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    15 August 2013, Volume 25 Issue 4
    Strategic thinking of the construction of national schistosomiasis laboratory network in China
    QIN Zhi-Jiang, HU Jing, FENG Ting, CHU Gong-Qiang, LI Dan-Zhu, XIAO Ning, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2013, 25(4):  329. 
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    A schistosomiasis laboratory network and its quality assurance system have been built and will be more and more perfect in China. This paper introduces the present situation of schistosomiasis diagnosis in China and expounds the basic ideas and the progress in the construction of schistosomiasis network platform. Furthermore,the face of schistosomiasis diagnosis net? work platform construction and operation of the challenge and the future work will be put forward in the latter part of this paper.
    Health education for major parasitic diseases in rural community of China: current status and future development
    ZHANG Jing, LIN Dan-Dan
    2013, 25(4):  333. 
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    Owing to human parasitic diseases being related to behavior,the health education as an important measure to pre? vent parasite infections through human behavior intervention,has played an important role in the process of parasitic disease pre? vention and control in rural area of China. This paper comments on the development history of the health education for parasitic dis? ease prevention and control,current intervention modes and the effect of the health education for parasitic diseases in rural area. This paper also summarizes the role and impact of different modes of the health education for parasitic disease prevention and con? trol and gives some suggestions to future development of the health education in rural area under current prevalent situation of para? sitic diseases.
    Studies on impact of Water Conservancy Project of Poyang Lake on schistosomiasis transmission Ⅰ Impact of water level regulation schemes of project on Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats
    CHEN Hong-Gen, LIN Dan-Dan, ZENG Xiao-Jun, HANG Chun-Qin, MA Wei, GU Xiao-Nan, LV Shang-Biao, LI Zhao-Jun, LIU Hong-Yun, CHEN Yi-Yang
    2013, 25(4):  337. 
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    Objective To investigate the impact of the Water Conservancy Project of Poyang Lake after operation on Oncome? lania hupensis snail habitats in 10 counties(cities or districts)around Poyang Lake. Methods The data of the distribution,num? bers,areas,elevation and slope,etc. of snail infested marshlands on upstream of the project site in Poyang Lake were investigated and collected. Accordingly,the status of the submerged and flooding areas of the marshlands were analyzed and calculated respec? tively in the case that the project ran by different water regulation schemes at 14,13,12 m and 11 m levels. Results In accor? dance with the regulation and storage preset programs at 14,13,12 and 11m water levels,the number and its areas of submerged marshlands,from downstream to upstream in Poyang Lake,in turn decreased. Under the condition of the regulation at the 14 m wa? ter level,the numbers of completely submerged and partially submerged marshlands as well as the submerged areas were account? ed for 32.9%,51.4% and 60.3% of the whole marshlands,respectively. At the 13 m water level regulation,they were 9.8%, 46.8% and 1.9% respectively. At the 11 m level,only part of 4 marshlands were flooded,which were accounted for only 0.5% of the total number of marshlands and 0.2% of whole areas of the marshlands. Conclusions The Water Conservancy Project of Poy? ang Lake may create a condition for eliminating snails through water flooding. If implementing regulation at the 14 m level for two or three consecutive years,60.3% of snail habits could realize the snail?free objective. However,if implementing the 11 m or 10 m water level regulation,there will be little impact on areas of snail habitats and the snail distribution in the Poyang Lake region from the point of view of“marshlands flooding” . The impacts on marshlands in different counties might differ due to the location and ele? vation.
    Evaluation of comprehensive measures with emphasis on schistosomiasis infectious source control at embankment level
    WU Jin-Yi, ZHOU Yi-Biao, LI Lin-Han, ZHENG Sheng-Bang, ZHU Shao-Ping, YI Ping, REN Guang-Hui, SONG Xiu-Xia, JIANG Qing-Wu
    2013, 25(4):  343. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effects of comprehensive measures with emphasis on schistosomiasis infectious source control at the embankment level. Methods The comprehensive measures with emphasis on schistosomiasis infectious source con? trol were carried out,and the data of human and Oncomelania snail infection rates were collected and analyzed statistically at em? bankment levels. Results In Anbao Embankment,except the other comprehensive measures were performed,2606 buffaloes were removed. The infection rates of residents reduced from 8.04% before the intervention to 0.7% after the intervention,and the infection rates of snails reduced from 0.56% to 0.05%. In Anli Embankment,535 buffaloes were removed. In the third year after the intervention,the infection rates of residents reduced from 5.87% to 1.09%,and the infection rates of snails reduced from 0.17% to 0.07%. In Anzao Embankment,62 buffaloes were removed. In the second year after the intervention,the infection rates of residents reduced from 2.67% to 0.39%,and the infection rates of snails reduced from 1.12% to 0.00%. In Anchang Embank? ment,the buffaloes were not removed. The human infection rates reduced from 1.76% before the intervention to 1.23% after the in? tervention. Conclusion The comprehensive measures with emphasis on schistosomiasis infectious source control,especially the buffalo’ s removal,are effective in the control of schistosome infection rates of residents and snails.
