Table of Content

15 April 2013, Volume 25 Issue 2

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Overcoming the global impact of neglected tropical diseases and challenges

GUO Jia-Gang, XU Xiao-Lin, ZHU Rong

2013, 25(2):  121-124. 

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The global impact of neglected tropical diseases has been much more recognized recently. The elimination and erad? ication of these diseases is significant for achieving the millennium development goals，for societies and for global healthcare. WHO already drew the roadmap to accelerate the work on eliminating and eradicating the selected diseases for 2015 and 2020 re? spectively. The present review demonstrates the current situation and progress of controlling these neglected tropical diseases and the challenges faced, and emphasizes the action of China.

Field evaluation of a novel plant molluscicide“Luo-wei”against Oncomelania hupensisⅠMolluscicidal effect by the spraying method in lake and marshland regions

GIA Tie-Wu, SUN Le-Ping, HONG Qing-Biao, TAO Bo, CAI Jian-Xin, LI Yue-Sheng, LIN Dan-Dan, YU Xin-Ling, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2013, 25(2):  125. 

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Objective To evaluate the field effect of a novel plant molluscicide“Luo ?wei” （Tea ? seed distilled saponins， TDS）against Oncomelania hupensis in the lake and marshland regions. Methods A spraying experiment was carried out in the grassland of two schistosomiasis endemic counties，including Xingzi in Jiangxi Province and the Huarong in Hunan Province，to assess the molluscicidal effect of 4% TDS comparing with 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt（WPN） . The χ2 test was used to examine the differences between regions，molluscicides，or days after spraying. Results Following 1，3，7，and 15 days of test，the snail mortality showed a simultaneous increase both in TDS group（70.43%-86.88%）and WPN group （70.21%-85.35%） . There is no significant difference between TDS and WPN of day 1，7 and 15（all P values > 0.05），but except for day 3（χ2 =3.910，P = 0.048） . By the end of day 15，the snail mortality for TDS was 86.53% in Xingzi and 88.28% in Hua? rong，while for WPN was 83.04% in Xingzi and 93.69% in Huarong respectively；the decline rate of snail density for TDS was 85.29% in Xingzi and 93.53% in Huarong，while for WPN was 85.29% in Xingzi and 93.53% in Huarong respectively. The adjust? ed mortality of different days ranged from 69.63% to 86.54% in the the TDS group，and 69.41% to 86.54% in the WPN group. Conclusion The molluscicidal effect of TDS by spraying is similar to that of WPN. It is time to popularize this new plant mollusci? cide（TDS）in a wider field.

Dynamics and diffusion of Oncomelania snails in Danyang City|Jiangsu Province

JIANG Tao, WANG Zhi-Jian, ZHU Tao, CHAO Nong, ZHANG Xiao-Zhong, WANG Jian-Ming

2013, 25(2):  129. 

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Objective To understand the dynamics and the diffusion trend of Oncomelania snails in Danyang City，Jiangsu Province，so as to explore effective control measures. Methods The data of historical records and routine surveillance of snails were collected and analyzed according to the river systems. Results The snails were imported from external river systems and spread from the rivers to inland. The diffusion trend was from the upstream to downstream and from the rivers to irrigation canals. Conclusion The inland rivers connecting with the Yangtze River are the main routes where marshland snails can spread from out? side to the inland. The irrigation system plays an important role in snail spreading to the irrigation areas. The regular surveillance in combination with the basic construction of farmland and irrigation system is needed to prevent the spread of the snails and the re? transmission of schistosomiasis japonica in Danyang.

Surveillance of schistosome antibodies in population in mountainous schistosomiasis endemic regions in China

WU Zi-Song, TANG Meng, LI Han-Gang, XU Liang, ZHU Hui-Bin, FAN Jian-Ru, MAO Ping, LUO Feng, HUANG Yi, ZHANG Yan, MAO Yong, YANG Yu, ZHONG Bo, QIU Dong-Chuan

2013, 25(2):  133. 

