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Epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China from 2010 to 2023 DU Shanshan, SHI Yue, CHEN Xi, LIU Huihui, ZHANG Lijie, HUANG Xiaoxia Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 371-379.   Abstract （958）      PDF（pc） （3556KB）（2560）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and to identify factors affecting deaths among SFTS patients in China from 2010 to 2023, so as to provide insights into scientific prevention and control of SFTS. Methods　Demographic and epidemiological characteristics of reported, definitively diagnosed SFTS cases in China from 2010 to 2023 were captured from National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, including current residence address, age, gender, occupation, time of incidence and date of death, and the temporal, spatial and population distributions of SFTS cases were analyzed. The county⁃level incidence of reported SFTS cases in China from 2010 to 2023 was subjected to spatial autocorrelation analysis, and the global Moran's I index was calculated. The high⁃incidence clusters for SFTS were identified using space⁃time scan analysis based on a Poisson distribution model, and the relative risk (RR) and log⁃likelihood ratio (LLR) were estimated. In addition, factors affecting the death and their risk levels were identified among SFTS cases using chi⁃square test and logistic regression models, and the risk of death was evaluated with odds ratio (OR).  Results　A total of 27 457 SFTS cases were reported in China from 2010 to 2023, and the number of SFTS cases increased from 71 in 2010 to 5 062 in 2023, appearing a tendency towards a rise (b = 5.567, t = 51.35, P < 0.05). A total of 1 326 deaths occurred during the 14⁃year study period, with a case fatality rate of 4.82%, and the annual incidence and fatality of SFTS were 0.005/105 to 0.359/105, and 2.70% to 12.70%. SFTS cases were reported across 27 provinces in China, which were predominantly reported in 7 provinces of Shandong (7 890 cases, 28.74%), Henan (6 286 cases, 22.89%), Anhui (5 718 cases, 20.83%), Hubei (3 938 cases, 14.34%), Liaoning (1 418 cases, 5.16%), Zhejiang (990 cases, 3.61%), and Jiangsu (957 cases, 3.49%), accounting for 99.05% (27 197/27 457) of totally reported cases in China. The time of SFTS incidence appeared a seasonal distribution, and the incidence of SFTS peaked during the period from May to July, with a significant difference in the time of SFTS incidence among provinces (P < 0.01). Among all SFTS cases, there were 12 894 men (46.96%) and 14 563 women (53.04%), and there were 61.27% (16 823/27 457) of SFTS cases at ages of 61 years and older, with farmers as the predominant occupation (84.74%, 23 266/27 457). The annual Moran's I index for SFTS incidence ranged from 0.326 2 to 0.607 5 from 2010 to 2023, and there were significant differences in the Moran's I index for SFTS incidence each year from 2011 to 2023 (z = 10.207 to 18.101, all P values < 0.001), presenting spatial clusters. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis identified "high⁃high", "low⁃high", "high⁃low", and "low⁃low" clusters of reported SFTS cases in China, with "high⁃high" clusters predominantly distributed in 5 provinces of Shandong, Anhui, Hubei, Henan, and Liaoning, covering 63 counties (cities, districts) in 2011 to 134 counties (cities, districts) in 2023. Monthly space⁃time scans identified three high⁃incidence clusters for SFTS in 4 provinces of Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu and Anhui. Univariate analysis revealed the risk of death of reported SFTS cases was associated with province ([χ2] = 605.48, P < 0.01), gender ([χ2] = 23.421, P < 0.01), age ([χ2] = 254.18, P < 0.01), duration from disease onset to diagnosis ([χ2] = 49.895, P < 0.01), and occupation ([χ2] = 30.685, P < 0.01), and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a higher risk of death among SFTS cases reported in three provinces of Shandong [OR = 3.081, 95% confidence interval (CI): (2.605, 3.643)], Zhejiang [OR = 4.280, 95% CI: (3.367, 5.441)], and Jiangsu [OR = 2.733, 95% CI: (2.059, 3.628)]; among SFTS cases at ages of 70 years and older [> 70 to 80 years: OR = 4.511, 95% CI: (1.626, 12.511); > 80 years and older: OR = 3.632, 95% CI: (1.241, 10.631)]; among male SFTS cases males than among female cases [OR = 1.243, 95% CI: (1.114, 1.387)]; and among SFTS cases 31 days and longer duration from disease onset to diagnosis [OR = 1.660, 95% CI: (1.254, 2.197)]. Conclusions　The number of reported SFTS cases has remarkably risen in China in recent years, with expanded geographic distributions, seasonal distribution and spatial clusters. Targeted preventive and control measures for SFTS are urgently needed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiology and management of echinococcosis in China and Mongolia and the risk of cross⁃border transmission LIU Jing, DANZENG Quzhen, MO Xiaojin, MIAO Yurun, SU Xuan, HU Wei, ZHANG Ting Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 337-343.   Abstract （491）      PDF（pc） （1382KB）（1620）       Knowledge map    Save Currently, echinococcosis is highly prevalent in both China and Mongolia, and the risk of cross⁃border echinococcosis transmission raises growing concerns. This article describes the epidemiology of echinococcosis in China and Mongolia, compares echinococcosis control measures between the countries, and discusses the potential risk of cross⁃border echinococcosis transmission due to human and animal mobility, transboundary movement of animal hosts, and disparities in control capacity between the two countries. In addition, the article proposes the promising cooperation areas for joint prevention and control of echinococcosis between the two countries, including the joint development of guidelines and standards, technical and financial assistance, and cross⁃border pathogen monitoring and tracing, so as to provide insights into cross⁃boundary health cooperation between China and Mongolia, effective management of echinococcosis transmission, and improvements in the regional public health security.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Shenzhen City in 2024 WAN Jia, NIU Cong, LIU Wei, LIN Liangqiang, YANG Fan, LÜ Ziquan, ZHANG Zhen, FENG Tiejian, LU Jianhua, KONG Dongfeng Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (5): 517-523.   Abstract （402）      PDF（pc） （1575KB）（1617）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Shenzhen City in 2024, so as to provide insights into formulation of the preventive and control measures for dengue fever.  Methods　The epidemiological data of dengue cases reported in Shenzhen City in 2024 were extracted from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System and field epidemiological survey data of dengue fever in Shenzhen City, and the temporal, regional and population distributions of dengue fever cases, source of acquire dengue virus infections, disease diagnosis and treatment and outbreaks were analyzed. The dengue virus nucleic acid was tested and the serotypes of dengue virus were characterized using real⁃time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT⁃qPCR) assay, and the dengue virus gene was sequenced using next⁃generation sequencing (NGS). In addition, the surveillance on the density of Aedes albopictus was performed using Breteau index (BI) and mosquito oviposition index (MOI).  Results　A total of 1 735 dengue fever cases were reported in Shenzhen City in 2024, including 952 local cases and 783 imported cases. Most imported dengue fever cases acquired infections from eight cities of Foshan, Guangzhou, Zhongshan, Jiangmen, Dongguan, Zhaoqing, Huizhou, and Zhuhai in the Pearl River Delta region (664 cases, 84.8% of total imported cases) into Baoan, Longgang, and Nanshan districts. The epidemic exhibited an early onset and rapid progression, peaking during the period between September and November (1 632 cases, 94.1% of total cases), and dengue fever cases were distributed across 73 subdistricts in 10 districts, with most cases reported in densely populated central and western regions. The dengue fever cases had a male⁃to⁃female ratio of 1.9 ∶ 1, and a median age of 37 (21) years, with a higher median age among local cases than among imported cases [40 (20) years vs. 33(15) years; Z = -10.303, P < 0.05]. Housework, unemployment, workers, and business service were predominant occupations (1 405 cases, 81.0% of total cases), and there was a significant difference in the constituent ratio of occupations between local and imported cases ([χ2] = 92.3, P < 0.05). Among the 1 735 dengue fever cases, the median duration from onset to definitive diagnosis was 3.3 (2.9) days, and 1 686 cases (97.2%) were identified in healthcare facilities, with a low rate of hospitalization and isolation seen in 1 701 inpatients with available epidemiological data (485 cases, 28.5% of total inpatients). A total of 29 outbreaks of dengue fever occurred in Shenzhen City across 2024, which primarily in construction sites (27 outbreaks, 93.1% of total). Dengue virus typeⅠwas the dominant serotype causing dengue fever in Shenzhen City in 2024. Sequencing showed that the genomes of dengue virus from multiple dengue fever cases in Shenzhen City shared a high sequence homology with those from cities neighboring Shenzhen City, and there might be intra⁃city transmission of dengue virus among multiple construction sites in Shenzhen City. The Aedes albopictus density was significantly higher in Shenzhen City in 2024 than in 2023, peaking from May to September. The annual MOI values ranged from 0.9 to 14.0, and the BI values ranged from 0.6 to 6.0. Conclusions　The overall epidemic of dengue fever was severe in Shenzhen City in 2024, which was greatly affected by case importation from neighboring cities, construction sites⁃centered local transmission, and the effectives of routine mosquito vector control was not satisfactory. Integrated dengue fever control measures should be implemented, focusing on regional joint prevention and control mechanisms, capacity building for mosquito vector control, addressing challenges in epidemic containment at construction sites, and strengthening case detection and management systems. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Global epidemiology and control strategies of Chikungunya virus: a review RONG Heng, DING Yuhan, NING Shuo, GE Yiyue, CUI Lunbiao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (5): 455-464.   Abstract （385）      PDF（pc） （1041KB）（613）       Knowledge map    Save Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, has recently rapidly spread across the world, which poses a huge threat to public health. Chikungunya fever (CHIKF), caused by CHIKV infection, typically manifests as acute febrile illness with severe polyarthralgia that may persist for months to years. A few severe CHIKF cases may be accompanied by serious neurological complications, even resulting in death. The accelerating global expansion of CHIKV is closely associated with genetic variations of the virus, and mutated genes in CHIKV may augment the virus adaptability to Aedes vectors and transmission efficiency. Currently, the diagnosis of the CHIKV infection primarily relies on molecular and serological assays; however, there are still multiple challenges for early and differential diagnosis of CHIKV infections due to co⁃infections with arboviruses and nonspecific early symptoms. The first prophylactic vaccine for CHIKF has been recently approved in the United States; however, the large⁃scale application still awaits further validations. More importantly, there are no licensed antiviral therapies against CHIKV until now. This review describes the structure and pathogenesis of CHIKV, summarizes the latest epidemiology and advances in the diagnosis of CHIKV infections, and depicts the current status and prospects of antiviral agents and vaccine development, so as to inform evidence⁃based prevention and control strategies.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Expert consensus on the ultrasound diagnostic pathway for schistosomiasis japonica⁃induced hepatic fibrosis LI Bo, LI Shizhu, XU Jing, GUO Zhaoyu, WU Zhongdao, WU Haiwei, RICHTER Joachim, NING An, WEN Liyong, ZHANG Shiqing, LIN Dandan, YANG Kun, HUA Haiyong, SUN Xi, YUAN Yi, LI Huazhong, YANG Miyang, HE Dehui, CAO Chengbin, WU Bin, ZHU Longqiang, YAN Feixiong, ZHENG Mao, WANG Hongbo, PAN Ge, TIAN Ying, LI Jun, LI Weixiang, DUAN Juan, GONG Chun, REN Guanghui, SHI Yingrui, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (6): 569-579.   Abstract （375）      PDF（pc） （3344KB）（269）       Knowledge map    Save Due to non⁃invasive and repeatable characteristics, ultrasound, which may clearly display hepatic fibrosis and related pathologies caused by Schistosoma infections, is a vital tool for schistosomiasis screening and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in endemic areas. With the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis, there is an increasing reduction in new infections in China, and intensified management of previous infections and a delayed progress of hepatic fibrosis are therefore critical to the target of schistosomiasis elimination in the country. On May 2025, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention convened an international seminar on ultrasound diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica⁃induced hepatic fibrosis, which included over 30 experts from China, Switzerland and the United States, and achieved on expert consensus on the ultrasound diagnostic pathway for schistosomiasis japonica⁃induced hepatic fibrosis, based on a review of the historical development of standardization of ultrasound diagnosis, aiming to provide insights into the application of ultrasound technology in guiding the formulation of screening of schistosomiasis⁃induced hepatic fibrosis and interventions.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Strategies and practices for joint prevention and control of cross⁃border infectious diseases between Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China and Vietnam CAI Jianfeng, MENG Jun, HU Liping, JIANG Zhihua, LAN Guanghua Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (5): 451-454, 493.   Abstract （372）      PDF（pc） （1069KB）（749）       Knowledge map    Save This article discusses the important role and practical experience of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region as a bridgehead between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the joint prevention and control of cross⁃border infectious diseases between China and Vietnam. The cross⁃border transmission of infectious diseases has been effectively managed in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region through a package of strategies, including government leadership, construction of the joint prevention and control mechanism, establishment of dialogue platforms, collaboration of scientific researches, and personnel exchange and training; however, there are still challenges. Further deepening of collaboration is required to meet future needs for infectious disease prevention and control. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Characterization and phylogenetic evolution of tick⁃derived Rickettsiales and emerging viruses in northern Jiangsu Province CHEN Guoqing, MEI Wei, JIANG Shangde, TAO Luqiu, JI Yuxi, CUI Qian, ZHANG Hongjun, AN Ran, XU Bing, WANG Wei Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 380-386, 414.   Abstract （360）      PDF（pc） （4225KB）（275）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the tick species, and tick⁃derived Rickettsiales bacteria and recently emerging tick⁃derived viruses in hilly and costal mudflat wetland settings in northern Jiangsu Province, so as to provide insights into management of tick⁃borne tropical diseases in northern Jiangsu Province.  Methods　Ticks were sampled from hilly settings in Yuyi County, Huai'an City and coastal mudflat wetland settings in Jiangsu Yancheng Wetlands & Rare Birds National Nature Reserve in Tinghu District, Yancheng City on April, 2025. Following characterization of tick species, nucleic acid was isolated from ticks under a sterile condition, and tick⁃derived pathogens were detected using nested and semi⁃nested real⁃time PCR assays, including Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Yezo virus, Alongshan virus, Songling virus, Beiji nairovirus and Wetland virus. The PCR amplification products were sequenced for analysis of phylogenetic evolution and genetic characteristics.  