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    24 June 2013, Volume 25 Issue 3
    Risk assessment and control measures for import of African schistosomiasis into China
    LIANG You-Sheng, WANG Wei, HONG Qing-Biao, DAI Jian-Rong
    2013, 25(3):  221. 
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    The habitats of Biomphalaria straminea,the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni,have been found in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Shenzhen City of People’ s Republic of China. Currently,there is a sharp increase in the number of Africa?aid projects and workers moving to Africa,and more and more cases infected with S. mansoni or S. haematobium returning from African countries have been detected in China. The possibility of transmission of African schistosomiasis in Chinese mainland,in the context of global climate warming,has received much attention. This paper illustrates the risk of transmission of African schistosomiasis in China based on biological and epidemiological features, and proposes interventions to tackle the risk.

    Toxicity of 50% ethanol salt powder of niclosamide on growth of silkworms
    WANG Ding-Hai, WANG Lin, ZHANG Zhi-Jian, LIU Shi-An, SHI Ying-Hong, LIU Chang-Di, XU Liang, MENG Xian-Hong, WU Zi-Song
    2013, 25(3):  225. 
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    Objective To observe the toxity of niclosamide on the growth of silkworms. Methods Mulberry leaves were soaked in the different concentrations of solution of 50% ethanol salt powder of niclosamide for 10 s or 3 min,and then the leaves were fed to silkworms. The death rates of silkworms and the weight of cocoons were observed. Normal feeding control groups were established. Results The death rates were 22.5%-85.0% and 56.0%-100% in the 10?s?soaked groups and 3?min groups,respec? tively,which were significantly higher than those in the control groups. Conclusion The 50% ethanol salt powder of niclosamide has a toxity for silkworm. Therefore,we should properly handle the relationship between the Oncomelania snail control and silk? worm breeding.
    Risk assessment of schistosomiasis transmission in earthquake-stricken areas after the Lushan Earthquake in Sichuan Province on April 20|2013
    ZHONG Bo, CHEN Lin, LIU Yang, WU Zi-Song, ZHU Hong-Qing, LIU Ding, XU Liang, ZHANG Yi, WANG Chao-Fu, XIE Ming-Kang, XU Jia, XIAO Zhi-Yong, QIU Dong-Chuan
    2013, 25(3):  226. 
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    Objective To assess the impact of the“4 ⋅ 20”Lushan Earthquake on the risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Lushan and Tianquan counties,so as to provide the evidence for formulating appropriate measures for schistosomiasis prevention and control. Methods Based on a comprehensive literature review,an analysis of schistosomiasis monitoring data in the earth? quake affected counties,and a field investigation,a rapid assessment on the impact of the earthquake on schistosomiasis was con? ducted. Results Lushan and Tianquan counties were two endemic areas of schistosomiasis with high transmission level in histo? ry,especially Lushan County where Oncomelania snail distribution/density was the highest in Sichuan Province. After the earth? quake,the streams and damaged ditches were blocked up,potentially leading to the spread of Oncomelania snails,and the dam? aged sanitary facilities may also lead to the release of excrement,contaminating the environment where snails resided. Meanwhile, the people who were relocated due to the earthquake may have higher exposures to contaminated environment. In addition,increas? ing population mobility(e.g. relief workers)also had the potential to bring infection sources in the earthquake affected areas. Fur? ther,animals,which may serve as reservoirs for the parasite such as homeless dogs,may also add the complexity of local schisto? somiasis transmission. Conclusions The epidemic risk of schistosomiasis in Lushan and Tianquan counties is high. To prevent the outbreak and epidemic of schistosomiasis,the victim settlements should be established appropriately and the excrement should be managed carefully. Meanwhile,the snail control should be carried out in the high? risk environments. The health education, monitoring, patient treatments and expanded chemotherapy should be carried out and strengthened.

    Establishment and application of rapid assessment system of environment with high transmission risk of schistosomiasis in marshland and lake regions I Establishment of an index system with Delphi method
    CAO Chun-Li, XU Jun-Fang, XU Jing, BAO Zi-Ping, GIA Tie-Wu, YU Qing, ZHU Rong, DANG Hui, ZHANG Li-Juan, ZHU Hong-Qing, LI Shi-Zhu, GUO Jia-Gang, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2013, 25(3):  232. 
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    Objective To establish an index system for rapid assessment of environment with high transmission risk of schis? tosomiasis in marshland and lake regions. Methods The alternative indices were established preliminarily by the documentary method,and then the Delphi method was used two rounds to select the indices and establish the index system. The degree of famil? iar and authority of the experts as well as the weights of all indices were assessed. Results A total of 3 primary indices namely morbidity in domestic animals,morbidity in humans and Oncomelania snail status were established,among which the weight of morbidity in domestic animals(0.68)was the highest. Totally 16 secondary indices were established,among which the combina? tive weights of the positive rate of wild feces(0.09),the infection rate of livestock(0.09),the infection rate of humans(0.07), the number of cases with acute schistosomiasis(0.07),the area with infected snails(0.07),and the density of infected snails (0.07)were the highest. The coefficients of familiar degree and authority degree of the experts of the primary indices were 0.79-0.85 and 0.88-0.91,and those of the secondary indices were 0.68-0.86 and 0.77-0.91,respectively. Conclusions The in? dex system for rapid assessment of environment with high transmission risk of schistosomiasis in marshland and lake regions is es?tablished preliminarily. Using this system,we can assess the key endemic indices of humans,domestic animals and snails to understand the endemic situation in the investigated sites.