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Objective To understand the dynamics of schistosome antibodies in population in mountainous schistosomiasis low endemic regions，China，so as to provide the evaluation reference for immunodiagnosis. Methods The people who consecu? tively received the indirect heamagglutination assay（IHA）for schistosomiasis and Kato?Katz technique were enrolled in this study in Guixiang Village，Danling County，Sichuan Province from 2006 to 2011. The positive rates for schistosome antibodies，anti? body titers and eggs per gram（EPG）were analyzed. Results A total of 353 people were investigated in this study from 2006 to 2011. The positive rates for schistosome antibodies decreased from 20.73% to 13.67%，and the geometric mean reciprocal titer （GMRT）decreased from 1.63 to 1.06. The antibodies tended to be negative in most antibody?positive people and the GMRT de? creased gradually. The antibodies remained negative in most antibody?negative people. After chemotherapy in parasitology con? firmed patients，the positive rate for schistosome antibodies decreased from 100% to 20%，and the GMRT decreased from 34.29 to 1.58. There was a highly positive correlation between GMRT and EPG（r = 0.94，P < 0.05） . Conclusion The positive rate for schistosome antibodies in population in mountainous schistosomiasis low endemic regions is relatively high（13.67%） . The stan? dardization of immunodiagnostic methods is necessary and the suitable diagnostic reagents should be developed in this region.

Clinical efficiency of tanshinone IIA-sulfonate in treatment of liver fibrosis of advanced schistosomiasis

NIU Xue-Hua, HUA Hai-Yong, GUO Wen-Jian, ZHANG Yu, LIU Min, HONG Ye, WU Peng-Fei, LU Ping, ZHANG Hai-Fang

2013, 25(2):  137. 

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Objective To evaluate the clinical efficiency of tanshinone IIA?sulfonate（STS）in the treatment of liver fibrosis of advanced schistosomiasis. Methods A total of 73 advanced schistosomiasis patients were selected into a treatment group and 55 cases of advanced schistosomiasis were selected into a control group，and dipstick dye immunoassay assay（DDIA）for schisto? somiasis and HBsAg of all the patients were negative. The patients in the treatment group received STS for 14 days，and all the pa? tients in both groups received the conventional liver?protecting treatment for 14 days. All the patients in both groups received the measurements of portal vein，4 indicators of liver fibrosis（PⅢP，CⅣ，HA，LN），and 3 indicators of serum enzyme activities （ALT，AST，γ?GT） . Results After the treatments，the inside diameters of the portal vein and the degrees of the positive results of indicators of serum enzyme activities of all the patients of both groups decreased，but there were no statistically significant differ? ences compared with those before the treatment. In the treatment group，the degrees of the positive results of indicators of liver fi? brosis decreased somewhat，but there were no statistically significant differences compared with those before the treatment except C Ⅳ. In the control group，the degrees of the positive results of indicators of liver fibrosis fluctuated. In the treatment group，the indi? cator of liver fibrosis，CⅣ improved and the 2 indicators of liver fibrosis，PⅢP and HA improved significantly，but the indicators of serum enzyme activities did not improve. Conclusion STS is effective in the treatment of liver fibrosis of advanced schistosomi? asis.

Dynamics of IL-22-producing cells of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum

LI Yong, YANG Xiao-Wei, DONG Xiao-Xiao, CHEN Xiao-Jun, XU Zhi-Peng, ZHANG Wei-Wei, XUE Xue, KONG Wen-Jun, ZHOU Sha, ZHU Ji-Feng, LIU Feng, SU Chuan

2013, 25(2):  141. 

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Objective To study the dynamics of IL?22?producing cells and analyze the main source of IL?22 of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Methods The lymphocytes and splenocytes were prepared from lymphnodes and spleens of mice with S. japonicum infection at different stages（0 w，3 w，5w，8 w，13 w after infection） . The proportions of IL?22?producing cells were determined by FACS. Results The proportions of IL?22?producing cells increased significantly in the lymphocytes and sple? nocytes from the mice infected with S. japonicum. The IL?22?producing T cells accounted 80% of the total IL?22?producing cells. The IL?22?producing CD4- T cells increased obviously in the 3rd week after S. japonicum infection. However，the proportion of the IL?22?producing CD4+ T cells began to rise since the 3rd week post?infection，and increased significantly at the 8th week after in? fection. Conclusion In the lymphnodes and spleens of mice infected with S. japonicum，IL?22 is produced by both T cells and non?T cells，and T cells are the most important source of IL?22. The IL?22?producing CD4- T cells increase rapidly in the early acute inflammatory response， and the IL?22?producing CD4+ T cells increase significantly during the chronic inflammatory phase.

