2.56 ± 0.35 in adjacent tissues of hepatic CE lesions, normalized to that in distant tissues from hepatic CE lesions,  respectively (t = 6.21, 5.83, 7.51, 7.46, 6.12, 6.65, 7.13, 1.87 and 7.81, all P values  < 0.01), which was consistent with whole transcriptome sequencing results. Conclusions　Differentially expressed ncRNAs from adjacent and distal liver tissues of hepatic CE lesions may contribute to the pathological mechanisms of CE through mediating cell proliferation, immune evasion, and inflammatory responses, in which hsa⁃miR⁃27a⁃5p and hsa⁃miR⁃21⁃3p may serve as hub miRNAs. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

The future is already here and the wave is coming: progress and challenges in the research and application of artificial intelligence-empowered malaria control programmes ZHU Guoding, CAO Jun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 112-115.   Abstract （256）      PDF（pc） （1090KB）（886）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid rise and fast development of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to all sectors, including disease prevention control. Malaria is one of the world's most devastating infectious diseases. This article summarizes the advances in the research and application of AI⁃empowered malaria control programmes, analyzes key challenges during the implementation of malaria control programmes, and proposes future development directions and research proprieties, so as to provide insights into facilitating the translation of AI⁃driven strategies in global infectious disease control efforts. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Risk of and response to cross⁃border importation and secondary transmission of malaria ZHOU Yaowu, ZHANG Li, XIA Zhigui Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 14-18.   Abstract （256）      PDF（pc） （1058KB）（875）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, the global malaria epidemic is still severe. China was certified malaria⁃free by WHO in 2021; however, there is a risk of cross⁃border importation and secondary transmission of malaria via aircrafts and through land bordering countries in China because of the complex environments in border areas between China and neighboring malaria⁃endemic countries, notably the explosive growth in the malaria epidemic in Myanmar in China⁃Myanmar border areas. This article summarizes typical cases of secondary transmission caused by imported malaria across the world, and proposes responses to cross⁃border importation and secondary transmission of malaria in non⁃border and border areas of China, in order to effectively reduce the risk of malaria importation and secondary transmission and consolidate the hard earned malaria elimination achievements. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Investigation of tick species in Suizhou City, Hubei Province from 2023 to 2024 LU Huiya, GUO Fang, PAN Yibin, PENG Meng, WU Libang, LIN Ye, LIU Xiaohui, YU Xuejie Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 184-189.   Abstract （251）      PDF（pc） （1408KB）（481）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the species of ticks in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, so as to provide insights into management of ticks and tick⁃borne diseases. Methods　During the period between May 2023 and June 2024, livestock breeding farms and vegetation neighboring the place of residence of confirmed and suspected patients with tick⁃borne disease were selected as sampling points in rural areas from Yindian Township, Gaocheng Township, Wanhe Township, Wushan Township, Xiaolin Township, Xihe Township, Hedian Township and Beijiao Street in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, where confirmed and suspected cases with tick⁃borne diseases had been reported. The parasitic ticks on the body surface of free⁃range livestock were captured with tweezers in livestock breeding farms, and free ticks on the vegetation surface were captured with the flagging method. Morphological identification of tick samples was performed under a microscope, and the gender and developmental stage of ticks were determined. One engorged adult tick, 2 to 3 blood⁃feeding but non⁃engorged adult ticks, 10 to 15 unfed female ticks, 15 to 20 unfed male ticks, and 30 to 40 tick nymphs or larvae were assigned into a group, respectively. Genomic DNA was extracted from tick samples in each group, and mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene was amplified. Sequence analysis was performed with the DNASTAR software, and phylogenetic analysis was performed using the software MEGA 7.0. In addition, the phylogenetic tree was generated using the maximum likelihood method based on the Kimura 2 parameter model. Results　A total of 2 438 ticks were captured from Suizhou City, Hubei Province during the period between May 2023 and June 2024, including 595 free ticks and 1 483 parasitic ticks. Three developmental stages of ticks were captured, including larvae, nymphs, and adults, and 75.18% (1 899/2 438) of captured ticks were adult, in which 79.04% (1 501/1 899) were female. Morphological and molecular biological assays identified one family, three genera and four species of captured ticks, including 2 425 Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks (99.47%) and one H. flava tick (0.04%) of the genus Haemaphysalis, 11 Rhipicephalus microplus ticks (0.45%) of the genus Rhipicephalus, and one Ixodes sinensis tick (0.04%) of the genus Ixodes in the family Ixodidae. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H. longicornis sequence (SZ49) in this study was clustered with sequences from Yunnan Province (GenBank accession number: MH024510.1), Hebei Province (GenBank accession number: MK450606.1) and Henan Province (GenBank accession number: MZ230645.1) into a clade, and the H. flava sequence (SZ19) in this study was clustered with sequences from Japan (GenBank accession number: MW064044.1), South Korea (GenBank accession number: ON629585.1), and Jiangsu Province (GenBank accession number: PP494741.1) and Hebei Province of China (GenBank accession number: MH520685.1) into a clade, while the R. microplus sequence (SZ8) in this study was clustered with the sequences from India (GenBank accession number: MK621328.1), and Henan Province (GenBank accession number: MT555307.1) and Guizhou Province of China (GenBank accession number: PP446801.1) into a clade. The sequence of I. sinensis (SZ23) in this study had 99.51% homology with that (GenBank accession number: OM368265.1) of ticks sampled from Wuhan City, Hubei Province. Conclusion　There are four tick species of H. longicornis, H. flava, R. microplus and I. sinensis in Suizhou City, Hubei Province, and H. longicornis is the dominant species. H. flava is firstly recorded in Suizhou City.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Effectiveness of the integrated schistosomiasis control programme in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023 WANG Shuai, LUO Huatang, LI Yang, WANG Hao, LIU Cong, XIONG Yuelin, ZHANG Jiajing, ZHU Wen Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 176-183,195.   Abstract （250）      PDF（pc） （1574KB）（453）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated schistosomiasis control programme in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023, so as to provide insights into precision control and elimination of schistosomiasis.  Methods　The integrated measures for schistosomiasis control implemented by health, agriculture, water resources, and forestry departments of Wuhan City, and the epidemiological data of schistosomiasis in Wuhan City were collected from 2005 to 2023, and the prevalence of human schistosomiasis, prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in humans and bovines, areas of S. japonicum⁃infected snail habitats, areas of snail habitats in inner embankments, and actual areas of snail habitats were retrieved. In addition, the trends in prevalence of schistosomiasis in humans and livestock and snail status were evaluated in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023 using Mann⁃Kendall test and a Joinpoint regression model.  Results　Mann⁃Kendall test revealed a tendency towards a decline in the prevalence of human schistosomiasis (Z = -4.41, P < 0.01), prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans (Z = -4.89, P < 0.01) and bovines (Z = -4.50, P < 0.01), areas of S. japonicum⁃infected snail habitats (Z = -3.91, P < 0.01), areas of snail habitats in inner embankments (Z = -2.28, P = 0.02), and actual areas of snail habitats (Z = -5.95, P < 0.01) in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023. Joinpoint regression analysis showed an average annual reduction of 8.58% in the prevalence of human schistosomiasis in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023 [average annual percent change (AAPC) = -8.58%, 95% confidence interval (CI): (-10.02%, -6.65%), P < 0.01], with two joinpoints in 2013 and 2016, respectively, and the tendency towards a decline showed statistical significance during the period from 2013 through 2016 [annual percent change (APC) = -34.41%, 95% CI: (-40.36%, -20.01%), P < 0.01]. The prevalence of S. japonicum human infections appeared an average annual reduction of 51.91% in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023 [AAPC = -51.91%, 95% CI: (-58.12%, -44.25%), P < 0.01], with two joinpoints in 2014 and 2017, respectively, and the tendency towards a decline showed statistical significance during the period from 2014 through 2017 [APC = -98.17%, 95% CI: (-99.17%, -90.87%), P < 0.01]. The prevalence of S. japonicum infections in bovines appeared an average annual reduction of 53.12% in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023 [AAPC = -53.12%, 95% CI: (-59.65%, -42.44%), P < 0.01], with two joinpoints in 2011 and 2014, respectively, and the tendency towards a decline showed statistical significance during the period from 2014 through 2017 [APC = -98.63%, 95% CI: (-99.44%, -90.93%), P < 0.01]. The areas of S. japonicum⁃infected snail habitats appeared an average annual reduction of 47.09% in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023 [AAPC = -47.09%, 95% CI: (-52.92%, -38.26%), P < 0.01], with two joinpoints in 2011 and 2014, respectively, and the tendency towards a decline showed statistical significance during the period from 2011 through 2014 [APC = -97.27%, 95% CI: (-98.65%, -88.06%), P < 0.01]. The areas of snail habitats in inner embankments appeared an average annual reduction of 4.45% in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023 [AAPC = -4.45%, 95% CI: (-5.18%, -3.82%), P < 0.01], with three joinpoints in 2011, 2015 and 2018, respectively, and statistical significance was seen in the tendency towards a decline during the period from 2005 through 2011 [APC = -16.38%, 95% CI: (-20.15%, -14.25%), P < 0.01]. In addition, the actual areas of snail habitats appeared an average annual reduction of 2.65% in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023 [AAPC = -2.65%, 95% CI: (-2.89%, -2.40%), P < 0.01], with a joinpoint in 2013, and the tendency towards a decline showed statistical significance during the period from 2013 through 2023 [APC = -4.06%, 95% CI: (-4.66%, -3.58%), P < 0.01]. Conclusions　The integrated schistosomiasis control programme achieved significant effectiveness in Wuhan City from 2005 to 2023, with a tendency towards a decline in morbidity due to schistosomiasis in humans and livestock and snail status. The integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on management of the source of S. japonicum infections should continue to be implemented to consolidate the schistosomiasis control achievements and achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in the city. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Degradation dynamics and residue determination of pyriclobenzuron in rice and paddy environments WU Huanqi, WANG Junmin, YANG Kongtan, WANG Xumi, FANG Nan, DUAN Liping, ZHANG Changpeng, WANG Xiangyun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 201-208.   Abstract （241）      PDF（pc） （1611KB）（253）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To establish a method for determination of pyriclobenzuron (PBU) residues in rice and paddy environments, and to determine the residual amounts and observe the degradation dynamics of PBU.  Methods　In July 2022, the paddies of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences were selected as experimental fields, and were divided into the blank control group (no pesticide application), the 1⁃fold⁃concentration pesticide group (1 kg/667 m2), and the 5⁃fold⁃concentration pesticide group (5 kg/667 m2), with a 100 m2 area in each group. At the early tillering stage of rice, 20% suspension of PBU sulfate was sprayed once in the 1⁃fold⁃concentration and 5⁃fold⁃concentration pesticide groups, and rice plants, paddy water and soil samples were collected 2 h, and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 14, 21, 28, 35, 49 d and 63 d following spraying PBU, while rice straw, field soil, brown rice and rice husk samples were collected 98 d following spraying. PBU was extracted and purified in samples using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment technique, and the PBU contents were determined in samples using ultra⁃high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC⁃MS/MS). The solvent standard working solution and matrix standard working solution were prepared. A linear regression equation was fitted between PBU concentration (x⁃axis) and peak area (y⁃axis), and the ratio of the slope (k) of the matrix standard curve to the slope (K) of the solvent standard curve was calculated to evaluate the matrix effect of PBU in samples. According to the Guidelines for Pesticide Residue Testing in Crops (NY/T 788—2018), the addition levels of PBU were set at 0.005, 0.050, 5.000, 1 000.000 mg/kg in rice plants, 0.005, 0.050, 2.000, 10.000 mg/kg in paddy water, 0.005, 0.050, 2.000 mg/kg in soil, and 0.005, 0.050, 5.000 mg/kg in brown rice and rice husks. The recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) of PBU addition were calculated to evaluate the effectiveness of UPLC⁃MS/MS for determination of PBU contents. The first⁃order kinetic equation of PBU concentration was fitted in samples at different sampling time points to analyze the trends in PBU degradation in rice plants, paddy water, and soil, and the half⁃life of PBU was calculated in different samples. Results　There was a good linear relationship between the mass concentration and peak area of PBU at concentrations of 0.000 1 to 0.020 0 mg/kg under solvent and matrix conditions (R2 = 0.985 8 to 0.999 7, t = -0.47 to 1.62, all P values < 0.01). The matrix effects of PBU were 70.26%, 65.42% and 65.12% in rice plants, brown rice and rice husks, indicating a matrix⁃inhibitory effect, and the matrix effect was 87.06% in soils, indicating a weak matrix effect. The recovery of PBU addition was 77.61% to 100.12% in different samples, with RSD of 1.43% to 6.74%, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.005 mg/kg, and the addition recovery and RSD met the requirements of the Guidelines for Pesticide Residue Testing in Crops (NY/T 788—2018), validating the effectiveness of UPLC⁃MS/MS assay. Following spraying PBU at a dose of 1 kg/667 m2, the half⁃life of PBU was 6.24 d in rice plants and 3.43 d in paddy water samples, respectively. The final residues of PBU were lower than the LOQ of 0.005 mg/kg in brown rice and rice husk samples 98 d following spraying PBU. Following spraying PBU at a dose of 5 kg/667 m2, the half⁃life of PBU was 15.75 d in rice plants and 7.62 d in paddy water samples, respectively. The final residue of PBU was lower than the LOQ of 0.005 mg/kg in brown rice 98 d following spraying PBU, and the final residue of PBU was 0.049 mg/kg in rice husks.  Conclusions　A simple, and highly accurate and precise UPLC⁃MS/MS assay has been developed for determination of PBU residues in rice plants and paddy environments through extraction and purification of PBU from matrix samples using QuEChERS pretreatment. After spraying PBU in paddies, the concentration of PBU gradually decreases in rice plants and paddy water over time, and the final residual concentration is low. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (2): 0-0.   Abstract （236）      PDF（pc） （163190KB）（503）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 0-0.   Abstract （235）      PDF（pc） （7970KB）（365）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Feasibility of the spatiotemporal filtering model for analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution of reported schistosomiasis cases  XU Jiayao, WANG Zengliang, GAO Fenghua, ZHANG Zhijie Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (3): 232-238, 275.   