    Bibliometric research on Chinese literatures published by five provincial institutes of schistosomiasis prevention and control in lake regions of China from 2002 to 2011
    WANG Ying, TAN Xiao-Dong, JIANG Bao-Jie
    2013, 25(3):  237. 
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    Objective To evaluate the status of the Chinese literatures published by the 5 institutes of schistosomiasis preven? tion and control in Hunan,Hubei,Jiangxi,Anhui,and Jiangsu provinces from 2002 to 2011. Methods All the Chinese litera? tures on schistosomiasis research published by the five provincial institutes of schistosomiasis prevention and control in lake re? gions of China from 2002 to 2011 were collected and analyzed by using the bibliometric software NoteExpress 2. Authors,jour? nals,published date,and study affiliations were captured. Results The number of the published literatures from 2002 to 2011 was 1 127 and the comprehensive influence index was 984.547 presenting an uptrend. Most of the papers were published in the Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control accounting for 50.5%,and the core authors based on Zhou,Liang,and Hong were formed. Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases was the first in all the statistical indexes. However,there existed an unbalanced phe? nomenon among the five provinces in the total status,author’ s information and the comprehensive influence index. Conclusions The number of the literatures increased steadily and the quality improved especially in Jiangsu Province. However,there exists an obvious imbalance in literature type distribution. The communication of scientific research is an urgent need in order to improve sci? entific research.
    Study of closed colony of Microtus fortis infected with Schistosoma japonicum
    CHENG Gang, ZENG Wen-Hu, WANG Jing-Ren, WANG Wen-Bin, LI Shu-Hong
    2013, 25(3):  242. 
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    Objective To understand the pathological changes of tissues and organs in Microtus fortis infected with Schistoso? ma japonicum for further insight into the biological dynamic variation and explore immune mechanisms of M. fortis against S. japoni? cum infection. Methods The healthy M. fortis and mouse were infected with cercariae of S. japonicum through abdominal skin. On the day 12,20 and 40,the M. fortis and mouse were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and dissected. The liver and kidney slic? es of M. fortis and mouse of the different groups were prepared and stained with hematoxylin eosin stain(HE)by conventional tech? niques,respectively. Results We did not find obvious lesions on the internal organs of mouse 12 d and 20 d after the infection and the lesions of M. fortis 40 d after the infection. However,white nodules appeared on the liver,kidney and spleen of the M. for? tis 12 d and 20 d after the infection,and there were a lot of S. japonicum worms on pathological sections of inflamed liver and kid? ney tissues,and the boundary between worms and normal organization was clear. There were no parasites on pathological section of liver and kidney of mouse 12 d and 20 d after the infection. Conclusion Among M. fortis,there are severe immune responses and the immune responses have an individual difference 12 days after S. japonicum infection.
    Preliminary evaluation of promoter regions of four Schistosoma japonicum genes for expressing a luciferase reporter
    LUO Rong, GUO Su-Xia, SHI Yao-Jun, CHENG Guo-Feng
    2013, 25(3):  246. 
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    Objective To evaluate the relevant promoter regions of four Schistosoma japonicum genes for expressing a lucifer? ase reporter. Methods The polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify the promoter regions of four S. japonicum genes and then each PCR product was cloned into a pGlu?Basic vector according to the standard molecular procedures. These recombi? nant plasmids were either transfected into human HEK293 cells by using lipofectamine or introduced into cultured schistosomes by electroporation. Then,the luciferase activities were measured by using a dual luciferase reporter system in a luminometer. Re? sults Each promoter region of four S. japonicum genes was obtained and the corresponding recombinant vector containing the pro? moter region was successfully constructed. The transfection of the recombinant plasmids into the human HEK293 cells and cul? tured schistosomes resulted in a significant elevation of the luciferase reporter activity. Conclusions The promoter regions of four S. japonicum genes are obtained and the luciferase reporter genes driven by the four promoter regions are preliminarily evaluated. The study provides a foundation for the usage of these promoters for genetic manipulation in S. japonicum.