Activities of Treg cells stimulated by soluble adult worm antigen and egg antigen of Schistosoma japonicum

DONG Xiao-Xiao, ZHANG Cui, YANG Xiao-Wei, LI Yong, CHEN Xiao-Jun, XUE Xue, ZHANG Wei-Wei, XU Zhi-Peng, KONG Wen-Jun, ZHU Ji-Feng, ZHOU Sha, LIU Feng, SU Chuan

2013, 25(2):  146. 

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Objective To observe and compare the effects of soluble adult worm antigen（SWA）and soluble egg antigen （SEA）of Schistosoma japonicum on the induction of Treg cells and the suppressive activity of Treg cells. Method Splenocytes were prepared from mice treated with PBS，SWA，and SEA，respectively，and then the proportions of Treg cells and the levels of IL?10 and TGF?β in Treg cells were determined by FACS. The purified Treg cells from the mice treated as above?mentioned were detected for their immunosuppressive activities by incorporation of［3 H］thymidine for the final 16 h of culture. Results Com? pared to SWA，SEA induced the higher proportion of Treg cells with a stronger suppressive activity，which produced the higher levels of IL?10 and TGF?β（P < 0.05） . Conclusion SEA significantly induces Treg cells and enhances their immunosuppressive activity.

Effects of soluble adult worm antigen and soluble egg antigen of Schistosoma japonicum on differentiation of CD4⁺ T cells of mice

YANG Xiao-Wei, ZHANG Cui, DONG Xiao-Xiao, LI Yong, XU Zhi-Peng, ZHANG Wei-Wei, KONG Wen-Jun, XUE Xue, CHEN Xiao-Jun, ZHU Ji-Feng, ZHOU Sha, HE Lei, LIU Feng, SU Chuan

2013, 25(2):  151. 

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Objective To investigate and compare the different effects of soluble adult worm antigen（SWA）and soluble egg antigen（SEA）of Schistosoma japonicum on the differentiation of the splenocytes and CD4+ T cells of mice. Methods The spleno? cytes and CD4+ T cells were prepared from the spleens of mice immunized with SWA or SEA，or the splenocytes of normal mice were harvested and stimulated with SWA or SEA in vitro. Then，the proportions of IFN?γ and IL?4?producing cells in splenocytes， and the proportions of Th1 and Th2 cells in CD4+ T cells were determined by FACS，respectively. Results Compared to the SWA stimulation group，the higher proportions of IL?4?producing cells in splenocytes and of Th1 cells in CD4+ T cells were observed un? der the SEA stimulation group（P < 0.05） . Whereas SWA induced the significantly higher proportions of IFN?γ producing cells in splenocytes and of Th2 cells in CD4+ T cells than those in the SEA stimulation group（P < 0.05） . Conclusion The significantly higher levels of Th1 cells are only observed under SWA induction，however，the differentiation of Th2 cells in response to SEA stimulation is significantly more than that in response to SWA stimulation.

Changes of pyrethroid resistance and P450 monooxygenase activity with age in Anopheles sinensis in Huainan City|Anhui Province| China

XU Tie-Long, ZHONG Dai-Bin, FANG Qiang, TANG Lin-Hua, ZHOU Shui-Sen, ZHENG Bin

2013, 25(2):  157. 

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Objective To study the effect of mosquito age on the pyrethroid resistance and P450 monooxygenase activity in Anopheles sinensis in Huainan City，Anhui Province，China，as well as the molecular mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. Meth? ods Anopheles mosquito larvae were collected in fields，and were emerged to adults. Then the pyrethroid resistance and P450 monooxygenase activity of female mosquitoes were detected 1，3，6，9，12，15 d and 20 d after emergence. Meanwhile，the resis? tance level and P450 monooxygenase activity of the sensitive mosquitoes in lab were detected as the control group. Results Both curves of pyrethroid resistance and P450 monooxygenase activity changes with the mosquito age presented unsymmetrically re? versed“U”type. At 1 d after emergence，the resistance level and P450 monooxygenase activity were lower，and then they in? creased quickly. When 3?9 d after emergence，the resistance level and P450 monooxygenase activity rose to the highest level，and entered into plateau，then declined gradually. Compared to the sensitive mosquitoes in lab，the P450 monooxygenase activity of those in the field was higher at 3?12 d after emergence，but lower at 1 d after emergence，and at 15 and 20 d after emergence，they were almost equal to each other. Conclusion The mosquito age is a confounding factor in the detection of resistance level and en? zyme activity. The promotion of activity of P450 monooxygenase may be one of the reasons of the resistance. Using female adults with different ages in the field as study subjects may underestimate the real resistance level of mosquitoes，and mislead the use of insecticides.