    Assessment and analysis of risks of realizing schistosomiasis transmission control in Jiangxi Province
    LIN Dan-Dan, GU Xiao-Nan, CHEN Zhe, ZENG Xiao-Jun, LIU Hong-Yun, LI Zhao-Jun, JIANG Wei-Sheng, LV Shang-Biao, GAO Zu-Lu, CHEN Hong-Gen
    2013, 25(4):  348. 
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    Objective To evaluate the situation of realizing schistosomiasis transmission control in Jiangxi Province. Meth? ods The situation of reaching the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission control was evaluated by using the method of field sur? veys combined with retrospective investigations. Results The schistosome infection in human was kept at a stable low level,and the infection rate in residents was below 1% in 90.24% (536/594) of whole epidemic controlled villages. There were 45 spots with schistosome infected Oncomelania hupensis snails in 38 pieces of marshland. The epidemic situation in livestock showed less opti? mistic than that in human,and the infection rate in bovine was higher than 1% in 19.87%(118/594)of the whole epidemic con? trolled villages. Conclusions Currently,the prevalence of schistosomiasis is at a low level in 9 infection?controlled counties of Ji? angxi Province. More favorable situation has emerged to the realization of schistosomiasis transmission control. However,it is nec? essary to strengthen the infectious sources control with emphasis on bovine so as to achieve the goal of transmission control in whole province in 2015.

    Application of space-time scan statistics in early warning of distribution of schistosome infected Oncomelania hupensis snails
    GAO Feng-Hua, ZHANG Shi-Qing, HE Jia-Chang, WANG Tian-Ping, ZHANG Gong-Hua, LI Ting-Ting
    2013, 25(4):  353. 
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    Objective To explore the application of space?time scan statistics in the early warning of distribution of schisto? some infected Oncomelania hupensis snails. Methods The data of distribution of infected snails in Anhui Province from 2006 to 2012 were collected, and a spatial database was established by ArcGIS 9.3. The prospective spatial?temporal cluster analysis was done by SaTscan 9.1.1 at the village level. Results Four space?time clusters,which were distributed over the Yangtze River and its branch rivers,were detected. Conclusion The space?time scan statistics could detect the distribution of infected snails early, and the space?time clusters found were the key and difficult points of schistosomiasis control in Anhui Province.
    Short-term effect of black film covering on Oncomelania hupensis snail control in marshland and lake regions
    ZHENG Sheng-Bang, ZHOU Yi-Biao, LI Lin-Han, WU Jin-Yi, YAO Bao-Dong, ZHU Shao-Ping, WEI Cheng-Jian, LI Fu-Ping, HU Ben-Jiao, REN Guang-Hui, YI Ping, JIANG Qing-Wu
    2013, 25(4):  357. 
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    Objective To evaluate the short?term effect of the black film covering combined with niclosamide on Oncomela? nia hupensis snail control in marshland and lake regions. Methods A ditch with snails in Anxiang County was selected as the ex? perimental sites. The ditch was divided into 3 groups:a film group,a niclosamide group,and a niclosamide and film group. The snails were surveyed before the test and 1,3,5,7 days after the experiment. Results After the film covering,the highest tem? perature of the surface of soil was 63.7 ℃ on the first day,and the temperature higher than 40 ℃ lasted 4.34 hours. On the second day,the highest temperature was 52.3 ℃,and the temperature higher than 40 ℃ lasted 4.96 hours. On the fourth day and fifth day,the temperature was lower than 30 ℃,while the temperature was lower than 34 ℃ on the sixth day. On the seventh day of the experiment,the snail death rates of the film group,the niclosamide group,and the niclosamide and film group on the soil surface were 16.36%,58.40% and 53.57%,respectively. On the seventh day,the snail death rates of the film group,and the niclosamide and film group under the soil were 20.00% and 40.00%,respectively,while no snails were found under the soil in the niclosamide group 3 days after the experiment. In mesh bags,the snail death rates of the film group,the niclosamide group,and the ni? closamide and film group were 84.00%,95.33% and 95.33%,respectively. Conclusion The short?term effect of the black film covering on snail control is not obvious, and the black film covering does no promote the molluscicidal effect of niclosamide.
    Ecological behavior comparison between Anopheles pseudowillmori and A. willmori in villages with malaria outbreaks in Motuo County|Tibet Autonomous Region
    WU Song, HUANG Fang, WANG Duo-Quan, XU Guo-Jun, JIANG Wei-Kang, ZHOU Shui-Sen, TANG Lin-Hua, WANG Hong-Ju, ZHUO Ma-Yang-Jin, YONG Jian, CI Ren-Wang-Mu
    2013, 25(4):  362. 
