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Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2022 ZHANG Lijuan, HE Junyi, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, LI Yinlong, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 217-224,250.   Abstract （1967）      PDF（pc） （939KB）（2166）       Knowledge map    Save This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance program in the People’s Republic of China in 2022. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to maintain the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2022. A total of 452 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2022, with 27 434 endemic villages covering 73 424 400 people at risk of infections. Among the 452 endemic counties (cities, districts), 75.89% (343/452), 23.45% (106/452) and 0.66% (3/452) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. In 2022, 4 317 356 individuals received serological tests for schistosomiasis, and 62 228 were sero⁃positive. A total of 208 646 individuals received stool examinations for schistosomiasis, with one positive and another two cases positive for urine microscopy, and these three 3 cases were imported schistosomiasis patients from Africa. There were 28 565 cases with advanced schistosomiasis documented in China by the end of 2022. Oncomelania hupensis snail survey was performed in 18 891 endemic villages in China in 2022 and O. hupensis snails were found in 6 917 villages (36.62% of all surveyed villages), with 8 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey was performed at an area of 655 703.01 hm2 and 183 888.60 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 110.58 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 844.35 hm2 re⁃emerging snail habitats. There were 477 200 bovines raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China in 2022, and 113 946 bovines received serological examinations for schistosomiasis, with 204 sero⁃positives detected. Among the 131 715 bovines received stool examinations, no positives were identified. In 2022, there were 19 726 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and expanded chemotherapy was performed in 714 465 person⁃time for humans and 234 737 herd⁃time for bovines in China. In 2022, snail control with chemical treatment was performed at an area of 119 134.07 hm2, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 825.27 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed at an area of 1 163.96 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance program of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections was both zero in humans and bovines in 2022, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in O. hupensis snails. These data demonstrated that the endemic status of schistosomiasis continued to decline in China in 2022, with 3 confirmed schistosomiasis patients that had a foreign nationality and all imported from Africa, and the areas of snail habitats remained high. Further improvements in the construction of the schistosomaisis surveillance and forecast system, and reinforcement of O. hupensis survey and control are required to prevent the re⁃emerging schistosomiasis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2023 ZHANG Lijuan, HE Junyi, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, LI Yinlong, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (3): 221-227.   Abstract （1716）      PDF（pc） （942KB）（1971）       Knowledge map    Save To understand the progress of national schistosomiasis elimination program of China in 2023 and summarize the lessons and experiences, data on the endemic status of schistosomiasis and national schistosomiasis surveillance results in the People’s Republic of China were collected and analyzed at a national level. By the end of 2023, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan and Hubei provinces were identified to achieve the criteria of transmission interruption in 2020, and Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces achieved the criteria of transmission interruption in 2023. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2023, including 26 250 endemic villages covering 73 034 500 residents at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 78.49% (354/451) achieved the criteria of schistosomiasis elimination and 21.51% (97/451) achieved the criteria of transmission interruption, respectively. In 2023, a total of 4 216 643 individuals received immunological tests, with 47 794 sero⁃positives identified, and a total of 184 216 individuals received parasitological examinations, with 4 egg⁃positives detected. A total of 27 768 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China by the end of 2023. In 2023, 539 548 bovines were raised in schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of China, and 125 440 bovines received immunological tests, with 124 sero⁃positives detected, while no egg⁃positives were identified among the 133 508 bovines receiving parasitological examinations. In 2023, snail survey was performed at an area of 641 339.53 hm2 and 184 819.77 hm2 snail habitats were identified, including 51.53 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 642.25 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2023, there were 20 198 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 598 183 person⁃time individuals and 283 954 herd⁃time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2023, snail control with chemical treatment was performed in 116 347.95 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 690.89 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 334.62 hm2. The national schistosomiasis surveillance results showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero among humans and bovines in 2023, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. These data demonstrated that transmission interruption of schistosomiasis had been achieved across all endemic provinces in China in 2023, and the endemic status of schistosomiasis tended to be stable, while advanced cases were predominant among all schistosomiasis cases. However, the areas of snail habitats remained high and cattle re⁃raising was very common in some regions. Intensified schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast and snail control in high⁃risk areas are needed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Artificial intelligence technology enables ultrasonography in precision diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases ZHOU Bo⁃yang, SHI Yi⁃lei, GUO Le⁃hang, MOU Li⁃chao, ZHU Xiao⁃xiang, ZHAO Chong⁃ke Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 458-.   Abstract （1178）      PDF（pc） （1084KB）（6298）       Knowledge map    Save Liver disease is one of the major problems affecting human health. Ultrasound plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of diffuse and focal liver diseases. However, conventional ultrasound evaluation is subjective and provides limited information. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology may supplement the disadvantages of conventional ultrasound and has been widely used in the field of ultrasound in liver diseases. To date, remarkable progress has been achieved for the use of AI technology in the diagnosis, assessment of therapeutic efficacy and prognosis prediction of liver diseases. This paper reviews the research progress of ultrasound image⁃based AI technology in the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse and focal liver diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Artificial intelligence facilitates tropical infectious disease control and research SHI Liang, ZHANG Jian⁃feng, LI Wei, YANG Kun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 445-.   Abstract （1146）      PDF（pc） （2219KB）（1547）       Knowledge map    Save Since the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID⁃19) in late 2019, artificial intelligence technology has shown increasing values in the research and control of tropical infectious diseases. The introduction of artificial intelligence technology has shown remarkable effectiveness to reduce the diagnosis and treatment burdens, reduce missing diagnosis and misdiagnosis, improve the surveillance and forecast ability and enhance the medicine and vaccine development efficiency. This paper summarizes the current applications of artificial intelligence in tropical infectious disease control and research and discusses the important values of artificial intelligence in disease diagnosis and treatment, disease surveillance and forecast, vaccine and drug discovery, medical and public health services and global health governance. However, artificial intelligence technology suffers from problems of single and inaccurate diagnosis, poor disease surveillance and forecast ability in open environments, limited capability of intelligent system services, big data management and model interpretability. Hereby, we propose suggestions with aims to improve multimodal intelligent diagnosis of multiple tropical infectious diseases, emphasize intelligent surveillance and forecast of vectors and high⁃risk populations in open environments, accelerate the research and development of intelligent management system, strengthen ethical security, big data management and model interpretability. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Schistosomiasis control in China from 2012 to 2021: progress and challenges  XU Jing, CAO Chun⁃li, LÜ Shan, LI Shi⁃zhu, ZHOU Xiao⁃nong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 559-.   Abstract （1133）      PDF（pc） （1317KB）（3088）       Knowledge map    Save Schistosomiasis has been endemic in China for more than 2 000 years, which causes huge morbidity, social and economic burdens. Guided by the national specific strategic programs and criteria for schistosomiasis, tremendous achievements have been gained for schistosomiasis elimination in China. This paper reviews the progress of schistosomiasis control and endemic status of schistosomiasis in China during the period from 2012 to 2021, analyzes the challenges to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in China by 2030, and proposes suggestions for future schistosomiasis control programs. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Distribution characteristics of emerging and reemerging Oncomelania hupensis in China from 2015 to 2021 YANG Fan, FENG Ting, HE Junyi, ZHANG Lijuan, XU Jing, CAO Chunli, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 437-443.   