Results　A total of 154 ticks were captured, including 114 from Huai'an City and 40 from Yancheng City, and 153 ticks were characterized as Haemaphysalis longicornis and one as H. flava. A total of 5 ticks were tested positive for Rickettsiales bacteria and viruses by semi⁃nested real⁃time PCR assay (3.25%), including 4 ticks from hilly settings in Xuyi County, Huai'an City, tested positive for Anaplasma, and one tick from coastal mudflat wetland settings in Tinghu District, Yancheng City, tested positive for Rickettsia; however, ticks were tested negative for Ehrlichia, or recently emerging Yezo virus, Alongshan virus, Songling virus, Beiji nairovirus or Wetland virus. Sequence alignment using BLASTn and phylogenetic analysis revealed that genetic differentiation occurred in four A. bovis isolates in one species of A. bovis, with two genetic clades generated, and one R. japonica variant was identified, with its nucleotide sequences highly homologous to Shandong isolates of R. japonica. Conclusions　Ticks are widely distributed in hilly and costal mudflat wetland settings in northern Jiangsu Province, and tick⁃derived pathogens have a genetic diversity. Tick⁃borne Anaplasma and Rickettsia pose a zoonotic potential.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effectiveness of an artificial intelligence⁃enabled microscopic imaging recognition system for detection of Schistosoma japonicum eggs CHEN Lu, LUO Hongwei, WU Chunjiang, WAN Junfang, WU Jiali, LIU Haobing, LI Bin, YANG Shunyi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 415-419.   Abstract （347）      PDF（pc） （1398KB）（740）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the effectiveness of an artificial intelligence (AI)⁃enabled microscopic imaging recognition system integrated in the modified Kato⁃Katz thick smear technique for detection of Schistosoma japonicum eggs, so as to provide insights into precise control and elimination of schistosomiasis. Methods　In October 2023, 20 fecal samples were collected from healthy residents negative for S. japonicum infection in Wuhan City, and each fecal sample was prepared into 4 Kato⁃Katz test slides, with 3 slides added S. japonicum egg suspensions with concentrations of approximately 25, 10, and 5 eggs per 10 μL, respectively, and one untreated. A total of 80 Kato⁃Katz test slides were prepared, and were divided into mild, moderate, and severe infection groups, and a negative control group, according to the number of eggs per gram of feces on each slide, with 20 slides in each group. S. japonicum eggs were detected on 80 Kato⁃Katz test slides with the AI⁃enabled microscopic imaging recognition system and manual microscopy, and the differences were compared between the two methods in terms of average detection time, accurate rate of qualitative detection, accurate rate of quantitative detection, percentage of missed detection, and percentage of false detection. Results　The average detection time of the imaging recognition system was longer than manual microscopy for detection of S. japonicum eggs on Kato⁃Katz test slides in all groups [(16.70 ± 0.01) min vs. (15.78 ± 2.11) min; t = 3.90, P < 0.05]. The detection time of the imaging recognition system was shorter than manual microscopy for detection of S. japonicum eggs on Kato⁃Katz test slides in the severe infection group (t = -3.91, P < 0.05), but was longer than manual microscopy in the the mild infection group (t = 5.03, P < 0.05) and the negative control group (t = 8.37, P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the detection time between the two methods in the moderate infection group (t = -0.09, P > 0.05). In addition, the imaging recognition system [97.50% (78/80) and 91.67% (55/60)] had higher accurate rates of both qualitative and quantitative detections than manual microscopy [81.25% (65/80) and 31.67% (19/60)] ([χ2] = 11.08 and 34.11, both P values < 0.05), and the imaging recognition system had a lower percentage of missed detection in the infection groups [3.33% (2/60)] and a lower percentage of false detection in the negative control group (0) than manual microscopy [13.33% (8/60) and 35.00% (7/20)] ([χ2] = 6.07, 5.14, both P values < 0.05). Conclusions　The AI⁃enabled microscopic imaging recognition system is effective to improve the accuracy for detection of S. japonicum eggs with the Kato⁃Katz technique, and is accurate to quantify and simple to perform, which may provide technical support for diagnosis of schistosomiasis and other parasitic diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of eco⁃immunology in parasitology and parasitic diseases research: a review WANG Xu, YIN Jianhai, LIU Hua, HAN Shuai, HU Yuan, SHEN Yujuan, CAO Jianping Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 428-433, 446.   Abstract （347）      PDF（pc） （1122KB）（2712）       Knowledge map    Save As an emerging interdisciplinary field bridging ecology and immunology, eco⁃immunology focuses on the co⁃evolutionary dynamics between hosts and parasites within natural environments, and aims to unravel the ecological mechanisms underlying the formation of host immune strategies, so as to provide new insights into parasitology and parasitic diseases research. Based on case studies of diverse host⁃parasite systems, including insects⁃protozoans, fish⁃cestodes, amphibians⁃nematodes, reptiles⁃arthropods, birds⁃ectoparasites, and mammals⁃helminths, this review summarizes critical eco⁃immunological principles, including host tolerance trade⁃offs under resource constraints, transgenerational epigenetic adaptation, nutrition⁃immunity interactions, and immune conflicts triggered by multiparasite co⁃infections. In addition, the article discusses the feasibility and practical pathways of ecological management and interventions to achieve biodiversity conservation and disease control based on the eco⁃immunological theory, so as to provide innovative insights into responses to address ecological conservation and public health challenges in the context of global changes. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Guangzhou City in 2024 DAI Bofeng, LIU Wenhui, ZHEN Ruonan, ZHANG Wei, LU Ying, LIU Yanhui Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (5): 549-554.   Abstract （346）      PDF（pc） （1110KB）（248）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and effectiveness of emergency responses to epidemic foci in Guangzhou City in 2024, so as to optimization of the dengue fever control strategy in Guangzhou City. Methods　All data pertaining to dengue fever cases in Guangzhou City in 2024 were collected from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Surveillance Information Reporting System. The temporal, spatial and population distributions of dengue fever cases and sources of infections were descriptively analyzed, and the effectiveness of emergency responses to epidemic foci of dengue fever was evaluated through standard space index (SSI), the interval from disease onset to case reporting and the percentage of isolation in hospital.  Results　A total of 3 656 dengue fever cases were reported in Guangzhou City in 2024, including 3 102 local cases and 554 imported cases. Of all cases, 67.86% (2 481 cases) occurred at ages of 20 to 59 years, and the three most common occupations included housework/unemployment (793 cases, 21.69%), business servants (744 cases, 20.35%) and retirees (669 cases, 18.30%). The peak of dengue fever epidemics was concentrated during the period from the 39th to the 45th weeks in 2024, when a total of 2 317 local cases were reported, accounting for 74.69% of all local cases in 2024. Dengue fever cases were reported across all 11 districts in Guangzhou City in 2024, with local cases concentrated in Baiyun District (754 cases, 24.31%), Liwan District (398 cases, 12.83%), Panyu District (365 cases, 11.77%), Haizhu District (332 cases, 10.70%) and Tianhe District (328 cases, 10.57%). Imported dengue fever cases were predominantly domestically imported (492 cases, 88.81%), with the majority imported from Foshan City (377 cases), and overseas imported cases were predominantly imported from southeastern Asian countries. The mean proportion of case isolation in hospital was 9.16% (284/3 102), and the mean interval from disease onset to case reporting was (3.99 ± 2.70) days, while the percentages of mosquito density meeting the required standard were 61.68% (462/749) and 66.32% (126/190) on the 4th and 7th day of emergency responses to epidemic foci, respectively. Conclusions　The prevention and control cycle of dengue fever in Guangzhou in 2024 took longer than in previous years, with a larger scale of the epidemic. Although some progress has been made in epidemic management, there are still problems such as unsustainable mosquito vector control and low hospitalization isolation rates for cases. Further optimization of control measures in mosquito vector control, case monitoring and management is required to improve the effectiveness of dengue fever control measures. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic encephalitis in children: a case report CHEN Tianyu, JIN Danqun, YE Huan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 447-450.   Abstract （333）      PDF（pc） （1249KB）（751）       Knowledge map    Save Balamuthia mandrillaris amebic encephalitis is a rare but highly fatal parasitic disease in the central nervous system caused by amebae infections. This disease is characterized by complex, diverse and non⁃specific clinical manifestations and high difficulty in diagnosis, resulting in a high likelihood of missing diagnosis and misdiagnosis. This article presents the diagnosis and treatment of a child with definitive diagnosis B. mandrillaris amebic encephalitis as revealed by metagenomic next⁃generation sequencing of cerebrospinal fluids, so as to provide insights into clinical diagnosis and treatment of B. mandrillaris amebic encephalitis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Metagenomic next⁃generation sequencing technology and its application in diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii infection: a review XUE Ting, DU Weiqin, ZHAO Yujing, XU Jia Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 434-446.   Abstract （327）      PDF（pc） （1246KB）（1490）       Knowledge map    Save Pneumocystis jirovecii is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing fatal Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) among immunocompromised patients. Conventional pathogen detection methods have limitations, which hinders early diagnosis and treatment of PJP, resulting in misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis, and high mortality rates. Metagenomic next⁃generation sequencing (mNGS), which is high in sensitivity and specificity for pathogen detection, enables accurate detection of P. jirovecii and P. jirovecii co⁃infection with other pathogens, which facilitates timely diagnosis and treatment of PJP. This review summarizes the advances in mNGS technology and its application in diagnosis of PJP, highlighting its critical clinical value in improving diagnostic effectiveness, guiding clinical therapy, and preventing nosocomial transmission of PJP. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Skin flora, odor and malaria transmission SONG Xiumei, WANG Jingwen Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 344-345, 379.   Abstract （322）      PDF（pc） （1144KB）（763）       Knowledge map    Save Malaria, which is transmitted primarily by bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes, is a mosquito⁃borne infectious disease that poses a serious threat to human health. Host body odor is a key factor to attract Anopheles mosquitoes. Upon Plasmodium infection, host body odors change, leading to increased attractiveness to female Anopheles mosquitoes; however, the underlying mechanisms remain clear. A recent study reported remarkable changes of skin flora and volatile substances in mice following Plasmodium infections, and ethylbenzene was found to increase host attractiveness to mosquitoes, which provides new insights into development of novel malaria control strategies. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological analysis of schistosomiasis in surveillance sites in hilly endemic areas of Sichuan Province from 2020 to 2024 PU Chen, WU Zisong, XU Liang, LU Ding, CHEN Ling, ZHONG Bo, LIU Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (6): 591-600.   Abstract （318）      PDF（pc） （1616KB）（596）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the trends in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2020 to 2024, so as to provide insights into facilitating the elimination of schistosomiasis in hilly endemic areas. Methods　  A total 63 schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (cities, districts) were selected in Sichuan Province as national schistosomiasis surveillance sites from 2020 to 2024, and transmission⁃interrupted and eliminated counties (cities, districts) with and without Oncomelania hupensis snails were classified into classⅡand Ⅲ surveillance counties (cities, districts), respectively. Two to three administrative villages were randomly sampled from each surveillance county (city, district) each year from 2020 to 2024 to investigate the prevalence of schistosomiasis. Mobile populations were screened for Schistosoma japonicum infections using indirect hemagglutination test (IHA), and sero⁃positives were subjected to parasitological tests using egg hatching test with nylon gauze and modified Kato⁃Katz thick smear method, with at least 200 populations investigated in each surveillance county (city, district). At least 100 livestock were tested for S. japonicum infections using miracidial hatching test across classⅡsurveillance counties (cities, districts). O. hupensis snail survey was performed in 3 administrative villages from classⅡsurveillance counties (cities, districts) with high⁃abundance snails, and 3 administrative villages randomly sampled from class Ⅲ surveillance counties (cities, districts) with a history of high⁃abundance snails, a high risk of introduction of snails or many settings suitable for snail breeding. At least 20% of class Ⅱ surveillance counties (cities, districts) were selected, and two administrative villages with a history of high⁃abundance snails, a high risk of introduction of snails, or many settings suitable for snail breeding were randomly selected from each county (city, district), followed by sampling of at least five settings from each village for snails and wild feces survey to monitor schistosomiasis transmission risk. All snails captured were examined for their viability using microscopy and tested for S. japonicum nucleic acid using loop⁃mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. Wild feces were tested for S. japonicum miracidia using miracidial hatching test. The mean density of living snails was subjected to clustering analysis using the software ArcGIS 10.4.1, spatial distribution maps of mean density of living snails were generated, and local spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed with hotspot analysis. Results　A total of 73 241 mobile populations were serologically screened for antibodies against S. japonicum in Sichuan Province from 2020 to 2024, and there were 355 cases tested positive for the anti⁃S. japonicum antibody, with a cumulative sero⁃prevalence rate of 0.48% (355/73 241). The sero⁃prevalence rates of anti⁃S. japonicum antibody were 0.69% (97/14 009), 0.68% (101/14 845), 0.46% (67/14 607), 0.34% (51/14 923), and 0.26% (39/14 857) from 2020 to 2024, with a reduction of 62.32% in 2024 relative to in 2020, and there was a significant difference in the sero⁃prevalence of S. japonicum among years ([χ2] = 43.530, P < 0.001). Nevertheless, all sero⁃positives were tested negative for S. japonicum infections by parasitological assays. In 2023, the highest sero⁃prevalence of S. japonicum was detected among mobile populations in Ziyang City (1.09%), and in other four years, the highest sero⁃prevalence was seen in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, ranging from 1.43% to 3.18%, with significant differences seen in the sero⁃prevalence among regions from 2020 to 2024 ([χ2] = 4.913 to 129.440, all P values < 0.05). The sero⁃prevalence of anti⁃S. japonicum antibody was higher among male mobile populations than among females in Sichuan Province in 2024 ([χ2] = 5.663, P < 0.05), and there was no gender⁃specific sero⁃prevalence in other four years ([χ2] = 0.028 to 1.207, all P values > 0.05). There were occupation⁃specific sero⁃prevalence rates of anti⁃S. japonicum antibody in four years ([χ2] = 11.711 to 45.920, all P values < 0.05), except in 2023 ([χ2] = 2.044, P > 0.05), with higher sero⁃prevalence