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    Objective To understand the ecological behaviors of Anopheles pseudowillmori and A. willmori in medium or high altitude areas of Motuo County,Tibet Autonomous Region,and their transmission potential for malaria. Methods The methods of human net traps,cow baited trap,house baited trap,pig baited trap and CDC light traps were adopted for investigating the mos? quito density,biting activity at night and in or out door preference of biting. All mosquitoes morphologically identified as A. macu? latus group were labeled in accordance with the capture time,place and method,and PCR were used to identify the species. The resting habits were investigated with the morning capture and daytime collecting methods,and the larvae collected in different water bodies were reared to adults to study the breeding place. Results A total of 1 053 A. maculatus group were collected,and of which,331(31.43%)were identified as A. pseudowillmori,and 722(68.57%)as A. willmori. The number of A. willmori were higher than A. pseudowillmori in both outer and inner doors(P < 0.01,P < 0.05),while no statistically significant differ? ence was found of the constituent ratio of the anopheles between outer and inner doors. The multiparous ratios of A. pseudowill? mori and A. willmori were 65.90% and 69.86%,respectively, (P > 0.05) . The A. pseudowillmori preferred to biting outer doors (P < 0.05),while A. willmori preferred both outer and inner doors(P > 0.05) . Both mosquitoes had one biting activity peak in the night,and the biting activity peak of A. willmori was from 21 to 22 o’ clock,while the peak of A. pseudowillmori was from 24 to next morning 1 o’ clock. Conclusion In the Anopheles,the constituent ratio and density of A. willmori are higher than those of A. pseudowillmori in semi?high altitudes area of Motuo County,Tibet,and there are obvious differences of ecological behaviors between A. willmori and A. pseudowillmori,and A. willmori has the more capacity of transmitting malaria than A. pseu? dowillmori.
    Assessing the correlation between international collaboration and academic influence in parasitic diseases: a case study of National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
    YAO Jia-Wen, GIA Tie-Wu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2013, 25(4):  367. 
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    Objective To investigate the activity of scientific research and international collaboration in National Institute of Parasitic Diseases(NIPD),Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(China CDC)from 2002 to 2012,and assess the relationship between international collaboration and academic influence at an individual level. Methods Non?bibliometric indica? tors including number and structure of scientific research personnel,number of projects and funds,visiting frequency,etc,were used to assess the activity of scientific research and international collaboration,and bibliometric indicators including publications and h index,were employed to estimate the academic influence of senior professionals in NIPD,China CDC. The relationship be? tween the international collaboration and international academic influence in the control and research of parasitic diseases was eval? uated by using analysis of covariance and generalized linear models. Results There was an increase tendency of the number of projects,funds and visiting frequency in NIPD,China CDC since the foundation of the institute in 2002,notably after 2011. The h2 index of NIPD,China was 7. Analysis of covariance and generalized linear model analysis revealed that the number of interna? tional partners(F = 81.75,P < 0.000 1),number of international projects(F =22.81,P < 0.000 1),number of national projects (F = 7.30,P = 0.011 0),and academic degree(F = 3.80,P = 0.033 0)contributed greatly to individual academic influence, while visiting frequency,professional title and length of service had no significant association with h index. Conclusion Eleva? tion of international collaboration projects and development of long?term,stable international partnership may enhance the institu? tional and individual international academic influence in the field of parasitic diseases.
    Preliminary studies on protective immunity induced by recombinant protein of Schistosoma japonicum P14 gene and its mechanism against schistosome infection in mice
    TANG Xiao-Niu, JI Feng, JIANG Yu-Xin, ZHAN Xiao-Dong, LI Chao-Pin
    2013, 25(4):  375. 
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    Objective To explore the immune protective effect of the basic calponin?like protein(SjP14)in mice response to the infection of Schistosoma japonicum. Methods The recombinant plasmid pET28a (+) ?SjP14 was built,and transferred into E. coli BL21 cell line. After induced,by isopropyl?β?D?thiogalactoside(IPTG),the target protein was purified,and then analyzed by SDS?polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS?PAGE)and Western blotting,respectively. Thirty female BALB/c mice(six? week age)were randomly divided into three groups(n = 10 for each),including A group(rSjP14 experimental),B group(adju? vant control),and C group(saline control) . The mice in the A group were subcutaneously injected with 100 μg rSjP14 vaccine for three times at 2?week interval. After the final immunization,the mice were infected by cercariae of S. japonicum. The B or C groups experienced subcutaneous injections of adjuvant or saline,respectively,except for cercaria infection. The levels of sera IgG,IL?4 and IFN?γ were detected by ELISA before immunizing,6 weeks after immunizing,and 6 weeks after the infection,respectively. The reduction rates of worms or eggs were also calculated at the 6th week after the infection. Results The SjP14 protein was about 38 kDa and was recognized successfully by polyclonal antibody of SjP14. The level of serum IgG in the A group at the 6th week after the infection of cercariae was significant increased[(25.52±1.91)μg/ml]compared with that in the B[(18.65 ± 3.16) μg/ml]and C[(22.44 ± 2.83)μg/ml]groups(P < 0.05);the level of serum IFN?γ[(171.30 ± 70.12)ng/L]was also increased, compared with that in the B[(136.89 ± 37.62)ng/L]and C[(153.64 ± 43.44)ng/L]groups(P < 0.05) . However,the level of serum IL?4[(112.05±15.02)ng/L]in A group was significant decreased at the 6th week after the infection,compared with that in the C group[(102.82 ± 27.46)ng/L] (P < 0.05) . The reduction rates of worms and eggs in the A group were 29.2% and 41.3%,respectively,after the infection,which had statistically significant differences compared with those of the C group(P < 0.05) . Conclusion SjP14 has a protective immunity against S. japonicum infection in mice.