Abstract （915）      PDF（pc） （1289KB）（838）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the distribution characteristics of emerging and reemerging Oncomelania hupensis snails after the criteria for transmission control of schistosomiasis were achieved in China, so as to provide insights into assessment of schistosomiasis transmission risk and formulation of snail control strategies during the elimination phase. Methods　O. hupensis survey data in China from 2015 to 2021 were collected from the National Schistosomiasis Pevention and Control Information Management System, and the distribution characteristics of emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were descriptively analyzed. Results　Emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were identified in China each year from 2015 to 2021, with relatively larger areas with emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snail habitats in 2016 and 2021, and relatively higher numbers of counties (districts) where emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were detected in 2016 and 2021. A total of 4 586.30 hm2 of emerging O. hupensis snail habitats were found in 10 schistosomiasis⁃endemic provinces of China (except Fujian and Yunnan Provinces) from 2015 to 2021, with 96.80% in Anhui, Hunan and Hubei provinces, where marshland and lake endemic foci were predominant. A total of 21 023.90 hm2 of reemerging O. hupensis snail habitats were found in 12 schistosomiasis⁃endemic provinces of China from 2015 to 2021, with 97.67% in six provinces of Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Anhui, where marshland and lake and hilly endemic regions were predominant. Emerging snail habitats were found in 15.08% of all schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts) in China from 2015 to 2021, and 78.75% of all emerging snail habitats were identified in 11 schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts), with the largest area of emerging snail habitats found in Lixian County, Hunan Province (645.00 hm2). Reemerging snail habitats were found in 47.67% of all schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts) in China from 2015 to 2021, and 43.29% of all reemerging snail habitats were identified in 11 schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (districts), with the largest area of reemerging snail habitats found in Weishan Li and Hui Autonomous County of Hunan Province (1 579.70 hm2). Conclusions　Emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were identified in China each year from 2015 to 2021, with much larger areas of reemerging snail habitats than emerging snail habitats, and larger numbers of schistosomiasis⁃endemic provinces and counties (districts) with reemerging snails were found that those of provinces and counties (districts) with emerging snails. Specific snail control interventions are required tailored to the causes of emerging and reemerging snail habitats. Both emergence and reemergence of O. hupensis snails should be paid attention to in marshland and lake endemic areas, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Shanghai Municipality and Zhejiang Province where schistosomiasis had been eliminated, and reemergence of O. hupensis snails should be given a high priority in hilly areas. In addition, monitoring of O. hupensis snails should be reinforced in snail⁃free areas after flooding. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Geographical and temporal weighted regression model and its application in epidemiology: A review WANG Zhe, LIU Lu, YANG Kun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (2): 199-.   Abstract （892）      PDF（pc） （1050KB）（18904）       Knowledge map    Save Geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR) model is a local regression linear model, which indirectly reflects the spatio⁃temporal non⁃stationary characteristics of the study data by calculating the trends for changes in parameters with space and time. Recently, GTWR model has become one of the hot topics in the study on spatio⁃temporal heterogeneity of diseases. This review summarizes the basic principles and study methods of the GTWR model, and describes the applications of this model in epidemiology. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current status and prospects of artificial intelligence in schistosomiasis prevention and control LI Zi⁃ang, JIAO Yi⁃ping, XU Jun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 453-.   Abstract （871）      PDF（pc） （1052KB）（1857）       Knowledge map    Save Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that seriously endangers human health and affects socioeconomic developments. Artificial intelligence technology has been widely used in clinical medical sciences, including tumor screening, and electrocardiogram, imaging and pathological analyses, which has potential for precision control of schistosomiasis. Currently, artificial intelligence technology has been employed for clinical assessment of schistosomiasis⁃associated hepatic fibrosis and ectopic schistosomiasis, prognostic prediction of advanced schistosomiasis, automated identification of Oncomelania hupensis and Schistosoma japonicum eggs and miracidia, epidemiological surveillance of schistosomiasis, and drug discovery. This review summarizes the advances in the applications of artificial intelligence technology in the management of schistosomiasis and proposes the prospects for the use of artificial intelligence in schistosomiasis elimination. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Microbiota structure and diversity in Aedes albopictus at different developmental stages ZHAO Yong⁃qiao, XIA Ao, ZHANG Mei⁃hua, LI Ju⁃lin, ZHU Guo⁃ding, TANG Jian⁃xia Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 475-.   Abstract （838）      PDF（pc） （1932KB）（3357）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the diversity and composition of microflora in laboratory⁃reared Aedes albopictus at different developmental stages and larval habitat waters. Methods　The larval habitat waters and different developmental stages of laboratory⁃reared A. albopictus were collected, and the V3 and V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using Illumina Miseq next⁃generation sequencing. The abundance and diversity of the microflora were examined using alpha diversity index in A. albopictus at different developmental stages, and the difference in the microflora compositions was compared in A. albopictus at different developmental stages using principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, the species composition and relative abundance of microflora in A. albopictus at different developmental stages were described using histograms and Venn diagrams. Results　A total of 16 phyla, 30 classes, 72 orders, 129 families and 224 genera of bacteria were detected in larval habitat waters and different developmental stages of A. albopictus. The highest bacterial diversity was seen in larval A. albopictus, with Chao index of 125.20 ± 30.48 and Shannon diversity index of 2.04 ± 0.39, which were comparable to those (Chao index of 118.52 ± 15.07 and Shannon diversity index of 2.15 ± 0.30) in larval habitat waters (t = 0.35 and -0.41, both P values > 0.05). The bacterial abundance and evenness were significantly greater in female adults than in male adults (Chao index: 42.50 ± 3.54 vs. 18.50 ± 2.13, t = 8.23, P < 0.05; Shannon diversity index: 1.25 ± 1.67 vs. 0.50 ± 0.05, t = 6.00, P < 0.05). Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes were four common phyla of bacteria at each developmental stage of A. albopictus, with Proteobacteria dominated at the pupal stage (90.36%), Bacteroidota dominated at the adult stage (46.01% in female adults and 86.11% in male adults), and Actinobacteriota dominated at the larval stage (32.10%). Elizabethkingia and Rahnella1 were common dominant genera of bacteria at each developmental stage of A. albopictus, with Rahnella1 as the major component at the pupal stage (87.56%), Elizabethkingia as the main component at the adult stage (46.01% in female adults and 86.11% in male adults, respectively), and Microbacteria as the dominant bacterial genus at the larval stage (12.11%). In addition, Delftia, Elizabethkingia, Romboutsia, Serratia, Rahnella1, Enterococcus and Microbacterium were common genera of bacteria at each developmental stage of A. albopictus, with Edaphobaculum dominated at the larval stage (17.54%) and Sphingobacterium dominated in larval habitat waters (13.93%). Conclusions　There are differences in the composition of symbiotic bacteria at different developmental stages of A. albopictus; however, similar microflora diversity is maintained at the phylum level. The microflora diversity is comparable in larvae and larval habitat waters of A. albopictus. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of machine learning in clinical predictive models for infectious diseases: a review ZHENG Ruiying, LIU Genyan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 317-321.   Abstract （818）      PDF（pc） （1025KB）（1866）       Knowledge map    Save Infectious diseases are one of the major threats to global public health. Inconvenience of diagnosis and treatment frequently causes misdiagnosis, missing diagnosis or overtreatment, resulting in serious clinical outcomes. As an important branch of artificial intelligence, machine learning has been widely used in multiple fields. Predictive models created based on patients’ clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, and imaging examinations are effective for prediction and evaluation of clinical diagnosis, therapeutic efficacy and prognosis, as well as detection of outbreaks. Machine learning modeling has the advantages of high efficiency, high accuracy and interpretability as compared to traditional modeling approaches, which provides a new tool for diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. This review summarizes the advances of applications of machine learning in clinical predictive models for infectious diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surveillance of the population density of adult Aedes albopictus in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2023 LU Ruipeng, CHENG Mingji, LUO Ao, CHEN Yating, LUO Min, DUAN Jinhua, CHEN Zongjing, ZHONG Yuwen, HU Shengjun, DENG Hui Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (6): 591-597.   