Table of Content

13 June 2016, Volume 28 Issue 3

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Epidemic situation and prevention and control strategy of clonorchiasis in Guangdong Province, China

2016, 28(3):  229-233. 

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Clonorchiasis is one of the food?borne parasitic diseases. Adult parasites live in the human liver and gallbladder tube system，causing serious complications，such as gallstones，cholecystitis and cholangitis，and even bile duct cancer. The disease is very popular in our country，and the population infection rate is high. It is an important public health problem. Guang? dong Province is the earliest province being found of clonorchiasis and with serious epidemic. In the second national human para? sitic diseases distribution survey，the results showed that the average infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis in the epidemic areas in Guangdong was 16.42%. It is estimated that the population of C. sinensis infection is over 500 million. The prevention and con? trol of clonorchiasis in China is still in the initial stage currently and we face many challenges such as unclear epidemic charac? teristics and transmission mode，and lack of long?term prevention and control mechanism. This article introduces the epidemic situation of clonorchiasis and prevention and control strategies and measures in Guangdong.

Analysis of Oncomelania hupensis snail situation in schistosomiasis surveil-lance sites in Hubei Province from 2009 to 2014

2016, 28(3):  234-236,280. 

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Objective Objective To analyze the Oncomelania hupensis snail situation in schistosomiasis surveillance sites in Hubei Province from 2009 to 2014. Methods Methods From 2009 to 2014，207 schistosomiasis endemic villages from 13 cities were selected as the surveillance sites in Hubei Province，where the surveillance of snail situation was performed，and the data about the in? dexes of snail situation during the 6 years were collected and analyzed statistically. Results Results From 2009 to 2014，totally 80 963.47 hm2 of snail areas were investigated，and 45 309.77 hm2 of area with snails as well as 364.93 hm2 of area with infected snails were found out，and 1 646 125 snails were captured. In the 207 surveillance sites，the density of living snails was reduced from 0.493 3 snail/0.1 m2 in 2009 to 0.339 3 snail/0.1 m2 in 2014，with a decline rate of 31.22%；the density of infected snails was reduced from 0.000 7 snail/0.1 m2 in 2009 to 0 in 2014；the infection rate of snails was reduced from 0.14% in 2009 to 0 in 2014. The infection rates of snails in the third?rank villages，endemic areas in inner embankment，ditch environment and weed environment were relatively higher. Conclusions Conclusions The snail situation of Hubei Province has been declined steadily. However， the environment of snail breeding has not been changed completely. In order to consolidate the control achievements further，the measures including mollusciciding and snail control projects should be strengthened.

Molluscicidal effect of niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder-granula against Oncomelania hupensis

2016, 28(3):  237-240,326. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder ?granula（PG）against Oncomelania hupensis. Methods Methods The molluscicidal experiment was carried out by the dusting method with niclosamide etha? nolamine salt 4% PG. The experiments were respectively done in the laboratory and the tidal flats wetlands. At the same time， the niclosamide ethanolamine salt 4% dustable powder（DP）was as the control group. The single blind method was used for the quality control. The corrected mortality and the median lethal concentration（LC50 ）were compared between PG and DP in the molluscicidal experiment of the laboratory. The corrected mortality and the reduced rate of snails’density were compared be? tween PG and DP in the tidal flats wetlands. Results Results The mortality rates of the snails were 96.67% and 100% respectively on 1 d after dusting 4.0 g/m2 of 4% PG and 2.0 g/m2 of 4% DP in the laboratory. The results showed that the mortality rates of the snails were higher with 4% DP than 4% PG in each dosage（t1 d = 3.60， P < 0.01） . The LC50（s） of 1d，3 d，7 d after dusting the molluscicide also showed that the molluscicidal effects of DP were better than PG. The corrected mortality rates were 91.71%， 92.91%，90.57%，85.33% and 71.09%，90.11%，90.13%，85.26% on 3 d，7 d，15 d，30 d after dusting with 4% PG and 4% DP，respectively，in the fields. Statistics showed that the mortality rates of snails were higher on 3 d，7 d after dusting with PG than DP（c2 3 d = 731.57，c2 7 d = 25.90，P < 0.01），but there were no significant differences between PG and DP on 15d，30d af? ter dusting（c2 15 d = 0.53，c2 30 d = 0.01，P > 0.05） . Conclusions Conclusions 4% PG has both the adsorption of powder and the penetrabilityof the granules. The molluscicidal effects of 4% PG and 4% DP are almost the same. However，the drift of the powder was still not effectively controlled. This problem need to be further studied.

Application of automatic photography in Schistosoma japonicum miracidium hatching experiments

2016, 28(3):  241-243. 

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Objective Objective To explore the value of automatic photography in the observation of results of Schistosoma japoni? cum miracidium hatching experiments. Methods Methods Some fresh S. japonicum eggs were added into cow feces，and the samples of feces were divided into a low infested experimental group and a high infested group（40 samples each group） . In addition，there was a negative control group with 40 samples of cow feces without S. japonicum eggs. The conventional nylon bag S. japonicum miracidium hatching experiments were performed. The process was observed with the method of flashlight and magnifying glass combined with automatic video（automatic photography method），and，at the same time，with the naked eye observation meth? od. The results were compared. Results Results In the low infested group，the miracidium positive detection rates were 57.5% and 85.0% by the naked eye observation method and automatic photography method，respectively（χ2 = 11.723，P > 0.05） . In the high infested group，the positive detection rates were 97.5% and 100% by the naked eye observation method and automatic pho? tography method，respectively（χ2 = 1.253，P < 0.05） . In the two infested groups，the average positive detection rates were 77.5% and 92.5% by the naked eye observation method and automatic photography method，respectively（ χ2 = 6.894，P > 0.05） . Conclusion Conclusion The automatic photography can effectively improve the positive detection rate in the S. japonicum miracidi? um hatching experiments.