    Surgical treatment of 42 patients with cerebral cschistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum
    WANG Peng, WU Ming-Can, CHEN Shi-Jie, YANG Yong, LU Xiao-Jie
    2013, 25(4):  379. 
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    Objective To investigate the clinical value of surgical treatment for cerebral schistosomiasis. Methods The clinical data of 42 patients with cerebral schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum undergoing surgical therapy were ana? lyzed retrospectively. Results There were 25 cases undergoing total resection of schistosomal granulomas and 17 cases undergo? ing partial resection of the lesions involving the functional areas or more than 2 lobes,and none died of the surgery. The post?surgi? cal follow?up showed that 31 cases recovered completely and returned to the normal work and life,2 developed mild weaknesses of all extremities,3 had post ? surgical epileptic seizures,2 died of schistosomal hepatic cirrhosis,and 1 died naturally. Conclu? sion Surgical treatment is an effective approach for cerebral schistosomiasis.
    Natural growth and decline of Oncomelania hupensis snails in marshland of Qianliang Lake district in Eastern Dongting Lake area, China
    LI Lin-Han, ZHOU Yi-Biao, YAO Bao-Dong, WU Jin-Yi, ZHENG Sheng-Bang, SONG Xiu-Xia, HE Zhong, YOU Jia-Bian, CAI Bin, ZHAO Gen-MIng, JIANG Qing-Wu
    2013, 25(4):  383. 
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    Objective To understand the change trend of Oncomelania hupensis snails in the bottomland areas of Qian Liang Lake district in Eastern Dongting Lake area so as to provide the evidence for formulating a schistosomiasis control strategy. Meth? ods The monitoring data of snails of Qianliang Lake district from 1988 to 2011 were collected retrospectively and analyzed by us? ing the method of the trend Chi ? square test. The correlations among the snail density indicators were analyzed. Results From 1988 to 2011,the area of snails surveyed did not change and was 433.2 hm2 . The monitoring data showed that the change trend of the density of living snails and the schistosome infection rates of snails were not obvious(P > 0.05),but the mortality of snails showed a falling trend(P<0.05);There were positive correlations between the average density of infected snails and the mortality of snails(r = 0.640,P < 0.05),the infection rate of snails(r = 0.639,P < 0.05),and the average density of living snails(r = 0.646,P < 0.05),respectively. There was no correlation among other snail indicators. In 1999,only 7 snails were found,of them,only one snail was alive. The alive snails were not found after 2000. Conclusion In the bottomland areas of Qianliang Lake district,the change trend of the density of alive snails were not obvious from 1988 to 1998,but the number of snails underwent a sharp drop in 1999 and snails have been not found till now.
    Changes of schistosomiasis endemic situation and water body security in Changsha City section of Xiangjiang River
    CHEN Fa-Ming, SHEN Xiao-Jun, LIAO Yu, XU Ming-Zhong, GUO Yan-Chang, WU Min-Quan, RAO Min, WANG Zhan-Xin, GUO Xue-Fei, REN Guang-Hui
    2013, 25(4):  387. 
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    Objective To understand the changes of schistosomiasis endemic situation and water body security in the Chang? sha City section of the Xiangjiang River. Methods The prevention and control measures of schistosomiasis,the status of Oncome? lania hupensis snails in the marshlands,and the schistosome infection rates of residents on the both sides of the river and boat fish? ermen were investigated from 2003 to 2012,The schistosome infectivity of the water body was investigate by the method of sentry mice. Results The snail area decreased from 471 hm2 in 2003 to 28.81 hm2 in 2012 with the decline rate of 93.88%. Through the environmental modification,no living snails were found in 9 marshlands among the 11 marshlands,and the density of snails was below 0.006/0.1 m2 in the other 2 marshlands,but no infected snails were found for 7 years. The original snail habitats of Juzhou scenic area were completely modified and no living snails were found from 2008. In the area,no domestic animals were pastured and the schistosome infectivity of the water body was negative with the sentry mouse method for 10 years. In 2003,the schistosome infection rate was 3.63% in the residents,but no new infections were found in original residents after 2010. Conclusion The en? demic situation of schistosomiasis of the Changsha City section of the Xiangjiang River has reached the standards of schistosomia? sis transmission controlled and the water body of Juzhou scenic area is safe.

    Evaluation of effect of prevention and control system for imported falciparum malaria in Hanjiang District
    SHE Guo-Lin, MA Yu-Cai, WANG Fu-Biao
    2013, 25(4):  390. 