Abstract （809）      PDF（pc） （7274KB）（169）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the fluctuations in the population density of Aedes albopictus and changes in the population density of Ae. albopictus in different geographical areas and different breeding habitats in Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2023, so as to provide insights into prevention and control of mosquito⁃borne infectious diseases in the province. Methods　Ae. albopictus surveillance sites were assigned in 1 609 townships (streets) from 121 districts (counties) of 21 cities in Guangdong Province during the period between March and November from 2018 to 2023. The surveillance of the population density of Ae. albopictus was performed once a month in each surveillance site, and once a month in specific settings in cities where dengue were highly prevalent in Guangdong Province from December to February of the next year during the period from 2018 through 2023. Four streets (villages) were selected in each surveillance site according to the geographic orientation, and mosquito ovitraps were assigned in gardens, rooftops or public green belts at residential areas, parks, hospitals and construction sites. All mosquito ovitraps were collected, and the mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) was calculated. The population density of Ae. albopictus was classified into four grades in each surveillance site according to MOI, including no risk, low risk, medium risk and high risk. The risk classification of the Ae. albopictus density was analyzed in each surveillance site each year from 2018 to 2023, and the population density of Ae. albopictus was analyzed at different months and in different geographical areas and breeding habitats.  Results　A total of 118 241 Ae. albopictus surveillance sites were assigned in 21 cities of Guangdong Province from 2018 to 2023, and there were 68.26% of the surveillance sites with the population density of Ae. albopictus that met the requirements for dengue prevention and control, among which low, medium and high risk surveillance sites accounted for 23.61%, 6.67% and 1.47%. The risk classification of the Ae. albopictus density increased rapidly in Guangdong Province since April to May each year from 2018 to 2023, and then gradually reduced since September to October, with the peak during the period between May and July. The mean MOI was 4.21 at each surveillance site in Guangdong Province during the period from 2018 to 2023, with 4.69, 4.80, 4.38, 3.82, 3.38, and 4.33 from 2018 to 2023, respectively. The MOI was 4.35, 4.43, 3.53 and 3.58 in the Pearl River Delta region, and eastern, western, and northern Guangdong Province, respectively, and was 4.18, 5.44, 4.75, 3.24, 4.27 and 3.70 in residential areas, parks, construction sites, hospitals, waste collection stations, and other breeding habitats, respectively. Conclusions　The population density of adult Ae. albopictus peaked in Guangdong Province during the period between May and July from 2018 to 2023, with a high density of Ae. albopictus in the Pearl River Delta region and eastern Guangdong Province. Targeted Ae. albopictus control measures are recommended to be implemented prior to the peak of the Ae. albopictus population density to reduce the development of mosquito⁃borne infectious diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surveillance for Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou City from 2021 to 2023 ZHOU Jinhua, HE Shiyu, LIU Tong, CHEN Zhifei, LI Xiaoning, JIANG Yimin, LIANG Xueying, CHEN Zongqiu, QIN Pengzhe Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 76-80.   Abstract （789）      PDF（pc） （1306KB）（512）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the population density and seasonal fluctuations of Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, from 2021 to 2023, so as to provide insights into A. albopictus control and management of dengue fever. Methods　The surveillance of A. albopictus density was performed in all surveillance sites assigned across all streets (townships) in Guangzhou City during the period from January to December from 2021 to 2023. The surveillance frequency was twice every half month from May to September, and once every month for the rest of a year. In each surveillance period, A. albopictus mosquito larvae were captured from indoor and outdoor small water containers in residential areas, parks, medical facilities, schools, other government sectors and social organizations, construction sites, special industries  and others for mosquito species identification. Adult mosquitoes were captured usinglectric mosquito suction apparatus for species identification and gender classification. Adult mosquitoes and mosquito eggs were collected with mosquito and egg traps at the breeding and dwelling places of Aedes mosquitoes for identification. The mosquito oviposition index (MOI), Breteau index (BI), adult mosquito density index (ADI) and standard space index (SSI) were calculated. The A. albopictus density was classified into grades 0, 1, 2 and 3 in each surveillance site, with Grade 0 density defined eligible, and the eligible rate of A. albopictus density was calculated at all surveillance sites each year from 2021 to 2023. In addition, the changing trends in MOI, SSI, BI and ADI of A. albopictus were analyzed in Guangzhou City from 2021 to 2023. Results　The eligible rates of A. albopictus density were 61.69%, 68.75% and 55.15% in surveillance sites of Guangzhou City from 2021 to 2023 ([χ2] = 297.712, P < 0.001), and appeared a tendency towards a reduction followed by a rise each year, which gradually reduced since January, maintained at a low level during the period between May and October, and gradually increased from November to December. The MOI, SSI, BI and ADI of A. albopictus all appeared a tendency towards a rise followed by a reduction in Guangzhou City during the period between January and December from 2021 to 2023. The BI of A. albopictus peaked in the first half of June in 2021 (4.03), the first half of July in 2022 (3.89) and the last half of August in 2023 (5.02), and the SSI of A. albopictus peaked in the last half of June in 2021 (0.93), the last half of May in 2022 (0.59), and the last half of June (0.94) and the first half of September in 2023 (1.12). In addition, the MOI of A. albopictus peaked in the first half of May in 2021 (8.64), the first half of June in 2022 (8.96), and the last half of May (10.21) and the last half of June in 2023 (10.89), and the ADI of A. albopictus peaked in the first half of June in 2021 (3.41), the last half of June in 2022 (4.06), and the first half of July in 2023 (3.61).  Conclusions　The density of A. albopictus is high in Guangzhou City during the period from May to October, and the risk of local outbreak caused by imported dengue fever is high. Persistent intensified surveillance of the density and seasonal fluctuation of A. albopictus is recommended and timely mosquito prevention and control is required according to the fluctuation in the A. albopictus density. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of researches on medical big data analytics technology DU Zhi⁃cheng, ZHANG Zhi⁃jie, JIANG Qing⁃wu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 465-.   Abstract （779）      PDF（pc） （1013KB）（1128）       Knowledge map    Save The use of the big data analytics technology to collect, summarize and analyze medical big data is effective to precisely mine and explore the underlying information, which greatly facilitates medical science research and clinical practices. Currently, the medical big data analytics technology mainly includes artificial intelligence, databases and programming languages, which have been widely employed in medical imaging, disease risk prediction, disease control, healthcare management, follow⁃up, and drug and therapy development. This review summarizes the currently available medical big data analytics technologies and their applications, with aims to facilitate the related studies. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Potential transmission risk of key parasitic diseases and responses to the risk during the construction of an ecological city in Shanghai Municipality YU Qing, PAN Hao, JIANG Li, ZHU Min, JIN Yan⁃jun, WANG Zhen⁃yu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 531-.   Abstract （750）      PDF（pc） （1009KB）（954）       Knowledge map    Save A blueprint on Shanghai’s ecological space design between 2021 and 2035 was released in 2021, aiming to build an ecological city and improve the development of ecological civilization. The transmission of parasitic diseases is strongly associated with climate and ecological environments. Currently, the prevalence of parasitic diseases has been maintained at extremely low⁃transmission levels, and there are almost no local cases; however, the alteration of ecological environments may results in a potential transmission risk of parasitic diseases. Hereby, the current status of key parasitic diseases in Shanghai Municipality was described, and the potential transmission risk of parasitic diseases and responses to this risk were analyzed during the construction of an ecological city in Shanghai Municipality. In addition, the suggestions pertaining to surveillance and management of parasitic diseases were proposed during the mid⁃ and long⁃term construction of an ecological city in Shanghai Municipality. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemic trend and control progress of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Henan Province JIANG Tian⁃tian, JI Peng⁃hui, HE Zhi⁃quan, ZHANG Ya⁃lan, DENG Yan, CHEN Xi, HONG Yang, ZHAO Dong⁃yang, ZHANG Hong⁃wei, LIN Xi⁃meng, CHEN Wei⁃qi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 547-.   Abstract （712）      PDF（pc） （1050KB）（993）       Knowledge map    Save Henan Province is one of the provinces where taeniasis and cysticercosis were historically highly prevalent, and Taenia solium is the dominant species of tapeworm. Following the concerted efforts since 1970s, the prevalence of human taeniasis and cysticercosis has been maintained at a low level in Henan Province, which facilitates the national taeniasis and cysticercosis elimination program in China. Following the implementation of the policy of aeniasis and cysticercosis elimination and classified guidance, a great success has been achieved in aeniasis and cysticercosis control in Henan Province. With continuous promotion of the opening⁃up policy and the Belt and Road Initiative, there are still challenges in taeniasis and cysticercosis control. This review summarizes the control progress of taeniasis and cysticercosis and proposes the challenges of taeniasis and cysticercosis control in Henan Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of CRISPR/Cas systems in the nucleic acid detection of pathogens: a review LI Mengru, QIN Zhiqiang, YIN Kun, ZHENG Bin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (1): 98-.   Abstract （699）      PDF（pc） （1332KB）（1122）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid, sensitive and specific detection tools are critical for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. The in vitro nucleic acid amplification assays, including polymerase chain reaction and isothermal amplification technology, have been widely used for the detection of pathogens. Recently, nucleic acid detection⁃based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR⁃associated proteins (Cas) have been developed, which are rapid, highly sensitive, highly specific, and portable. This review describes the classification and principle of CRISPR/Cas systems and their applications in pathogen detection, and discusses the prospects of CRISPR/Cas systems. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiology of pathogenic tick-borne viruses in China: a review#br# #br# MA Jingge, LIU Ning, LIU Ziyan, LIU Quan, WEI Feng, WANG Zedong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (4): 325-330,348.   Abstract （694）      PDF（pc） （973KB）（4637）       Knowledge map    Save Ticks are obligate, haematophagous arthropods that are distributed across the world, which may transmit more than 200 pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. A large number of tick species are widespread in China, and their transmitting tick-borne viral diseases pose a great threat to human health in endemic foci. This review describes the epidemiology of common, emerging and potentially pathogenic tick-borne viruses in China, and recommends the assessment of public health significance and pathogenicity of emerging tick-borne viruses using reverse microbial etiology, so as to provide insights into the management of emerging tick-borne diseases in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence and genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia lamblia in dogs and cats from a pet hospital in Shanghai Municipality ZHANG Jing, QIN Yuan, SHEN Yujuan, WANG Yaxue, CAO Jianping, SU Yaxin, LIU Hua Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 258-262.   Abstract （693）      PDF（pc） （1340KB）（617）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia lamblia in dogs and cats from a pet hospital in Shanghai Municipality. Methods　A total of 145 fresh fecal samples were collected from pet dogs and cats in a pet hospital in Shanghai Municipality during the period from November 2021 to June 2022, including 99 dog fecal samples and 46 cat fecal samples. The small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid (SSU rRNA) gene of Cryptosporidium and the triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) gene of G. lamblia were amplified using nested PCR assay, and the positive amplification products were sequenced from both directions. The sequence assembly was performed using the software Clustal X 2.1, and sequence alignment was conducted using BLAST. A phylogenetic tree was created with the Neighbor⁃Joining method using MEGA 11.0 to identify parasite species or genotype. Results　The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium and G. lamblia was 20.00% (29/145) in 145 pet dog and cat fecal samples, with the prevalence of 0.69% (1/145) and 19.31% (28/145) in Cryptosporidium and G. lamblia, respectively. G. lamblia was only detected in dog fecal samples, with prevalence of 18.18% (18/99), while the detection rates of Cryptosporidium and G. lamblia were 2.17% (1/46) and 21.74% (10/46) in cat fecal samples. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that one Cryptosporidium positive sample was characterized as C. felis, and 28 G. lamblia positive samples were all characterized as Giardia assemblage A, which showed 100% sequence homology with human isolates of Giardia. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences obtained in this study belonged to the same branch with the reported Giardia assemblage A. Conclusions　Cryptosporidium and G. lamblia infection was prevalent in pet dogs and cats from the study pet hospital in Shanghai Municipality, and there is a zoonotic risk for the species and genotype. Intensified surveillance of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection is recommended in pets and their owners, and improved management of pet keeping is required. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Discovery and distribution of and response to arbovirus in China over the past seven decades XIA Han, YUAN Zhiming Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 427-436,450.   Abstract （691）      PDF（pc） （1541KB）（8725）       Knowledge map    Save Arbovirus is a group of virus transmitted by blood⁃sucking arthropod bites, which infects both arthropods and vertebrates. More than 600 arboviruses have been characterized worldwide until now, including 65 highly pathogenic viruses, which pose a high threat to public health. The risk of arbovirus transmission is increasing due to climate change, international trade and urbanization. The review summarizes the discovery and distribution of emerging and reemerging arboviruses and novel arboviruses with potential pathogenic risks, and proposes responses to the arbovirus transmission risk, so as to provide insights into the research and management of arboviruses and arthropod⁃borne infectious diseases in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The role of sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver injury: a review JIANG Tingting, HU Yuan, CAO Jianping Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (1): 92-.   Abstract （690）      PDF（pc） （958KB）（9933）       Knowledge map    Save Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) locate on the surface of hepatic sinusoids. As the first line of defense between the liver and blood, LSECs are the most abundant non-parenchymal cells in the liver. Under physiological conditions, LSECs may induce liver immune tolerance through participating in substance transport and metabolic waste removal, thereby maintaining liver homeostasis, and under pathological conditions, LSECs may promote liver immune response via antigen presentation. LSECs have been found to play a crucial regulatory role in maintaining the balance between liver regeneration and liver fibrosis. This article reviews the progress of researches on LSECs functions, LSECs changes in liver injury, signal pathways associated with regulation of LSECs functions, and the interaction between LSECs and other types of cells in the liver, aiming to elucidate the function of LSECs and their roles in liver diseases Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Temporal trends in disease burden of major human parasitic diseases in China from 1990 to 2019 ZENG Ting, LÜ Shan, TIAN Liguang, LI Shizhu, SUN Leping, JIA Tiewu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (1): 7-.   Abstract （672）      PDF（pc） （2109KB）（1093）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analysize the temporal trends in the disease burden of major human parasitic diseases in China from 1990 to 2019, so as to provide the evidence for improving the parasitic disease control strategy in China. Methods　The disability⁃adjusted life years (DALYs) of malaria, intestinal nematode infections, schistosomiasis, food⁃borne trematodiases, cysticercosis and echinococcosis in China from 1990 to 2019 were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019), and age⁃ and gender⁃specific DALYs of parasitic diseases were estimated. The temporal trends in DALYs of malaria, intestinal nematode infections, schistosomiasis, food⁃borne trematodiases, cysticercosis and echinococcosis were evaluated in China from 1990 to 2019 using average annual percent change (AAPC) with Joinpoint regression analysis. Results　The DALYs were 643 836.42 person⁃years due to food⁃borne trematodiases, 156 853.03 person⁃years due to cysticercosis, 79 764.62 person⁃years due to schistosomiasis, 70 989.73 person⁃years due to intestinal nematode infections, 4 258.61 person⁃years due to echinococcosis and 264.86 person⁃years due to malaria in China in 2019, respectively. The overall DALYs of six parasitic diseases were higher among men (546 441.93 person⁃years) than among women (409 525.33 person⁃years), and were greater among adults at ages of 14 to 65 years (684 780.84 person⁃years) than among children at 14 years and lower (35 437.38 person⁃years) and the elderly at ages of 65 years and older (235 749.04 person⁃years). During the period from 1990 to 2019, food⁃borne trematodiases were the leading cause of DALYs among the six parasitic diseases, and cysticercosis shifted from the fourth leading cause in 1990 to the second leading cause of DALYs in China in 2019, while intestinal nematode infections shifted from the second leading cause in 1990 to the fourth leading cause of DALYs in 2019. The DALYs of major human parasitic diseases appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, with the fastest drop seen in DALYs due to malaria (AAPC = -19.6%, P = 0.003), followed by due to intestinal nematode infections (AAPC = -8.2%, P < 0.001) and schistosomiasis (AAPC = -3.1%, P < 0.001), and a slow decline was seen in the DALYs of food⁃borne trematodiases (AAPC = -1.0%, P < 0.001), while there were no significant decrease in the DALYs of echinococcosis (AAPC = -0.5%, P = 0.264) and the DALYs of cysticercosis appeared a tendency towards a rise (AAPC = 0.7%, P < 0.001). Conclusions 　The disease burden of major human parasitic diseases appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2019, with a high disease burden seen due to food⁃borne parasitic diseases, no remarkable reduction seen in echinococcosis, and a tendency towards a rise seen in cysticercosis. It is recommended to focus on echinococcosis control, and continue to consolidate the control achievements of other major human parasitic diseases in China; meanwhile, the surveillance and prevention of food⁃borne parasitic diseases should be reinforced. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress in methodology of the Global Burden of Disease Study and its impact on the disease burden of parasitic diseases ZENG Ting, JIA Tiewu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 299-306.   Abstract （672）      PDF（pc） （1232KB）（1484）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) is the most comprehensive, systematic, and largest-scale global observational epidemiological project, which measures the national, regional and global mortality and disability of diseases, injuries and risk factors that threaten human health using unified indicators, such as disability-adjusted life year. This review describes the development history, assessment process and methodological advances of GBD, and discusses the impact of GBD on the burden of parasitic diseases, aiming to provide insights into the widespread use of GBD. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Single⁃cell RNA sequencing deciphers transcriptional profiles of hepatocytes in mouse with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis YANG Qingqing, JIA Wanzhong, WANG Xiangqian, CAI Qigang, GE Xin, WANG Wei, HAN Xiumin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 236-243.   