Information analysis of development of researches on global neglected tropical diseases

XU Xiao-Lin, ZHU Rong, ZHANG Li-Juan, LU Long-Ting, GUO Jia-Gang

2013, 25(2):  160. 

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Objective To reveal the development and evolution pathway of global neglected tropical diseases（NTDs）from the bibliometrics and information visualization perspective. Methods The research publications on the subject of NTDs from Web of Science，PubMed and PLoS NTD were retrieved and analyzed by using the bibliometrics analysis，visualization analysis and cita? tion strategic diagrams. Results The number of publications on the subject of NTDs from 2005 to 2013 had being growing gradu? ally year by year，but there were some differences from disease to disease. The distribution of the authors，organizations and coun? tries of the publications could be classified into two clusters，one was represented by US and UK and the other was represented by Switzerland and China. The research subjects of the publications contained epidemiology，laboratory and social economics based on population and animals. Six key and hot topics were revealed as follows：the disease burden；incorporating the control of NTDs into the programs of HIV/AIDS，tuberculosis，and malaria；comprehensive control strategies and their influence factors；human chemotherapy and its influence factors；vaccine；research and development innovation. Conclusion The NTDs research in the globe is on its developing way with both challenges and opportunities，more concerns and investments，as well as the cooperations among different countries， organizations and disciplines are needed.

Study on TaqMan?MGB Real?time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR to detect gene mutation of kdr from Anopheles sinensis

BAI Liang, ZHU Guo-Ding, TANG Jian-Xia, ZHANG Chao, LIU Yao-Bao, LI Ju-Lin, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2013, 25(2):  167. 

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Objective To establish a Real?time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR to detect the kdr gene mutation in Anopheles sinensis. Methods One pair of primers and three TaqMan?MGB probes were designed based on kdr gene and its L1014 locus mu? tations of A. sinensis. After optimization，the Real?time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR was verified by using 6 types of A. sinensis samples with different kdr gene types. Additionally，50 laboratory samples and 113 field samples were tested by this method. Re? sults The established Real?time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR could identify 6 different kdr gene types in A. sinensis. The muta? tion could be detected by single?tube Fluorescence Quantitative PCR，and the detail mutation type could be further identified by double? tube Fluorescence Quantitative PCR. By using this method，50 laboratory samples were confirmed as wild type homozy? gotes. Among 113 field samples，12 were wild type homozygotes，others were L1014F or L1014C mutations，and the total muta? tion frequency was 87.61%. Conclusion The new established TaqMan?MGB Real?time Fluorescence Quantitative PCR can be used to detect the kdr gene L1014 mutations of A. sinensis.

Establishment of malaria early warning system in Jiangsu Province Ⅱ Application of digital earth system in malaria epidemic management and surveillance

WANG Wei-Ming, ZHOU Hua-Yun, LIU Yao-Bao, LI Ju-Lin, CAO Yuan-Yuan, CAO Jun

2013, 25(2):  172. 

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Objectives To explore a new mode of malaria elimination through the application of digital earth system in malar? ia epidemic management and surveillance. Methods While we investigated the malaria cases and deal with the epidemic areas in Jiangsu Province in 2011，we used JISIBAO UniStrong G330 GIS data acquisition unit（GPS）to collect the latitude and longitude of the cases located，and then established a landmark library about early?warning areas and an image management system by using Google Earth Free 6.2 and its image processing software. Results A total of 374 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2011. Among them，there were 13 local vivax malaria cases，11 imported vivax malaria cases from other provinces，20 abroad imported vivax malaria cases，309 abroad imported falciparum malaria cases，7 abroad imported quartan malaria cases（Plasmodi? um malaria infection），and 14 abroad imported ovale malaria cases（P. ovale infection） . Through the analysis of Google Earth Mapping system，these malaria cases showed a certain degree of aggregation except the abroad imported quartan malaria cases which were highly sporadic. The local vivax malaria cases mainly concentrated in Sihong County，the imported vivax malaria cases from other provinces mainly concentrated in Suzhou City and Wuxi City，the abroad imported vivax malaria cases concentrated in Nanjing City，the abroad imported falciparum malaria cases clustered in the middle parts of Jiangsu Province，and the abroad im? ported ovale malaria cases clustered in Liyang City. Conclusion The operation of Google Earth Free 6.2 is simple，convenient and quick，which could help the public health authority to make the decision of malaria prevention and control，including the use of funds and other health resources.