    Expression of vascular growth factors in intestinal tissues in colorectal carcinoma patients with schistosomiasis japonica
    RUAN Shui-Liang, WANG Bo, LU Qi-Ming, DONG Lai-Rong, CAO Chen-Xi, XU Shui-Ling, SHEN Wen-Yan
    2013, 25(3):  250. 
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    Objective To investigate the differences of mRNA quantitation and protein expression of vascular growth factors including platelet?derived endothelial cell growth factor(PD?ECGF)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in intestinal tissues in colorectal carcinoma patients with and without schistosomiasis. Methods Thirty colorectal carcinoma patients with schistosomiasis and 30 colorectal carcinoma patients without schistosomiasis were included in this study. The mRNA quantitation and protein expression of PD?ECGF and VEGF in the normal tissue,peri?carcinoma tissue as well as carcinoma tissue obtained from surgical specimens were detected by qRT?PCR and Western blot. Results The mRNA relative quantitations of PD?ECGF in normal tissue,peri ?carcinoma tissue and carcinoma tissue in the colorectal carcinoma patients with schistosomiasis were 1.726, 1.766 and 2.729 times to those in the colorectal carcinoma patients without schistosomiasis,respectively. The corresponding ones of VEGF were 2.138,1.831 and 3.376 times,respectively. The protein expression levels of PD?ECGF and VEGF in normal tis? sue,peri?carcinoma tissue and carcinoma tissue were higher in the colorectal carcinoma patients with schistosomiasis than in the colorectal carcinoma patients without schistosomiasis. Conclusions The expressions of vascular growth factors including PD?EC? GF and VEGF are higher in the colorectal carcinoma patients with schistosomiasis than in the colorectal carcinoma patients without schistosomiasis. Therefore,schistosomiasis may be one of the risk factors of colorectal cancer.
    Prevalence of IgG antibodies specific to Toxoplasma gondii among college student blood donors in Shijiazhuang City
    XIN Lian-Fang, SONG Ren-Hao
    2013, 25(3):  254. 
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    Objective To understand the epidemiological status of Toxoplasma gondii infection among blood donors in col? lege students in Shijiazhuang City,China. Methods The blood samples were collected from the students in 4 universities and healthy adults in Shijiazhuang City,and the IgG antibodies specific to T. gondii were detected by using ELISA. Results The sera of 864 blood donors(422 males and 442 females)and 95 healthy adults were collected and checked for the IgG antibody titers against T. gondii. The positive rates of IgG antibody specific to T. gondii were 5.1% and 7.4% in college student blood donors and healthy adults,respectively(P<0.05) . The positive rates were not significantly different between the sexes(5.0% for the male and 5.2% for the female in blood donors of college students)and among the different universities(P>0.05) . Conclusion For the higher positive rates of IgG antibody specific to T. gondii,it should be necessary to control T. gondii infection in blood donors in college students.

    Mollusicidal effects of some species of plants in hilly and mountainous areas
    JIANG Jun-Ming, YANG Lin, FEI Shi-Min, MO Kai-Lin, SUN Qi-Xiang
    2013, 25(3):  255. 
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    Objective To valuate the mollusicidal effects of some plants cultivated in the hilly and mountainous areas on On? comelania hupensis and screen the plants against O. hupensis snails. Methods The mollusicidal effects of water extracts of plant materials were tested in laboratory. Result The LC50 of all the species in 24 h,48 h,and 120 h reached the middle noxious level against O. hupensis snails. According to the taxis of LC50 (s)in 120 h,Eucalyptus camaldulensis was best with a LC50 of 0.013%, and Ailanthus altissima,Zanthoxylum bungeanum,Juglans regia,Melia azedarach,Nerium indicum,Pterocarva stenobtera,Cin? namomum camphora,Vetiveria zizanioides,and Citrus reticulata were the second with LC50 (s)between 0.020% and 0.370%,and Zingiber officinale had a lower effect on snail control with a LC50 of above 0.500%. There was a correlation between the death rate of snails and soak time. Conclusion The resources of snail?restrained plants are very abundant,and four plants,such as Euca? lyptus camaldulensis, Ailanthus altissima,Cinnamomum camphora,and Vetiveria zizanioides have some mollusicidal effect.
    Epidemic situation and control strategy of imported malaria in Hubei Province from 2006 to 2011
    LI Kai-Jie, HUANG Guang-Quan, ZHANG Hua-Xun, LIN Wen, DONG Xiao-Rong, PI Qi, PEI Su-Jian, HU Le-Qun
    2013, 25(3):  259. 
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    Objective To understand the characteristics of imported malaria in Hubei Province so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategy. Methods The data of all imported malaria cases from 2006?01 to 2011?07 were retrospectively analyzed,and at the same time,the imported malaria cases since 2010 were interviewed through telephone and the cases since 2011?05 were interviewed face to face. All data were analyzed with EpiInfo. Results There were 195 imported malaria cases from 2006?01?01 to 2011?07?07,and there was a rising trend but there was no obvious difference among seasons. The interval between the disease onset and diagnosis was shorter in high educated people than low educated people(χ2 =10.93, P < 0.01)and in the severe cases than the slight cases(χ2 =4.58,P < 0.05) . The severe rates of malaria cases were 70.4% and 82.9% in the low educated group and the high educated group,respectively(χ2 = 7.02,P < 0.01) . Non?condition regression analysis showed that there were three influence factors which affected severe malaria,including whether or not self?treatment in? stead of seeing doctor when being fever;whether or not having health education before going abroad;whether or not considering malaria of the initial diagnosis doctor. Conclusion It is very important to strengthen the personnel abroad malaria health educa? tion,the malaria blood smear microscopic inspection in medical institutions,and the initial diagnosis doctor’ s awareness on malar? ia.