Abstract （656）      PDF（pc） （2690KB）（721）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the cell composition and the transcriptional characteristics in microenvironments of hepatic tissues in mice at late stage of Echinococcus multilocularis infection at a single⁃cell level. Methods　Peri⁃lesion and paired distal hepatic specimens were collected from two BALB/c mice (6 to 8 weeks old) infected with E. multilocularis for single⁃cell RNA sequencing. The Seurat package in the R software was employed for quality control of data, multi⁃sample integration and correction of batch effects, and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) algorithm was used for cell clustering. Cell types were annotated using classical marker genes. Differentially expressed genes were screened in each cell type through differential gene expression analysis, and the biological roles of cells were predicted using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Results　A total of 43 710 cells from peri⁃lesion and distal hepatic tissues of E. multilocularis⁃infected mice were analyzed, and were classified into 11 cell types, including neutrophils, T cells, macrophages, granulocyte⁃monocyte progenitor cells, B cells, plasma cells, basophils, hepatic stellate cells, endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and platelets. T cells were the largest population of immune cells in the microenvironment of hepatic tissues, including five CD4+ T cell subsets, two CD8+ T cell subsets and phosphoantigen⁃reactive γδT cells. The proportions of CD4+ helper T cells and cytotoxic CD4+ T cells decreased and the proportion of T helper 2 (Th2) cells increased in peri⁃lesion tissues relative to distal hepatic tissues. In addition, the differentially expressed genes in Th2 cells were associated with negative regulation of the immune system, and the highly expressed genes in cytotoxic CD4+ T cells correlated with activation of the immune system. Conclusions　Single⁃cell RNA sequencing deciphers the cell composition and distribution in microenvironments of hepatic tissues from mice infected with E. multilocularis, and the increased proportion of Th2 cells in peri⁃lesion hepatic tissues may be associated with formation of immunosuppressive microenvironments. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Comparison of external morphological and movement patterns between Schistosoma japonicum and S. sinensis cercariae SONG Jing, ZHANG Zongya, SHEN Meifen, ZHOU Jihua, LI Chunying, YANG Zaogai, DONG Yi, DU Chunhong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (4): 384-387.   Abstract （632）      PDF（pc） （1203KB）（457）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To compare the external morphological characteristics and movement patterns between Schistosoma japonicum and S. sinensis cercariae. Methods　S. japonicum and S. sinensis cercariae were heat⁃fixed, and well⁃extended cercariae, of 50 each species, were randomly selected for measurement of body length, body width, tail stem length, and tail fork length. The external morphological characteristics of S. japonicum and S. sinensis cercariae were compared. In addition, S. japonicum⁃infected Oncomelania snails and S. sinensis⁃infected Tricula snails were observed under a microscope and the movement patterns of S. japonicum and S. sinensis cercariae were compared. Results　The mean body length, body width, tail stem length, and tail fork length were (0.16 ± 0.01), (0.05 ± 0.01), (0.14 ± 0.01) mm and (0.06 ± 0.01) mm for S. japonicum cercariae, and (0.13 ± 0.01), (0.05 ± 0.01), (0.13 ± 0.01) mm and (0.06 ± 0.01) mm for S. sinensis cercariae, respectively, and there were significant differences in terms of cercaria body length (t = 14.583, P < 0.05) and tail stem length (t = 3.861, P < 0.05), while no significant differences were seen in terms of body width (t = 0.896, P > 0.05) or tail fork length (t = -0.454, P > 0.05). Microscopy revealed that the tails of both S. japonicum and S. sinensis cercariae swung from side to side and there was no significant difference in their movement pattern. Conclusion　S. sinensis and S. japonicum cercariae share highly similar external external morphological characteristics and movement patterns. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Risk predictive models of healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province based on the machine learning ZHANG Yuying, CAO Yuanyuan, YANG Kai, WANG Weiming, YANG Mengmeng, CHAI Liying, GU Jiyue, LI Mengyue, LU Yan, ZHOU Huayun, ZHU Guoding, CAO Jun, LU Guangyu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 225-235,243.   Abstract （607）      PDF（pc） （1362KB）（2885）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To create risk predictive models of healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province based on machine learning algorithms, so as to provide insights into early identification of imported malaria cases in Jiangsu Province. Methods　Case investigation, first symptoms and time of initial diagnosis of imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province in 2019 were captured from Infectious Disease Report Information Management System and Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control Information Management System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The risk predictive models of healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients were created with the back propagation (BP) neural network model, logistic regression model, random forest model and Bayesian model using thirteen factors as independent variables, including occupation, species of malaria parasite, main clinical manifestations, presence of complications, severity of disease, age, duration of residing abroad, frequency of malaria parasite infections abroad, incubation period, level of institution at initial diagnosis, country of origin, number of individuals travelling with patients and way to go abroad, and time of healthcare⁃seeking delay as a dependent variable. Logistic regression model was visualized using a nomogram, and the nomogram was evaluated using calibration curves. In addition, the efficiency of the four models for prediction of risk of healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients was evaluated using the area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC). The importance of each characteristic was quantified and attributed by using SHAP to examine the positive and negative effects of the value of each characteristic on the predictive efficiency. Results　A total of 244 imported malaria patients were enrolled, including 100 cases (40.98%) with the duration from onset of first symptoms to time of initial diagnosis that exceeded 24 hours. Logistic regression analysis identified a history of malaria parasite infection [odds ratio (OR) = 3.075, 95% confidential interval (CI): (1.597, 5.923)], long incubation period [OR = 1.010, 95% CI: (1.001, 1.018)] and seeking healthcare in provincial or municipal medical facilities [OR = 12.550, 95% CI: (1.158, 135.963)] as risk factors for delay in seeking healthcare among imported malaria cases. BP neural network modeling showed that duration of residing abroad, incubation period and age posed great impacts on delay in healthcare⁃seek among imported malaria patients. Random forest modeling showed that the top five factors with the greatest impact on healthcare⁃seeking delay included main clinical manifestations, the way to go abroad, incubation period, duration of residing abroad and age among imported malaria patients, and Bayesian modeling revealed that the top five factors affecting healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients included level of institutions at initial diagnosis, age, country of origin, history of malaria parasite infection and individuals travelling with imported malaria patients. ROC curve analysis showed higher overall performance of the BP neural network model and the logistic regression model for prediction of the risk of healthcare⁃seeking delay among imported malaria patients (Z = 2.700 to 4.641, all P values < 0.01), with no statistically significant difference in the AUC among four models (Z = 1.209, P > 0.05). The sensitivity (71.00%) and Youden index (43.92%) of the logistic regression model was higher than those of the BP neural network (63.00% and 36.61%, respectively), and the specificity of the BP neural network model (73.61%) was higher than that of the logistic regression model (72.92%). Conclusions　Imported malaria cases with long duration of residing abroad, a history of malaria parasite infection, long incubation period, advanced age and seeking healthcare in provincial or municipal medical institutions have a high likelihood of delay in healthcare⁃seeking in Jiangsu Province. The models created based on the logistic regression and BP neural network show a high efficiency for prediction of the risk of healthcare⁃seeking among imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province, which may provide insights into health management of imported malaria patients. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Anticancer effects of parasites and its underlying mechanisms: a review ZHANG Yingshu, DING Xin, DAI Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2024, 36 (1): 91-97.   DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2023074 Abstract （599）      PDF（pc） （1009KB）（1247）       Knowledge map    Save Both parasitic diseases and cancers are disorders that seriously threaten human health. A strong correlation has been recently found between parasitic infections and cancers, and multiple species of parasites and their derived products have shown effective to suppress cancer development, progression and metastasis. Therefore, deciphering the interaction among parasites, cancers and hosts not only provides new insights into the development of cancer therapy, but also provides the basis for screening of parasites⁃derived active anticancer molecules. This review summarizes the latest advances in the anticancer activity of parasites and underlying mechanisms. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Investigation on prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild mice in Shitai County, Anhui Province, 2018 HE Jia⁃chang, CHEN Xue⁃feng, WANG Tian⁃ping, GAO Feng⁃hua, TAO Wei, DAI Bo, DING Song⁃jun, LIU Ting, LI Yi, WANG Hao, MAO Wei⁃fei, ZHANG Le⁃sheng, XU Xiao⁃juan, ZHANG Shi⁃qing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 622-.   