Effect evaluation of three ELISA kits in detection of fasciolasis

AI Lin, CHEN Mu-Xin, CHEN Shao-Hong, CHU Yan-Hong, CAI Yu-Chun, ZHOU Xiao-Nong, CHEN Jia-Xu

2013, 25(2):  177. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of 3 ELISA kits on detection of human fasciolasis. Methods Twenty?six serum samples from patients with fasciolasis，180 serum samples from patients with other parasitic diseases as well as 26 serum samples from healthy people were detected by ELISA kits which using soluble antigen of Fasciola gigantica，Fasciola hepatica（Fg?ELISA and Fh?ELISA）as well as IgG antigen ELISA detection kits made by DRG company in Germany. The effects of the 3 kits were eval? uated. Results The sensitivities of Fg?ELISA，Fh?ELISA，and DRG?ELISA were 100.0%，80.8%（95% CI：65.7%-95.9%） and 100.0%，respectively；the specificities of the three were 87.9%（95% CI：83.5%?92.4%），85.0% （95% CI：80.1%-89.9%） and 83.5%（95% CI：78.4%-88.6%），respectively，and Youden indexes of them were 0.88，0.66 and 0.84，respectively. The de? tection rate of Fg?ELISA（100%）was significantly higher than that of Fh?ELISA（80.8%） （P <0.05） . The A absolute value（A/ CO）of Fg?ELISA was 1.70，which was also significantly higher than the value of Fh?ELISA（1.18）（P < 0.000 1） . Conclusion Fg?ELISA has a good detection effect and low cost，and is more suitable than Fh?ELISA and DRG?ELISA for clinical sample tests as well as massive screening in fasciolasis endemic areas in southwest China.

Molluscicidal effect of 10% LDS in fields

ZHANG Xia, ZHANG Hua-Ming, LIU Xiong, RONG Xian-Bin, YANG Rui

2013, 25(2):  182. 

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Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effects of 10% salt of quinoid ? 2′， 5 ? dichloro ? 4′ ? nitrosalicylanilide （LDS）on Oncomelania hupensis in the fields，so as to provide the evidence for the application of LDS in the fields. Methods The fields where O. hupensis density was relative high were selected as the experimental area and the different concentrations of LDS were used for molluscicidal effects with the immersion，insufflation and powdering methods，and 50% wettable powder of ni? closamide ethanolamine salt （WPN） was used as the control. Results With the immersion method for 3 days，the snail death rates of LDS（0.1，0.2 g/m3 ）were lower than those of WPN（2 g/m3 ，P＜0.01），but the snail death rates of LDS（0.4，0.6，0.8 g/m3 ） were similar with those of WPN（2 g/m3 ，P > 0.05） . With the insufflation and powdering methods for 7 days，the snail death rates of LDS（0.2，0.4 g/m2 ）were lower than those of WPN（2 g/m2 ，P＜0.01），but the snail death rates of LDS（0.6，0.8，1.0 g/m2 ） were similar with those of WPN（2 g/m2 ， P > 0.05） . Conclusion LDS has some molluscicidal effect.

Application of clinical nursing path in standard management of advanced schistosomiasis patients with splenomegaly

YANG Liu, LIU Juan-Juan

2013, 25(2):  184. 

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Objective To study the feasibility and effect of clinical nursing path in the standard management of advanced schistosomiasis patients with splenomegaly. Methods A total of 64 advanced schistosomiasis patients with splenomegaly were randomly divided into a routine nursing group（control group）and a clinical nursing pathway group（CNP group），and the postop? erative situation，average hospitalization days，cost of hospitalization and the satisfaction of the patients of the 2 groups were com? pared. Results The complications，average hospitalization days，costs of hospitalization in the CNP group were significantly de? creased compared with those in the control group，and satisfaction rate of the patients in the CNP group increased from 81.25% to 100%. Conclusion The implementation of CNP effectively reduces the length of hospitalization，costs and complications，and improves the satisfaction of the patients.

Review on non-adaptivity of schistosomes and hosts

CHENG Gang, ZENG Wen-Hu, WANG Wen-Long, XU Chun-Juan, WAN Shi-Peng

2013, 25(2):  187. 

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The specificity of schistosomes to hosts and the compatibility of hosts to schistosomes are formed during the long evolution process of them，they are not only related closely to environment but also to other factors such as the heredity of schisto? somes and hosts. This paper reviews the non?adaptivity of schistosomes and hosts from the respects of genetics，immunology，cyto? biology， molecular biology， and physiology.