Evaluation on application of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System of Hydatid Disease Ⅰ Current status at the provincial level

2016, 28(3):  244-246,300. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the application status of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System of Hy? datid Disease，in which questions existed are summarized in order to promote the system update. Methods Methods A questionnaire was designed and distributed to Inner Mongolia，Sichuan，Tibet，Gansu，Qinghai，Ningxia，Xinjiang and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps to evaluate the application status of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System of Hydatid Disease assistant with telephone. Results Results The recovery rate of questionnaires was 87.5%. The statistics of closed questions showed that national application rate of the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System of Hydatid Disease was 100%，of which 15.3% were low frequency users，57.1% believed the system was necessary，28.6% considered it was dispens? able，and 14.3% believed that it was totally unnecessary. The statistics of open?ended questions indicated that 6 endemic regions suggested to increase the guidance and training，while 4 endemic regions had opinions on sharing the information of the national infectious disease reporting systems and hydatid disease prevention and control information system，and the opinions on turning monthly report to quarterly report，and increasing statistics and analysis module，and 3 endemic regions deemed that the system had logic errors and defects. Conclusion Conclusion The problems of the system are mainly focused on the existence of systemic deficien? cies and logic errors，lacking of statistical parameters and corresponding analysis function module，and lacking of the guidance and training，which limits the use of the system. Therefore， these problems should be resolved.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2014

2016, 28(3):  247-251，257. 

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Objective Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2014，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the effective malaria elimination strategies and measures in this province. Methods Methods The data from the Disease Reporting Information System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention were collected and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological method for the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2014. Results Results A total of 997 malaria cases were reported in Hubei Province from 2010 to 2014，there were 618 cases of vivax malaria，352 cases of falciparum malaria，18 cases of Plasmodium ovale infection，and 9 cases of Plasmodium malariae infec? tion. Among all the reported cases，479 were local cases and 518 were imported cases. No local malaria cases were reported from Hubei Province since 2013. The overall imported malaria cases showed a gradual increasing trend from 2010 to 2014，the pro? portion of falciparum malaria increased quite significantly from 2010 to 2014. The malaria cases were mainly distributed in Xiangyang，Wuhan，Xiaogan，Yichang，Jingmen and Suizhou cities，reaching 81.85% of the cases of the whole province. There were 810 male cases and 187 female cases，with a sex ratio of 4.33∶1. The local malaria cases were mainly aged from 40 to 69 years，accounted for 78.29% of the total local cases，and 88.22%（457/518）of the whole local cases were concentrated in 20- 49 age groups. The local cases were mainly farmers（67.01%） . Among the imported malaria cases， the occupation distribution concentrated mainly on the worker，migrant worker，and farmer（63.90%） . Conclusions Conclusions The local malaria epidemic situation has been effectively controlled in Hubei Province，which reflects the initiative achievements of malaria elimination. However， there are still many imported malaria cases from abroad. Therefore，the imported malaria from abroad still remains the key of ma? laria control in Hubei Province.

Epidemiological analysis of imported malaria cases in 20 counties at border region of Yunnan Province from 2012 to 2014

2016, 28(3):  252-257. 

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Objective Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the imported malaria cases in 20 counties at the bor? der region of Yunnan Province from 2012 to 2014，so as to provide the evidence?based proof for adjusting the strategies in the elimination stage. Methods Methods The malaria epidemic data of the 20 border counties in Yunnan Province from 2012 to 2014 were collected and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2010. Results Results From 2012 to 2014，a total of 1 558 malaria cases were report? ed in the 20 border counties in Yunnan Province，among which，1 336 were imported cases，accounting for 85.75%（1 336/1 558），and 222 were indigenous cases，accounting for 14.25%（222/1 558） . The number of the imported cases in the above years took up 80.00%（544/680），89.10%（425/477）and 91.52%（367/401）of the total reported cases in the whole year，re? spectively. Among all the 1 336 imported cases，1 045（78.22%）were infected with Plasmodium vivax，284（21.26%）were in? fected with P. falciparum，3 were infected with P. malariae，3 were mixed infection and 1 was an unclassified case；2 patients died. And 95.58% of the cases were mainly infected in Myanmar（1 277 cases） . Young and middle?aged adult of 20-40 years who worked overseas were the predominant（802 cases，60.03%）and most of the cases occurred from April to June of the year （679 cases，50.82%） . Those cases mainly distributed in Tengchong （459 cases），Ruili （366 cases），Yingjiang（191 cases）and Mangshi（78 cases） . Conclusions Conclusions The epidemic situation of imported malaria is serious in the border region of Yunnan Prov? ince. Therefore，the surveillance system of malaria control needs to be well planned and managed to ensure timely case detection and prompt response at the elimination and post?elimination stage.