Abstract （230）      PDF（pc） （1718KB）（1471）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the feasibility of the spatiotemporal filtering model in analysis of reported schistosomiasis cases, so as to provide insights into analysis of complicated data pertaining to schistosomiasis control. Methods　Demographic and epidemiological data of reported schistosomiasis cases in Anhui Province from 1997 to 2010 were collected from Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the annual prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum human infections was calculated. The meteorological data were captured from meteorological stations in counties (cities, districts) of Anhui Province where schistosomiasis cases were reported from 1997 to 2010 at the National Meteorological Information Center, including monthly average air temperature and precipitation. Meteorological data were interpolated using the inverse⁃distance weighting method, and the annual average air temperature and annual precipitation were calculated in each county (city, district). The centroid of the county (city, district) where schistosomiasis cases were reported was extracted using the software ArcGIS 10.0, and the Euclidean distance from each centroid to the Yangtze River was calculated as the distance between that county (city, district) and the Yangtze River. The global Moran's I of the prevalence of S. japonicum human infections in Anhui Province for each year from 1997 to 2010 were calculated to analyze the spatial autocorrelation. A spatial weight matrix was constructed using Rook adjacency, and a first⁃order temporal weight matrix was built to quantify the relationship between disease changes over time. Subsequently, a spatiotemporal structure matrix was constructed. A negative binomial model was built based on the spatiotemporal structure matrix and data pertaining to reported schistosomiasis cases, and a linear model was created between the residual of the model and candidate set feature vectors to determine the optimal subset composition of the spatiotemporal filter through stepwise regression. Then, a spatio⁃temporal filtering model was constructed using the negative binomial model. Negative binomial models, Bayesian spatial models, and Bayesian spatiotemporal models were constructed and compared with the spatiotemporal filtering model to validate the performance of the spatiotemporal filtering model, and cross⁃validation was conducted for each model. The goodness of fit was evaluated using the deviance information criterion (DIC) and Watanabe⁃Akaike information criterion (WAIC), and the effectiveness of model validation was assessed using mean squared error (MSE), while the accuracy of assessment results was assessed using coefficients and their 95% confidence intervals (CI), and the computational efficiency was assessed based on the running time of the model. The four feature vectors with the largest Moran's I values were selected to identify regions with autocorrelation through their schematic diagrams to investigate the differences in spatiotemporal patterns of specific regions.       Results　Of all models created, the spatiotemporal filtering model exhibited the highest goodness of fit (DIC = 3 240.70, WAIC = 3 257.80), the best model validation effectiveness (MSE = 42 617.52), and the runtime was 3.18 s, exhibiting the optimal performance. Across all modeling results, the distance from the Yangtze River showed a negative correlation with the number of reported schistosomiasis cases (coefficient values = -4.93 to -3.78, none of the 95% CIs included 0), and annual average air temperature or average precipitation posed no significant effects on numbers of reported schistosomiasis cases (both of the 95% CIs included 0). Schematic diagrams of feature vectors showed that the transmission of schistosomiasis might be associated with water systems in Anhui Province, and localized clustering patterns were primarily concentrated in the northern and western parts of schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas in the province. Conclusion　The spatiotemporal filtering model is an effective spatiotemporal analysis characterized by simple modeling, user⁃friendly operation, accurate results and good flexibility, which may serve as an efficient alternative to conventional complex spatiotemporal models for data analysis in schistosomiasis researches. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Epidemiology and management of echinococcosis in China and Mongolia and the risk of cross⁃border transmission LIU Jing, DANZENG Quzhen, MO Xiaojin, MIAO Yurun, SU Xuan, HU Wei, ZHANG Ting Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 337-343.   Abstract （230）      PDF（pc） （1382KB）（464）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, echinococcosis is highly prevalent in both China and Mongolia, and the risk of cross⁃border echinococcosis transmission raises growing concerns. This article describes the epidemiology of echinococcosis in China and Mongolia, compares echinococcosis control measures between the countries, and discusses the potential risk of cross⁃border echinococcosis transmission due to human and animal mobility, transboundary movement of animal hosts, and disparities in control capacity between the two countries. In addition, the article proposes the promising cooperation areas for joint prevention and control of echinococcosis between the two countries, including the joint development of guidelines and standards, technical and financial assistance, and cross⁃border pathogen monitoring and tracing, so as to provide insights into cross⁃boundary health cooperation between China and Mongolia, effective management of echinococcosis transmission, and improvements in the regional public health security.