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    Objective To analyze the current situation of the comprehensive prevention and control system for imported falci? parum malaria in Hanjiang District and evaluate its effect. Methods According to the Management Scheme on Control of Import? ed Falciparum Malaria in Yangzhou City,the comprehensive prevention and control system for imported falciparum malaria was implemented,and the relevant malaria data were collected and analyzed statistically. The data included plasmodium blood test ra? tio of fever patients among exported labors and those returned,the ratio of laboratory?confirmed cases among all reported cases of falciparum malaria,the ratio of falciparum malaria patients who received the standard treatment within 24 hours after onset,etc from 2010 to 2012. Results After the implementation of the comprehensive prevention and control system,the confirmation ratio of falciparum malaria cases within 24 hours following first visit has reached 60.47%,the average time from first visit to confirma? tion has shortened to 1.8 d,and the average time from onset to confirmation has shortened to 3.7 d. The health education coverage ratio was 100%,the health knowledge awareness ratio was 95.56%,the ratio of patients seeking treatment on own initiative was 100%,the laboratory?confirmed ratio was 100%,and the ratio of standard treatment after malaria diagnosis was 100%. Conclu? sion The comprehensive prevention and control system carried out by Hanjiang District has made remarkable achievements.
    Effect of water-saving irrigation engineering on schistosomiasis control in Eryuan County of Yunnan Province
    DONG Yi, FENG Xi-Guang, HUANG Peng, DONG Xin-Qi, SHI Xue-Wen, YANG Wen-Can
    2013, 25(4):  393. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of a water?saving irrigation project on schistosomiasis control. Methods The Oncomelania snail situation before and after the water?saving irrigation project was investigated,and the data of snails and schisto? somiasis of people in the area of the water?saving irrigation engineering were collected and analyzed statistically. Results The in? cidence of frames with snails declined from 10.70% to 2.27% after actualized water?saving irrigation project,and the snail density declined from 0.42 snails/0.1 m2 to 0.10 snails/0.1 m2 . The snails were eliminated in 57% of the ditches. The snail area and schisto? some infection rate of residents declined obviously. Conclusion The water?saving irrigation project is effective in schistosomiasis control and has good social and economic benefits.
    Distribution of susceptible areas of schistosomiasis outside embankment in Hunan Province, 2011
    HU Ben-Jiao, YI Ping, LUO Zhi-Hong, PENG Zai-Zhi, LI Xiao-Song, LI Yi-Yi, ZHAO Zheng-Yuan, XIA Meng, REN Guang-Hui
    2013, 25(4):  396. 
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    Objective To investigate the current distribution of susceptible areas of schistosomiasis outside embankment,so as to provide the evidence for making comprehensive measures in Hunan Province. Methods The outside embankment areas where Oncomelania snails possibly or historically distributed and people and animals had activities were surveyed. The schistosomi? asis information of the susceptible areas was collected,a database was set up,the positions were marked with GPS,an E?map was drawn with Google Earth,and the distribution was analyzed. Result The number of marshlands with schistosomiasis susceptible areas outside embankment was 787,the length was 1 429.64 km,and the area was 6 2017.17 hm2 . The average density of living snails was 0.37 snails/0.1 m2 ,and the average density of infected snails was 0.001 9snails/0.1 m2 . The infected snails were found in 180 marshlands,and the area was 688.07 hm2 . Sixteen rivers had the susceptible areas,and the main vegetation was weeds. Con? clusions The susceptible area of schistosomiasis outside embankment is wide and complex. Therefore,the comprehensive con? trol measures should be strengthened.
    Molluscicidal effect of plastic film mulch covering method
    LIU Han-Cheng, ZHONG Chen-Hui, WAN Guo-Qing, CHEN Bin, WANG Yu-Xiang, TIAN Rui-Ling, CHEN Ai-Dong, XIA Zhu-Guo, YANG Shuang, DING Zhao-Jun, CAI Shun-Xiang
    2013, 25(4):  399. 
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    Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of the plastic film mulch covering method. Methods In the bar? ren land with a lot of Oncomelania hupensis snails,3 experimental groups were set up,in which respectively using 3 different methods:a simple plastic film mulch covering method,film assisted with ammonium bicarbonate,and film assisted with amine molluscicide. In the canals,two experimental groups were set up,in which respectively using 2 different methods:simple plastic film mulch covering method and film assisted with ammonium bicarbonate. In above?mentioned areas,obstacles were cleared artifi? cially. In each experiment group,4 observation spots were set up,and 100 living snails were pot in each spot,and then,the plas? tic film mulch was evenly covered. The status of the snails was observed 3,7,15 and 30 days after the intervention. Results In the barren land,the snail death rates of the simple plastic film group were 20.77% and 96.92% 15 days and 30 days after the inter? vention,respectively. The snail death rate of the film assisted with amine molluscicide group was 80.46% 3 days after the interven? tion. In all the experiment groups,the snail death rates were from 96.92 to 100% 30 days after the intervention. Conclusion The plastic film mulch covering method has a great molluscicide effect in the hill subtype and water network type of schistosomiasis epi? demic areas.
    Analysis of K76T Pfcrt genetic polymorphism in imported Plasmodium falciparum
    ZHOU Shui-Mao, YANG Yan, CHEN Zhi, WU Kai, XU Ming-Xing, WANG Chong-Xin, LIU Yong
    2013, 25(4):  402. 