Diffusion, population dynamics and potential distribution of Armigeres subalbatus

2016, 28(3):  258-263. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the diffusion trend of Armigeres subalbatus and analyze its potential geographic distri? bution in China. Methods Methods The trend analysis of diffusion and population dynamics were carried out based on three aspects in? cluding literature reports，information of museum specimens and new collection records from our field survey. To compare the po? tential geographic distribution，two ecological niche models were constructed by Maxent software based on the geographic pres? ence occurrence data and 20 environmental variables. The final models were evaluated with the receiver operating characteristics curve（ROC） . The analyses of variable contributions were confirmed by using the Jackknife method. Results Results The populations in Weifang and Weihai，Shandong Province were reported for the first time. The results showed that this species was spread to the Palaearctic Northern Region and reached 42° north latitude regions. In some areas，it gradually developed into a dominant species. A total of 294 georeferenced occurrence points of A. subalbatus were found out. Two predictions of Maxent models were established based on the presence occurrence data in 2000 and 2016，respectively. The results showed that the current distribu? tion range of A. subalbatus had been significantly northward expanded compared with 2000. It means that the potential suitable area gradually spread northward. The ROC analysis results showed the AUC values were 0.980 and 0.982，and it indicated that the models had a high reliability. The Jackknife method displayed that the precipitation of warmest quarter，precipitation of wet? test month and precipitation of wettest quarter were the dominant environmental variables that mainly contributed to the distribu? tion of A. subalbatus. Conclusions Conclusions A. subalbatus distribution gradually spreads northward，and climate warming is probably the main reason for the diffusion. It could affect the local mosquito species composition and increase the risk of mosquito?borne disease transmission.

Effect evaluation of three ELISA kits in detection of paragonimiasis

2016, 28(3):  264-268. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effects of 3 kinds of ELISA reagents on the detection of human paragonimiasis. Meth Meth? ? ods ods A total of 45 serum samples from patients with paragonimiasis，218 serum samples from patients with other parasitic dis? eases as well as 80 serum samples from healthy people were detected by GD?ELISA（IgG antigen ELISA detection reagent），ES? ELISA（using excretory/secretory（ES）products of Paragonimus westermani），and sAg?ELISA（using semi ?purified antigen （sAg）of P. westermani），respectively. The effects of the 3 reagents were evaluated and compared. Results Results The sensitivities of GD?ELISA，ES?ELISA，and sAg?ELISA were 95.6%（95% CI：89.6%～100.0%），93.3%（95% CI：86.0%～100.0%）and 86.7%（95% CI：76.8%～96.6%），respectively；the specificities of the above three reagents were 88.6%（95% CI：85.0%～ 92.2%），88.9% （95% CI：85.3%～92.5%）and 99.0 %（95% CI：97.9%～100.0%），respectively，and the Youden indexes of them were 0.84，0.82 and 0.86，respectively. Conclusion Conclusion sAg?ELISA is more suitable than GD?ELISA and ES?ELISA for clin? ical sample tests in paragonimiasis endemic areas in China.

Effect and mechanism of CD4⁺ CD25⁺ regulatory T cells on protective efficacy of protein vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum in mice

2016, 28(3):  269-274. 

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Objective Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs（Tregs）on the protective efficacy of glutha? tione?S?transferase（GST）against Schistosoma japonicum in mice. Methods Methods Female BALB/c mice were divided randomly into five groups：a normal control group，an infected control group，an anti?CD25mAb group，a GST immunization group and a com? bination group with GST immunization and anti?CD25 mAb. The GST group and combination group were injected percutaneously with GST 50 μg each mouse，the other two groups were injected with equal volume PBS. The immunization was performed for 3 times for two?week interval，and 2 weeks after the last immunization，each mouse was challenged with 40 S. japonicum cercaria. Two weeks post?infection，the combination group and anti?CD25 mAb group were injected intraperitoneally with 300 μg anti? CD25 mAb each mouse. The mice were succumbed 2 weeks，3 weeks，4 weeks and 5 weeks post?infection respectively. The per? centages of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs in splenocytes of mice were measured with flow cytometer. The levels of IFN?γ，IL?2，IL?4，IL?5 and TGF?β in cell cultural supernatants were determined by sandwich?ELISA after stimulation with Con A. The liver sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results Results The worm burden in the combination group（15.80±2.74）was significantly lower than those of the infected control group（27.78±3.15），anti ?CD25 mAb group（21.50±4.21），and GST group（20.84± 6.46） . Compared to those of the infected control group，the percentages of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs were significantly higher in the GST group，while the percentages of CD4+ CD25+ Tregs were significantly lower post?anti?CD25 mAb?administration. Regardless of GST administration，the levels of IFN?γ，IL?2，IL?4 and IL?5 after anti?CD25 mAb were significantly higher than those of the in? fected control groups. There were no significant differences of egg granuloma and the level of TGF?β between each group. Con Con? ? clusion clusion CD4+ CD25+ Tregs could be partially blocked by anti?CD25 mAb while Th1 and Th2 type immunization response could be enhanced，which plays a role in improving the protective efficacy of GST against of S. japonicum.

Correlation between genetic differences of mates and pathogenicity of Schistosoma japonicum in definitive host

2016, 28(3):  275-280. 