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Seroprevalence of antibody against Toxoplasma gondii among patients with hematological malignancies YANG Yujuan, WANG Qian, XIANG Lili, MENG Yanna, ZHANG Cixian, FU Jie Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 93-97.   Abstract （229）      PDF（pc） （1131KB）（502）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the seroprevalence of antibody against Toxoplasma gondii among patients with hematological malignancies, and compare it with that among health individuals, so as to provide insights into unraveling the pathogenesis of hematological malignancies.  Methods　A total of 225 patients with hematological malignancies in Department of Hematology, Xuzhou Central Hospital and 300 healthy individuals in the same hospital were enrolled from 2017 to 2024. Blood samples were collected from all subjects, and the serum IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii were detected using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Demographic and clinical features were collected from patients with hematological malignancies, including gender, age, contact with cats, consumption of raw or undercooked meat, type of malignancy, clinical symptoms, blood transfusion and treatment, and the seroprevalence of ant⁃T. gondii antibody was compared among patients with different characteristics.  Results　The age (t = 0.72, P > 0.05) and gender ([χ2] = 0.93, P > 0.05) were comparable between patients with hematological malignancies and healthy individuals. The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 20.89% among patients with hematological malignancies and 4.33% among healthy individuals ([χ2] = 34.81, P < 0.01), and the seroprevalence of ant⁃T. gondii IgG antibody was 20.89% among patients with hematological malignancies and 4.33% among healthy individuals ([χ2] = 34.81, P < 0.01), while there was no significant difference in the seroprevalence of ant⁃T. gondii IgM antibody between patients with hematological malignancies and healthy individuals (1.33% vs. 0; corrected [χ2] =  2.02，P > 0.05). The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 23.08% among patients with leukemia, 16.67% among patients with lymphoma, 19.23% among patients with multiple myeloma, 24.00% among patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm, and 26.09% among patients with myelodysplastic syndrome ([χ2] = 1.44, P > 0.05), and was all higher than among healthy individuals (corrected [χ2] = 23.92, 10.74, 13.76, 12.84 and 14.54; all P values < 0.01). In addition, there were no significant differences in the detection of anti⁃T. gondii antibody among patients with hematological malignancies in terms of gender, age, contact with cats, consumption of raw or undercooked meat, chemotherapy or blood transfusion ([χ2] =  0.76, 1.97, 0, 2.81, 2.38 and 0.66; all P values > 0.05).  Conclusions　There is a high risk of T. gondii infection among patients with hematological malignancies, and intensified surveillance of T. gondii infection is recommended among patients with hematological malignancies. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Prediction of suitable habitats of Phlebotomus chinensis in Gansu Province based on the Biomod2 ensemble model YU Dawei, HOU Yandong, HE Aiwei, FENG Yu, YANG Guobing, YANG Chengming, LIANG Hong, ZHANG Hailiang, LI Fan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (3): 276-283.   Abstract （224）      PDF（pc） （1586KB）（913）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the suitable habitats of Phlebotomus chinensis in Gansu Province, so as provide insights into effective management of mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT⁃ZVL).  Methods　The geographical coordinates of locations where MT⁃ZVL cases were reported were retrieved in Gansu Province from 2015 to 2023, and data pertaining to 26 environmental variables were captured, including 19 climatic variables (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, isothermality, temperature seasonality, maximum temperature of the warmest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature annual range, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, mean temperature of the coldest quarter, annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, precipitation of the driest quarter, precipitation of the warmest quarter, and precipitation of the coldest quarter), five geographical variables (elevation, annual normalized difference vegetation index, vegetation type, landform type and land use type), and two population and economic variables (population distribution and gross domestic product). Twelve species distribution models were built using the biomod2 package in R project, including surface range envelope (SRE) model, generalized linear model (GLM), generalized additive model (GAM), multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) model, generalized boosted model (GBM), classification tree analysis (CTA) model, flexible discriminant analysis (FDA) model, maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model, optimized maximum entropy (MAXNET) model, artificial neural network (ANN) model, random forest (RF) model, and extreme gradient boosting (XGBOOST) model. The performance of 12 models was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), true skill statistics (TSS), and Kappa coefficient, and single models with high performance was selected to build the optimal ensemble models. Factors affecting the survival of Ph. chinensis were identified based on climatic, geographical, population and economic variables. In addition, the suitable distribution areas of Ph. chinensis were predicted in Gansu Province under shared socioeconomic pathway 126 (SSP126), SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios based on climatic data during the period from 1991 to 2020, from 2041 to 2060 (2050s), and from 2081 to 2100 (2090s) . Results　A total of 11 species distribution models were successfully built for prediction of potential distribution areas of Ph. chinensis in Gansu Province, and the RF model had the highest predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.998). The ensemble model built based on the RF model, XGBOOST model, GLM, and MARS model had an increased predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.999) relative to single models. Among the 26 environmental factors, precipitation of the wettest quarter (12.00%), maximum temperature of the warmest month (11.58%), and annual normalized difference vegetation index (11.29%) had the greatest contributions to suitable habitats distribution of Ph. sinensis. Under the climatic conditions from 1991 to 2020, the potential suitable habitat area for Ph. chinensis in Gansu Province was approximately 5.80 × 104 km2, of which the highly suitable area was 1.42 × 104 km2, and primarily concentrated in the southernmost region of Gansu Province. By the 2050s, the unsuitable and lowly suitable areas for Ph. chinensis in Gansu Province had decreased by varying degrees compared to that of 1991 to 2020 period, while the moderately and highly suitable areas exhibited expansion and migration. By the 2090s, under the SSP126 scenario, the suitable habitat area for Ph. chinensis increased significantly, and under the SSP585 scenario, the highly suitable areas transformed into extremely suitable areas, also showing substantial growth. Future global warming is conducive to the survival and reproduction of Ph. chinensis. From the 2050s to the 2090s, the highly suitable areas for Ph. chinensis in Gansu Province will be projected to expand northward. Under the SSP126 scenario, the suitable habitat area for Ph. chinensis in Gansu Province is expected to increase by 194.75% and 204.79% in the 2050s and 2090s, respectively, compared to that of the 1991 to 2020 period. Under the SSP370 scenario, the moderately and highly suitable areas will be projected to increase by 164.40% and 209.03% in the 2050s and 2090s, respectively, while under the SSP585 scenario, they are expected to increase by 195.98% and 211.66%, respectively. Conclusions　The distribution of potential suitable habitats of Ph. sinensis gradually shifts with climatic changes. Intensified surveillance and management of Ph. sinensis is recommended in central and eastern parts of Gansu Province to support early warning of MT⁃ZVL. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Acute fascioliasis hepatica: a case report WANG Pingbang, HUANG Zhuying, WANG Hong, LIU Nianmeng, ZHANG Keli, XIAO Huaizhong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 104-106.   Abstract （222）      PDF（pc） （1540KB）（273）       Knowledge map    Save Fascioliasis hepatica, caused by Fasciola hepatica, is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease, and F. hepatica mainly infects ruminants and occasionally humans. This article presents the diagnosis and treatment of an acute fascioliasis hepatica case with complaints of "abdominal distension and yellowing of skin and sclera for one day", so as to provide insights into clinical diagnosis and treatment of fascioliasis hepatica and avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China from 2010 to 2023 DU Shanshan, SHI Yue, CHEN Xi, LIU Huihui, ZHANG Lijie, HUANG Xiaoxia Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 371-379.   Abstract （220）      PDF（pc） （3556KB）（361）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and to identify factors affecting deaths among SFTS patients in China from 2010 to 2023, so as to provide insights into scientific prevention and control of SFTS. Methods　Demographic and epidemiological characteristics of reported, definitively diagnosed SFTS cases in China from 2010 to 2023 were captured from National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, including current residence address, age, gender, occupation, time of incidence and date of death, and the temporal, spatial and population distributions of SFTS cases were analyzed. The county⁃level incidence of reported SFTS cases in China from 2010 to 2023 was subjected to spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the global Moran's I index was calculated. The high⁃incidence clusters for SFTS were identified using space⁃time scan analysis based on a Poisson distribution model, and the relative risk (RR) and log⁃likelihood ratio (LLR) were estimated. In addition, factors affecting the death and their risk levels were identified among SFTS cases using chi⁃square test and logistic regression models, and the risk of death was evaluated with odds ratio (OR).  Results　A total of 27 457 SFTS cases were reported in China from 2010 to 2023, and the number of SFTS cases increased from 71 in 2010 to 5 062 in 2023, appearing a tendency towards a rise (b = 5.567, t = 51.35, P < 0.05). A total of 1 326 deaths occurred during the 14⁃year study period, with a case fatality rate of 4.82%, and the annual incidence and fatality of SFTS were 0.005/105 to 0.359/105, and 2.70% to 12.70%. SFTS cases were reported across 27 provinces in China, which were predominantly reported in 7 provinces of Shandong (7 890 cases, 28.74%), Henan (6 286 cases, 22.89%), Anhui (5 718 cases, 20.83%), Hubei (3 938 cases, 14.34%), Liaoning (1 418 cases, 5.16%), Zhejiang (990 cases, 3.61%), and Jiangsu (957 cases, 3.49%), accounting for 99.05% (27 197/27 457) of totally reported cases in China. The time of SFTS incidence appeared a seasonal distribution, and the incidence of SFTS peaked during the period from May to July, with a significant difference in the time of SFTS incidence among provinces (P < 0.01). Among all SFTS cases, there were 12 894 men (46.96%) and 14 563 women (53.04%), and there were 61.27% (16 823/27 457) of SFTS cases at ages of 61 years and older, with farmers as the predominant occupation (84.74%, 23 266/27 457). The annual Moran's I index for SFTS incidence ranged from 0.326 2 to 0.607 5 from 2010 to 2023, and there were significant differences in the Moran's I index for SFTS incidence each year from 2011 to 2023 (z = 10.207 to 18.101, all P values < 0.001), presenting spatial clusters. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis identified "high⁃high", "low⁃high", "high⁃low", and "low⁃low" clusters of reported SFTS cases in China, with "high⁃high" clusters predominantly distributed in 5 provinces of Shandong, Anhui, Hubei, Henan, and Liaoning, covering 63 counties (cities, districts) in 2011 to 134 counties (cities, districts) in 2023. Monthly space⁃time scans identified three high⁃incidence clusters for SFTS in 4 provinces of Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu and Anhui. Univariate analysis revealed the risk of death of reported SFTS cases was associated with province ([χ2] = 605.48, P < 0.01), gender ([χ2] = 23.421, P < 0.01), age ([χ2] = 254.18, P < 0.01), duration from disease onset to diagnosis ([χ2] = 49.895, P < 0.01), and occupation ([χ2] = 30.685, P < 0.01), and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a higher risk of death among SFTS cases reported in three provinces of Shandong [OR = 3.081, 95% confidence interval (CI): (2.605, 3.643)], Zhejiang [OR = 4.280, 95% CI: (3.367, 5.441)], and Jiangsu [OR = 2.733, 95% CI: (2.059, 3.628)]; among SFTS cases at ages of 70 years and older [> 70 to 80 years: OR = 4.511, 95% CI: (1.626, 12.511); > 80 years and older: OR = 3.632, 95% CI: (1.241, 10.631)]; among male SFTS cases males than among female cases [OR = 1.243, 95% CI: (1.114, 1.387)]; and among SFTS cases 31 days and longer duration from disease onset to diagnosis [OR = 1.660, 95% CI: (1.254, 2.197)]. Conclusions　The number of reported SFTS cases has remarkably risen in China in recent years, with expanded geographic distributions, seasonal distribution and spatial clusters. Targeted preventive and control measures for SFTS are urgently needed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Impact of industrial and job changes among fishermen on schistosomiasis control following fishing ban and withdrawal in Poyang Lake areas WU Jun, YUAN Min, HU Fei Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 81-84.   Abstract （214）      PDF（pc） （1277KB）（358）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the industrial and job changes among fishermen and their impact on economic incomes and schistosomiasis control following fishing ban and withdrawal in Poyang Lake areas, so as to provide insights into formulation of the schistosomiasis control strategy in these areas.  Methods　One township was selected as the study area from each of Duchang County, Poyang County and Yugan County around the Poyang Lake areas from May to June, 2023, and at least 500 fishermen at ages of 60 years and less were sampled from each township. Questionnaires were allocated to all subjects via the ''Questionnaire Star'' platform, including demographics, ratio of profits from different production activities before and after fishing ban and withdrawal, contact with infested water before and after fishing ban and withdrawal, and changes in household economic income before and after fishing ban and withdrawal. Subjects' schistosomiasis examination and treatment data, and development of schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis and advanced schistosomiasis were collected from 2016 to 2023. The changes in economic incomes, contact with infested water, sero⁃prevalence of human schistosomiasis, and proportions of schistosomiasis examinations and treatments were compared among study subjects.  Results　A total of 2 449 fishermen with an average age of (49.55 ± 8.86) years were investigated, including 1 654 full⁃time fishermen (67.54%) and 795 part⁃time fishermen (32.46%). The ratios of profits from fishing activities reduced from 88.15% and 34.82% before fishing ban and withdrawal to < 0.01% and 0.03% after fishing ban and withdrawal among full⁃time and part⁃time fishermen, while the ratios of profits from other production activities increased. The proportion of full⁃time fishermen who thought a reduction or a large reduction in their economic incomes was 79.93% (1 322/1 654), which was higher than that (66.79%, 531/795) of part⁃time fishermen ([χ2] = 50. 307, P < 0.001), and the proportion of part⁃time fishermen who thought minor changes in their economic incomes was 15.60% (124/795), which was higher than that (4.11%, 68/1 654) of full⁃time fishermen ([χ2] = 96.274, P < 0.001). There was a reduction in the contact with infested water among fishermen following fishing ban and withdrawal, and the proportions of respondents that had no contact, a large reduction in contact and a reduction in contact with infested water were 14.74% (361/2 449), 57.78% (1 415/2 449) and 26.05% (638/2 449), respectively. In addition, the sero⁃prevalence of schistosomiasis, and proportions of schistosomiasis examinations and treatments decreased from 9.79%, 87.14%, and 97.80% in 2016 to 4.38%, 53.16%, and 71. 