Abstract （596）      PDF（pc） （973KB）（377）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in wild mice in Shitai County, Anhui Province, so as to provide insights into precise control of the source of S. japonicum infections. Methods　Wild mice were captured using the trapping method for three successive nights at snail⁃infested settings from Jitan Village of Jitan Township, and Shiquan Village and Xibai Village of Dingxiang Township, Shitai County, Anhui Province in June and October, 2018. All trapped wild mice were sacrificed and liver and mesenteric vein specimens were collected for detection of S. japonicum eggs using microscopy, while the fecal samples in mouse intestines were collected for identification of S. japonicum infections using Kato⁃Katz technique. In addition, the population density of trapped wild mice was estimated and the prevalence of S. japonicum infection was calculated in trapped wild mice. Results　A total of 376 wild mice were trapped from three villages in Shitai County. The population density of trapped wild mice was 9.1% (376/4 124), and the prevalence of S. japonicum infection was 24.2% (91/376) in trapped wild mice. The highest prevalence of S. japonicum infection was detected in Shiquan Village of Dingxiang Township (30.1%), and the lowest prevalence was seen in Xibai Village of Dingxiang Township; however, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of S. japonicum infection in trapped wild mice among three villages ([χ2] = 4.111, P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of S. japonicum infection in wild mice captured between on June (26.8%, 34/127) and October (22.9%, 57/249) ([χ2] = 0.690, P = 0.406). The trapped wild mice included 6 species, including Rattus norvegicus, Niviventer niviventer, R. losea, Apodemus agrarius, Mus musculus and N. coning, and the two highest prevalence of S. japonicum infection was detected in R. losea (34.9%, 22/63) and R. norvegicus (31.2%, 44/141). Conclusions　The prevalence of S. japonicum infections is high in wild mice in Shitai County, and there is a natural focus of schistosomiasis transmission in Shitai County. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Screening of traditional Chinese medicine⁃derived snail control drug targets based on network pharmacology XIONG Tao, GUO Jin⁃lu, LU Fang⁃guo, LIU Jia⁃hao, ZHENG Tao, LI Jia⁃shan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 588-.   Abstract （584）      PDF（pc） （2398KB）（748）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To screen the targets of traditional Chinese medicine⁃derived potential plant molluscicides based on network pharmacology and explore the mechanisms of molluscicidal actions. Methods　The traditional Chinese medicines with molluscicidal actions were screened based on retrospective literature reviews, and their molluscicidal efficiency was summarized. The active ingredients and potential targets of traditional Chinese medicines were captured from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform, Unified Protein Database and literature mining using network pharmacology. The drug⁃active ingredient⁃target network was created using the software Cytoscape 3.7.2, and the key targets were subjected to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis using the Metascape software. Results　A total of 27 types of snail control drugs derived from traditional Chinese medicines were screened from publications and classified into 14 categories. Network pharmacology identified 190 active ingredients, and the active ingredients with a high degree in the drug⁃active ingredient⁃target network included quercetin, linoleyl acetate, luteolin, beta⁃carotene, (24S)⁃ethylcholesta⁃5,22,25⁃trans⁃3beta⁃ol, fumarine and arctiin, with 181 corresponding potential targets screened. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that these targets were mainly located in 16 pathways, including the neuroactive ligand⁃receptor interactions, regulation of adipocyte lipolysis and adrenergic signal in myocardial cells. Conclusions　This study preliminarily demonstrates the multi⁃ingredient, multi⁃target and multi⁃pathway mechanisms of action of 27 molluscicides. The screened key ingredient may provide the basis for isolation, purification and pharmacological studies of molluscicides, and the screened key targets and key pathways may facilitate the illustration of mechanisms of actions of traditional Chinese medicine⁃derived molluscicides and development of novel green molluscicides. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological investigation on a visceral leishmaniasis case in Zhengzhou City of Henan Province YANG Cheng⁃yun, ZHAO Xiao⁃ming, LU De⁃ling, ZHANG Yue⁃quan, QIAN Jian⁃hua, WANG Xiao, LI Su⁃hua, HE Zhi⁃quan, QIAN Dan, LIU Ying, JI Peng⁃hui, ZHOU Rui⁃min, ZHANG Hong⁃wei Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 635-.   Abstract （564）      PDF（pc） （1077KB）（514）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To perform an epidemiological investigation on a case with visceral leishmaniasis in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, and to identify the source of infection, so as to illustrate the transmission chain and assess the risk of local leishmaniasis transmission. Methods The medical data were collected from a case with visceral leishmaniasis in Zhengzhou City, and the patient’s bone marrow smears were detected by microscopy. Serum anti⁃Leishmania antibody test and PCR assay were performed among high⁃risk residents and all dogs in the village where the patient lived. Sandflies were captured using light traps and artificial traps, and the captured female Phlebotomus chinensis was subjected to PCR assay. The internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) gene was amplified with a nested PCR assay using the genomic DNA extracted from visceral leishmaniasis patients, positive dogs and sandflies, and the sequences were aligned with those download from NCBI. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was created based on the ITS1 gene. Results The visceral leishmaniasis patient had recurrent irregular fever, reduced complete blood counts, low hemoglobin, and a large number of Leishmania amastigotes in bone marrow smears, and was therefore diagnosed as visceral leishmaniasis. Both rk39 rapid diagnostic test and PCR assay tested negative among 324 residents living neighboring the patient’s residence, while 21.39% (43/201) dogs were positive for rk39 rapid diagnostic test and 13.93% (28/201) positive for PCR assay. There were 17 female Ph. chinensis tested positive for Leishmania (0.82%) by PCR assay, and the ITS gene sequences from visceral leishmaniasis patients, positive dogs and sandflies shared a 100% homology with L. infantum. The Leishmania species was therefore characterized as L. infantum. Conclusions　L. infantum infection occurs in visceral leishmaniasis patients, dogs and sandflies in Zhengzhou City, indicating a complete transmission chain and a high transmission risk of visceral leishmaniasis by L. infantum. Intensified control measures are required to prevent local transmission of leishmaniasis in Zhengzhou City. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surveillance on dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Ningbo City in 2021 HE Xin, MA Min, MA Xiao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (4): 379-382,388.   Abstract （561）      PDF（pc） （1062KB）（530）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the density, distribution and insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus in Ningbo City in 2021, so as to provide insights into formulation of dengue fever control strategies. Methods　Four administrative villages were randomly selected from each county (district) in Ningbo City from April to November, 2021, to investigate the indoor population density of Aedes larvae, and the Breteau index (BI) was calculated. The population density of adult mosquitoes was investigated in residential areas, parks/bamboo forests, waste tire stacking sites/waste stations/construction sites in each county (district). On June 2021, larvae of the natural strain A. albopictus were collected from epidemic sites of dengue fever in Ningbo City in 2018, and raised in laboratory. Then, larvae and female mosquitoes without blood feeding were selected for insecticide resistance bioassays, while insecticide⁃sensitive strains of A. albopictus served as controls. The resistance of A. albopictus larvae to deltamethrin, beta⁃cypermethrin, propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos using the impregnation method, and the medium lethal concentration (LC50) and resistance ratio (RR) were calculated. The resistance of adult A. albopictus to beta⁃cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, propoxur and malathion was determined using the tube bioassay, and the mosquito mortality was calculated. Results　A total of 10 072 small water containers from 9 935 households were investigated in Ningbo City in 2021, and there were 1 276 containers with Aedes larvae detected, with an average BI of 12.89. Totally 1 422 mosquito nets were allocated and 954 female A. albopictus were captured, with an average net trapping index of 1.34 mosquitoes/(net·hour). Both larval and adult A. albopictus mosquitoes were found from April to November, and the density of larval A. albopictus peaked in September (BI = 21.21), while the density of adult A. albopictus peaked in August, with a net trapping index of 2.38 mosquitoes/(net ·hour). The LC50 values of deltamethrin, beta⁃cypermethrin, propoxur, temephos and dichlorvos were 0.017 4, 0.000 9, 0.364 1, 0.038 1 mg/L and 0.001 6 mg/L against larvae of natural strains of A. albopicchus, with RRs of 49.66, 25.53, 9.65, 2.24 and 6.06, and the mortality rates of adult mosquitoes were 66.00% (66/100), 69.39% (68/98), 25.00% (25/100), 98.97% (96/97) and 100.00% (98/98) 24 hours post⁃treatment with 0.08% beta⁃cypermethrin, 0.03% deltamethrin, 0.4% permethrin, 0.05% propoxur, and 0.5% malathion for 24 h, respectively. Conclusions　A. albopictus is widely distributed in Ningbo City, with a high population density and presents high⁃level resistance to common pyrethroid insecticides. The population density and insecticide resistance of A. albopictus requires to be reinforced. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2030 YAO Lixi, LIN Su, HUANG Jiaofeng, WU Yinlian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (5): 464-475,496.   