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Objective Objective To explore the correlation between the genetic dissimilarity and heterozygosity of mates and the patho? genicity of Schistosoma japonicum in the definitive host. Methods Methods By using seven microsatellite loci markers，S. japonicum genotyping of sixteen pairs randomly mated was performed，the genetic dissimilarity and heterozygosity were calculated between the mates，and the correlation between the genetic dissimilarity and heterozygosity of the mates and the pathogenicity of S. japon? icum in the definitive host was evaluated. Results Results There was a significant correlation between the genetic similarity of S. ja? ponicum mates and the mean number of eggs per worm pair in the liver and intestinal tissue（r = 0.501 6，P < 0.05；r = 0.796 5，P < 0.01，respectively）and the hatching rate of deposited eggs in the liver（r = 0.508 3，P < 0.05），respectively. There was no correlation between the genetic similarity of the mates and hepatosplenomegaly per worm pair（r = 0.109 5，P > 0.05；r = 0.265 3，P > 0.05，respectively）and the average diameter of granuloma in the liver（r = -0.272 7，P > 0.05），respec? tively. There was no correlation between the heterozygosity of the mates and all the pathological parameters of S. japonicum in the definitive host（P > 0.05） . Conclusions Conclusions There is the correlation between the genetic dissimilarity of the mates and the pathogenicity of S. japonicum in the definitive host，and the genetic dissimilarity is greater，pathogenicity is weaker. There is no correlation between heterozygosity of the mates and the pathogenicity of S. japonicum in the definitive host.

Culture and characterization of spontaneous ascites cells isolated from Microtus fortis

2016, 28(3):  281-283,309. 

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Objective Objective To isolate and culture the spontaneous ascites cells from Microtus fortis under artificial conditions， so as to investigate the molecular mechanism at the cell level. Methods Methods The cells were isolated from spontaneous ascites of M. fortis artificially bred for 90 d，and were cultured and observed under a microscope. The differences of ascites cells among nor? mal，spontaneous ascites and schistosomiasis infected samples of M. fortis were compared. The lesion of tissue was observed si? multaneously. Results Results There were no obvious organ tissue lesions in M. fortis with spontaneous ascites，and the number and types of cells in peritoneal fluid were irregular and significantly changed. With the extension of culture time，the colonies ap? peared and there were a large number of vacuole?like cells in the cultured medium and sequentially presenting proliferation，de? formation，disintegration and the fiber?like changes and could be passaged 3-4 d only. Conclusion Conclusion The cells from M. fortis with spontaneous ascites are similar to its abdominal cavity cells after infection of Schistosoma japonica.

Identification of two Bithynia species from Heng County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China by using morphological and DNA barcoding methods

2016, 28(3):  284-288. 

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Objective Objective To distinguish two Bithynia species，Bithynia fuchsiana and Bithynia robusta collected from Heng County，Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region，by using morphological and DNA barcoding methods. Methods Methods The adult B. fuchsiana and B. robusta were collected from the biotope such as rivers，ditches and ponds in Heng County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region，China. The two species specimens were identified by measuring shell morphological parameters，compar? ing the characters of the male reproductive system，and using the COI gene barcoding technique and building phylogenetic tree. Results Results B. fuchsiana and B. robusta were similar morphologically in the shell appearance；they had the similar snail height， snail width，shape and male reproductive structure. The DNA sequence analysis showed that the COI gene of the two Bithynia species had low sequence divergence with 11 variation sites among 22 sequences. The length of the COI gene segment was 517 bp and no insertion sites and deletion loci after sequence edited. All individuals of the two species gathered to one clade in the phylogenetic tree based on COI gene. Conclusion Conclusion According to the evidence of morphology and COI gene coding sequence，B. fuchsiana and B. robusta from Heng County，Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region， are likely to be the same species.

Cloning, fusion expression and identification of thioredoxin encoding gene from Toxoplasma gondii

2016, 28(3):  289-292. 

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Objective Objective To clone and express the thioredoxin（Trx）from RH strain tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii，estab? lish the prokaryotic expression vector and purify the recombinant protein，then produce the polyclonal anti?Trx antibody in rab? bits. Methods Methods Trx fragment was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pET?28a （+） vector，and the recombinant protein was in? duced with IPTG and purified by Ni?NTA affinity chromatography. The polyclonal antibody specificity was detected by Western blotting. Results Results The trx gene was amplified from T. gondii cDNA by PCR. The recombinant plasmid trx/pET?28a （+）was use? fully constructed，and the recombinant TRX protein was expressed and purified. The TRX polyclonal antibody was also ob? tained. The specific band of TRX was detected by Western blotting. Conclusion Conclusion Western blotting can detect the specificity of polyclonal anti?Trx antibody，which will facilitate the biological functions of Trx.

Effect of excretory/secretory protein of Trichinella spiralis adult worm on CLP-induced sepsis in mice

2016, 28(3):  293-296,322. 