among government staff, construction workers, fishermen and boatmen, and students (all P values < 0.05). There were age group⁃specific sero⁃prevalence rates of anti⁃S. japonicum antibody among mobile populations each year from 2020 to 2024 ([χ2] = 16.523 to 35.616, all P values < 0.05), with the highest sero⁃prevalence among mobile populations at ages of 46 to 55 years in 2023 and at ages of 6 to 15 years in 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2024 (all P values < 0.05). A total of 8 316 livestock were tested for S. japonicum infections in national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in Sichuan Province from 2020 to 2024, and no infections were identified in livestock. O. hupensis snail survey was conducted covering an area of 14 703.90 hm2 in national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in Sichuan Province from 2020 to 2024, with 1 815.92 hm2 areas detected with snails, accounting for 12.35%            (1 815.92/14 703.90) of total survey areas. A total of 502 854 snails were captured, and no S. japonicum infection was identified in snails. The mean occurrence rate of frames with snails was 6.91% (247 844/3 587 122), and there was a significant difference in the occurrence of frames with snails among years ([χ2] = 289 707.440, P < 0.001, Cramer's V = 0.284). The mean density of living snails appeared a spatial autocorrelation and a spatial cluster pattern in Sichuan Province from 2021 to 2023 (Moran's I = 0.078 to 0.128, Z = 2.378 to 3.642, all P values < 0.05) and showed a random distribution pattern in 2024 (Moran's I = 0.049, Z = 1.622, P > 0.05). There were high⁃high clusters in the mean density of living snails in Yucheng District, Lushan County and Yingjing County of Ya'an City, Hongya County and Renshou County of Meishan City, Shizhong District of Leshan City, and Dayi County and Chongzhou City of Chengdu City (Z = 1.982 to 3.223, all P values < 0.05). A total of 2 599.89 hm2 areas of settings were surveyed for O. hupensis snails during the surveillance of schistosomiasis transmission risk in Sichuan Province from 2020 to 2024, with 409.27 hm2 areas found with snails, and a total of 97 877 snails were captured, with no S. japonicum infection identified in snails using microscopy. Conclusions　From 2020 to 2024, the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Sichuan Province showed an overall downward trend, the schistosomiasis control achievements were continuously consolidated; however, the sensitive and highly efficient schistosomiasis surveillance and early warning system requires to be improved in the future. 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Diagnostic value of the inquiry examination method for taeniasis based on the receiver operating characteristic curve  LIU Jianfeng, WANG Wenya, ZHANG Mizhen, ZHOU Changhai, LIU Liu, ZHAO Luyuan, LI Keron, ZHANG Dongqi, LIU Yuhua, LIU Hongkun, CHEN Shaorong, QIAN Menbao, LI Shizhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 346-354.   Abstract （306）      PDF（pc） （1503KB）（360）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the value of inquiry examinations for diagnosis of taeniasis in field investigations, so as to provide insights into improving the efficiency and accuracy of taeniasis control programmes.  Methods　Four taeniasis⁃endemic villages were sampled in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province in October 2023 as survey sites, and at least 305 permanent residents at ages of over 3 years were randomly sampled from each site. Face⁃to⁃face inquiries were performed with structured questionnaires to investigate participants' history and frequency of proglottids release during the past year, consumption of raw or undercooked meat products or pork liver during the past six months, history and time of deworming. Participants' stool samples were collected, and Taenia eggs were detected in stool samples using Kato⁃Katz technique (two slides of one stool sample). Egg⁃positive individuals or participants with a history of proglottids release during the past year were given diagnostic deworming with areca nuts and pumpkin seeds. The detection of Taenia eggs using Kato⁃Katz technique and release of Taenia worms or proglottids following diagnostic deworming served as a gold standard to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of inquiry examinations for taeniasis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of inquiry examinations for diagnosis of taeniasis were plotted, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. In addition, Taenia worms or proglottids released following diagnostic deworming were subjected to multiplex PCR assay and Sanger sequencing for species identification.  Results　A total of 1 842 participants were included, and 1 842 valid questionnaires were recovered. A total of 1 533 stool samples were collected, among which 25 egg⁃positives were identified. Questionnaire surveys showed that 1 305 respondents had consumed raw or undercooked meat products during the past six months, and 42 respondents had a history of proglottids release during the past year. Diagnostic deworming was given to on the aforementioned 25 egg⁃positive individuals and 42 participants who self⁃reported a history of proglottids release during the past year, and 33 participants had a release of complete worms. Following exclusion of records of individuals receiving deworming during the past 3 months, during the past year, and all participants with a history of deworming, the AUCs were 0.767 (Z = 4.71, P < 0.001), 0.762 (Z = 4.51, P < 0.001), and 0.762 (Z = 4.52, P < 0.001) for diagnosis of Taenia infections with "self⁃reported history of proglottids release during the past year", respectively, and pairwise comparisons showed no statistically significant differences (D values, -0.005 to 0.328; all P values > 0.05). Following exclusion of records of individuals receiving deworming during the past 3 months, during the past year, and all participants with a history of deworming, the AUCs were 0.797 (Z = 4.71, P < 0.001), 0.835 (Z = 4.17, P < 0.001), and 0.847 (Z = 3.98, P < 0.001) for diagnosis of Taenia infections with "self⁃reported history of twice proglottids releases", respectively, and pairwise comparisons showed no statistically significant differences (D values, -0.43 to -0.10; all P values > 0.05). Following exclusion of records of all individuals receiving deworming, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of "self⁃reported history of twice proglottids releases" were 87.50% and 81.82%, respectively. Following exclusion of records of individuals receiving deworming at different intervals, the AUCs were 0.529 to 0.532 for diagnosis of Taenia infections with "self⁃reported consumption of raw or undercooked meat products or pork liver during the past 6 months" (all P values > 0.05). Among 33 individuals with releases of complete Taenia worms, 31 individuals were identified with T. asiatica infections (93.94%), with a mean worm burden of (1.39 ± 0.72) worms/person, and 2 were identified with T. saginata infections (6.06%), with one worm in each participant. Conclusions　A history of Taenia proglottids release during the past year as revealed by inquiry examinations exhibit a diagnostic value for taeniasis and may serve as an initial screening tool for field taeniasis screening. Increasing the frequency of Taenia proglottids release during inquiry examinations and exclusion of records of individuals receiving deworming during the analysis may improve the value for diagnosis of taeniasis.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases in Chengdu City from 2016 to 2023 FENG Lan, WANG Leyuan, JIANG Xiaojuan, TAN Kaike, LI Peng Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 403-408.   Abstract （305）      PDF（pc） （1180KB）（628）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases in Chengdu City, Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2023, so to provide insights into formulation of the malaria control strategy in the city. ‌Methods　All data pertaining to imported malaria cases reported in Chengdu City during the period from 2016 to 2023 were retrieved from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the epidemiological characteristics and diagnosis and treatment of imported malaria cases were analyzed. ‌ Results　A total of 463 imported malaria cases were reported in Chengdu City from 2016 to 2023, with Plasmodium falciparum malaria as the predominant type (71.27%, 330/463). Imported malaria cases returned from Africa (94.17%, 436/463), Asia (5.61%, 26/463), and South America (0.22%, 1/463), and were predominantly reported in May, June and December each year. Geographically, imported malaria cases were distributed across 20 counties (districts) in Chengdu City, with most cases (64.15%, 297/463) reported in Jinjiang District, and the male to female ratio of imported malaria cases was 21.05∶1, with most cases diagnosed among migrant labors at ages of 20 to 50 years. There were 35.85% (166/463) of imported malaria cases seeking healthcare services on the day of disease onset, and cases with over 3 days of healthcare⁃seeking following disease onset were primarily farmers and labors at ages of 30 to 50 years. There were 456 imported malaria cases seeking healthcare services for the first time in domestic medical institutions following disease onset, and there were 341 cases with definitive diagnosis at the initial diagnosis (74.78%, 341/456). The domestic institutions with the highest proportion of correct malaria diagnosis at the initial diagnosis were county⁃level medical and health institutions (91.43%, 128/140), followed by city⁃level medical and health institutions (82.45%, 155/188), provincial⁃level medical and health institutions (80.00%, 44/55), and a low proportion of correct malaria diagnosis was seen in township healthcare centers (11.11%, 3/27), village healthcare clinics (0, 0/4) and individual doctors (0, 0/28).  Conclusions　Imported malaria cases in Chengdu City were primarily originated from Africa from 2016 to 2023, with P. falciparum malaria as the predominant type, and the malaria diagnostic capacity was low in grassroots healthcare institutions in the city. Intensified health education for malaria prevention and control targeting labors going to work in Africa and continuous improvements in the malaria diagnostic and treatment capability in healthcare institutions are recommended, in order to reduce the risk of re⁃establishment from imported malaria in Chengdu City. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Establishment and preliminary evaluation of recombinase⁃aided isothermal nucleic acid amplification combined with nanopore sequencing for identification of Plasmodium species LIN Wen'ai, CHEN Liying, ZHANG Cheng, WEI Huagui, TANG Caiqun, WANG Rong, LIN Liyun, LIN Min Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 355-361.   Abstract （300）      PDF（pc） （1622KB）（824）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To develop a novel assay based on recombinase⁃aided isothermal nucleic acid amplification (RAA) and nanopore sequencing for species identification of Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. falciparum, and to preliminarily assess its detection performance. Methods　Dried blood spot samples were collected from 89 malaria patients. Genomic DNA of Plasmodium was extracted from dried blood spots using the Chelex⁃100 method, and the species of Plasmodium was identified using TaqMan real⁃time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR, real⁃time quantitative reverse transcriptoin PCR(RT⁃qPCR) and nested PCR (nPCR) assays. Then, 8 sets of specific RAA primers were designed targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes of P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. falciparum. The optimal primer combination was selected for amplification of the extracted Plasmodium DNA samples, and the 49 samples with the best amplification effect were selected for nanopore sequencing. The species identification of 49 dried blood spot samples from malaria patients was compared by RT⁃qPCR assay, nPCR assay and RAA⁃nanopore sequencing, and the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of RT⁃qPCR assay and RAA⁃nanopore sequencing were evaluated with nPCR identification as the gold standard.  Results　RAA amplification showed that among the 8 primer combinations, only the F1R2 combination produced a single fragment, and the band of the amplification product was the brightest; therefore, this primer combination was selected for RAA amplification of 89 Plasmodium genomic DNA samples. RAA⁃nanopore sequencing successfully amplified the 18S rRNA gene of 4 Plasmodium species in dried blood spot samples from malaria patients. Among the blood spot samples positive for RAA amplification, 49 samples with a single, clear and bright target band were selected for nanopore sequencing. Of these 49 samples, nPCR identified P. falciparum infection in 22 samples, P. malariae infection in 6 samples, P. vivax infection in 6 samples, P. ovale infection in 14 samples and P. falciparum⁃P. malariae mixed infection in one sample, and RT⁃qPCR detected P. falciparum infection in 25 samples, P. malariae infection in 5 samples, P. vivax infection in 6 samples and P. ovale infection in 14 samples, while RAA⁃nanopore sequencing identified P. falciparum infection in 23 samples, P. malariae infection in 6 samples, P. vivax infection in 6 samples, P. ovale infection in 13 samples and P. falciparum⁃P. malariae mixed infection in one sample. If nPCR assay served as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of RAA⁃nanopore sequencing were 92.00%, 97.33% and 96.00% for species identification of malaria parasites, which were higher than those (88.24%, 97.32%, and 95.00%) of the RT⁃qPCR assay. Conclusions　The RAA⁃nanopore sequencing established in this study is sensitive, specific and accurate for identifying Plasmodium species, which may serve as a supplementary approach to conventional techniques for detection of malaria parasites. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Single⁃molecule, real⁃time sequencing of ceftazidime⁃avibactam⁃resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the mechanism of resistance to ceftazidime⁃avibactam WAN Li, LIU Weiqi, ZHOU Yangyang, WENG Hang, CAI Xingwang, MAO Chengye Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (5): 530-536, 548.   Abstract （296）      PDF（pc） （1931KB）（745）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To perform single⁃molecule, real⁃time sequencing of ceftazidime⁃avibactam (CAZ⁃AVI)⁃resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to investigate the mechanism underlying ceftazidime⁃avibactam resistance in P. aeruginosa.  Methods    The susceptibility of 89 P. aeruginosa isolates randomly sampled from clinical specimens in Sanming First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University from November 2021 through July 2023 to common antimicrobial agents was tested, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CAZ⁃AVI was determined against P. aeruginosa with a broth microdilution assay, with CAZ⁃AVI MICs of 8 mg/L and lower defined as susceptible and 16 mg/L and higher as resistant. The expression of drug⁃resistant genes ampC, oxa⁃488, oprD, mexA, oxa⁃10, oxa⁃14, vim and tem was quantified in P. aeruginosa using a real⁃time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) assay. CAZ⁃AVI⁃susceptible and ⁃resistant P. aeruginosa isolates from the same case were selected for PacBio single⁃molecule, real⁃time sequencing, and sequencing results were subjected to genome structure and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional annotations.  