    Deltamethrin resistance|metabolic detoxification enzyme and kdr mutation in Anopheles sinensis in region along Huaihe River in Anhui Province
    CHANG Xue-Lian, XUE Yu-Qin, ZHANG An-Dong, ZHU Guo-Ding, FANG Qiang
    2013, 25(3):  263. 
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    Objective To understand the deltamethrin resistance level,GTS and P450 metabolic detoxification enzyme activ? ities,and mutations in the para?type sodium channel gene that confers knockdown resistance(kdr)in Anopheles sinensis mosqui? toes from malaria endemic areas along the Huaihe River in Anhui Province,China. Methods An. sinensis adult mosquitoes were collected in Lilou,Mohekou and Tuohu townships of Bengbu City,Anhui Province from August to September,2011. The insecti? cide resistance bioassays were performed on adult mosquitoes by using the standard WHO susceptibility test with diagnostic con? centrations of deltamethrin 0.05%,and the mosquito resistance status was classified based on the WHO resistance classification criteria. The metabolic detoxification enzyme activities were measured in randomly selected mosquitoes,and the IIS6 region of the para?type sodium channel gene was amplified by PCR and sequenced to detect mutations at the codon 1014. Results The knock? down rates within 60 min exposure to deltamethrin test paper were 4.1%,7.0% and 8.2%,and the mortality rates were 8.2%, 12.0% and 12.8% for mosquitoes collected from Lilou,Mohekou and Tuohu townships,respectively. These three populations were classified as highly resistant populations based on the WHO resistance classification criteria. The GST and P450 enzyme activities of the three populations were significantly higher than those of the susceptible laboratory population(P < 0.001) . L1014C and L1014F mutations were detected,and the wild type homozygote kdr genotype was not found. These three populations exhibited a small but insignificant difference in kdr allele frequencies. No mutation was found in the laboratory susceptible mosquitos. Conclu? sions The An. sinensis mosquito populations from the regions along the Huaihe River in Anhui Province are strongly resistant to pyrethroid insecticides,and exhibit significantly higher metabolic detoxification enzyme activities than the laboratory susceptible population. The high frequency of kdr mutation is identified in the mosquito populations from the region along the Huaihe River in Anhui Province,China.

    Correlation between soil-transmitted nematode infections and children’s growth
    WANG Xiao-Bing, WANG Guo-Fei, ZHANG Lin-Xiu, LUO Ren-Fu, WANG Ju-Jun, Alexis Medina, Karen Eggleston, Scott Rozelle, Scott Smith
    2013, 25(3):  268. 
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    Objective To understand the infection status of soil?transmitted nematodes in southwest China and the correla? tion between soil?transmitted nematode infections and children’ s growth. Methods The prevalence of soil?transmitted nematode infections was determined by Kato?Katz technique,and in part of the children,the examination of Enterobius vermicularis eggs was performed by using the cellophane swab method. The influencing factors were surveyed by using a standardized questionnaire. The relationship between soil?transmitted nematode infections and children’ s growth was analyzed by the ordinary least square(OLS) method. Results A total of 1 707 children were examined,with a soil?transmitted nematode infection rate of 22.2%. The results of OLS analysis showed that there existed the negative correlation between soil?transmitted nematode infections and the indexes of children’ s growth including BMI,the weight?for?age Z score and height?for?age Z score. Furthermore,other correlated variables included the age,gender,educational level of mother and raising livestock and poultry,etc. Conclusions Children’ s retarda? tion is still a serious issue in the southwest poor areas of China and correlated with the infections of soil?transmitted nematodes. For improving children’ s growth,it is greatly significant to enhance the deworming and health education about parasitic diseases in mothers.
    Diagnosis and treatment of one case of imported schistosomiasis haematobia
    HUA Hai-Yong, CAO Guo-Qun
    2013, 25(3):  274. 
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    The therapeutic process of one case of schistosomiasis haematobia indicates that the health education should be strengthened between both doctors and patients,so as to reduce the rates of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. The serum immu? nological diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica is helpful in the diagnosis and treatment evaluation of schistosomiasis haematobia, and praziquantel treatment is efficient, but more cases are needed to be summarized for the sake of fair use.
    Geographic distribution and gene sequencing of Paragonimus westermani in some areas of Guangdong Province
    LIU Yu-Yun, LIU Qiao, TANG Gao-Xin, SHEN Hao-Xian, ZHONG Jian-Xin, XIE Quan-Chao, FU Guang-Hua, CHEN Yu-Lian, LI Hao-Bin, HE Hai-Feng
    2013, 25(3):  275. 
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    Objective To investigate the current distribution of Paragonimus westermani in Guangdong Province. Method Snails and crabs collected from mountain streams in regional survey sites were dissected to detect cercarial and metacercarial infec? tions of P. westermani. Domestic cats and dogs artificially infected with the collected metacercariae were also dissected to detect adult worms of P. westermani. The COI and ITS2 gene sequences of those adult worms were compared with those of known Paragon? imus specimen deposited in the GenBank. Results All of the first intermediate hosts in five survey sites of Liangkou,Nankun, Mountain,Dadong,Muxi,Guowu,were identified as Semisulcospira libertina,whose cercariae infection rates were 0.33%, 0.15%,0.058%,0.10%,and 0.05%,respectively;the second intermediate hosts in above five sites were all identified as Sino? potamon denticulatum,whose metacercariae infection rates were 100%,100%,38.09%,55.36%,and 65.26%,respectively. The numbers of metacercariae in the five sites were 79.4,105.66,9.16,16.18,and 15.6 per positive crab,respectively,and 11.12,7.87,0.58,0.69,and 0.85 per gram of crab,respectively. All the metacercariae were identical to those of P. westermani. Adult worms and eggs of P. westermani were found in both reservoir hosts of domestic cats and dogs infected artificially. By compar?ing the COI genes of five representative samples from each survey site with that of Paragonimus #AF219379.21,AF540958.1 from GenBank,we found out the homology to be 99%,99%,99%,98%,and 99%,respectively. In addition,a comparison of the ITS2 gene sequences between the above five samples and Paragonimus #DQ836243.1,DQ351845.1,AB354217.1 from Gen? Bank revealed 98%,99%,98%,98%,and 98% gene homology,respectively. Conclusion Two ultra?high and three high en? demic areas of P. westermani are discovered in Guangdong Province. No obvious differences were found among the types of P. wes? termani in the above five endemic areas.