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Objective Objective To observe the effect of excretory/secretory products from Trichinella spiralis adult worms（AES）on cecal ligation and puncture（CLP） ?induced sepsis in mice. Methods Methods Forty? ?eight BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups：a sham operation group（PBS + sham group，Group A），a CLP?induced sepsis group（PBS+ CLP group，Group B）and an AES treatment group（AES+ CLP group，Group C） . The mice of each group were intraperitoneally injected with 25 μg of AES or PBS only as a control in a total volume of 200 μl. Eight mice from each group were selected randomly for survival analy? sis of 96 hours. The other 8 mice in each group were observed for pathological changes in the lung，liver and kidney tissues by HE staining 12 h after CLP，and then determined for the detection of cytokines including TNF?α，IL?1β，IL?6，IL?10 and TGF?β in the sera by ELISA. Results Results The difference among the survival rates of mice in the 3 groups was statistically significant （χ2 = 21.16，P < 0.05） . Compared to Group A（100%），the survival rate of mice in Group B（0）decreased significantly（P < 0.05），and also the pathological damage degrees in the lung，liver and kidney tissues of the mice in Group B increased signifi? cantly after CLP. Compared with the mice in group B，the survival rate of those in Group C（70%）increased significantly（P < 0.05），and the pathological damage degrees in the lung，liver and kidney tissues of the mice in Group C decreased significantly after the treatment with AES. The differences among the levels of pro?inflammatory cytokines TNF?α（F = 27.11，P < 0.05），IL? 1β（F = 18.75，P < 0.05）and IL?6（F = 100.93，P < 0.05）in the sera of the mice in the three groups were statistically signifi? cant. Compared with the mice in Group A，the levels of the 3 cytokines of those in Group B increased significantly（all P < 0.05） . However，after the treatment with AES，the levels of the pro?inflammatory cytokines of those in Group C decreased signifi? cantly（all P < 0.05） . The differences among the levels of immunoregulatory cytokines IL?10（F = 10.88，P < 0.05）and TGF?β （F = 11.37，P < 0.05）in the sera of the mice in the three groups were also statistically significant. Compared with the mice in Group B，the levels of IL?10 and TGF?β of those in Group C were higher after treatment with AES（both P < 0.05） . Conclu Conclu? ? sion sion T. spiralis AES has a therapeutic potential for alleviating sepsis induced by CLP in mice.

Investigation on species and community ecology of Acaroid mites breeding in stored traditional Chinese animal medicinal materials

2016, 28(3):  297-300. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the species of Acaroid mites breeding in the stored traditional Chinese animal medici? nal materials and the relationship between its community and habitats. Methods Methods A total of 30 samples of traditional Chinese animal medicinal herbs were collected from Wuhu City，Anhui Province，China. The mites were isolated by the directly micro? scopic and floatation microscopic examinations，and then identified and counted under a light microscope. Results Results Acaroid mites was represented in 28 of the 30 samples，and the breeding rate accounted for as high as 93.3%（28/30） . Totally，13 spe? cies of Acaroid mites were identified，which belonged to 4 families and 9 genera. The densities of Acaroid mites were top in 6 Chinese herbal medicines，such as corium erinacei，aspongopus，hirudo，pheretima aspergillum，Apostichopus and huechys. The diversity parameters of these six traditional Chinese animal medicinal herbs were calculated. The highest richness indexes were in aspongopus and hirudo，the highest diversity index was in hirudo，and the highest evenness index was in Apostichopus. Conclusions Conclusions There are Acaroid mites breeding in parts of the traditional Chinese animal medicinal herbs stored in Wuhu. In the storage and processing of Chinese herbal medicines， we should pay attention to the prevention and control of mites.

Morphologic observation on Histiostoma feroniarum in Allium cepa

2016, 28(3):  301-303. 

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Objective Objective To observe the external morphology of Histiostoma feroniarum hypopus under a light microscope. Methods Methods The samples were collected in a mushroom cultivation base，and the H. feroniarum hypopus was isolated and puri? fied. The slide samples were prepared and observed under an optical microscope. Results Results The back body of the H. feroniarum hypopus was flat with tiny bristles，the epidermis was of significant ossification，the ventral had four pairs of slender feet stretched，the sucker plate was prosperous in the end of the body，and the sucker plate had eight suckers. The gnathosoma was thin，long and highly specialized. Conclusion Conclusion The light microscopy shows the morphological characteristics of H. feroniarum hypopus， providing the basis for identifying and life cycle study.

Tyrophagus palmarum and its hypopus found in feed of Tenebrio molitor

2016, 28(3):  304-305,330. 

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Objective Objective To observe the Tyrophagus palmarum and its hypopus in feed of Tenebrio molitor. Methods Methods Feed samples were collected from T. molitor farms，and T. palmarum and its hypopus were separated from the samples by the vibra? tion sieve method and floating method. The glass specimens were prepared and T. palmarum and its hypopus were observed un? der an optical microscope. Results Results Under the light microscope，the skin of T. palmarum was smooth and bright，the color of legs and chelicerae was relatively dark，the length of dorsal seta d2 was 3?4 times longer than d1 and la；The ω1 in tarsus of leg Ⅰ，Ⅱ was short rod，and its top was not tapered；the sucker plate in tarsus of leg Ⅳ located in the middle of the section. The hypopus was oblate，and there were two pairs of legs in front which extended to body. The rear end of hypopus became pointless and round，wrapping around a transparent and ossification skin. Conclusion Conclusion Light microscopy shows the morphological charac? teristics of T. palmarum and its dormant body， providing the basis for identifying the hypopus.

Establishment of a monitoring database of historical Oncomelania hupensis environments at grass-root level for schistosomiasis prevention based on Google Earth

2016, 28(3):  306-309. 