Abstract （560）      PDF（pc） （3686KB）（518）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To measure the burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2019, and to predict its changes from 2020 to 2030. Methods　The age⁃standardized prevalence, incidence, mortality and disability⁃adjusted life years (DALY) rate of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases in China from 1990 to 2019 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD 2019) data resources, and the trends in burdens of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases were evaluated from 1990 to 2019 using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and annual percent change (APC). In addition, the changes in the burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases were predicted in China from 2020 to 2023 using the Bayesian model. Results　The overall incidence of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases reduced from 2 725.98/105 in 1990 to 1 397.31/105 in 2019 in China [estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) = −2.35%, 95% confidential interval (CI): (−2.58%, −2.13%)], with a reduction in the prevalence from 12 239.53/105 in 1990 to 6 566.12/105 in 2019 [EAPC = −2.34%, 95% CI: (−2.54%, −2.14%)], a reduction in the mortality from 24.67/105 in 1990 to 8.07/105 in 2019 [EAPC = −4.92%, 95% CI: (−5.37%, −4.47%)], and a reduction in the DALYs rate from 793.38/105 in 1990 to 247.71/105 in 2019 [(EAPC = −5.15%, 95% CI: (−5.64%, −4.66%)]. The DALYs of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases were mainly attributed to liver cancer, and the DALYs of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases appeared a tendency towards a rise in China from 2012 to 2019 [APC = 1.30%, 95% CI: (0.16%, 2.45%)]. The overall burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases was higher in males than in females, and the DALYs rate of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases increased with age, with the greatest DALY rate seen among patients at ages of 50 to 69 years. The overall incidence of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases was projected to be 866.79/105 in China in 2030, with the greatest incidence seen in acute hepatitis B (854.87/105), and the burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases was predicted to decline in China from 2020 to 2030; however, the burden of liver disease was projected to appear a tendency towards a rise. Conclusions　The burden of hepatitis B⁃associated diseases appears an overall tendency towards a decline in China from 1990 to 2030; however, the burden of liver cancer appears a tendency towards aggravation. Early diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer should be given a high priority. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Global distribution and transmission of Fasciola YAO Jia⁃wen, JIA Tie⁃wu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 654-.   Abstract （557）      PDF（pc） （2661KB）（519）       Knowledge map    Save As a global zoonotic disease, fascioliasis is a serious threat to human and animal health and animal husbandry development. The complexity of the classification and identification of Lymnaeidae, the intermediate host of Fasciola, notably the emergence of its sibling species, leads to misunderstanding of geographical distribution and transmission potential of Fasciola. This review introduces the classification of flukes of the family Fasciolidae, describes the geographical distribution of F. hepatica and F. gigantic, and discusses the co⁃evolution of Fasciola and Lymnaeidae host snails, and the effects of human activities and ruminant migration on global spread and transmission of Fasciola. In addition, we revisit the intermediate host snails of Fasciola in Africa based on the latest molecular biological evidence. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence of mountain⁃zoonotic type visceral leishmaniasis in Yangquan City of Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2020 ZHANG Pei⁃jun, ZHOU Zheng⁃bin, LI Yuan⁃yuan, HAO Yu⁃wan, LUO Zhuo⁃wei, LI Hong⁃yan, LI Zhong⁃qiu, YANG Li⁃min, ZHANG Yi, WU Bin, LI Shi⁃zhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 493-.   Abstract （556）      PDF（pc） （1239KB）（573）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of mountain⁃type zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (MT⁃ZVL) in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2020, so as to provide the scientific evidence for formulating the MT⁃ZVL control strategy. Methods　The epidemiological data pertaining to MT⁃ZVL cases in Yangquan City from 2015 to 2020 were collected and descriptively analyzed. A Joinpoint regression model was created to analyze the trend in the MT⁃ZVL incidence in Yangquan City from 2015 to 2020 using annual percent change (APC). The sandflies surveillance data and the prevalence of Leishmania infections in dogs were collected in Yangquan City in 2020, and the regional distribution of sandflies density and sero⁃prevalence of Leishmania infections in dogs were calculated. In addition, the associations of sandflies density and sero⁃prevalence of Leishmania infections in dogs with the incidence of human MT⁃ZVL were examined using the linear correlation analysis. Results　A total of 162 MT⁃ZVL cases were reported in Yangquan City, Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2020, with annual mean incidence of 1.9/106, and there were 4, 7, 16, 27, 33 cases and 75 cases with MT⁃ZVL reported from 2015 to 2020, appearing a tendency towards a rapid rise (APC = 72.79%, t = 11.10, P < 0.01). MT⁃ZVL cases were reported across the five counties (districts) of Yangquan City, and the cases predominantly occurred in Jiaoqu District (35.2%, 57/162) and Pingding County (33.3%, 54/162). MT⁃ZVL cases were predominantly detected in residents at ages of 15 years and older (71.6%, 116/162) and at ages of 0 to 2 years (22.2%, 36/162), with farmers (37.4%, 61/162) and diaspora children (24.5%, 40/162) as predominant occupations. The mean density of Phlebotomus chinensis was 6.3 sandflies per trap per night in Yangquan City from during the period from May to September, 2020, with the highest density observed in Jiaoqu District (12.6 sandflies per trap per night) and the lowest in Yuxian County (1.1 sandflies per trap per night), and there was a region⁃specific mean density of Ph. chinensis in Yangquan City (H = 17.282, P < 0.01). The sero⁃prevalence of serum anti⁃Leishmania antibody was 7.4% (2 996/40 573) in domestic dogs in Yangquan City, with the highest sero⁃prevalence seen in Jiaoqu District (16.6%, 1 444/8 677), and the lowest in Yuxian County (2.3%, 266/11 501), and there was a region⁃specific sero⁃prevalence rate of anti⁃Leishmania antibody in domestic dogs in Yangquan City ([χ2] = 1 753.74, P < 0.01). The sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Leishmania antibody was significantly higher in stray dogs (20.0%, 159/794) than in domestic dogs ([χ2] = 176.63, P < 0.01). In addition, there were significant associations among the sandflies density, sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃Leishmania antibody in domestic dogs and the incidence of human MT⁃ZVL (r = 0.832 to 0.870, all P values < 0.05). Conclusion　The prevalence of MT⁃ZVL appeared a tendency towards a rapid rise in Yangquan City from 2015 to 2020, and systematic interventions are urgently needed for MT⁃ZVL control. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis and forecast of the disease burden of schistosomiasis in China from 1992 to 2030 LIN Kai, ZHANG Chenhuan, XU Zhendong, LI Xuemei, HUANG Renzhan, LIU Yawen, YU Haihang, GU Lisi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (1): 24-34.   Abstract （553）      PDF（pc） （2297KB）（681）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the trends in the disease burden of schistosomiasis in China from 1992 to 2021, and to project the disease burden of schistosomiasis in China from 2022 to 2030, so as to provide insights into the elimination of schistosomiasis in China.  Methods　The prevalence, age⁃standardized prevalence, disability⁃adjusted life year (DALYs) rate and age⁃standardized DALYs rate of schistosomiasis, as well as the years lost due to disability (YLDs) rate and age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections in China, the world and different socio⁃demographic index (SDI) regions were captured from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) data resources, and the trends in the disease burden due to schistosomiasis were evaluated with estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). In addition, the age, period and cohort effects on the prevalence of schistosomiasis were examined in China using an age⁃period⁃cohort (APC) model, and the disease burden of schistosomiasis was predicted in China from 2022 to 2030 using a Bayesian age⁃period⁃cohort (BAPC) model.  Results　The age⁃standardized prevalence and DALYs rate of schistosomiasis, and the age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections were 761.32/105, 5.55/105 and 0.38/105 in China in 2021. These rates were all lower than the global levels (1 914.30/105, 21.90/105 and 3.36/105, respectively), as well as those in the medium SDI regions (1 413.61/105, 12.10/105 and 1.93/105, respectively), low⁃medium SDI regions (2 461.03/105, 26.81/105 and 4.48/105, respectively), and low SDI regions (5 832.77/105, 94.48/105 and 10.65/105, respectively), but higher than those in the high SDI regions (59.47/105, 0.49/105 and 0.05/105, respectively) and high⁃medium SDI regions (123.11/105, 1.20/105 and 0.12/105, respectively). The prevalence and DALYs rate of schistosomiasis were higher among men (820.79/105 and 5.86/105, respectively) than among women (697.96/105 and 5.23/105, respectively) in China in 2021, while the YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections was higher among women (0.66/105) than among men (0.12/105). The prevalence of schistosomiasis peaked at ages of 30 to 34 years among both men and women, while the DALYs rate of schistosomiasis peaked among men at ages of 15 to 19 years and among women at ages of 20 to 24 years. The age⁃standardized prevalence of schistosomiasis showed a moderate decline in China from 1992 to 2021 relative to different SDI regions [EAPC = -1.51%, 95% CI: (-1.65%, -1.38%)], while the age⁃standardized DALYs rate [EAPC = -3.61%, 95% CI: (-3.90%, -3.33%)] and age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections [EAPC = -4.16%, 95% CI: (-4.38%, -3.94%)] appeared the fastest decline in China from1992 to 2021 relative to different SDI regions. APC modeling showed age, period, and cohort effects on the trends in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in China from 1992 to 2021, and the prevalence of schistosomiasis appeared a rise followed by decline with age, and reduced with period and cohort. BAPC modeling revealed that the age⁃standardized prevalence and age⁃standardized DALYs rate of schistosomiasis, and age⁃standardized YLDs rate of anemia attributable to Schistosoma infections all appeared a tendency towards a decline in China from 2022 to 2030, which reduced to 722.72/105 [95% CI: (538.74/105, 906.68/105)], 5.19/105 [95% CI: (3.54/105, 6.84/105)] and 0.30/105 [95% CI: (0.21/105, 0.39/105)] in 2030, respectively. Conclusions　The disease burden of schistosomiasis appeared a tendency towards a decline in China from 1992 to 2021, and is projected to appear a tendency towards a decline from 2022 to 2030. There are age, period and cohort effects on the prevalence of schistosomiasis in China. Precision schistosomiasis control is required with adaptations to current prevalence and elimination needs.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of Blastocystis hominis infection among children with diarrhea under five years of age in Guangzhou City XU Wei⁃rong, WANG Guo⁃shu, LI Qin, ZHENG Jin⁃xin, GUO Zhao⁃yu, CHEN Jia⁃xu, CHEN Mu⁃xin, TIAN Li⁃guang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 598-.   