    Effect of radix sophorae flavescentis(RSF) mixture on mast cells in jejunal mucosa of mice infected by Cryptosporidium
    JI Rui, CUI Wei, LIANG Rui-Wen, GUAN Zhi-Yu, LI Rui-Fang
    2013, 25(3):  280. 
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    Objective To elucidate the role of mast cells(MC)activation in the jejunal mucous membrane in the pathogene? sis of cryptosporidiosis(CPS)and explore the mechanism of prevention and treatment of radix sophorae flavescetis (RSF)mixture on CPS. Methods A total of 30 healthy male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a normal control group,CPS model con? trol group and RSF mixture experimental group. The mice of CPS model were inoculated intragastrically with 1×105 Cryptosporidi? um oocyst (CSO) . The mice in the RSF mixture experimental group were treated with inoculation of RSF mixture(0.2 ml doses) twice one week for three weeks continuously after CPS models were established. Pathological changes of the jejunal mucosa mem? brane were observed by a light microscope. The MCs were stained by toluidine blue,the number of mast cells was recorded and the changes of degranulation were observed. Results The HE staining showed inflammatory pathological changes in the jejunal muco? sa membrane of the CPS model control group. After three?week treatment of RSF mixture,the small intestine epithelium was inte? grated on the whole. The toluidine blue stain showed the number of mast cell in submucosa and muscular layer of the jejunal mu? cous membrane increased significantly in the model control group(12.80±0.84)compared with those of the normal control group (1.60±0.89) (P <0.01)and an obvious degranulation was seen in the CPS model control group. The number of mast cells of the mice in the RSF mixture experimental group decreased significantly(P < 0.01)and the number(2.00±0.71)and morphous were closed to the normal after administration for three weeks. Conclusions MC activation is involved in the intestinal inflammatory re? sponse caused by Cryptosporidium. RSF mixture could decline the number of MC,inhibit the activation and degranulation of MC in the jejunal mucosa membrane of CPS mice to reduce inflammation and repair the damaged intestinal mucosa,which may realize the purpose of treatment of CPS.

    Effect comparison between two ELISA kits in IgG antibody detection of Echinococcus granulosus
    CHU Yan-Hong, CAI Yu-Chun, AI Lin, LU Yan, ZHANG Jia, CHEN Jia-Xu
    2013, 25(3):  284. 
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    Objective To compare the effects of two ELISA kits on IgG antibody detection of human Echinococcus granulo? sus. Methods A Total of 134 sera of patients with echinococcosis,paragonimiasis westermani,clonorchiasis sinensis,schistoso? miasis japonica,and cysticercosis cellulosae,and normal persons were detected by two IgG ELISA kits produced by different com? panies. Furthermore,the specificity,sensitivity and cross reactivity were counted and analyzed statistically. Results The sensi? tivity and specificity were extremely high of the two kits as 100.00%. The cross?reactivity rates were 25.00%(paragonimiasis wes? termani),26.09%(clonorchiasis sinensis),10.00%(schistosomiasis japonica),and 87.5%(cysticercosis),respectively,by us? ing the kit produced by the Combined Company in Shenzhen;the cross?reactivity rates were 5.00%(paragonimiasis westermani), 13.04%(clonorchiasis sinensis),20.00%(schistosomiasis japonica),and 93.75%(cysticercosis)respectively,by using the kit produced by Haitai Company in Zhuhai. In addition,there was a significant difference of Paragonimus westermani detection(P < 0.05),but the rests had no statistically significant differences(all P > 0.05)between the two kits. Conclusion Both ELISA kits on IgG antibody detection of human Echinococcus granulosus have the advantages of a high sensitivity,specificity,convenience and high?speed. However,it is also in urgent need to further solve the cross?reactivity of Echinococcus granulosus with other para? sites,in order to improve the accuracy of early diagnosis.