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Objective Objective To establish a monitoring database of historical Oncomelania hupensis environments at grass?root lev? el for schistosomiasis prevention based on Google Earth（GE），so as to improve the management efficiency of historical O. hu? pensis environments. Methods Methods GE was labeled with the information about the historical O. hupensis environments through add? ing landmark，path and polygon. Meanwhile，POCO web album was used to storage the practice situation pictures of the environ? ments，which could be imported into GE so that the environments could be monitored dynamically. Results Results There were 553 historical O. hupensis snail environments in Yangjian Town，Xishan District，Wuxi City and the accumulative area was 506 000 m2 . Among these environments，224（40.5%）were Class IV environments，accounting for 40.5% of accumulative area. Conclu Conclu? ? sions sions The monitoring database of historical O. hupensis environments based on GE at country level is established successfully and it can be used to manage the historical snail environments visually and monitor the changes dynamically.

Effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control in Changzhou City from 2004 to 2014

2016, 28(3):  310-312. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control in Changzhou City in recent 10 years， so as to provide the evidences for formulating the future prevention and control strategy. Methods Methods The work reports and the da? ta of the schistosomiasis comprehensive control projects in Changzhou City from 2004 to 2014 were collected，the infection sta? tus of residents and livestock as well the Oncomelania hupensis snail situation were analyzed，and the implementation effect of the comprehensive control projects was evaluated. Results Results From 2004 to 2014，totally 215 368 person?times were examined， and the positive rate of the blood examinations of the population was 0.24% （478/198 356），and there were no positive cases de? tected out by using the miracidium hatching method. Totally 11 935 domestic animals were detected and no positives were found. From 2004 to 2014，the total area with snails was 92.27 hm2 ，and marshland，inland and mountain environments accounted for 34.75%，34.82% and 30.43%，respectively. The newly discovered area with snails was 34.40 hm2 ，and marshland，inland and mountain environments accounted for 2.62%，71.22% and 26.16%，respectively. Totally 8 511 snails were dissected and no schistosome infected snails were found. From 2004 to 2014，a total of 242 600 harmless toilets were built，2 704 700 domestic animals were reared in pens，5.82 km?long rivers were dredged，2 250.11 hm2 of protective forests were constructed，a total area of 625.79 hm2 were controlled with molluscicides，and an area of 149.58 hm2 were environmentally transformed. Totally 5.4 mil? lion people received health education. The awareness rate of knowledge on schistosomiasis control of residents was 96.00% in 2014. Conclusions Conclusions There exists the risks of snails import and diffusion and schistosomiasis resurrection in Changzhou City， but under the condition of continuous implementation of comprehensive control measures，the endemic situation of schistosomia? sis is stable and the control achievement is consolidated in this city

Oncomelania hupensis snail control effects of molluscicides with different formulations in field in marshland and lake regions

2016, 28(3):  313-315,348. 

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Objective Objective To observe the Oncomelania hupensis snail control effects of molluscicides with different formula? tions in the ditch with unstable water level in field of marshland and lake areas，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention strategies. Methods Methods A drainage channel with O. hupensis snails in Jiangling County，Jingzhou City were selected as the study field，then it was divided into 6 segments，except 1 segment was treated as the blank control group for observing the natural mortality rate of the snails，the other 5 segments were treated as observation groups，where 4% niclosamide ethanol? amine salt powder，5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granule，25% suspension concentrate of niclosamide ethanolamine salt， 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt，50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder were applied respectively. Before and after the mollusciciding，the snail surveys were carried out through the systematic sampling method，and the short? and long?term effects of snail control were observed，and the mortality rates of the snails on the slope above the water level and those below the water level were compared. Results Results When 7 d and 15 d after mullusciciding， the mortality rates of snails on the slope above the water level in each observation group were 79.52%-97.87% and 90.43%-96.30%，respectively，when compared with those before mollusciciding，all the differences were statistically significant（all P < 0.01） . When 7 d after mullusciciding，the mortality rates of snails below the water level in each observation group were 17.11%- 50.00%，which were all lower than those of the snails on the slope above the water level in the corresponding groups（all P ＜ 0.05）；when 15 d after mullusciciding，the rates were 9.43%-95.24%，and those in 25% suspension concentrate of niclosamide ethanolamine salt，26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt，50% niclosamide ethanol? amine salt wettable powder groups were all lower than those of the snails on the slope above the water level in the corresponding groups（all P ＜ 0.01） . Compared with the densities of living snails before mollusciciding，those 6 months after mollusciciding in each observation group decreased by 70.21%-78.98%. Conclusions Conclusions The molluscicides in the formulation of powders and granule are suitable for both the snail environment with or without water，while those in the formulation of suspension agents and wettable powders are suitable only for environments with water.

Application of solution focused approach in nursing of patients with advanced schistosomiasis

2016, 28(3):  316-318. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the effect of nursing with solution focused approach in advanced schistosomiasis pa? tients. Methods Methods Fifty three patients with advanced schistosomiasis in the Liujiahu Hospital for Schistosomiasis Control of Yiyang City were randomized selected and separated into an intervention group and a control group. The patients of the interven? tion group received the conventional nursing plus solution focused approach，while the patients of the control group received on? ly the conventional nursing. The effectiveness of nursing and treatment was evaluated in the two groups comparatively. Results Results The knowledge of self?care skills，medical compliance behaviors and services satisfaction degree in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group（c2 = 3.78，2.87，4.09 respectively，all P < 0.05） . The occurrence rate of upper gastroin? testinal bleeding in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the control group（c2 = 4.894，P < 0.05） . The aver? age hospitalization duration of the intervention group was shorter than that of the control group（t = 4.17，P < 0.05） . Conclu Conclu? ? sions sions The solution focused approach is a feasible and effective method in course of nursing of advanced schistosomiasis pa? tients. It enhances the confidence of the patients and the trustiness of the patients to the health care providers. The complications and the hospitalization duration of the patients are reduced.