Results　The 89 P. aeruginosa isolates showed a relatively high level of resistance to meropenem (75.28%) and imipenem (74.16%) and the highest susceptibility to amikacin (91.01%). There were 49 CAZ⁃AVI⁃resistant P. aeruginosa isolates and 40 susceptible isolates. qPCR assay detected lower oprD gene expression in CAZ⁃AVI⁃resistant P. aeruginosa isolates [0.104 (2.385)] than in susceptible isolates [0.551 (17.885)] (Z = -2.958, P < 0.01), and there were no significant differences between CAZ⁃AVI⁃susceptible and ⁃resistant P. aeruginosa isolates in terms of ampC, oxa⁃488, mexA or tem gene expression (all P values > 0.05), while oxa⁃10, oxa⁃14 and vim gene was expressed in few P. aeruginosa isolates. There were 1 729, 3 936, 3 737 and 3 955 genes in CAZ⁃AVI⁃resistant P. aeruginosa isolates PA⁃762 and PA⁃M174 and susceptible isolates PA⁃885 and PA⁃808 that were annotated to GO terms, with the highest numbers of genes enriched in the molecular function of catalytic activity, high numbers of genes enriched in biological processes of metabolic process, single⁃organism process and cellular process, and high numbers of genes enriched in cellular components of cell and cell membranes. There were 1 803, 4 084, 3 915 and 4 066 genes in the PA⁃762, PA⁃M174, PA⁃885 and PA⁃808 isolates enriched in the KEGG signaling pathway, and the majority of genes were enriched in four primary signaling pathways of metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing and cellular process, with the highest number of genes associated with metabolic pathways. Both CAZ⁃AVI⁃resistant P. aeruginosa isolates PA⁃762 and PA⁃M174 carried multiple efflux pumps systems, including MexAB⁃OprM, MexCD⁃OprJ, MexEF⁃OprN and MexXY⁃OprM. Single nucleotide substitution was found at position 169 in the DNA sequence of the PA⁃762 isolate, leading to substitution of serine for glycine at position 57 in the protein sequence, and there are deletions of two bases at positions 307 and 308 in the DNA sequence of the PA⁃M174 isolate, leading to substitution of threonine for arginine at position 103 in the protein sequence.  Conclusion　Mutation or downregulation of oprD gene may lead to CAZ⁃AVI resistance in P. aeruginosa. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Global research hotspots and trends of wildlife⁃associated zoonoses from 1990 to 2024 ZHANG Zhifang, DENG Yanqin, WU Shenggen Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 420-427.   Abstract （292）      PDF（pc） （2784KB）（1306）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the global hotspot issues and future directions of wildlife⁃associated zoonoses, so as to provide insights into identification of future research proprieties of wildlife⁃associated zoonoses.  Methods　Research and review articles pertaining to wildlife⁃associated zoonoses were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection from 1990 to 2024, and the annual publication trends and visualization maps for research collaborations among authors, institutions and countries were analyzed using the software CiteSpace 6.3.R3. In addition, the keyword co⁃occurrence, burst and clustering maps and co⁃citation clustering maps were created to identify the research hotspots and frontier landscapes of wildlife⁃associated zoonoses.  Results　A total of 2 479 English publications were included in this bibliometric analysis. The annual publication output started to increase since 2001, and peaked in 2021 (336 publications). There were 12 authors with more than 10 publications from 1990 to 2024. The top 10 most productive institutions included 8 colleges or universities, with University of California, Davis ranking first (114 publications). The United States of America played a significant mediating role in international collaborations (betweenness centrality = 0.31) and produced the largest number of publications (1 004), and the collaboration network maps among authors, institutions, and countries all appeared localized clustering with overall fragmentation. Keyword co⁃occurrence analysis identified high⁃frequency terms including infection (489 occurrences), prevalence (398 occurrences), transmission (351 occurrences), wildlife (330 occurrences) and epidemiology (231 occurrences), and keyword burst analysis revealed the research focus of wildlife⁃associated zoonoses shifting from specific zoonotic diseases such as trichinellosis and tuberculosis to interdisciplinary domains including wildlife trade, virulence, One Health, and antimicrobial resistance. Keyword clustering analysis identified antimicrobial resistance and One Health as current research hotspots, and co⁃citation clustering analysis showed human health, agricultural intensification, and first case reports as theoretical basis for wildlife⁃associated zoonoses. Conclusions　The wildlife⁃associated zoonoses research has expanded exponentially across the world. Advocating for One health concept is an important task for management of emerging and re⁃emerging zoonoses currently and in future. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Assessment of suitability for Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats in China under climate changes from 1990 to 2020 LI Qin, GUO Suying, XIANG Jiangling, LI Yinlong, CHEN Xianfa, ZHANG Lijuan, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong, XU Jing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (6): 580-590, 600.   Abstract （290）      PDF（pc） （2909KB）（280）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the changes in the suitability of Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats in China and to identify climatic factors that significantly affect the suitability in China from 1990 to 2020, so as to provide insights into formulation of schistosomiasis control measures. Methods　All schistosomiasis⁃endemic villages recorded in the Information Management System for Parasitic Disease Control of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention were selected as study areas, and national O. hupensis snail data in China from 2011 to 2021 were collected, while national O. hupensis snail data in China from 1990 to 1993 were collected from the Annual Report of National Schistosomiasis Epidemiological Observation Points in China. The temperature and cumulative precipitation during the spring active period (between April and June), summer dormancy period (between July and August), autumn active period (between September and October), and hibernation period (between December and February of the next year), as well as the maximum temperature of the warmest month, minimum temperature of the coldest month, temperature annual range, annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of the wettest quarter, precipitation of the driest quarter, precipitation of the warmest quarter, and precipitation of the coldest quarter were calculated using historical monthly meteorological data from the WorldClim database during the same period of O. hupensis snail surveys, and annual mean temperature, isothermality, mean diurnal temperature range, temperature seasonality, mean temperature of the wettest quarter, mean temperature of the driest quarter, mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and mean temperature of the coldest quarter were calculated using daily mean surface air temperature (2 m height) data from the ECMWF Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5) hourly data database. Four topographic variables, namely elevation, slope, terrain and distance to water bodies, were obtained from the Resource and Environmental Science Data Platform of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was obtained from the Geographic Remote Sensing Ecological Network Platform. Soil characteristic data were obtained from the harmonized world soil database, and the long⁃term series population density variable was estimated by previous studies based on Global Human Settlement Layer⁃Population and WorldPop databases. Data were processed to a 1 km2 resolution via resampling. An ecological niche model for O. hupensis snails was constructed using machine learning models and O. hupensis snail breeding data in China from 2011 to 2021, and the suitability of O. hupensis snail habitats was estimated and compared during the study periods between 2018 and 2020 and between 1990 and 1993, to analyze the changes in the suitability of O. hupensis snail habitats. O. hupensis snail data from both periods were calculated separately and analyzed using five models, including neural networks, support vector machines (SVM), naive Bayes, classification and regression tree (CART), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) models, and the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of models were calculated. The Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAPs) algorithm was employed to calculate the mean contribution of each variable to the predictions of models. Partial dependence plots (PDPs) were constructed using the pdp package to analyze the response of O. hupensis snail habitat suitability to individual variables. Based on historical climatic data and current non⁃climatic data, a counterfactual scenario map was generated using models trained with 2011—2015 datasets. The counterfactual simulated results were compared with the actual O. hupensis snail habitat suitability from 2018 to 2020 to quantitatively assess the effect of climate changes on the suitability of O. hupensis snail habitats from 1990 to 2020.  Results　The areas of O. hupensis snail habitats decreased from 3 726.641 km2 in 2011 to 3 562.876 km2 in 2015 in China, and then rebounded to 3 692.687 km2 in 2021. The XGBoost model exhibited an AUC of 0.983, a sensitivity of 0.993 and a specificity of 0.915, which was selected for subsequent analyses. Through SHAPs calculation combined with PDPs analysis, the four most significant climatic factors affecting the suitability of O. hupensis snail habitats in China included mean temperature of the coldest quarter [1.489 ℃, 95% confidence interval (CI): (1.105 ℃, 1.875 ℃)], precipitation of the wettest quarter [0.706 mm, 95% CI: (0.275 mm, 1.138 mm)], mean diurnal temperature range [0.610 ℃, 95% CI: (0.423 ℃, 0.797 ℃)], and precipitation of the warmest quarter [0.388 mm, 95% CI: (0.199 mm, 0.577 mm)]. Modeling results indicated that the areas with a reduced suitability of O. hupensis snail habitats accounted for 12.201% [95% CI: (11.588%, 12.830%)] of total areas along the Yangtze River basin from 1990 to 2020, while the areas of expanded O. hupensis snail suitable habitats in eastern coastal and high⁃latitude regions accounted for 10.009% [95% CI: (9.380%, 10.637%)] of total areas of the Yangtze River basin. Substantial expansions of O. hupensis snail suitable habitats were found along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, with a 68.233% [95% CI: (67.463%, 69.002%)] increase in Zhejiang Province and 57.648% [95% CI: (56.878%, 58.417%)] increase in Jiangsu Province, respectively. The middle reaches of the Yangtze River experienced an overall reduction in the suitability of O. hupensis snail habitats, with a 45.784% [95% CI: (45.015%, 46.554%)] reduction in Anhui Province and 33.307% [95% CI: (32.538%, 34.077%)] reduction in Hubei Province, respectively. The areas with an increased suitability of O. hupensis snail habitats accounted for 2.461% to 6.166% of the total provincial areas in two provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and in Guangdong Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Fujian Province, respectively, while the areas with a decreased suitability accounted for 0.890% to 11.891% of the total provincial areas, respectively. In addition, counterfactual analysis revealed the areas with an increased suitability of O. hupensis snail habitats due to climate changes along the Yangtze River basin accounted for 20.738% [95% CI: (19.968%, 21.507%)] of the total basin areas, and the area with a reduced suitability accounted for 4.678% [95% CI: (3.909%, 5.448%)]. Conclusions　The areas with a decreased and increased suitability for O. hupensis snail habitats were roughly equal in size in China from 1990 to 2020, with the areas with a decreased suitability mainly concentrated in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River region, and the areas with an increased suitability mainly located in the eastern coastal areas and high⁃latitude regions. Climate change is the primary factor driving the increased suitability of O. hupensis snail habitats in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effectiveness of integrated soil⁃borne nematodiasis and clonorchiasis control programmesin Guizhou Province from 2019 to 2023 LI Yang, ZHU Aiya, LI Anmei, XIANG Hong, DAI Jiarui, YUAN Maoyang, GENG Yan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 398-402.   Abstract （287）      PDF（pc） （1104KB）（257）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the effectiveness of the integrated soil⁃borne nematodiasis and clonorchiasis control programmesin Guizhou Province from 2019 to 2023, so as to provide insights into formulation of appropriate parasitic disease control strategies in the province.  Methods　From 2019 to 2023, Shiqian County in Tongren City and Zhenfeng County in Qianxi'nan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture were selected as pilot counties in Guizhou Province for soil⁃borne nematodiasis prevention and control programmes, and Rongjiang County in Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture was selected as a pilot county for clonorchiasis control programmes. Integrated control measures were implemented in these 3 pilot counties, including surveys on human parasitic infections, deworming, health education and improved water and sanitation. At least 1 000 individuals were sampled from each of three pilot counties using a stratified multi⁃stage random sampling method from 2019 to 2023 for detection of soil⁃borne nematodes and Clonorchis sinensis human infections, and the awareness of soil⁃borne nematodiasis and clonorchiasis control knowledge was investigated among residents in pilot counties using questionnaire surveys. In addition, the implementation of deworming and coverage of sanitary toilets and safe drinking water were collected in three pilot counties. Results　   The prevalence of soil⁃borne nematode human infections reduced from 7.78% (79/1 016), 2.80% (28/1 001) and 14.40% (144/1 000) in 2019 to 1.18% (12/1 014), 1.38% (14/1 001) and 2.73% (28/1 024) in 2023 in Shiqian County, Zhenfeng County, and Rongjiang County, respectively ([χ2] = 51.51, 4.91 and 88.54, all P values < 0.05). No C. sinensis human infections were detected Shiqian County or Zhenfeng County from 2019 to 2023, and the prevalence of C. sinensis human infections reduced from 1.80% (18/1 000) in 2019 to 0.29% (3/1 024) in 2023 in Rongjiang County ([χ2] = 11.19, P < 0.05). Free deworming was provided to 574 cases with soil⁃borne nematode infections and 47 cases with C. sinensis infections detected in three pilot counties from 2019 to 2023. The coverage of health education was 100% in both Zhenfeng County and Shiqian County during the period from 2019 to 2023, and the awareness of soil⁃borne nematodiasis control knowledge increased from 93.60% (234/250) in Zhenfeng County and 70.97% (577/813) in Shiqian County in 2019 to 99.20% (248/250) and 98.40% (492/500) in 2023, respectively. The coverage of health education increased from 60.07% (161/268) in 2019 to 100% (250/250) in 2023 in Rongjiang County, and the awareness of clonorchiasis control knowledge increased from 80.67% (121/150) in 2019 to 99.20% (248/250) in 2023. The coverage of sanitary toilets increased from 48.89% (61 078/124 935), 34.20% (40 381/118 085) and 70.55% (60 604/85 920) in 2019 to 65.87% (77 649/117 878), 56.00% (63 252/112 948) and 89.15% (72 737/81 590) in 2023 in Shiqian County, Zhenfeng County and Rongjiang County, respectively, and the coverage of safe drinking water was all 100% in both Shiqian County and Rongjiang County during the 5⁃year study period, and increased from 85.33% (100 765/118 085) in 2019 to 100% (112 948/112 948) in 2023 in Zhenfeng County. Conclusions　There were remarkable reductions in the prevalence of soil⁃borne nematodes human infections in Shiqian County, Zhenfeng County, and Rongjiang County and in the prevalence of C. sinensis human infections in Rongjiang County, Guizhou Province following the 5⁃year integrated control programmes from 2019 to 2023. The widespread application of the health education⁃led and human parasitic diseases examination and treatment⁃based integrated soil⁃borne nematodiasis and clonorchiasis control programmes seems justified.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of surface antigen⁃related sequence protein SRS67 and SRS20A genes in Toxoplasma gondii CHEN Xiaoxiao, YIN Deqi, MA Wenyu, YI Tingting, LI Hongwei, LIU Lijun, LIU Zhijun, DU Mengze, ZHOU Shuanghai, LI Qiuming Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 387-397.   