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    Objective To identify the incidence of the K76T mutation in Pfcrt genes of imported Plasmodium falciparum. Methods The blood samples were collected from returnees infected with P. falciparum in endemic areas of Southeast Asia and Af? rica from 2008 to 2012. According to the Pfcrt gene sequence of P. falciparum,nested PCR primers were designed. Nested PCR? RFLP was applied with falciparum DNA in the blood samples as templates. Results Among 92 blood samples of P. falciparum, the mutant Pfcrt alleles were found in 50 samples(54.3%),and the wild type Pfcrt alleles were found in 42 samples(45.7%) . There were 33 samples(47.1%)with mutant Pfcrt alleles and 37 samples(52.9%)with wild type,respectively,from Africa. There were 17 samples(77.3%)with mutant Pfcrt alleles and 5 samples(22.7%)with wild type,respectively,from Southeast Asia. There was a significant difference between the Africa group and the Southeast Asia group(χ2 = 6.12,P < 0.05) . Conclu? sion The incidence of Pfcrt gene mutation is different among P. falciparum isolates from different regions. Therefore,Pfcrt K76T has an application value in the surveillance of the imported falciparum chloroquine? resistance.
    Performance of detection and treatment in schistosomiasis in Hubei Province, 2011
    PI Wen-Long, TAN Xiao-Dong, DI Juan, DENG Yu, JIANG Bao-Jie
    2013, 25(4):  405. 
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    Objective To evaluate the performance of schistosomiasis detection and treatment program in Hubei Province in 2011,so as to enhance the benefit and management of the program. Methods In 63 schistosomiasis epidemic counties of Hubei Province,there were 3 types of endemic situation,that was endemic controlled,transmission controlled,and transmission inter? rupted. Six counties(districts)in each type were selected by the stratified random sampling method. The data including schistoso? miasis detection and treatment,fund utilization and others were collected and analyzed statistically in 2011. Results The comple? tion rate of schistosomiasis detection task was 103.9% and the completion rate of chemotherapy task 106.9%. The total fund was 73.815 million Yuan. The detection cost accounted for 12.0% while the chemotherapy cost accounted for 4.9%. The detection cost per capita was 9.03 Yuan and the treatment cost per capita was 10.35 Yuan. The cost effectiveness ratio was 1∶6.1 and the net cost effectiveness ratio was 1∶5.1. Conclusion The social ? economic benefits in schistosomiasis control and treatment are obvious. However, the resource allocation still needs to be optimized.
    Analysis of malaria endemic situation in Shanxian County from 2002 to 2011
    XING Ling-Ling, WANG Yong-Bin, CUI Xian-Feng, BU Xiu-Qin, KONG Xiang-Li, ZHANG Ben-Guang, ZHAO Chang-Lei, CHEN Xi-Xin
    2013, 25(4):  408. 
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    Objective To analyze the endemic situation of malaria in Shanxian County,Shandong Province,China in the last 10 years,so as to understand the epidemiological characteristics of the disease and provide the evidence for the establishment of control strategy to eliminate malaria. Methods The data related to the endemic situation of malaria in Shanxian County from 2002 to 2011 were collected and analyzed. Results From 2002 to 2011,125 cases of malaria were reported,and the annual inci? dences were in the range of 0.18/100 000-2.00/100 000. Totally 60.80% of the cases focused on 3 townships,namely Fugang, Huanggang and Caozhuang. All the 125 cases were new vivax malaria cases,among them,121 were locally infected,and the other 4 were imported. The epidemic season was from June to October,and the peak time was from July to September. There were more male cases than female cases. The ages of the cases were from 1 to 83 years old,and the incidence in those aged from 46-60 years old was higher. Conclusions The malaria incidence in Shanxian County is on the rise,and the 3 townships in the south are the key areas for control. The control measures including the surveillance of floating population and mosquitoes,and malaria control health education should be strengthened.
    Effects of training of human intestinal parasitic diseases for basic health staff in Jiangsu Province
    JIANG Wen-Cai, LI Jian, XU Xiang-Zhen, CAO Han-Jun, SHEN Ming-Xue, JIN Xiao-Lin
    2013, 25(4):  411. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of the training of human intestinal parasitic diseases for basic health staff. Meth? ods A workshop including theory courses and practical operations was carried out. At the end of the workshop,the effects were evaluated through the examinations of theory and film?reading. The total score of film?reading was one hundred including reading ten modified thick Kato?Katz slides in five minutes per slide. The results were analyzed statistically with SAS 9.0. Results There were 162 trainees from 13 cities. All of them took part in the final examination. The highest score of theory test was 99 and the low? est was 60 with the average of 86.3. The average score of the female was higher than that of the male,and the average score of 30- 40 years’ age group was higher than that of the other groups. The average score of the staff in Northern Jiangsu Province was high? er than that of the staff in southern area and middle area of Jiangsu Province(P < 0.05) . The highest score of film?reading was 100 and the lowest score was 20 with the average of 73.4. Among the total 9 species,the egg detection rates of five species were more than 60.00%. The detection rate of Trichuris trichiura was highest(88.17%)and the rate of Taenia was only 14.7%. The total aver? age score of the staff in Nanjing City was highest(181.3)and the score of the staff in Changzhou City was lowest(138.3) . There were significant differences among different regions(P < 0.05) . Conclusion The technical capability of examining the human in? testinal parasitic diseases of basic health staff is different among the different regions of Jiangsu Province. We still need to strength? en the capability of pathogen detection for basic health staff.