Application of clinical nursing path integrated with holistic nursing in advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites

2016, 28(3):  319-322. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of the clinical nursing path integrated with the holistic nursing on advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites. Methods Methods A total of 226 advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites were randomly di? vided into a control group and an experimental group（113 cases each group） . The subjects in the experimental group were nursed by the clinical nursing path integrated with the holistic nursing，while those in the control group were nursed only by the holistic nursing. Then the clinical relevant indexes of the two groups were observed，and the quality of life of the patients before and after hospital discharge was assessed. Results Results The improvement rate，satisfaction degree，and awareness rate of health knowledge of the patients in the experiment group were 93.8%，100% and 97.4%，respectively，which were significantly higher than those of the control group（all P < 0.05） . The mortality rate and the complication rate of the patients in the experimental group were 0 and 2.7%，respectively，which were significantly lower than those of the control group（both P < 0.05） . In addi? tion，the average hospitalization days and the hospitalization cost of the experiment group were（12.2 ± 0.7）d and （4 725.0 ± 310.1） Yuan respectively，which were less than those of the control group（both P < 0.01） . When 6 months after the discharge from hospital，the quality of life of the patients in the experimental group in various fields was significantly better than that of the control group （all P < 0.05） . Conclusions Conclusions The clinical nursing pathway integrated with holistic nursing can effectively improve the improvement rate and decrease the mortality of the advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites；meanwhile，it can short? en the hospitalization time and save the hospitalization cost. Therefore，this nursing model is suitable for popularization and ap? plication in the treatment and nursing work of the advanced schistosomiasis assistance.

Investigation of tick bites in outpatients with fever from health care facilities in Tengchong County

2016, 28(3):  323-326. 

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Objective Objective To study the prevalence of tick bites and relative factors of outpatients with fever from health care fa? cilities in Tengchong County. Methods Methods From July to August，2014，the outpatients with fever in five health care facilities namely Tengchong Center for Disease Control and Prevention，Hehua Health Center，Jietou Health Center，Qushi Health Cen? ter and Xinhua Health Center were investigated by questionnaires. The factors related to tick bites were explored with the univari? ate analysis and multiple regression models. Results Results Totally 884 effect questionnaires were acquired. Among the 884 partici? pants，85（9.6%）had experienced tick bites. The frequency of tick bites was associated with locations，gender，age group，own? ership of cattle，working at foreign country，firewood cutting and lumbering in the forest（all P < 0.05） . The multiple regression revealed that the male and people raising cattle，working at foreign country，engaging in firewood cutting and lumbering in the forest had a more risk for tick bites. Conclusions Conclusions Tick bites are common in the residents of Tengchong County. The risk of be? ing bitten varies in different populations. The local health departments should promote health education in the high?risk popula? tion to reduce the risk of infecting tick?borne diseases.

Evaluation of integrated strategy in prevention and control of intestinal nematodiasis in Hongze County, Jiangsu Province

2016, 28(3):  327-330. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of the integrated strategy in prevention and control of intestinal nematodiasis in Hongze County，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the control strategies and measures in the future. Methods Methods Since 1995，the integrated strategy has been carried out for intestinal nematodiasis，and the measures included deworming，health ed? ucation，safe water，sanitation and environmental remediation. The effects of the integrated strategy were evaluated by the inves? tigations of the prevalence of soil?transmitted nematodiasis，awareness of health knowledge and behaviors of residents. Results Results From 1995 to 2014，601 900 person?times were administrated with deworming medication and the coverage rate of villages and towns was 100%. The benefit rate of safe water was 100%. The popularity rate of harmless toilets was 92.77%. The prevalence of intestinal nematodiasis decreased from 26.04% in 1995 to 0.56% in 2014，and the difference had statistical significance （χ2 = 693.54，P < 0.01） . The awareness rate of health knowledge and correct rate of health behaviors increased from 43.13% and 40.94% in 1995 to 98.00% and 96.80% in 2012，respectively （χ2 ＝ 181.97 and 182.14 respectively，P＜0.01） . Conclusion Conclusion The prevalence of intestinal nematodiasis has been controlled effectively through the integrated strategy in Hongze County，Jiang? su Province.

Analysis of projects of infectious disease epidemiology sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China

2016, 28(3):  331-335. 

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Objective Objective To analyze the projects on the infectious disease epidemiology sponsored by the National Natural Sci? ence Foundation of China（NSFC），explore the hotspot and development trend，and offer a reference for researchers in this field. Methods Methods Based on the NSFC database，the projects on the infectious disease epidemiology（H2609）sponsored from 1987 to 2014 were analyzed. The changes of fund numbers，amounts and research fields were described. Results Results During the study period，NSFC sponsored 373 projects，including 228 general projects（61.1%），78 youth projects（20.9%）and 67 other projects（18.0%） . The average amount of the grant was 358.2 thousand Yuan（20 thousand?8 million） . The main sponsored re? search fields were mechanisms of pathogen and immunity（36.2%）and population?based epidemiological studies（33.0%） . The top three diseases were hepatitis，HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. Conclusion Conclusion The amount of funding on researches of infectious disease epidemiology has increased continuously，which has played an important role in training scientific talents in the field of prevention and control of infectious diseases.