To overcome neglected tropical diseases by global health governance

YAO Jia-Wen, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2013, 25(2):  190. 

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Neglected tropical diseases（NTDs）are common infections of the poorest people of the world. The WHO publica? tion of a roadmap that lays out the vision for ending the misery caused by NTDs has inspired the London Declaration on NTDs， which demonstrates that the global public ? health agenda now embraces NTDs. This review discusses the advantages of global health governance in overcoming NTDs，and points out the potential ways of the involvement of China in global health through in? ternational collaboration.

Progress of research on preparation and application of praziquantel

WU De-Zhi, MA Zheng, LIU Yun-Feng, ZHU Wei-Feng, NING An

2013, 25(2):  194. 

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Praziquantel remains the drug of choice for schistosomiasis，but it has the low bioavailability and single dosage form. This paper reviews the properties of praziquantel in vivo and in vitro，the pathogenic characteristics of schistosomiasis，and the progress of research on the formation of praziquantel，so as to enhance the efficiency of praziquantel against schistosomiasis and provide consults for relevant drug researches.

Progress of research on microRNAs of parasites

ZHOU Qing-Xin, ZHOU Yong-Hua, ZHANG Ying, ZHAO Zhong-Xin, FAN Hong-Jie, YAO Huo-Chun

2013, 25(2):  197. 

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microRNAs（miRNAs）are small molecules of non?coding RNA，a class size of about 21-25 nt widespread in eu? karyotes，resulting from single?stranded RNA precursors with the size of 70-90 bases of a hairpin structure generated after dicer enzyme processing. They play an important role in eukaryotic gene regulation，widely involved in cell proliferation，differentia? tion，development，metabolism，apoptosis and other physiological activities. miRNA extensively involved in the physiological and metabolic processes of the parasite development process，but the key miRNA relevant to parasite invasion of a host still lacks re? ports. This paper summarizes the miRNA analytical methods and the progress on its researches in parasitology.

Advances in genetyping of Toxoplasma gondii

GIA Yu-Xi, NIE Da-Ping, CHEN Ling-Juan, LI Wei, SHEN Li-Ji

2013, 25(2):  202. 

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Toxoplasma gondii is a nucleated cell obligate parasite，and can cause severe toxoplasmosis. The genetypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolates of different host infections have significant differences，and the pathogenicity and sensitivity to drugs of different genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolates are also significantly different. At present，the analysis of Toxoplasma gondii gen? otypes is performed by using PCR?RFLP，PCR of highly repetitive sequences，multiple PCR and nested PCR techniques，and the multiple loci of amplification are usually B1，SAG2，HSP70，GRA6 and other genetic markers. There are main 3 traditional geno? types of Toxoplasma gondii，and along with the deepening and extension of research，more and more genotypes are found. This pa? per reviews the advances in the research of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes.

Current status of human Schistosoma japonicum infection and reinfection in marshland and lake regions of Xinjian County|Jiangxi Province| China

FU Ren-Long, ZHANG Zhi-Shu, PENG Guo-Hua, XIONG Zhi-Wei, HU Wei-Chen

2013, 25(2):  205. 

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Objective To understand the dynamics of human infection and reinfection of Schistosoma japonicum after chemo? therapy in marshland and lake endemic regions so as to provide the evidence for developing a cost?effective control strategy. Meth? ods From 2007 to 2011，the schistosome infection，intensities and reinfection of population were investigated and the results were analyzed dynamically in Caohui Village，a national schistosomiasis surveillance site in Changyi Township，Xinjian County， Jiangxi Province，China. Results The schistosome infection rate was 3.55% and the mean intensity was 1.56 in 2007，and the schistosome infection rate was 1.52% and the mean intensity was 1.60 in 2011. The reinfection rates were 2.70%，9.09% and 2.47% in 2009，2010，and 2011，respectively. Conclusion The schistosomiasis endemic situation shows a downtrend in the vil? lage. However，the reinfection is still serious；therefore，we should strengthen the research of risk factors of reinfection and control them.

Molluscicidal effect of buried niclosamide sustained?release method in plateau mountainous areas

WANG Chang-Wei, XU Xin, DAI Wen-Xin, LI Xun, ZHAO Shen-Hua, MA Bao-Hua, WANG Quan, YANG Lin, KUI Qing-Ming

2013, 25(2):  207. 