    Progress of research on genetic engineering antibody and its application in prevention and control of parasitic diseases
    YAO Yuan, YU Chuan-Xin
    2013, 25(4):  413. 
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    Antibody has extensive application prospects in the biomedical field. The inherent disadvantages of traditional poly? clonal antibody and monoclonal antibody limit their application values. The humanized and fragmented antibody remodeling has given a rise to a series of genetic engineered antibody variant. This paper reviews the progress of research on genetic engineering antibody and its application in prevention and control of parasitic diseases.
    Prevalence situation of emerging parasitic zoonoses in China
    ZHU Hong-Ru, LIU Lu, YANG Guo-Jing
    2013, 25(4):  417. 
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    The prevalence characteristics of emerging parasitic zoonoses in China are introduced in this paper,and the impact factors of them are analyzed. The lack of systematic research and control of certain diseases is indicated,and the public health de? partment should pay more attention to them.
    Advances in traditional Chinese medicine treatment of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis
    WU Zhong-Lian, HE Li
    2013, 25(4):  422. 
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    Recent years,three is a lot of literature in traditional Chinese medicine treatment of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis, and the clinical experiences are very rich. This paper reviews the data of pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment,and basic pre? scriptions of traditional Chinese medicine for schistosomiasis liver fibrosis, and proposes the individual treatment ideas.
    Monitoring the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Erlang Village, Yueyang County from 2005 to 2012
    LI Shan-Feng, HE Yong-Kang, LIU Hong-Xia, YU Jin, REN Chao-Yang, YI Ping, REN Guang-Hui, ZHENG Mao
    2013, 25(4):  425. 
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    Objective To understand the dynamics of schistosomiasis situation so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control scheme in Erlang Village,Yueyang County,Hunan Province. Methods The schistosomiasis preva? lence and Oncomelania snail status were investigated from 2005 to 2012. Results The schistosome infection rates of the residents decreased from 2.76% in 2005 to 0.54% in 2012 and the decline rate was 80.43%;the infection rates of the livestock decreased from 8.70% in 2005 to 0 in 2012. No snails were found in the inner embankment over the eight?year period. The density of the in? fected snails was 0.000 5 per 0.1 m2 in 2005,but no positive snails were found from 2009 to 2012 outside the embankment. Con? clusion The schistosome infections of people and livestock and the status of the intermediate host snails have achieved the crite? ria of schistosomiasis transmission control.
    Abdominal indwelling central venous catheter in treatment of liver fibrosis and intractable ascites
    ZHANG Hong-Xia, LI Jun, WANG Yi-Hui, CHENG Chun
    2013, 25(4):  427. 
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    Objective To explore the effective therapy for liver fibrosis and refractory ascites. Methods A total of 54 cases of liver fibrosis and intractable ascites were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received the improved central venous catheter indwelling of intraperitoneal drainage,irrigation,cavity injection,combined with systemic comprehensive treatment. The control group received the routine paracentesis. Results The total effective rate was 82.1% in the experimental group,and the total effective rate was 57.7% in the control group (χ2 = 3.87, P<0.05) . The hospitaliza? tion days,abdominal puncture times,ascites significantly effective time were(was)less or shorter in the experiment group com? pared with those in the control group(P < 0.05) . Conclusion The improved central venous catheter in peritoneal catheter is safe, effective, and convenient in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis and intractable ascites
    Analysis of lesions in 498 schistosomiasis patients
    HAO Wei-Gang, WANG Xiao-Ming, YI Wen-Quan, GAO Yuan-Ping
    2013, 25(4):  428. 
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    Objective To explore the characteristics of pathological diagnosis in schistosomiasis endemic areas. Methods The patients were selected from the Meishan City People’ s Hospital and they had the operation excisions and/or digestive endo? scopic biopsy specimens from 2003 to 2012. The diagnostic criteria of schistosomiasis were finding the schistosome eggs or egg granulomas,and the relevant clinical data were also collected. Results A total of 56 237 pathological specimens were checked and 498 patients were diagnosed with schistosomiasis(0.9%) . Among them,the appendix was the most common lesion(241 cas? es),followed by the colon and rectum(209 cases),liver(23 cases),and others(25 cases)including gallbladder(12 cases), stomach(7 cases),duodenum(2 cases),small intestine(1 case),and the outside of the portal vein system(3 cases) . Appendi? citis and colorectal cancer were the most common diseases in these patients. Conclusion The distribution characteristics of the le? sions of schistosomiasis patients can reflect the clinical and pathological process of schistosomiasis in some extent
    Imported falciparum malaria infections in Nanjing City from 2008 to 2012
    CHEN Jian, LI Yan-Qing, GAO Yuan, YANG Pei-Cai, YANG Su
    2013, 25(4):  429. 