Preliminary exploration of mobile terminal data acquisition in malaria control

2016, 28(3):  336-337. 

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Objective Objective To develop a mobile terminal data acquisition for data collection of malaria prevention and control in the field. Methods Methods Based on 3G，Bluetooth，GPS and/or Bei Dou Navigation Satellite System（BDS）and wireless network communication technology（WIFI），a mobile terminal data acquisition for data collection of malaria prevention and control was developed. Results Results The developed system included 2 functional modules：a terminal and iCloud，and had examination，modi? fication and deletion functions of malaria epidemiological data. By using GPS and GIS，the target population or institution could be accurately positioned to determine whether the distribution of malaria cases had a spatial aggregation. Conclusion Conclusion A mobile terminal data acquisition in malaria prevention and control is successfully developed，which is very convenient for data collec? tion and submission of malaria prevention and control.

Schistosomiasis control effect of agricultural integrated development in Tieban Marshland of Yangtze River

2016, 28(3):  338-339. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the schistosomiasis control effect of the comprehensive measures that focused on beach? land smoothing and tillage cultivation in Tieban Marshland， Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River. Methods Methods From 2011 to 2015， before and after the comprehensive control，the Oncomelania hupensis snail situations in Tieban Marshland were investigated in spring annually， and the residents aged 6-65 years in Huayuan Community which was next to the marshland were examined to un? derstand their schistosome infection status. In late July， 2014， the sentinel mouse surveillance was carried out. Moreover， the eco? nomic effectiveness of comprehensive development was evaluated. Results Results The schistosome infection rates of residents in 2011 （before the comprehensive control），2012（after the comprehensive control），and 2013 were 0.72% （3/414），0.37% （2/536） and 0.31% （1/326）， respectively， and no schistosomiasis patients were found in 2014 and 2015. The snail area， the occurrence rate of frames with snails，and the average density of living snails in Tieban Marshland in 2005 decreased by 22.18%，97.83% and 98.25%，respectively compared to those in 2011，and no schistosome infected snails were found. No positive mice were found in the sentinel mouse surveillance. The annual net income of Tieban Marshland increased by 233.33% compared to that before the comprehensive development. Conclusion Conclusion The endemic situation of schistosomiasis and snail situation declined significantly af? ter the comprehensive development in Tieban Marshland， and the economic and social benefits are significant.

Prevalence and awareness of Toxoplasma gondii of pregnant women in Bazhou City, Hebei Province

2016, 28(3):  340-342. 

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Objective Objective To understand the prevalence and awareness of Toxoplasma gondii of the pregnant women in Bazhou City，Hebei Province，so as to provide the evidence for formulating effective prevention and control interventions. Methods Methods The pregnant women with prenatal screening in the Fourth People’ s Hospital in Langfang City were selected and investigated with questionnaires. A part of the pregnant women were randomly sampled and received the ELISA test of the antibodies against T. gondii. Results Results Totally 672 pregnant women accepted the questionnaire survey，with an awareness rate of 19.49%（131/ 672） . Totally 526 pregnant women of them were randomly selected to take the ELISA test，with a positive rate of 13.88%（73/ 526） . The awareness rate and infection rate of T. gondii were related to the education level，occupation and place of residence （c2 = 5.89-17.62，all P < 0.05），and the infection rate was negatively related to the awareness rate（c2 = 5.37，P < 0.05） . Con Con? ? clusion clusion Increasing the awareness rate of toxoplasmosis knowledge is one of the effective methods to control the disease. There? fore， the health education about T. gondii should be carried out actively.

Clinical analysis of 15 patients suffered from advanced ascetic schistosomiasis with tuberculous pleurisy

2016, 28(3):  343-344. 

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Objective Objective To discuss the clinical characteristics of advanced schistosomiasis combined with tuberculous pleuri? sy，so as to reduce misdiagnosis and mistreatment. Methods Methods The clinical data of 15 patients suffered from advanced schistoso? miasis combined with tuberculous pleurisy were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results Results The 15 patients all showed var? ious degrees of gastrointestinal symptoms with the performance of abdominal distension，digestive function and fatigue，14 pa? tients showed various degrees of edematous，9 patients showed stuffiness，4 patients had cough and expectoration，and 2 pa? tients had low fever and night sweats. Three cases were diagnosed within 2 days after admission，9 cases were diagnosed within one week after admission，and 3 cases were diagnosed after one week. Fifteen patients all received anti?tuberculosis treatment based on routine liver protection，diuresis，and symptomatic and supportive treatment. One patient with severe liver and kidney dysfunction died and one with gastrointestinal bleeding died. The remaining 13 patients were clinically cured. Conclusions Conclusions The patients suffered from advanced schistosomiasis combined with tuberculous pleurisy do not show obvious tuberculosis poison? ing symptoms，and are easily misdiagnosed and missed?diagnosed. Therefore，physicians should pay much attention to the pa? tients whose pleural effusion cannot subside effectively or whose symptom cannot improve.

Advances in researches of balantidiosis

2016, 28(3):  345-348. 

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Balantidiosis is a disease infected with Balantidium coli，and swine is the main infection source. The infection of B. coli may cause diarrhea，extra intestinal infection and co?infection with other pathogens and even intestinal necrosis. Strength? ening the manure management of both human and livestock，paying attention to personal hygiene and labor protection，and time? ly treatment of the patients are the main measures to control balantidiosis.