Abstract （277）      PDF（pc） （3240KB）（344）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To predict the structures and immunogenicity of surface antigen⁃related sequence protein SRS67 and SRS20A in Toxoplasma gondii using bioinformatics methods, and to generate prokaryotic expression vectors for protein expression, so as to identify the functions of recombinant SRS67 and SRS20A proteins and their potential as vaccine candidates against T. gondii. Methods　T. gondii SRS67 and SRS20A gene and amino acid sequences were downloaded from the ToxoDB database. The open reading frames (ORFs) of SRS67 and SRS20A genes were analyzed in the ORF Finder website. The relative molecular mass, isoelectric point, amino acid composition and lipophilicit index of SRS67 and SRS20A proteins were predicted using the ProtParam software. The protein hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of was predicted using the ProtScale tool, the transmembrane regions were predicted using the TMHMM software, the signal peptides were predicted in the SignalP⁃4.1 website, the secondary and tertiary structures of the proteins were predicted in the NPS@SPOMA and SWISS⁃MODEL websites. The phosphorylation sites of the proteins were predicted using the NetPhos⁃3.1 program, the antigenic epitopes of proteins were predicted using the Immuonmedicine Group program. B⁃cell epitopes, helper T⁃cell (Th) epitopes, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes were predicted using the IEDB and SYFPEITHI websites, and the antigenicity scores of epitopes were evaluated using the software VaxiJen 2.0 to select the dominant epitopes. Primer sequences were synthesized based on the SRS67 and SRS20A protein⁃coding gene sequences from the ToxoDB database, and SRS67 and SRS20A genes were amplified using PCR reactions with T. gondii cDNA as a template. The amplification products were subjected to double restriction⁃enzyme digestion, and the target fragments were recovered and ligated into DH5α competent cells with T4 ligase. Positive single colonies were selected and cultured, and the pET⁃32a⁃SRS67 and pET⁃32a⁃SRS20A recombinant plasmids were extracted, transformed into competent cells for induction of recombinant protein expression. The expression of recombinant proteins was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate⁃polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS⁃PAGE) and Western blotting. Results　Bioinformatics analysis predicted that SRS67 and SRS20A genes were 633 bp and 987 bp in length, contained 7 and 15 ORFs, and encoded 210 and 328 amino acids, respectively. The SRS67 protein had a relative molecular mass of 23 135.65, a signal peptide (D = 0.590) and no transmembrane regions, contained 22 phosphorylation sites and 8 antigenic determinants, and was a hydrophilic protein. The SRS20A protein had a relative molecular mass of 34 944.91, a signal peptide (D = 0.697) and transmembrane regions, contained 39 phosphorylation sites and 15 antigenic determinants, and was a hydrophilic protein. The SRS67 and SRS20A proteins shared similar secondary structures, both containing α⁃helices, β⁃sheets, and random coils, and their tertiary structure models exhibited typical globular characteristics, with Global Model Quality Estimation scores of 0.74 and 0.77, respectively. The average antigenic propensity score was 1.046 4 for the SRS67 protein and 1.037 4 for the SRS20A protein, respectively. SRS67 and SRS20A proteins had 7 and 8 dominant B⁃cell epitopes, 10 and 20 dominant Th⁃cell epitopes, and 2 and 3 dominant CTL epitopes, respectively. As expected, the PCR amplification products of SRS67 and SRS20A genes were approximately 633 bp and 987 bp in size. The SRS67 recombinant protein exhibited the highest expression in the precipitate following induction with 0.1 mmol/L IPTG for 16 h, and the SRS20A recombinant protein showed the highest expression following induction with 0.5 mmol/L IPTG for 16 h. SDS⁃PAGE and Western blotting confirmed successful expression of the recombinant proteins. Conclusions　The SRS67 and SRS20A proteins possess multiple cellular epitopes and exhibit favorable immunogenicity. The recombinant SRS67 and SRS20A proteins have been successfully expressed, which provides the theoretical evidence for deciphering protein functions and screening effective vaccine antigens against toxoplasmosis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological characteristics of cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases within Yunnan Province in 2023 TANG Yerong, ZHOU Hongning, WU Chao, WEI Chun, ZHAO Xiaotao, WANG Xuefei, GUO Xiaolian, JIANG Jinyong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (5): 524-529.   Abstract （273）      PDF（pc） （1972KB）（661）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases within Yunnan province in 2023, so as to provide insights into formulation of preventive and control measures for intra⁃provincial spread of dengue fever.  Methods　All data pertaining cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases within Yunnan Province in 2023 were collected, and the temporal, regional and population distributions of the cases were descriptively analyzed.  Results　A total of  1 664 intra⁃provincial cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases were reported in 95 counties (cities, districts) cross 16 profectures (cities) in Yunnan Province in 2023, accounting for 12.34% of total cases in the province. Cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases were predominantly reported during the period between August and October (1 516 cases, 91.11% of total cases), and peaked in September (659 cases), with a single⁃day peak on October 8 (36 cases). During the period from September 4 to 10, five counties (cities) with local dengue fever epidemics, including Jinghong City of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County of Lincang City, Ruili City of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Mengla County of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, and Zhenkang County of Lincang City, exported 165 cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases to the rest of the province. Among the 1 644 intra⁃provincial cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases, the male to female ratio was 1.40∶1, and 1 329 cases were at ages of 15 to 55 years (79.87%), with farmers as the predominant occupation (886 cases, 53.25%). The top 5 counties (cities/districts) reporting the highest number of intra⁃provincial cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases included Simao District (266 cases) and Lancang Lahu Autonomous County (118 cases) of Pu'er City, Mengla County (91 cases) and Menghai County (91 cases) of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, and Mangshi City (73 cases) of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, which accounting for 38.40% of total imported cases. These intra⁃provincial cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases originated from 7 counties (cities/districts) in 4 prefectures (cities), including 1 261 cases (76.70%) from Jinghong City of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, 224 cases (13.63%) from Ruili City of Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, 103 cases (6.27%) from Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County of Lincang City, 31 cases (1.89%) from Mengla County of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, 30 cases (1.82%) from Zhenkang County of Lincang City, 10 cases (0.61%) from Cangyuan Wa Autonomous County of Lincang City, and 5 cases (0.30%) from Mohan⁃Boten Economic Cooperation Zone of Kunming City. In addition, local dengue fever epidemics following intra⁃provincial cross⁃county importation of dengue fevers cases in Simao District, Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County, Mangshi City, Longchuan County, and Cangyuan Wa Autonomous County. Conclusions　Farmers and students are high⁃risk populations for intra⁃provincial cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases in Yunnan Province, and health education pertaining personal protection against dengue fever should be strengthened among these high⁃risk populations by governments at all levels. There is a high risk of local outbreak of dengue fever following continuous introduction of intra⁃provincial cross⁃county imported cases. Standardized management of intra⁃provincial cross⁃county imported dengue fever cases should be reinforced to reduce the risk of local epidemics. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surveillance on soil⁃transmitted nematodiasis and foodborne parasitic diseases in Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2024 NI Bixian, ZHANG Qiang, TANG Feng, ZHANG Jiayao, GONG Xinyi, MAO Fanzhen, LIU Yaobao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (6): 611-617.   Abstract （270）      PDF（pc） （1067KB）（312）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of soil⁃transmitted nematodiasis and foodborne parasitic diseases in Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2024, so as to provide insights into formulation of targeted control strategies for soil⁃transmitted nematodiasis and foodborne parasitic diseases in the province.  Methods　A total of 32 counties (districts) were sampled from Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2024 for surveillance of human soil⁃transmitted nematodiasis and foodborne parasitic diseases. Each county (district) was classified into eastern, western, southern, northern and central regions according to geographical locations, and one administrative village from a township was sampled from each region. Permanent residents at age of more than 3 years in each administrative village were sampled using a cluster sampling method, and at least 200 residents were recruited in each village, with more than 1 000 residents included. Subjects' demographic features were collected, and their stool samples were collected for detection of soil⁃transmitted nematode and foodborne parasitic infections using the modified Kato⁃Katz thick smear method (two sides for each stool sample), while pinworm infection was additionally detected among children at ages of 3 to 9 years with a cellophane tape test. From 2022 to 2024, a total of 31 specific surveillance sites were allocated for surveillance of the risk of parasitic infections in Jiangsu Province. Soil and aquatic products (including freshwater fish, crayfish, freshwater crabs, and marine fish) were collected from surveillance sites for detection of hookworm larvae, Ascaris lumbricoides eggs, Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae, Paragonimus metacercariae, and Anisakis larvae using the hookworm larval separation technique, flotation solutions with saturated sodium nitrate, smears microscopy, homogeneous precipitation method and microscopy after dissection. The prevalence of soil⁃transmitted nematode and foodborne parasitic infections was compared among population subgroups, soil environments, and intermediate hosts. Results　A total of 98 152 individuals received surveillance of soil⁃transmitted nematode and foodborne parasitic infections in Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2024, and the overall prevalence of soil⁃transmitted nematode and foodborne parasitic infections was 0.058% (57/98 152), which was primarily attributed to hookworm (0.015%, 15/98 152) and C. sinensis infections (0.018%, 18/98 152). As of soil⁃transmitted nematode infections, there were significant differences in the prevalence of hookworm infections in terms of survey year ([χ2] = 6.513, P < 0.05), age group (P < 0.05) and education level (P < 0.05), and the highest prevalence was seen among subjects at ages of over 70 years (0.060%, 15/24 846) and illiterate participants (0.067%, 7/10 445) (all P values < 0.05). There was a significant difference among the prevalence rates of pinworm infection among different age groups (P < 0.05), with the highest prevalence seen among children at ages of 3 to 9 years (0.087%, 6/6 897) (all P values < 0.05). There were significant differences in the prevalence of hookworm and pinworm infections (both P values < 0.05) across 13 cities in Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2024, with the highest prevalence of hookworm infections in Huai'an City (0.056%, 4/7 087), and the highest prevalence of pinworm infections in Suqian City (0.056%, 4/7 187) (all P values < 0.05). As of foodborne parasitic infections, there was an ethnic group⁃specific prevalence rate of C. sinensis infections (P < 0.05), with the highest prevalence among Zhuang ethnic populations (22.222%, 2/9) (all P values < 0.05), and there was an educational level⁃specific prevalence rate of Fasciolopsis buski infections (P < 0.05), with the highest prevalence seen among illiterate subjects (0.038%, 4/10 445) (all P values < 0.05). There were significant differences across years in terms of the prevalence of C. sinensis ([χ2] = 7.003, P < 0.05) and F. buski infections ([χ2] = 8.791, P < 0.05), and inter⁃city variation in the prevalence of F. buski infection was also significant (P < 0.05), with the highest prevalence recorded in Lianyungang City (0.042%, 3/7 066) (all P values < 0.05). Findings from surveillance of the risk of parasitic infections showed no hookworm larvae or A. lumbricoides eggs in soil samples in Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2024, and the detection of C. sinensis metacercariae was 2.365% (21/888) in freshwater fish. In addition, no Paragonimus metacercariae were found in crayfish or freshwater crabs, while the detection of Anisakis larvae or cysts was 33.888% (285/841) in marine fish. Conclusions　The prevalence of soil⁃transmitted nematodiasis and foodborne parasitic diseases was low in Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2024, with hookworm and C. sinensis as the dominant parasite species. It is recommended to enhance the management of soil⁃transmitted nematodiasis and foodborne parasitic diseases among the elderly, children, and ethnic minority populations and strengthen food safety supervision and health education to improve the comprehensive capacity for prevention of human soil⁃transmitted nematodiasis and foodborne parasitic diseases. 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Epidemiological characteristics of reported echinococcosis cases in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2023 NING Shaoqi, LIU Chenyue, NIAN Yunpeng, HU Danni, LI Xinxin, WANG Guan, ZHANG Luqian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 409-414.   Abstract （266）      PDF（pc） （1448KB）（213）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of reported echinococcosis cases and their trends in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2023, so as to provide insights into optimization of echinococcosis control and surveillance strategies in the province. Methods　All data pertaining to echinococcosis cases in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2023 were captured from China's National Notifiable Disease Reporting System. All echinococcosis cases were subjected to duplicate checking and individual epidemiological surveys, and the temporal, population, and spatial distributions of reported echinococcosis cases were descriptively analyzed.  Results　A total of 94 echinococcosis cases were reported in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2023, and all cases were diagnosed with cystic echinococcosis, including 38 cases (40.43%) with definitive diagnosis of echinococcosis and 56 cases (59.57%) with clinically diagnosed echinococcosis, and 26 cases (27.66%) from echinococcosis⁃endemic foci, 33 imported cases (35.11%), and 35 suspected locally acquired cases (37.23%). Male cases were predominantly at ages of > 40 to 70 years (66.67%), and female cases were mainly at ages of > 55 to 70 years (43.24%). Farmer was the predominant occupation (68.09%), and junior high school was the predominant educational level (29.79%). Reported echinococcosis cases from endemic foci were mainly concentrated in Dingbian County (23 cases, 88.46%), and imported echinococcosis cases were primarily distributed in Xi'an City and Xianyang City in the central Guanzhong region (19 cases, 57.58%), while suspected locally acquired cases were mainly distributed in Tongchuan City, Xi'an City, and Weinan City in the central and eastern Guanzhong region (22 cases, 62.86%). Among the 33 imported echinococcosis cases, 31 cases (93.94%) had a history of long⁃term residence in, travel to, or visiting relatives or friends in endemic areas, and 11 (33.33%) had a history of contacts with dogs or foxes in endemic areas. Of the 35 suspected locally acquired echinococcosis cases, 18 cases (51.43%) had a history of breeding dogs or exposure to neighbors' dogs, and no history of other relevant exposure. Conclusions　The prevalence of echinococcosis was low in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2023; however, there was a risk of continuous importation of echinococcosis cases in the province. Intensified echinococcosis control measures are recommended among high⁃risk populations with adaptations to local circumstances.