    Prediction of hookworm incidence with time-series model in Jiangsu Province
    JIANG Wen-Cai, JIN Xiao-Lin, CHEN Ming-Xue, CAO Han-Jun, XU Xiang-Zhen
    2013, 25(3):  287. 
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    Objective To explore the feasibility of autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)to predict the infec? tion rates of hookworm in Jiangsu Province. Methods From 1990 to 2006,the infection rates of hookworm were used for a train? ing data set. As to obtain a stationary data set,the training data set was second?order differenced using the version SAS 9.0. The model parameters were screened by using the minimum information criterion. The ARIMA model was constructed to predict the in? fect rates of hookworm form 2007 to 2011. Results The time?series model ARIMA(1,2,0)was confirmed preliminarily. The model fitted well the training data set. The predictive infection rates were main accordance with the actual status of hookworm from 2007 to 2011,and the most minimum error was only 9.23%. Conclusion The model constructed has a good predictive effect and applied value for control of hookworm.

    Effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures with focus on buffalo and sheep removal in Anxiang County
    LI Xiao-Song, LI Fei-Yue, ZHU Shao-Ping, ZHOU Yi-Biao, YI Ping, LUO Zhi-Hong, REN Guang-Hui, LI Yi-Yi, TANG Ling, JIANG Qing-Wu
    2013, 25(3):  291. 
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    Objective To understand the effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures with focus on buffalo and sheep removal in Anxiang City,Dongting Lake area. Methods The data of buffalo and sheep removal,routine schistosomiasis control measures such as disease detection and treatment,Oncomelania snail survey and control,as well as health education were collected and analyzed in Anxiang County,Hunan Province from 2004 to 2012. Results The schistosome infection rates of peo? ple,domestic animals and snails decreased from 11.23%,17.06% and 1.07% in 2004 when the comprehensive measures had not been implemented to 0.58%,0 and 0 in 2012,respectively. The average density of infected snails decreased from 0.003 4 snails/0.1 m2 to 0. Conclusion The comprehensive control measures with focus on buffalo and sheep removal are significantly ef? fective,and can control the transmission of schistosomiasis in marshland and lake regions.
    Effect of control interventions for intestinal nematodiasis in areas with low prevalence in Changzhou City
    WANG Yun-Hua, WANG Jian-Ming
    2013, 25(3):  293. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of control interventions for intestinal nematodiasis in areas with low prevalence, so as to explore the effective measures for the control of intestinal nematode infections in Changzhou City,Jiangsu Province,Chi? na. Methods The residents in Wujin,Jintan,Tianning districts were selected as monitor subjects and the infections of intestinal nematodes were investigated with Kato?Katz technique or the transparent tape anal swab method. The results were analyzed statisti? cally and the cost?effectiveness was also analyzed. Results A total of 26 966 people were investigated and the total infection rate of intestinal nematodes was 0.37%(99/26 966) . The infection rates of the local residents and floating population were 0.31% (63/20 267)and 0.55%(37/6 699),respectively,and the former was lower the latter(P < 0.01);the infection rates of urban res? idents and rural residents were 0.29%(44/15 328)and 0.47%(55/11 638), respectively,and the former was lower than the latter (P < 0.05) . The 3 jurisdictions used different interventions,and the costs of 1% infection rate drop were 15.9 yuan/thousand peo? ple in Wujin District,1.9 yuan/thousand people in Jintan District,and 1.7 yuan/thousand people in Tianning District. The cost in Jintan was lower than that in Wujin,but the infection rate drop in Jintan was more than that in Wujin. Conclusion The floating population as well as the rural residents is still the focus and difficulty of the intestinal nematodiasis control. The deworming and health education are the main interventions in the key population.
    Effect of schistosomiasis comprehensive control in Linxiang City, 2004-2012
    AI Zhi-Yong
    2013, 25(3):  296. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis comprehensive control in Linxiang City. Methods The data of the endemic situation and control measures of schistosomiasis in Linxiang City from 2004 to 2012 were collected and analyzed, so as to assess the effect of schistosomiasis comprehensive control. Results Since 2005,a total of 14 610 household latrines im? proved,9 782 biogas pools were built,40.65 km river and river banks were protected,809 cattle were eliminated,23.30 hm2 pond were dug,15.18 km ditches were hardened,18.10 hm2 land were polished,more than 20 safe drinking water projects were constructed,and the beneficiary population reached 68 400 people. The human and cattle infection rate reduced from 2.07% and 3.95% in 2004 to 0.46% and 1.35% in 2012,with reduction rates of 77.78% and 65.82%,respectively. The living Oncomelania snail density and snail infection rate showed an overall decline tendency,which reduced from 0.114 4 snails/0.1 m2 and 0.19% in 2004 to 0.0 056 snails/0.1 m2 and 0 in 2012,with reduction rates of 95.10% and 100%,respectively. Conclusion The promo? tion and implementation of the schistosomiasis comprehensive control measures with emphasis on control of the source of infection control is the key to further expand the achievements of schistosomiasis control in Linxiang City.