51% in 2023 among fishermen in Duchang County, Poyang County and Yugan County([χ2] = 6.944, 865.194, 238.953, all P values < 0.01), and the prevalence of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis and advanced schistosomiasis was 42.64% (826/1 937) and 6.08% (149/2 449) among study subjects, respectively. Conclusions　Industrial and job changes among fishermen are beneficial for schistosomiasis control after fishing ban and withdrawal in Poyang Lake areas; however, there is an increased difficulty for management of fishermen due to an increase in number of migrant labors and other factors.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Progress of researches on mechanisms underlying immune escape of Plasmodium WU Yuhuang, HE Jing, CAO Xinghang, LI Juntong, SHEN Shuchu, DU Youqin, TAN Chao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (3): 325-331.   Abstract （213）      PDF（pc） （1041KB）（846）       Knowledge map    Save Malaria, a parasitic disease caused by infection with the species of Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles mosquito bites, is one of the major public health challenges that seriously threaten human health. Malaria parasites present diverse immune escape strategies to escape from the recognition and clearance of the host immune system, which poses a great challenge to the malaria control programme. This review presents the advances in the mechanisms underlying the immune escape of Plasmodium, including antigenic variation, epigenetic regulation, antagonism against IgM antibody, activation of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate⁃adenosine monophosphate (GMP⁃AMP) synthase⁃stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS⁃STING) signaling, suppression of splenic immune functions, and molecular camouflage, so as to provide insights into development of malaria vaccines and antimalarial agents and formulation of the malaria control strategy.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

Select

Analysis and prediction of global burden due to cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2035 LAI Zhen, LIU Gang, ZHAO Haili, QIU Miaomiao, CHEN Jian, LUO En, XIN Junguo, YANG Xiaohong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (3): 255-267, 283.   Abstract （208）      PDF（pc） （2761KB）（878）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the trends in the global burden due to cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2021, and to predict the global burden of cystic echinococcosis from 2022 to 2035, so as to provide insights into formulation of the cystic echinococcosis control strategy. Methods　The global age⁃standardized prevalence, mortality, disability⁃adjusted life years (DALYs) rates and their 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) of cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2021 were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database, and the trends in the global burden of cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed using the Joinpoint regression model. The associations between the global burden of cystic echinococcosis and socio⁃demographic index (SDI) were examined using a smoothing spline model and frontier analysis, and the global burden of cystic echinococcosis was projected from 2022 to 2035 using the Bayesian age⁃period⁃cohort (BAPC) model.  Results　The global age⁃standardized prevalence, mortality and DALYs rates of cystic echinococcosis were 7.69/105 [95% UI: (6.27/105, 9.51/105)], 0.02/105 [95% UI: (0.01/105, 0.02/105)], and 1.32/105 [95% UI: (0.99/105, 1.69/105)] in 2021. The global age⁃standardized prevalence of cystic echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a rise by 0.14% per year from 1990 to 2021, and the global age⁃standardized mortality and DALYs rates of cystic echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline by 4.68% and 4.01% per year from 1990 to 2021, respectively. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that global age⁃standardized prevalence of cystic echinococcosis appeared a tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2000 [annual percent change (APC) = -0.66%, 95% confidence interval (CI): (-0.70%, -0.61%)] and from 2005 to 2015 [APC = -0.88%, 95% CI: (-0.93%, -0.82%)], and towards a rise from 2000 to 2005 [APC = 3.68%, 95% CI: (3.49%, 3.87%)] and from 2015 to 2021 [APC = 0.30%, 95% CI: (0.19%, 0.40%)]. The age⁃standardized prevalence (r = -0.17, P < 0.05), mortality (r = -0.67, P < 0.05) and DALYs rates of cystic echinococcosis (r = -0.60, P < 0.05) all correlated negatively with SDI across 21 geographical regions from 1990 to 2021, and the age⁃standardized mortality (r = -0.61, P < 0.05) and DALYs rates (r = -0.44, P < 0.05) both correlated negatively with SDI across 204 countries and territories in 2021. Frontier analysis revealed that the age⁃standardized DALYs rate of cystic echinococcosis was still not in line with the frontier in some high⁃SDI countries or territories. In addition, the global age⁃standardized prevalence was projected with the BAPC model to appear a tendency towards a rise among both men [estimated annual percent change (EAPC) = 0.18%, 95% CI: (0.13%, 0.23%)] and women [EAPC = 0.29%, 95% CI: (0.24%, 0.34%)] from 2022 to 2035, and the global age⁃standardized mortality [men: EAPC = -4.71%, 95% CI: (-4.37%, -4.71%); women: EAPC = -4.74%, 95% CI: (-4.74%, -4.74%)] and DALYs rates [men: EAPC = -3.35%, 95% CI: (-3.36%, -3.34%); women: EAPC = -3.17%, 95% CI: (-3.18%, -3.16%)] were projected to appear a tendency towards a decline among both men and women.  Conclusions　The global burden of cystic echinococcosis appeared an overall tendency towards a decline from 1990 to 2021; however, the global prevalence of cystic echinococcosis is projected to appear a tendency towards a rise from 2022 to 2035. Intensified cystic echinococcosis control programmes are recommended.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）