Abstract （550）      PDF（pc） （1008KB）（628）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of Blastocystis hominis infection among children with diarrhea under five years of age in Guangzhou City. Methods　Children with diarrhea under 5 years of age admitted to Guangzhou Children’s hospital, Guangzhou Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center during the period between January 1 and December 31, 2020, were enrolled. Participants’ demographics, living environments and health status were collected using questionnaire surveys. Stool samples were collected from participants and nucleic acid was extracted. B. hominis infection was identified using PCR assay and sequence alignment, and the factors affecting B. hominis infection among children with diarrhea under 5 years of age were identified using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results　A total of 684 children with diarrhea under 5 years of age were enrolled, including 468 male children and 216 female children, with a mean age of (1.79 ± 1.12) years. The overall prevalence of B. hominis infection was 4.97% [34/684, 95% confidential interval (CI): (3.59%, 6.86%)] among participants, and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of B. hominis infection between children with chronic [7.52% (20/266), 95% CI: (4.92%, 11.33%)] and acute diarrhea [3.35% (14/418), 95% CI: (2.01%, 5.54%)] ([χ2] = 5.983, P = 0.014). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified keeping pet [odds ratio (OR) = 6.298, 95% CI: (2.711, 14.633)], drinking non⁃tap water [OR = 4.522, 95% CI: (1.769, 11.561)], lactose intolerance [OR = 4.221, 95% CI: (1.043, 17.087)], antibiotic use [OR = 0.125, 95% CI: (0.017, 0.944)] and chronic diarrhea [OR = 2.172, 95% CI: (1.018, 4.637)] as factors affecting B. hominis infection among children with diarrhea under 5 years of age in Guangzhou City. Conclusions　B. hominis infections is detected in children with diarrhea under five years of age in Guangzhou City. Improving home environments and pet⁃keeping hygiene is recommended to reduce the likelihood of B. hominis infection among children. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence of parasitic infections in fish from markets in Zhenjiang City from 2017 to 2020 LI Ai⁃hua, WANG Lin, LI Sha⁃sha, ZHANG Wang⁃jun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 527-.   Abstract （544）      PDF（pc） （979KB）（379）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of parasitic infections in freshwater fish and marine fish from markets in Zhenjiang City, so as to provide the evidene for formulating targeted control measures. Methods　Freshwater fish and marine fish were collected from farmers’ markets and supermarkets in Zhenjiang City using a random sampling method. The metacercaria and larvae of parasites were detected using microscopy and the direct dissection method. The prevalence of parasitic infections was analyzed in freshwater fish and marine fish. Results　The overall prevalence of parasite infections was 11.21% (208/1 856) in the 1 856 fish (34 species) detected from 2007 to 2020, and the prevalence was 9.81% (117/1 193) in freshwater fish and 13.73% (91/663) in marine fish. Among the 1 193 freshwater fish (23 species), high prevalence of parasitic infections was detected in Gambusia affinis (43.33%), coarse fish (32.93%) and Hemiculter leucisclus (20.20%), and there was no significant difference in the prevalence of parasitic infections among different species of freshwater fish ([χ2] = 105.66, P < 0.05). Clonorchis sinensis, Metorchis orientalis and other parasite species were detected in freshwater fish, with detection rates of 0.59% (7/1 193), 1.93% (23/1 193) and 7.29% (87/1 193), respectively, and there was a significant difference in the detection of C. sinensis and M. orientalis in freshwater fish ([χ2] = 8.64, P < 0.05). The prevalence and intensity of larval Anisakis infections were 13.73% (91/663) in marine fish and 3.43 parasites per fish. High prevalence of Anisakis infections was seen in little yellow croaker fish (30.28%) and hairtail (27.50%), and there was a significant difference in the prevalence of parasitic infections in different species of marine fish ([χ2] = 12.93, P < 0.05). Conclusion　Parasitic infections are prevalent in freshwater fish and marine fish from markets of Zhenjiang City, and there is a risk of parasitic infections following consumption of raw or under⁃cooked freshwater fish and marine fish. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Intelligent identification of livestock, a source of Schistosoma japonicum infection, based on deep learning of unmanned aerial vehicle images XUE Jingbo, XIA Shang, LI Zhaojun, WANG Xinyi, HUANG Liangyu, HE Runchao, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (2): 121-.   Abstract （539）      PDF（pc） （2620KB）（602）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To develop an intelligent recognition model based on deep learning algorithms of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) images, and to preliminarily explore the value of this model for remote identification, monitoring and management of cattle, a source of Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods　Oncomelania hupensis snail⁃infested marshlands around the Poyang Lake area were selected as the study area. Image datasets of the study area were captured by aerial photography with UAV and subjected to augmentation. Cattle in the sample database were annotated with the annotation software VGG Image Annotator to create the morphological recognition labels for cattle. A model was created for intelligent recognition of livestock based on deep learning⁃based Mask R⁃convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms. The performance of the model for cattle recognition was evaluated with accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and mean precision. Results　A total of 200 original UAV images were obtained, and 410 images were yielded following data augmentation. A total of 2 860 training samples for working cattle recognition were labeled. A total of 2 860 training samples of cattle recognition were labeled. The created deep learning⁃based Mask R⁃CNN model converged following 200 iterations, with an accuracy of 88.01%, precision of 92.33%, recall of 94.06%, F1 score of 93.19%, and mean precision of 92.27%, and the model was effective to detect and segment the morphological features of cattle. Conclusion　The deep learning⁃based Mask R⁃CNN model is highly accurate for recognition of cattle based on UAV images, which is feasible for remote intelligent recognition, monitoring, and management of the source of S. japonicum infection. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of integrated species distribution models in parasitic diseases prevention and control: a review LI Lu, WANG Qiang, XU Jing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 659-.   Abstract （537）      PDF（pc） （1036KB）（1427）       Knowledge map    Save Species distribution model, a mathematical model theoretically based on the temporal and spatial locations of species in the ecosystem and their associations with other species, is useful to display the current species distribution and predict the future species distribution, which has been widely applied in ecology, biogeography and spatial transmission of infectious diseases. Integrated species distribution model is a comprehensive, summative and reliable combination model that simultaneously uses multiple species distribution models or integrates multiple data sources for modeling. This review describes the theory and classification of species distribution models, and summarizes the creation and verification of integrated species distribution models and their applications in parasitic disease prevention and control. During the practical applications of integrated species distribution models, the study scale, niche matching, big data utilization, combination of multidisciplinary methods and knowledge background and ecological implications should be emphasized. 　 Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The role of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in the development of global health and its collaboration with China XU Ming Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (2): 116-.   Abstract （536）      PDF（pc） （1009KB）（894）       Knowledge map    Save The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (The Global Fund) has become an increasingly active and influential organization in global health during the past two decades. It is now playing an increasingly important role in the prevention and control of major infectious diseases, international financing for health, public procurement market development across the world. The article outlines the basic architecture of the Global Fund, including its overall information, financing mechanism, operational models and key experiences accumulated. Based on previous cooperation, the article analyzes the importance of the long-term partnership between China and the Global Fund, and proposes policy suggestions to achieve more win-win outcomes in the near future. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Optimized pathway to schistosomiasis elimination in China: a scrutiny using a marginal benefit approach LI Qin, YANG Guojing, ZHENG Jinxin, XU Jing, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (1): 1-.   Abstract （534）      PDF（pc） （1172KB）（610）       Knowledge map    Save Following concerted efforts for over 7 decades, great achievements have been gained in the national schistosomiasis control program of China. Currently, China is moving towards the stage of schistosomiasis elimination, when the major task is to make full use of available resources to improve schistosomiasis surveillance and response to sustainably consolidate gained schistosomiasis control achievements and prevent re⁃emerging schistosomiasis. There is therefore an urgent need for optimization of interventions for schistosomiasis elimination. Based on analysis of socioeconomic features at different stages of the national schistosomiasis control program in China, this review discusses the relationship between the needs of assessment of schistosomiasis elimination interventions and the optimized strategy of schistosomiasis elimination at different stages of the national schistosomiasis control program using a marginal benefit approach and proposes the optimized schistosomiasis elimination strategy that allows the highest marginal benefit with currently available schistosomiasis elimination costs, so as to provide the optimal strategic pathway to schistosomiasis elimination and facilitate the achievement of the targets set in Healthy China 2030. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）