    Surveillance of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site in Jiangling County from 2005 to 2011
    LIU Xiong, LIU Jun, LI Xia, CHEN Mei, DONG Li-Chun, MA Nian, CUI Cai-Xia, WEN Xiao-Hong, XIE Xiao-Ping, ZHANG Hua-Ming
    2013, 25(3):  299. 
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    Objective To understand the dynamics of schistosomiasis japonica in a national surveillance site in Jiangling County,Hubei Province,China,so as to provide the evidence for formulating the intervention strategy of schistosomiasis control in the whole county. Methods The surveillance was performed in the surveillance village according to The National Surveillance Scheme of Schistosomiasis japonica,and the results were analyzed statistically from 2005 to 2011. Results The schistosome infec? tion rates in residents and cattle decreased from 1.83% and 11.67% in 2005 to 0.91% and 0 in 2011,respectively. The density of living Oncomelania hupensis snails,the density of infected snails,and the infection rate of snails decreased from 4.02/0.1 m2 , 0.014 5/0.1 m2 ,and 0.36% in 2005 to 0.70/0.1 m2 ,0.000 3/0.1 m2 ,and 0.04% in 2011,respectively. Conclusions The trans? mission of schistosomiasis in the surveillance site shows a gradually decreasing trend year by year,but the prevalence is still not stable. Therefore,the comprehensive interventions with the main effort for the infectious source control still need to be strengthened.
    Parasitological characteristics, epidemiological and clinical features, and current control approaches for three major kinds of human schistosomiasis
    XU Xiao-Lin, ZHU Rong, ZHANG Li-Juan, GUO Jia-Gang
    2013, 25(3):  302. 
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    Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease,which could do serious damage to the people’ s health,and it hinders the de? velopment of the social economy but may be neglected. After a positive control,some countries and regions have blocked the spread of schistosomiasis. However,in the past few years,with the development of social economy,due to the global movement of people,schistosomiasis not only poses a threat to control areas,but also may cause new endemic areas. This article reviews the parasitological characteristics,clinical manifestations,epidemiological situation,and control approaches of three major kinds of human schistosomiasis,schistosomiasis japonica, schistosomiasis haematobia, and schistosomiasis mansoni.

    Current situation of endemic status, prevention and control of neglected zoonotic diseases in China
    LIU Lu, ZHU Hong-Ru, YANG Guo-Jing
    2013, 25(3):  307. 
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    Neglected zoonotic diseases not only threaten the health of human,especially to the livestock keepers in poverty? stricken areas but also cause great economic losses to the animal husbandry. This paper reviews the current situation of the endem? ic status,prevention and control of neglected zoonotic diseases existing in China including rabies,bovine tuberculosis,brucello? sis,anthrax,leptospirosis,echinococcosis,cysticercosis,leishmaniasis and fascioliasis,so as to provide the basic information for better controlling, even eliminating,the neglected zoonotic diseases in China.
    Research progress on malaria vector control
    ZHU Guo-Ding, CAO Jun, ZHOU Hua-Yun, GAO Qi
    2013, 25(3):  312. 
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    Vector control plays a crucial role in the stages of malaria control and elimination. Currently,it mainly relies on the chemical control methods for adult mosquitoes in malaria endemic areas,however,it is undergoing the serious threat by insecti? cide resistance. In recent years,the transgenic technologies of malaria vectors have made a great progress in the laboratory. This paper reviews the challenges of the traditional methods and the rapid developed genetic modified technology in the application of vector control.
    Progress in application of genetic control of mosquitoes
    WANG Hai-Fang, DAI Yu-Hua, GONG Mao-Qing
    2013, 25(3):  316. 
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    With the specific,environmental?friendly,fast and efficient characteristics,the genetic control of mosquitoes has been preliminary shown a good effect. However,the prejudices and misunderstandings to the genetic control limit its populariza? tion and application. Therefore,in order to re?recognize and take full advantage of this method,the recent progresses towards ap? plying the genetic control of mosquitoes are reviewed.
    Molluscicidal effect and cost-effectiveness of suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide in the field in Honghu City
    HONG Min
    2013, 25(3):  320. 
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    Objective To assess the molluscicidal effect and cost?effectiveness of suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide(MNSC)in the field,so as to evaluate the possibility of popularization and application value. Methods 26% MNSC and 50% wettable powder of niclosamide(WPN)were used for Oncomelania snail control with the spraying method in the field, and the 15?d molluscicidal effects and costs were investigated. Results Fifteen days after the spraying,in the beach of Dongjing River,the snail death rates of MNSC and WPN were 89.40% and 88.08%,respectively,and the density reduction rates of MNSC and WPN were 92.35% and 91.67%,respectively. In the marshland of Honghu Lake,the snail death rates of MNSC and WPN were 86.59% and 87.01%,respectively,and the density reduction rates of MNSC and WPN were 90.05% and 91.71%,respective? ly. There was no significant difference in the molluscicidal effect between two drugs(P > 0.05) . The cost of MNSC used in 100 m2 was 15.03 Yuan,while the cost of WPN used in 100 m2 was 16.29 Yuan. Conclusion MNSC has high molluscicidal efficacy, low cost and low impact on environments,which possesses of popularization and application value in the field.
    Simulation experiment of survival and reproduction of artificially imported Oncomelania snails in Qingpu District, Shanghai
    TIAN Jian-Guo, LI Gui-Fu, LI Jun, ZHANG Xiao-Ping, JIN Yan-Jun, CAI Li, PENG Li-Xia, XU Hai-Yan, XU Rui-Fang
    2013, 25(3):  322. 
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    Objective To understand the survival of imported Oncomelania snails in new environments with different densi? ties in waterway net region,Qingpu District,Shanghai. Methods The snails collected from Guichi,Anhui Province were put in? to the ponds of 4 square meters and each had 25,50,100,200,400 and 800 pairs of snails, respectively. During the next 2 years,the temperature,humidity,the activities of snails and their second birth snails were investigated each day. All the data were analyzed statistically. Results The highest number of snails appeared from May to June on the surface of soils in different densities. The average numbers of snails were 2.0%-12.7% of whole put in snails,and the numbers of offspring were less than 2% of the whole put in snails. Conclusion The survival and reproduction of artificially imported Oncomelania snails from Guichi, Anhui Province is not good in Qingpu District, Shanghai.