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Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of the buried niclosamide sustained?release method in Oncomela? nia snail?infested terraced environments of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province. Methods A piece of relatively isolated snail? infested terraced environment was selected as experimental plot and randomly divided into four groups. The buried niclosamide sus? tained?release methods were performed in Group A，B，C with the doses of 6 g/m2 ，12 g/m2 ，24 g/m2 respectively，and Group D was sprayed with 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder（2 g/m2 ）as the control. Results In Group C（with the bur? ied niclosamide sustained?release method of 24 g/m2 ），the half?year reduction of living snail density was 89.90%，and one?year re? duction of living snail density was 96.80%，which were significantly higher than those of Group D（40.35% and 59.11%） （Both P < 0.01）Conclusion The buried niclosamide sustained?release method is effective and suitable for snail control in mountainous terrace areas.

Correlation between TORCH infections and abnormal pregnant outcomes

ZHANG Qian-Qian, CHENG Jun-Zhen, WANG Feng-Hui

2013, 25(2):  209. 

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Objective To understand the correlation between TORCH infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes，so as to provide recommendations for birth defect interventions. Methods The serum samples from 900 pregnant women were tested for TORCH?IgM by capture ELISA. The women with positive results were followed up and the outcomes of their pregnancies were in? vestigated. Results The total TORCH?IgM positive rate of the pregnant women was 4.11%（37/900） . The IgM positive rates of CMV，HSVⅡ，RV and TOX were 2.00%（18/900），0.78%（7/900），0.44%（4/900），and 0.89%（8/900）respectively. Thirty? one TORCH?IgM positive pregnant women continued their pregnancies and 20 of them were found abnormal pregnancy outcomes， accounting for 64.52%. Conclusion TORCH infections are important risk factors responsible for abnormal pregnant outcomes. The screening of TORCH should be performed during pregnancy，and the appropriate interventions can reduce the occurrence of abnormal pregnancy and prevent birth defects.

Longitudinal analysis of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Fu River system in Yangxin County|2003-2012

LIANG Xun-Fa, HU Qian-Qing, CAO Zhe, LIANG Xun-Yin, YUAN Xiu-Bai

2013, 25(2):  211. 

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Objective To understand the endemic situation and control effect of schistosomiasis in the Fu River system in Yangxin County in recent 10 years. Methods The data of endemic situation and control of schistosomiasis in this area from 2003 to 2012 were collected，and the variation trends of morbidity and snail situation were analyzed longitudinally. Results Compared to 2003，the infection rates of human and cattle decreased by 97.50% and 99.44%，respectively. The total number of patients with acute schistosomiasis and advanced schistosomiasis decreased by 100% and 21.09%，respectively，and the number of schistosome infection of cattle decreased by 99.85%. Meanwhile，the Oncomelania snail area and the infection rate of snails decreased by 26.97% and 100%，respectively. Conclusion Though the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in the Fu River system in Yangxin County decreased obviously year by year，the comprehensive control measures and management of floating population in this arrea should still be strengthened to prevent the endemic situation from rebounding.

Causes of re?emergence of Oncomelania snails in hardened ditches

DING Zhao-Jun, WUI Jia-Ping, WANG Dao-Fen, WEI Zhang-Yong, HE Bin, HE Ya-Lan, YU Yun-Song, WAN Jun

2013, 25(2):  213. 

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Objective To understand the impact factors of the re?emergence of Oncomelania snails in hardened ditches so as to find out the measures to improve the effect of snail eradication. Methods Thirteen infected townships from Jingmen City were randomly selected and investigated with the retrospective method and the field survey. All the data were analyzed for evaluating the effect of the hardened ditches on snail eradication and finding out the causes of the re?emergence of snails in hardened ditches Re? sults After on?site investigation of 151 hardened ditches，the eradication rate of snail areas was 78.79%，and 71 ditches were founded with snails and the re?emergence rate was 47.02%. The major factors of the snail re?emergence were the spread of the snails from the upstream，the dilapidation of the hardened ditches，no using molluscicides before the hardened ditches，and the snails being brought by the engineering construction. Conclusions The only hardened ditches can not eradicate the snails. We should manage an overall plan when processing the ditches hardening project，implementation with molluscicides before the proj? ect and strengthen the maintenance of the hardened ditches.