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    Objective To understand the situation of imported falciparum malaria infections in Nanjing City so as to provide the evidence for formulating the control strategy of malaria. Methods The data of imported falciparum malaria cases in Nanjing City were collected and analyzed. Results From 2008 to 2012,the imported falciparum malaria cases reported were 3,5,15, 17,18,respectively,and the total cases were 58,with the increasing trend year by year. Among them,94.8% of patients re? turned from Africa. In 2012,81.2% of reported malaria cases were imported falciparum malaria. Conclusion In Nanjing City, the imported falciparum malaria cases are increasing year by year. Therefore,we should strengthen the monitoring and control mea? sures.
    Effect of ladder ring suture of esophageal mucosa vascular combined with Nissen's fundoplication on prevention from rebleeding of patients with advanced schistosomiasis
    ZHENG Shao-Long, XIAO Xiu-Lan, XU Chun-Mei, FENG Xue-Gui
    2013, 25(4):  431. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the ladder ring suture of the esophageal mucosa vascular combined with Nissen’ s fundoplication on provention from rebleeding of patients with advaced schistosomiasis Methods From August 2006 to August 2011,75 patients with advanced schistosomiasis portal hypertension received the portal azygous disconnection and ladder ring suture of the esophageal mucosa vascular combined with Nissen’ s fundoplication(a combined group),and 83 patients with advanced schistosomiasis portal hypertension received the portal azygous disconnection only(a simple group),and the re? sults of the follow?up were analyzed. Results The effective rates were 81.3%(61/75)in the combined group and 30.1%(25/83) in the simple grouup,and the rebleeding rates were 2.7%(2/75)and 12.0%(10/83)in the two groups,respectively(P < 0.01) . Conclusion The ladder ring suture of the esophageal mucosa vascular combined with Nissen’ s fundoplication is effective and safe on the prevention from rebleeding of patients with advaced schistosomiasis.
    Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Baota Village of Fushui River basin of Yangtze River from 2008 to 2012
    CAO Zhe, LI Ming-Jie, KE Shan-Huo, ZHANG Xiao-Qin, ZHOU Jie
    2013, 25(4):  433. 
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    Objective To understand the changes of schistosomiasis epidemic situation in the Fushui River basin of the Yang? tze River. Methods The data of schistosomiasis epidemic situation were collected and analyzed statistically in Baota Village,a surveillance site in Fushui River basin of the Yangtze River from 2008 to 2012. Results The schistosome infection rates of resi? dents decreased from 3.83% in 2008 to 0.23﹪ in 2012,and the infection rate of cattle decreased year by year. There were no cat? tle in the village in 2012. The schistosome infection rate of Oncomelania snails and the density of infected snails decreased obvious? ly. There were no acute schistosomiasis patients and no newly advanced schistosomiasis cases during recent 5 years. Conclusion The schistosomiasis epidemic situation has been controlled. However, the surveillance still needs to be strengthened

    Epidemic trend of malaria in Suzhou City|Jiangsu Province, China from 2007 to 2012
    WU Xiu-Zhen, HU Yi-He
    2013, 25(4):  435. 
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    Objective To understand the epidemic trend of malaria in Suzhou City,Jiangsu Province,so as to provide the ev? idence for developing the strategies of malaria elimination. Methods The malaria information was collected from 2007 to 2012 through the reporting system of Suzhou epidemic information network and parasitic network system,and the results were analyzed statistically. Results From 2007 to 2012,there were 318 malaria cases reported. Among them,28 cases(8.81%)were local resi? dents with vivax malaria,and the annual incidence rate was 0.07/105 . Among the floating population,there were 290 malaria cases (91.19%)and the annual incidence rate was 0.77/105 ,including 233 vivax malaria cases,20 falciparum malaria cases,1 ovale malaria case,and 1 mixed infection case. The malaria incidence rate of local residents dropped year by year in the past 6 years while that of floating populations increased. During the period of the later 3 years,no local malaria case was found. Conclusion The malaria has been eliminated among the local residents while the malaria cases from floating populations increased. Therefore, we should strengthen the cross?regional joint malaria control and prevention, and the malaria management of entry?exit persons.
    Assessment of schistosomiasis transmission interruption in Beichuan County, Sichuan Province
    SHI Ying-Hong, LIU Chang-Di, LUO Qin, WANG Fei, LIU Fei, MENG Xian-Hong, CHEN Lin, QIAN Xiao-Hong, QIU Dong-Chuan
    2013, 25(4):  437. 
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    Objective To assess whether Beichuan County reaches the national standard of schistosomiasis transmission in? terruption. Methods Three villages in Beichuan County were sampled as assessment spots,and the schistosomiasis infections of residents and domestic animals,the status of Oncomelania snails and the past records were assessed according to the Criteria for Control and Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China. Results No local schistosome infections were found in residents and cattle for successive 5 years and no snails were found for 2 successive years in the 3 villages. The files were documented completely. All the indices reached the national standard of schistosomiasis transmission being interrupted. Conclusion Beichuan County has reached the national standard of schistosomiasis transmission interruption. However,the endemic surveillance of schistosomiasis still needs to continue.