    Clinical analysis of 91 cases of imported falciparum malaria from Africa
    WANG Zhong-Lei, WANG Yu-Ru, FU Ting-Xia, MAO De-Hua
    2013, 25(3):  324. 
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    Objective To explore the clinical characteristics,early diagnosis,and treatment of patients with imported falci? parum malaria from Africa. Methods The clinical data of 91 imported falciparum malaria cases were analyzed by retrospective study. Results All the 91 cases had the history of mosquito bites. The clinical manifestation of these cases varied,including fe? ver,headache,chill,diarrhea,anemia,thrombocytopenia,proteinuria,damage of liver function,abdominal ultrasonographic presentations(enlarged liver and spleen) . All the patients were successfully treated with the combination therapy of artemether and primaquine. Conclusion The key procedures for treating imported falciparum malaria are earlier diagnosis and effective ther? apy. The combination therapy with artemether and primaquine shows a high efficacy and low side effect and low relapsed rate.

    Relationship between schistosome serum test positive rate of residents and positive rate of Oncomelania snails in a national schistosomiasis surveillance site of Jiangling County
    CHEN Mei, ZHANG Hua-Ming, LIU Xiong, LIU Jun, DAI Yu-Hai, XU Jun-Fang, PENG Xiao-Wu
    2013, 25(3):  326. 
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    Objective To explore the relationship between schistosome serum test positive rate of residents and positive rate of Oncomelania snails in a national schistosomiasis surveillance site of Jiangling County. Methods According to the national schistosomiasis monitoring scheme,the data of surveillance including the schistosome serum test positive rates of residents and positive rates of Oncomelania snails from 2005 to 2011 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results From 2005 to 2011, the schistosome serum test positive rates of residents were 26.09%,11.84%,10.37%,10.09%,12.08%,9.61%,and 6.00%,re? spectively;the schistosome positive rates of Oncomelania snails were 0.36%,0.08%,0.15%,0.129%,0.067%,0.091%,and 0.045%,respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between them(r = 0.929,P < 0.01) . Conclusion There is a positive correlation between schistosome serum test positive rate of residents and positive rate of Oncomelania snails. Therefore, we should strengthen the snail control.
    Detection of four parasitic infections using ELISA
    TONG De-Sheng, LIU Yi-Xin, TANG Feng
    2013, 25(3):  327. 
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    Objective To study the detection effects of ELISA for the infections of Cysticercus,Echinococcosus,Paragoni? mus westermani and Sparganum mansoni in order to improve diagnosis. Methods The patients who admitted to Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases from 2008 to 2001 were selected as the subjects and their sera were detected for IgG against Cysticercus,Echi? nococcosus,and Paragonimus westermani from January 2008 to March 2011,and IgG against Sparganum mansoni since June, 2011 by ELISA. Results A total of 282 cases were detected,and 88 of them were found one or two positive results,and the total positive rate was 31.2%. There were 39,2,21,and 3 cases of positive IgG of Cysticercus,Echinococcosus,Paragonimus wester? mani and Sparganum mansoni,respectively. There were 15 cases of positive IgG to both Cysticercus and Echinococcosus;there were 5 cases of positive IgG to both Cysticercus and Paragonimus westermani;there were 3 cases of positive IgG to both Echinococ? cosus and Paragonimus westermani. The cross reactions occurred in 23 serum samples among 88 positive samples with a cross reac? tion rate of 26.1%. Conclusion There still exist a certain number of patients with parasitic diseases,and the cross reaction may occur in the detection process of IgG to Cysticercus, Echinococcosus,Paragonimus westermani and Sparganum mansoni by ELISA.