Knowledge and practice on schistosomiasis control of boatmen along Yangtze River

HE Ming-Zhen, WANG An-Ping, XIE Yi-Qing, CHEN Hong, ZHANG You, ZHOU Zhong-Liang, XU Qin-Lan, WU Min-Yi

2013, 25(2):  215. 

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Objective To understand the knowledge and practice on schistosomiasis control of boatmen along the Yangtze River，so as to provide the evidence for making up schistosomiasis control measures for them. Methods In the anchor spots along the Yangtze River in Xinbei District，Changzhou City，a questionnaire survey was carried out for boatmen’ s knowledge and prac? tice on schistosomiasis control. Among the boatmen of different genders，ages and education levels，the awareness rates of schisto? somiasis control knowledge and the formation rates of correct behavior were compared. Results A total of 702 boatmen of 231 boats were surveyed. The total awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge was 84.19%. Among the groups with different education levels，the awareness rates were significantly different（χ2 =14.42，P < 0.05） . The total formation rate of correct behav? ior on schistosomiasis control was 43.16%. Between men and women groups，and among groups with different ages，the formation rates were significantly different（χ2 =21.95，15.00，P < 0.05 for all） . Totally 94.81% of the boats discharged the excrement into water directly. Conclusion The formation rate of correct behavior on schistosomiasis control of boatmen was low，thus the health promotion should be enhanced for them.

Causes of death of advanced schistosomiasis patients in Huacao Town, Shanghai

YANG Sheng-Yuan, SUN Lan, CHENG Yu-Ping, ZHAO Hui-Lan, CHEN Yan, YI Qiang, ZHONG Chun-Ming

2013, 25(2):  217. 

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Objective To explore the causes of death of advanced schistosomiasis patients in Huacao Town，Shanghai，so as to improve the relief measures for advanced schistosomiasis patients. Methods The data of advanced schistosomiasis patients from 2007 to 2012 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results There were totally 340 advanced schistosomiasis patients， and among them there were 110 deaths and 230 survival cases currently. The deaths of the men were less than those of the female with the gender ratio of 1∶1.08. The average age of deaths of advanced schistosomiasis patients was 77.98 years，while the patients with age older than 70 years accounted for 90.00%. There were 36 advanced schistosomiasis patients died of cancer，accounted for 32.73%，and 34 deaths died of schistosomiasis，accounted for 30.91%. Conclusion The mortality rate of advanced schistosomia? sis patients shows a rising trend in Huacao Town，and they mainly die of cancer and schistosomiasis.

Endoscopic variceal ligation in prevention from esophageal variceal hemorrhage of advanced schistosomiasis patients

LIU Lie-Quan, ZHOU Zhang-Yu, WAN Zheng-Mei, ZHANG Jun, TIAN Yue-Xiao, HU Heng

2013, 25(2):  218. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of the endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation on the prevention from recurrence of esophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage. Methods Forty?two advanced schistosomiasis patients with variceal hemorrhage in the treatment group received the endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation，and 30 patients in the control group did not，and all of them had oral propranolol，spironolactone and 5 single?isosorbide dinitrate etc. in hospital for the same period and had these drugs for 3?6 months after discharge. The re?examinations of endoscopy were performed once 3 to 6 months. Results The time of follow? up was from 2 to 3 years and the average was 29 months. In the treatment group，the rate of recurrence of esophageal varices was 19.0%（8/42）and the average time was 30 months；the incidence of esophageal variceal bleeding was 11.9%（5/42）and 2 pa? tients died. In the control group，the rate of recurrence of esophageal varices was 43.3%（13 /30）and the average time was 18 months；the incidence of esophageal variceal bleeding was 36.7%（11/30）and 7 patients died. The therapeutic efficacy of the treatment group was much superior to that of the control group. Conclusion The endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation is effec? tive and safe， and can become one of the preferred methods in the prevention from variceal hemorrhage.

Diagnosis and treatment of one patient infected with Thelazia callipaeda

ZHANG Hai-Fang, TONG De-Sheng

2013, 25(2):  220. 

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This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one patient infected with Thelazia callipaeda，which suggests that in the diagnosis，the ophthalmologists should combine the epidemiological contact history with the examination so as to avoid mis? diagnosis.

Spirometra mansoni infection in an infant：one case report

LIU Yi-Xin, XU Xiang-Zhen, TONG De-Sheng, TANG Feng

2013, 25(2):  221. 

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This paper reports the diagnosis and therapy of one case of Spirometra mansoni infection in an infant.