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2024 LI Wei, ZHANG Jianfeng, SHI Liang, WANG Tao, FENG Yun, LIU Lu, YANG Kun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2026, 38 (1): 8-13.   Abstract （260）      PDF（pc） （1480KB）（308）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the effectiveness of schistosomiasis control programmes in Jiangsu Province during the stage moving from transmission control to transmission interruption, and to analyze the current risk and challenges, so as to provide the evidence for achieving the target of schistosomiasis elimination. Methods　Schistosomiasis surveillance data were collected from Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2024, and the endemic areas, Schistosoma japonicum infections in humans and livestock, Oncomelania hupensis snail distribution and implementation of integrated interventions were descriptively analyzed. In addition, the trends in areas with snails, seroprevalence of human S. japonicum infections and numbers of advanced schistosomiasis cases were assessed using a Joinpoint regression model. Results　The endemic areas of schistosomiasis continued to shrink in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2024, with the number of schistosomiasis⁃eliminated counties (cities, districts) increasing from 53 (75.71%) to 63 (96.92%), and interruption of schistosomiasis transmission was achieved across the province. A total of 4 600 300 person⁃times were tested for serum antibodies against S. japonicum with 28 719 person⁃times positive detected；and 616 500 person⁃times were tested S. japonicum infections among local residents in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2024, with only 3 egg⁃positives detected, and no egg⁃positives found since 2017. A total of 187 600 herd⁃times were tested for schistosomiasis in livestock, and no S. japonicum infections were found. O. hupensis snail survey was performed covering 1 018 408.97 hm2, and a total of 35 556.35 hm2 was found with snail⁃infested habitats, including 174.40 hm2 of emerging snail⁃infested habitats. A total of O. hupensis 1 102 800 snails were identified for S. japonicum infections, and no infections were found. The areas of snail⁃infested habitats appeared a tendency towards a rise in Jiangsu Province from 2012 to 2023 (APC = 23.67%, P < 0.05), and the actual areas of snail⁃infested habitats appeared a tendency towards a decline from 2012 to 2015 (APC = −22.77%, P < 0.05), and towards a rise from 2015 to 2023 (APC = 9.76%, P < 0.01). The seroprevalence of anti⁃S. japonicum antibodies appeared a tendency towards a decline among residents in Jiangsu Province from 2017 to 2023 (APC = −14.92%, P < 0.01). In addition, the number of newly diagnosed advanced schistosomiasis cases appeared a tendency towards a decline from 2012 to 2024 (APC = −12.02%, P < 0.01), and the numbers of advanced schistosomiasis patients requiring treatment showed a tendency towards a decline from 2012 to 2021 (APC = −10.56%, P < 0.01) and from 2021 to 2023 (APC = −20.06%, P < 0.01). Conclusions　Great progresses had been achieved in schistosomiasis control in Jiangsu Province following transmission control, and transmission interruption had been achieved; however, there are still snail⁃infested habitats. High⁃intensity surveillance and integrated control are required to be maintained to advance the achievement of the target of schistosomiasis elimination in Jiangsu Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of researches on Triatoma rubrofasciata⁃transmitted trypanosomes  WANG Ziyi, SHEN Yong, HUANG Lirong, LI Yuanyuan, WU Di, LIU Qin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2026, 38 (2): 213-218.   Abstract （259）      PDF（pc） （1059KB）（112）       Knowledge map    Save Triatoma rubrofasciata is currently the most widely distributed species of Triatoma worldwide, and it is also widespread in southern China. T. rubrofasciata has been proven to transmit Trypanosoma cruzi, and is one of vectors transmitting Chagas disease, which poses a potential risk for transmission of imported Chagas disease in China. Findings from latest studies have shown that T. rubrofasciata naturally infects T. lewisi, T. conorhini, and T. rangeli, which undoubtedly increases significant risks of and challenges to trypanosomiasis control in China. This article briefly describes the species of T. rubrofasciata⁃transmitted trypanosomes, and summarizes the epidemiological characteristics of trypanosomiasis, so as to provide insights into T. rubrofasciata⁃transmitted trypanosomiasis surveillance and control, and prevention of trypanosomiasis development and transmission in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Changes in murine skin odors following Plasmodium infections and their impact on mosquito attraction LI Jianyong, LI Meilin, HE Biao, LIU Taiping, ZHU Feng, ZHANG Jian, XU Wenyue Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (4): 362-370.   Abstract （257）      PDF（pc） （1330KB）（912）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the alterations in skin volatile odors in mice following Plasmodium infections and their effect on  mosquito attraction, and to analyze the changes in murine skin microbiota, so as to provide the scientific evidence for unraveling pathogen⁃host⁃vector interactions and management of vector⁃borne diseases. Methods　Twenty 6⁃week⁃old female mice of the C57BL/6 strain were randomly divided into the infection and control groups, of 10 mice in each group. Mice in the infection group were each injected with 1 × 106 Plasmodium yoelii via the tail vein, and mice in the control group received an equivalent volume of phosphate⁃buffered saline (PBS). Blood samples were collected from mouse tail vein daily on days 1 to 6 post⁃infection for preparation of blood smears for microscopic observation to dynamically monitor changes in parasitaemias. A triple⁃cage olfactometer was deployed to compare the numbers of Anopheles stephensi attraction to mice between the two groups. Mouse cutaneous volatile odors were collected with adsorbents and analyzed by gas⁃chromatography⁃mass⁃spectrometry (GC⁃MS) to identify odorous molecules, and the amounts of odorous molecules on mouse skin were compared between groups. In addition, mouse skin microbiota was collected with cottonswabs for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to compare the relative abundance of bacteria in mouse skin microbiota between the two groups. Results　The parasitaemias were  0, (2.30 ± 0.87)%, (8.00 ± 4.34)%, (31.30 ± 3.51)%, (42.00 ± 2.65)% and (51.00 ± 3.61)% in mice in the infection group on days 1 to 6 post⁃infection with Plasmodium (F = 165.60, P < 0.001), and the gametocytaemias were 0, (0.14 ± 0.06)%, (0.39 ± 0.10)%, (0.63 ± 0.15)%, (1.10 ± 0.10)% and (1.53 ± 0.31)%, respectively (F = 44.58, P < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons showed the highest parasitaemias and gametocytaemias in mice 6 days post⁃infection (both P values < 0.05), and linear regression analysis revealed that both the parasitaemias (b = 11.36, t = 14.43, P < 0.001) and gametocytaemias (b = 0.31, t = 12.80, P < 0.001) appeared a tendency towards a rise over days. The proportions of mosquito attraction to mice were 50.45% (106/210), 49.55% (119/240), 49.18% (112/227), 55.87% (132/236), 66.84% (159/237), 61.32% (138/226) and 54.65% (126/230) in the infection group on the day of infection and on days 1 to 6 post⁃infection, which appeared a tendency towards a rise over days ([χ2] = 9.536, P < 0.05). A total of 24 odors were identified in mouse skin surface, and Plasmodium⁃infected mice exhibited significantly higher enrichment of p⁃cresol (134 954.86 ± 40 485.75 vs. 34 700.13 ± 4 774.68; t = 4.260, P = 0.013), ethylbenzene (1 214 980.59 ± 111 546.49 vs. 355 445.01 ± 53 369.70; t = 12.04, P = 0.00) and nonanal (62 215.11 ± 11 348.82 vs 24 040.15 ± 8 557.10; t = 4.35, P = 0.02), and lower contents of toluene (61 833.23 ± 2 755.23 vs. 152 906.21 ± 10 199.69; t = 14.93, P = 0.00), benzaldehyde (583 921.81 ± 39 764.63 vs. 1 071 368.84 ± 254 069.28; t = 3.28, P = 0.00) and indole (10 991.89 ± 582.76 vs. 27 275.57 ± 3 995.59; t = 6.99, P = 0.00) relative to controls. In addition, higher relative abundance  of Streptococcus (0.29 ± 0.12 vs. 0.12 ± 0.09; t = 2.54, P = 0.03) and Rothia (0.16 ± 0.05 vs. 0.04 ± 0.06; t = 3.52, P = 0.01) and lower abundance  of Lactococcus (0.02 ± 0.04 vs. 0.27 ± 0.20; t = 2.73, P = 0.03) were found on mouse skin surface in the infection group than in the control group. Conclusion　 Upon infection with Plasmodium, the volatile odor profile emitted from the skin of mice undergoes alterations, resulting in increased attractiveness to mosquitoes. This phenomenon may be attributed to parasite⁃induced changes in the skin microbiota. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild rodents in key areas during the elimination phase LÜ Chao, XU Xiaojuan, LI Jiajia, FENG Ting, ZHU Hai, LI Yifeng, XU Ling, FENG Zhihong, JIANG Huiwen, ZOU Xiaoqing, WEI Wenjun, QIN Zhiqiang, HONG Yang, ZHANG Shiqing, XU Jing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (5): 475-481, 523.   Abstract （243）      PDF（pc） （1027KB）（650）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild rodents in schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of China, so as to provide insights into formulation of technical guidelines for monitoring of and the precise control strategy for S. japonicum infections in wild rodents during the elimination phase. Methods　Two administrative villages where schistosomiasis was historically highly prevalent were selected each from Dongzhi County, Anhui Province, and Duchang County, Jiangxi Province as study villages. Wild rodents were captured from study villages with baited traps or cages at night in June and September, 2021. The number of rodents captured was recorded, and the rodent species was characterized based on morphological characteristics. Liver tissues were sampled from captured rodents for macroscopical observation of the presence of egg granulomas, and S. japonicum infection was detected simultaneously using liver tissue homogenate microscopy, examinations of mesenteric tissues for parasites, and modified Kato⁃Katz thick smear technique (Kato⁃Katz technique). A positive S. japonicum infection was defined as detection of S. japonicum eggs or adult worms by any of these methods. The rate of wild rodent capture and prevalence of S. japonicum infections in wild rodents were compared in different study villages and at different time periods, and the detection of S. japonicum infections in wild rodents was compared by different assays. Results The overall rate of wild rodent capture was 8.28% (237/2 861) in Dongzhi County, and the wild rodent capture rates were 9.24% (133/1 439) and 7.31% (104/1 422) in two study villages ([χ2] = 3.503, P = 0.061), and were 8.59% (121/1 409) and 7.99% (116/1 452) in June and September, 2021, respectively ([χ2] = 0.337, P = 0.561). The overall rate of wild rodent capture was 3.72% (77/2 072) in Duchang County, and the wild rodent capture rates were 6.91% (67/970) and 0.91% (10/1 102) in two study villages ([χ2] = 51.901, P < 0.001), and were 4.13% (39/945) and 3.37% (38/1 127) in June and September, 2021, respectively ([χ2] = 0.815, P = 0.365). Rattus norvegicus was the predominant rodent species captured in both counties, accounting for 70.04% (166/237) of all captured wild rodents in Dongzhi County and 88.31% (68/77) in Duchang County. No S. japonicum infection was detected in wild rodents captured in Duchang County. Nevertheless, the overall prevalence of S. japonicum infections was 51.05% (121/237) in wild rodents captured in Dongzhi County, with prevalence rates of 50.38% (67/133) and 51.92% (54/104) in two study villages ([χ2] = 0.098, P = 0.755), and 54.31% (63/116) and 47.93% (58/121) in September and June, 2021, respectively ([χ2] = 0.964, P = 0.326). Of 237 wild rodents captured in Dongzhi County, there were 140 (59.07%) rodents with visible hepatic egg granulomas, 117 (49.47%) tested positive for S. japonicum eggs by liver tissue homogenate microscopy, 34 (14.35%) tested positive for S. japonicum eggs with Kato⁃Katz technique; however, no adult S. japonicum worms were detected in mesenteric tissues. In addition, hepatic egg granulomas were found in all wild rodents tested positive for S. japonicum eggs with liver tissue homogenate microscopy.  Conclusions　The rate of wild rodent capture and prevalence of S. japonicum infection in wild rodents vary greatly in schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of China, and the prevalence of S. japonicum infection is slightly higher in wild rodents captured in autumn than in summer. Liver tissue is recommended as the preferred sample for surveillance of S. japonicum infection in wild rodents, and a combination of macroscopical observation of hepatic egg granulomas and liver tissue homogenate microscopy may be a standard method for surveillance of S. japonicum infection in wild rodents.   Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological characteristics and control measures of dengue fever in Zhongshan City in 2024 WANG Man, LUO Le, CHEN Xueqin, SHI Wuyang, CHEN Chuying, MAI Yongqiang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (5): 555-560.   Abstract （241）      PDF（pc） （1353KB）（210）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and control measures of dengue fever in Zhongshan City in 2024, so as to provide insights into optimization of dengue fever control strategies in the city. Methods　Data pertaining to dengue fever cases in Zhongshan City in 2024 were collected from the Infectious Disease Reporting System of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the epidemiological characteristics of the cases were analyzed using a descriptive statistical method. The density of Aedes albopictus mosquito was monitored across all 23 townships (subdistricts) using Breteau index (BI) and mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) at midmonth each month from March to December 2024. In addition, the climatic characteristics, case reporting patterns, and corresponding control measures were analyzed during different phases of dengue fever epidemics in Zhongshan in 2024. Furthermore, real⁃time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT⁃qPCR) assay was employed to serotype the dengue virus among local dengue fever cases with unknown sources of infections. The dengue virus envelope (E) gene was sequenced using Sanger sequencing among dengue fever cases without apparent epidemiological links. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor⁃joining method to infer major transmission chains during the dengue fever epidemics.  Results　A total of 952 dengue fever cases were reported in Zhongshan City in 2024, including 879 local cases, 57 domestically imported cases from other regions, and 16 overseas imported cases, representing the largest outbreak in nearly two decades. The first local dengue fever case was reported on July 5, and the last one was detected on December 19, with all townships and subdistricts affected. Mosquito monitoring data indicated that both MOI and BI rose rapidly from March to May, and then remained at high levels with fluctuations, and began to decline in October. The dengue fever epidemic was categorized into five distinct phases in Zhongshan, including non⁃epidemic, pre⁃epidemic, early⁃epidemic, peak, and receding stages. During the pre⁃epidemic and early⁃epidemic phases, key measures included enhancing sensitivity of case detection, implementing isolation and treatment of hospitalized cases, and carrying out standardized vector control measures in affected communities. In the peak phase, the strategy shifted towards targeted mosquito control in key communities and clinical rescue and treatment emphasized on “preventing severe cases and deaths”. Among 481 local cases with unknown sources of infections, RT⁃qPCR assay revealed that 68.8% (331/481) were infected with dengue virus typeⅠ and 31.2% (150/481) with type Ⅱ among local dengue fever cases in Zhongshan City in 2024. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major transmission chains: one originating from imported cases within Guangdong Province around Zhongshan City, and another from cases imported from Malaysia. Late detection of local dengue fever cases contributed to widespread community outbreaks.  Conclusions　The 2024 dengue fever epidemic in Zhongshan City was of considerable scale, which was primarily driven by imported cases from overseas and surrounding regions, leading to local community outbreaks. The epidemic began in early July, increased rapidly during August and September, peaked in October, and subsequently declined, with a trend consistent with the average pattern observed in previous high⁃incidence years. By implementing differentiated control measures tailored to each phase of the epidemic, the local transmission of dengue fever was successfully contained in Zhongshan in 2024.  Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surveillance of schistosomiasis among floating populations in sentinel hospitals in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2024 SHAN Xiaowei, XIAO Ying, CHEN Yanyan, LIU Si, YUAN Yi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (6): 650-654, 662.   Abstract （238）      PDF（pc） （1196KB）（206）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of schistosomiasis cases in sentinel hospitals in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2024, so as to provide insights into schistosomiasis surveillance during the post⁃elimination stage.  Methods　Sentinel hospitals were assigned in 63 schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (cities, districts) and 2 potential endemic counties at the Three Gorges Reservoir Area in Hubei Province according to the National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Scheme (2020 Edition). Floating populations were screened for schistosomiasis using immunological and parasitological tests, and the differences in the seroprevalence and prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were compared among floating populations with different characteristics. The Sankey map of the monitored populations flow was created online using dycharts.  Results　　　The number of sentinel hospitals increased from 166 in 2020 to 288 in 2024 in Hubei Province, and sentinel hospitals were mainly distributed in Shashi District (27), Xiantao City (32), Zhongxiang City (32), and Hanchuan City (37), and relatively fewer in Jingzhou District (22), Honghu City (22), Jiangling County (21), and Shishou City (17). A total of 74 009 floating populations were monitored for schistosomiasis in sentinel hospitals in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2024, with 222 clinically diagnosis cases found; however, no cases with confirmed diagnosis were recorded. The cumulative seroprevalence of human schistosomiasis was 0.30%, and the seroprevalence varied greatly among floating populations in terms of monitoring methods ([χ2] = 74.112, P < 0.001), occupations ([χ2] = 74.588, P < 0.001), and age groups ([χ2] = 42.237, P < 0.001). The number of populations monitored in sentinel hospitals peaked during the period from October to December, accounting for 94.26% (69 759/74 009) of total populations monitored during the 5⁃year period. In schistosomiasis transmission interrupted counties (districts), high seroprevalence of human schistosomiasis was detected in Jingzhou Development District, Gong'an County, Shashi District, Yangxin County and Qujialing Administration District, while in schistosomiasis⁃eliminated counties (districts), high prevalence was seen in Tongshan County and Yiling District. There were 66.86% (49 485/74 009) of the monitored populations that migrated within schistosomiasis⁃endemic counties (cities, districts) in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2024, and 19.25% (14 244/74 009) migrated into Hubei Province from other provinces, including 49.44% (7 042/14 244) from schistosomiasis⁃endemic provinces, with Hunan Province, Sichuan Province, Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province and Jiangsu Province as predominant provinces of origin, while 13.89% (10 280/74 009) moved out of Hubei Province to other provinces, including 81.60% (8 388/10 280) into schistosomiasis⁃endemic provinces, with Guangdong Province, Zhejiang Province, Jiangxi Province, Jiangsu Province and Hunan Province as predominant destination provinces. Among the 222 clinically diagnosed schistosomiasis cases, there were 8 cases introduced to Hubei Province from other provinces and 75 cases moved out of Hubei Province to other provinces. Conclusions　The prevalence of schistosomiasis was extremely low among floating populations in Hubei Province from 2020 to 2024, and sentinel hospitals played a vital role in surveillance of human schistosomiasis among floating populations. Improved health education is recommended among migrant labors from schistosomiasis non⁃endemic provinces, and intensified management and improved sensitivity of schistosomiasis surveillance are required among floating populations in Hubei Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Effectiveness of a novel medical care and prevention integration mode for clonorchiasis control  ZENG Qingsheng, LI Laide, FANG Yueyi, HUANG Siyue, LI Yinfeng, CHEN Jingdiao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (6): 663-667.   Abstract （219）      PDF（pc） （1043KB）（172）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To evaluate the effectiveness of a novel medical care and prevention integration mode for clonorchiasis control in Xinhui District, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, so as to provide insights into optimization of clonorchiasis control strategies in hyper⁃endemic areas.  Methods　A novel medical care and prevention integration mode was developed for clonorchiasis control in Xinhui District from 2019 to 2023 through a package of integrated interventions, including clonorchiasis clinics building, deworming, health education, improvements in water supply and sanitation facilities, and capacity building for professional personnels, and the proportion of clonorchiasis clinics building, coverage of deworming and health education, proportions of access to safe water and sanitary toilets, rate of qualified inspectors and percentage of trained professional personnels were collected in Xinghui District. Clonorchis sinensis human infections were detected using stratified cluster random sampling in Xinhui District in 2018 and 2023, and the awareness of clonorchiasis control knowledge was investigated among residents using questionnaire surveys. Results　Clonorchiasis clinics were built in all 15 healthcare facilities in Xinhui District in 2023, with the proportion of clinics building from 13.33% (2/15) in 2019 to 100.00% (15/15) in 2023, and a total of 1 575 clonorchiasis patients were treated, with a treatment coverage rate of 78.75% (1 575/2 000). Deworming was performed among high⁃risk residents consuming raw freshwater fish in Xinhui District in 2020, with a coverage rate of 75.00% (13 111/17 481), and the coverage rates of access to safe water and sanitary toilets were both 100.00% in the district. The rates of qualified inspectors were all 100.00% (15/15) in all healthcare facilities, and the rate of trained professional personnels increased from 52.94% (90/170) in 2019 to 98.05% (201/205) in 2023. The prevalence of C. sinensis human infections reduced from 34.18% (499/1 460) in 2018 to 10.20% (102/1 000) in 2023 ([χ2] = 172.10, P < 0.05), with a reduction from 44.68% (344/770) and 22.46% (155/690) in 2018 to 12.97% (62/478) and 7.66% (40/522) in 2023 among men ([χ2] = 135.06, P < 0.05) and women ([χ2] = 48.22, P < 0.05), respectively. In addition, the coverage rates of health education and awareness of clonorchiasis control knowledge increased from 50.00% (112/224) and 70.30% (142/202) to 98.21% (220/224) and 98.08% (204/208), respectively.  Conclusion　The novel medical care and prevention integration mode achieves remarkable effectiveness for clonorchiasis control in Xinhui District, which deserves wide applications in endemic areas. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Factors affecting and identification of key environmental determinants of the Oncomelania hupensis snail density in the Yangtze River Delta based on machine learning models LI Yinlong, LI Qin, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, ZHANG Lijuan, CAO Chunli, XU Jing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2026, 38 (1): 14-19, 53.   Abstract （218）      PDF（pc） （1300KB）（157）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To identify factors affecting and key environmental factors of the Oncomelania hupensis snail density in the Yangtze River Delta region using machine learning methods. Methods　Administrative village⁃level O. hupensis snail survey data in the Yangtze River Delta (including Shanghai Municipality, Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province and Anhui Province) from 2011 to 2021 were retrieved from the Information Management System for Parasitic Disease Control of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Environmental factor data were captured from the Google Earth Engine platform, including elevation, slope, terrain, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), vegetation type, soil type, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), ammonium nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, pH of water, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and inorganic phosphorus, and climatic factor data in the study region were retrieved from the Copernicus Climate Data Store, including annual precipitation, aridity index and annual mean temperature (AMT). O. hupensis snail survey data in the Yangtze River Delta region from 2011 to 2021 were randomly divided into a training set (70%) and a test set (30%), and five machine learning models were selected for machine learning model construction and comparative analysis of the O. hupensis snail density using the software R 4.3.0, including random forest (RF), eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), support vector machine (SVM), gradient boosting machine (GBM) and neural network (NN). The XGBoost model was employed to construct a predictive model for the O. hupensis snail density, and the impact of each environmental factor on O. hupensis snail distribution was quantified. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAPs) values were calculated to estimate the average contribution of each variable to the model prediction, and the core environmental factors affecting the O. hupensis snail population density were screened. Results Among the five machine learning models, the XGBoost model exhibited the optimal comprehensive performance, with the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.855, mean squared error (MSE) of 0.188, root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.434 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.155, respectively. Analysis of factors affecting the O. hupensis snail density with the XGBoost model showed that among the 16 environmental factors, the top four high⁃impact factors ranked by SHAPs values included annual precipitation, elevation, aridity index and NDVI, with cumulative SHAPs contributions of 75%, which was higher than that of other environmental factors. If NDVI was higher than 0.6, the O. hupensis snail density increased with NDVI and peaked if NDVI was 0.8 (1.60 snails/0.1 m2). The O. hupensis snail density increased with elevation if the elevation ranged from 14 to 40 m, and slowly rose if the annual precipitation ranged from 900 to 1 300 mm, and then increased rapidly to the peak (1.52 snails/0.1 m2) if the annual precipitation ranged from 1 300 to 1 500 mm. In addition, the O. hupensis snail density increased rapidly to the maximum (1.60 snails/0.1 m2) if the aridity index ranged from 0.8 to 1.1, and decreased gradually if the aridity index exceeded 1.1. Conclusions The XGBoost model shows excellent performance in prediction of the O. hupensis snail density and identification of key environmental factors in the Yangtze River Delta region. Annual precipitation, elevation, aridity index and NDVI are key environmental factors affecting the distribution and density of O. hupensis snails in the Yangtze River Delta region. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Antibacterial activity of the antifungal peptide Mt6⁃21DLeu derived from Musca domestica against Acinetobacter baumannii and the underlying mechanisms HUA Xuan, QIU Tong, WANG Xuyuan, TANG Renxian, KONG Delong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (5): 482-493.   Abstract （218）      PDF（pc） （2609KB）（600）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the antibacterial activity of the antifungal peptide Mt6⁃21DLeu derived from Musca domestica against Acinetobacter baumannii (AB) and unravel its underlying mechanisms, so as to provide insights into development of novel agents against AB. Methods　The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Mt6⁃21DLeu, M. domestica⁃derived antifungal peptide⁃1 (MAF⁃1A), and polymyxin B were determined against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and AB using the broth microdilution assay, and the antibacterial activity of Mt6⁃21DLeu and polymyxin B was dynamically assessed against AB over 24 hours with time⁃kill curves. The inhibitory effects of Mt6⁃21DLeu and polymyxin B on biofilm formation in AB at concentrations of 1/4 × MIC, 1/2 × MIC and MIC, and the eradication effects of Mt6⁃21DLeu and polymyxin B on mature biofilms in AB at concentrations of MIC, 2 × MIC, and 4 × MIC were evaluated using crystal violet staining. Structural changes in the cell membrane of AB were observed 3 hours post⁃exposure to Mt6⁃21DLeu at concentrations of MIC and 2 × MIC using scanning electron microscopy, and alterations in the cell membrane permeability of AB were analyzed 3 hours post⁃treatment with Mt6⁃21DLeu at concentrations of MIC and 2 × MIC by means of fluorescence microscopy and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in AB were measured 3 hours post⁃treatment with Mt6⁃21DLeu at concentrations of MIC, 2 × MIC, and 4 × MIC using flow cytometry. The survival of Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to Mt6⁃21DLeu at concentrations of MIC, 2 × MIC, and 4 × MIC was monitored for 7 consecutive days, and survival curves were plotted to evaluate the in vivo toxicity of Mt6⁃21DLeu. In addition, C. elegans infected with AB and treated with Mt6⁃21DLeu at a concentration of 4 × MIC served as the treatment group, and uninfected C. elegans served as the control group, while infected but untreated C. elegans served as the infection group. The in vivo antibacterial efficacy of Mt6⁃21DLeu at a concentration of 4 × MIC was evaluated by comparing the survival curves and bacterial load among the three groups.  Results　The MICs of MAF⁃1A were all >128 μg/mL against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and AB. In contrast, the MICs of Mt6⁃21DLeu were >128, 32, 8, 8, 16, and 4 μg/mL against these strains, respectively, and the MIC of Mt6⁃21DLeu against AB was close to that of polymyxin B (2 μg/mL). Time⁃kill curve analysis showed that both Mt6⁃21DLeu at concentrations of MIC and 2 × MIC and polymyxin B at a concentration of MIC inhibited AB growth over the 24⁃hour study period. The biofilm biomass in AB was (52.38 ± 6.92)%, (40.88 ± 9.17)% and (14.77 ± 6.00)% post⁃exposure with Mt6⁃21DLeu at concentrations of 1/4 × MIC, 1/2 × MIC and MIC, (61.58 ± 7.35)%, (47.42 ± 5.51)% and (20.85 ± 10.48)% post⁃treatment with polymyxin B at concentrations of 1/4 × MIC, 1/2 × MIC and MIC, and (100.00 ± 15.92)% in the control group (only bacterial suspension), respectively (F = 68.38, P < 0.001), and pairwise comparisons indicated that Mt6⁃21DLeu and polymyxin B at all concentrations significantly inhibited biofilm formation as compared to the control group (all P values < 0.001). The mature biofilm biomass in AB was (73.44 ± 11.41)%, (72.56 ± 13.08)% and (49.65 ± 9.23)% post⁃exposure to Mt6⁃21DLeu at concentrations of MIC, 2 × MIC, and 4 × MIC, (84.38 ± 8.6)%, (72.31 ± 9.63)% and (58.85 ± 4.96)% post⁃treatment with polymyxin B at concentrations of MIC, 2 × MIC, and 4 × MIC, and (100.00 ± 6.36)% in the control group (F = 35.63, P < 0.001), and pairwise comparisons revealed that Mt6⁃21DLeu at all concentrations significantly eradicated biofilm biomass (all P values < 0.05); however, polymyxin B showed no clear⁃cut eradication effect at a concentration of MIC (P > 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy revealed pore formation and content leakage in the cell membrane of AB 3 hours post⁃treatment with Mt6⁃21DLeu at concentrations of MIC and 2 × MIC. Fluorescence microscopy showed that the proportions of PI⁃stained AB were (24.79 ± 11.51)% and (68.44 ± 15.80)% post⁃treatment with Mt6⁃21DLeu at concentrations of MIC and 2 × MIC, and (0.96 ± 0.94)% in the phosphate⁃buffered saline (PBS) treatment group (F = 105.90, P < 0.001), with the highest proportion of PI⁃stained AB seen post⁃treatment with Mt6⁃21DLeu at a concentration of 2 × MIC  (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry revealed that the relative intracellular ROS levels in AB were (652.00 ± 141.90), (694.33 ± 14.19), and (974.33 ± 160.02) 3 hours post⁃treatment with Mt6⁃21DLeu at concentrations of MIC, 2 × MIC and 4 × MIC, and (403.67 ± 86.56) in the PBS treatment group, respectively (F = 12.27, P < 0.05), with the highest intracellular ROS level measured following treatment with Mt6⁃21DLeu at a concentration of 4 × MIC (P < 0.05). Survival curve analysis revealed that Mt6⁃21DLeu posed no impact on C. elegans survival at concentrations of MIC ([χ2] = 0.02, P > 0.05), 2 × MIC ([χ2] = 0.06, P > 0.05) or 4 × MIC ([χ2] = 0.16, P > 0.05), and there was a significant difference in the survival period of C. elegans among the control group, the infection group, and the treatment group ([χ2] = 82.66, P < 0.05), with a significantly longer survival period in the treatment group than in the infection group ([χ2] = 45.00, P < 0.05). In addition, the log⁃transformed bacterial colony counts in C. elegans were (0.00 ± 0.00), (5.46 ± 0.03), and (3.91 ± 0.47) CFU/mL in the control group, the infection group, and the treatment group, respectively (F = 324.80, P < 0.001), and the log⁃transformed bacterial colony counts in C. elegans were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the infection group (P < 0.05). Conclusions　Mt6⁃21DLeu exerts potent antibacterial effects through disrupting the cell membrane integrity of AB and promoting intracellular ROS accumulation in AB, and exhibits promising potential for treatment of AB infections both in vivo and in vitro, which may serve as a candidate drug molecule against multidrug⁃resistant AB infections. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Economic burden of echinococcosis patients in endemic areas of western China: a meta⁃analysis YIN Zhe, SHI Guangzhong, RENA Wusiman, KAISAIER Tuerxunjiang, MA Weiqian, ADILI Simayi, ZHAO Jiangshan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (5): 506-516.   Abstract （217）      PDF（pc） （1609KB）（166）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To systematically evaluate the economic burden of echinococcosis patients in western China using meta⁃analysis, so as to provide insights into formulation of effective echinococcosis control strategies and optimization of medical resource allocation. Methods　Articles pertaining to the economic burden of echinococcosis patients in western China were retrieved in  international and Chinese databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Full⁃Text Database. Studies were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the basic characteristics of included articles, characteristics of included studies, and echinococcosis patients' economic burden were extracted.  A meta⁃analysis was performed using the software R package. The pooled effect size and heterogeneity were examined using a random effects model, and subgroup analyses were conducted. Results　A total of 13 articles were enrolled, including 12 Chinese publications and one English publication, and all were retrospective studies. Included studies covered 4 western provinces (autonomous regions) of China, including Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Sichuan Province, and Qinghai Province, which involved 11 282 echinococcosis patients, and the study period spanned from 2006 to 2023. Meta⁃analysis showed that the pooled direct medical costs of echinococcosis patients were 24 730 [95% confidence interval (CI): (13 040, 36 430)] Yuan in endemic areas of western China, appearing a significant heterogeneity (I2 = 79.95%, P < 0.01). Subgroup analyses showed the pooled direct medical costs of 9 090 [95% CI: (-4 970, 23 150)] Yuan for echinococcosis patients in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and 18 140 [95% CI: (8 440, 27 840)] Yuan in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and pooled direct medical costs of 9 470 [95% CI: (-1 850, 20 790)] Yuan for cystic echinococcosis patients prior to 2007 and 15 270 [95% CI: (560, 24 030)] Yuan after 2007, respectively. There were high heterogeneities in the pooled direct medical costs for echinococcosis patients in terms of date of publication (I2 = 82.05%, P < 0.001), treatment modality (I2 = 83.28%, P < 0.001) and type of echinococcosis (I2 = 72.63%, P < 0.001). In addition, the pooled indirect medical costs and direct non⁃medical costs were 5 670 Yuan and 4 000 Yuan for echinococcosis patients in western regions of China, respectively. Conclusions　Echinococcosis patients suffer from a high economic burden in endemic areas of western China, and there are disparities in the direct medical costs for echinococcosis patients depending on disease type, study areas and study period. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Transfusion⁃transmitted Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a case report WANG Junling, PANG Zhifeng, WU Xiaohong, ZHANG Guangming, XU Ting Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (6): 681-684.   Abstract （213）      PDF（pc） （1240KB）（550）       Knowledge map    Save This article reports the diagnosis and treatment of a case with transfusion⁃transmitted Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The patient had no history of travel to malaria⁃endemic regions or previous history of infections; however, the case had a history of multiple blood transfusions prior to disease onset. The patient was admitted due to fever of unknown causes. Metagenomic next⁃generation sequencing revealed Plasmodium infection, and P. falciparum malaria was definitively diagnosed following blood smear microscopy and real⁃time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT⁃qPCR) assay. Epidemiological investigations showed an Ethiopian blood donor with weakly positive rapid diagnostic test (RDT) results. The patient was cured following a 7⁃day treatment with artesunate injection and no recurrence or relapse occurred during the 3⁃month follow⁃up. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Transcriptomic responses of Bulinus globosus to extreme temperature and drought stress WANG Xinyao, PENG Dandan, YANG Ying, ZHANG Jianfeng, QIN Zhiqiang, YANG Kun, LI Shizhu, XU Jing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2026, 38 (1): 29-37.   Abstract （211）      PDF（pc） （2173KB）（119）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To examine the impact of extreme temperature and drought stress on the survival of Bulinus globosus, so as to provide the theoretical evidence for the genomic research of Bulinus in absence of reference genes. Methods‌　B. globosus snail samples were collected from Kiwani Shehia in Pemba Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania, and offspring snails were obtained through laboratory breeding and reproduction. A total of 120 10⁃week⁃old B. globosus snails from the same generation were selected and randomly assigned into four groups, including the high⁃temperature drought (HD) group, normal temperature drought (D) group, low⁃temperature drought (LD) group, and the control (C) group, of 30 snails in each group. Snails in HD, D, and LD groups were placed in beakers containing dry soil at the bottom and subsequently housed in climate chambers at 35, 26 ℃, and 10 ℃, respectively, while snails in Group C were maintained in 500 mL petri dishes containing dechlorinated tap water at 26 ℃. Following 3 days of breeding, living snails in each group were collected, and soft tissues were dissected and isolated. Total RNA was extracted from snail soft tissues for library construction, followed by high⁃throughput sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq 4000 sequencing system. De novo transcriptome assembly was performed using the Trinity software, and the longest transcripts were selected as unigenes. Gene functional annotations of unigenes were conducted using the Diamond software against Gene Ontology (GO) knowledgebase, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database, NCBI non⁃redundant (NR) protein sequences database, Protein Family (Pfam) database, and UniProtKB/Swiss⁃Prot (Swiss⁃Prot) knowledgebase. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were performed using the topGO and clusterProfiler software, respectively. In addition, four relevant genes were selected for validation using a real⁃time quantitative PCR (qRT⁃PCR) assay to verify the reliability of transcriptome sequencing results. Results　Following 3 days of breeding, there were 7, 20, 28, and 30 survival B. globosus snails in HD, LD, D, and C groups, with corresponding survival rates of 23.33% (7/30), 66.67% (20/30), 93.33% (28/30), and 100.00% (30/30), respectively ([χ2]  = 52.72, P < 0.001). De novo transcriptome assembly generated 176 942 unigenes, with annotation rates of 0.98%, 13.49%, 26.46%, 12.48%, and 14.39% against GO knowledgebase, KEGG pathway database, NR protein sequences database, Pfam database, and Swiss⁃Prot knowledgebase, respectively. There were 33 up⁃regulated and 72 down⁃regulated genes in Group D, 483 up⁃regulated and 815 down⁃regulated genes in Group HD, and 245 up⁃regulated and 172 down⁃regulated genes in Group LD relative to in Group C. Following removal of overlapping genes across groups and unmatched genes, 11 candidate genes were identified. GO and KEGG analyses revealed 3 heat shock protein (HSP)⁃related DEGs in these 11 candidate genes, which were annotated as HSP12.2, HSP70, and HSP20 genes and were all significantly up⁃regulated in each treatment group. Three immune⁃ and nervous system⁃related DEGs were identified, and were all significantly down⁃regulated in each treatment group, which were involved in the neural cell adhesion molecule L1⁃like protein pathway, fibrinogen binding protein pathway, and leukocyte elastase inhibitor⁃like protein pathway. qRT⁃PCR assay quantified that the expression trends of four genes related to temperature and drought stress across different treatment groups were highly consistent with transcriptome sequencing data. Conclusion　The survival rate of B. globosus significantly reduces under combined stresses of extreme temperature and drought, possibly due to an imbalance in its cellular homeostasis regulatory system. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China⁃Africa cooperation for tropical diseases control: current status and future priorities LU Shenning, YANG Kun, QIAN Yingjun, WANG Duoquan, LÜ Shan, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2026, 38 (1): 1-7, 37.   Abstract （205）      PDF（pc） （1372KB）（480）       Knowledge map    Save Tropical diseases, the transmission of which is affected by multiple natural and social factors, pose a great challenge to global public health, notably in African countries. During the past several decades, China and African countries have continuously collaborated for the control of neglected tropical diseases and malaria, which has become an important part of global South⁃to⁃South cooperation and global health governance. This article reviews the history of China⁃Africa cooperation for tropical diseases control, summarizes the experiences and achievements over the past decade, analyzes the current challenges in the cooperation, and proposes future recommendations. The China⁃Africa cooperation has achieved significant progress in the control of tropical diseases, such as malaria, schistosomiasis, and filariasis, and established a China⁃Africa cooperation network for tropical diseases control. Through the "Three⁃Step" strategy of China⁃Africa cooperation, the effectiveness of China's integrated control strategies has been validated in Africa, and the application of China's tropical disease control technologies has been promoted in African disease⁃epidemic countries. Currently, China⁃Africa collaboration, however, still experiences multiple realistic challenges, such as insufficient resources, difficulty in technology transfer, and weak primary healthcare systems. In the future, both sides are recommended to further strengthen policy coordination, deepen technological cooperation, innovate cooperation models, aiming to continuously promote the high⁃quality development of China⁃Africa cooperation for tropical diseases control. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of research on the potential impacts of extreme climates on the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis PENG Yu, XUE Jingbo, LI Yinlong, ZHANG Lijuan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2026, 38 (1): 96-99, 108.   Abstract （205）      PDF（pc） （1047KB）（336）       Knowledge map    Save The frequent extreme climatic events post multifaceted impacts on the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in the context of global climate change. This article systematically reviews the effects of four types of extreme climatic events, including floods, droughts, heat waves, and cold waves, on the survival, reproduction, and distribution of Oncomelania hupensis. Floods may expand suitable snail habitats, and increase both emerging and re⁃emerging snail habitats; however, the impact of floods on O. hupensis density is characterized by a lag effect of a decline followed by a rise. Droughts may cause fragmentation of suitable O. hupensis snail habitats, reduced O. hupensis snail egg production rates, and increased O. hupensis snail mortality, and heat waves may cause an increase in O. hupensis snail mortality, a reduction in numbers of O. hupensis snail populations and shrinking of O. hupensis snail distribution, while cold waves may cause a reduction in O. hupensis snail density and a rise in O. hupensis snail mortality. Extreme climate events pose both short⁃ and long⁃term effects on the distribution of O. hupensis. Intensified surveillance of O. hupensis snails is required in high⁃risk environments. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Prevalence of parasite infections in murines in Dali City of Yunnan Province in 2023#br# SHEN Meifen, WANG Lifang, SONG Jing, LIU Yuhua, YANG Xun, LI Guizhen, YANG Ruowen, ZHANG Yun, SUN Jiayu, ZHANG Zongya, JIANG Hua, ZHOU Jihua, DU Chunhong, DONG Yi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2025, 37 (6): 646-649.   Abstract （202）      PDF（pc） （1111KB）（193）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the current prevalence of parasitic infections in murines captured from Dali City, so as to provide insights into improvements in the surveillance and control measures of human parasitic diseases in the city. Methods　 Seven natural villages were sampled from 4 townships in Dali City on November 2023, and murines were captured using murine traps in farmlands, grasslands and ditches neighboring the survey villages and characterized for species. Murines were sacrificed and dissected, and liver specimens were collected for detection of parasite eggs using microscopy. In addition, murine rectal feces were collected, and parasite eggs were identified in fecal samples using Kato⁃Katz technique, and Schistosoma japoninicum infection was detected using miracidial hateching test with nylon gauzes. Results　A total of 126 murines belonging to 12 species were captured, and Crocidura attenuata was the dominant species (34.92%, 44/126), followed by Eothenomys miletus (13.49%, 17/126) and Apodemus chevrier (13.49%, 17/126). A total of 17 murines representing 8 species were detected with parasitic infections, with an overall prevalence rate of 13.49% (17/126). Murine with parasitic infections were distributed in 4 natural villages, with the highest number of infections in C. attenuata (5), followed by in E. miletus (4). A total of 7 species of parasite eggs were detected in captured murines, and the highest prevalence of parasitic infections was seen in Schistosoma sinensium (5.56%, 7/126), followed by in Capillaria hepatica (3.17%, 4/126), S. japonicum (2.38%, 3/126), Strongyloides stercoralis (2.38%, 3/126), hookworm (2.38%, 3/126), Trichuris trichiura (1.59%, 2/126) and Hymenolepis nana (1.59%, 2/126). Mixed infections of S. japonicum, S. sinensium and C. hepatica were detected in one C. attenuata, one Rattus tanezumi and one R. norvegicus captured from the same natural village, with S. japonicum miracidia hatched from R. tanezumi fecal samples, and S. stercoralis and H. nana mixed infections were detected in one C. attenuata. Conclusions　The prevalence of parasitic infections was high in murines in Dali City in 2023, and the murine host animals are diverse and the species of parasites infecting murines are multiple, with a high risk of zoonotic transmission. Early warning and monitoring of parasitic infections, environmental improvements and murine control are recommended for integrated control of parasitic infections in murines. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）