Table of Content

19 April 2016, Volume 28 Issue 2

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Status and future development of surveillance of schistosomiasis in Jiangxi Province

LIU Xiao-zhong， CHEN Zhe， LIN Dan-dan

2016, 28(2):  111-114，140. 

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Jiangxi Province is one of serious endemic provinces with schistosomiasis japonica in China. The transmission con? trol of schistosomiais has been achieved in whole province in 2015 after more than 60 years’great efforts. Of them，the surveil? lance has played an important role in the control of schistosomiasis. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the status of schisto? somiasis epidemic，surveillance and challenges，this article exports the priority and development trend of surveillance after the achievement of transmission control of schistosomiasis in Jiangxi Province.

Sample unit size effects of spatial pattern of Oncomelania hupensis population in marshland schistosomiasis epidemic areas

2016, 28(2):  115-119. 

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Objective Objective To explore the sample unit size effects of spatial pattern of Oncomelania hupensis population in the marshland schistosomiasis epidemic areas. Methods Methods The push?broom method was performed to survey the snails in the study site in a basic unit size of 0.33 m×0.33 m in Poyang Lake region of Jiangxi Province. After combining different amount of survey cells，the aggregation indicators，regression models and aggregating factor index were employed to study the spatial distribution pattern. Results Results The snail population was in aggregation pattern and the smaller sampling unit could produce higher degrees of aggregation. The regression models showed that the snails distributed in the form of individual groups with attraction with each other and the aggregation was related with the snail density. The clustering factor index demonstrated that the aggregation was in? troduced by aggregating behavior habit of the snails and environmental factors，or only by snail habit itself，and the aggregating habit of snails could be expressed better by the smaller sampling unit. Conclusion Conclusion The spatial pattern of O. hupensis popula? tion in the marshland schistosomiasis epidemic areas is in aggregation pattern，and the sample unit size can affect the calcula? tion results of the related biological indices.

Spatial and temporal characteristics of distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in Eryuan County from 2005 to 2012

2016, 28(2):  120-124. 

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Objective Objective To study the spatial and temporal characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis in Eryuan County，Yun? nan Province from 2005 to 2012，so as to provide the scientific evidence for snail surveillance and control. Methods Methods Based on the geographic database of O. hupensis snail distribution from 2005 to 2012，the spatial and local autocorrelation analysis and "hot spots" analysis were applied to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of the snails. Results Results Percent of frames with O. hupensis snails in Eryuan County decreased as a whole from 2005 to 2012. The spatial clustering of global autocorrela? tion（Moran’ s I）was increasing from 2007 to 2012 and all Moran’ s I values showed statistically significance. The local spatial autocorrelation analysis indicated that the number of villages of High?High type of correlation model increased from 2 in 2005 to 7 in 2012，which mainly clustered in plateau canyon areas. The infected snails with High?High type mainly distributed in pla? teau basin region in 2007. Further "hot spot" analysis found that the living snails gathered in Xinzhuang，Liantie，Xipo and Taip? ing nearby areas. Conclusion Conclusion The snail distribution in Eryuan has global and local spatial autocorrelations. The number of vil? lages of High?High type of correlation increased. These findings provide the basis for target control of O. hupensis in the future.

Establishment of surveillance and forecast platform of schistosomiasis in key water regions in Hubei Province

2016, 28(2):  125-127,145. 

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Objective Objective To establish an expression platform of surveillance and forecast for schistosomiasis in key water re? gions of Hubei Province. Methods Methods The platform of surveillance and forecast for schistosomiasis was established based on Google Earth，GIS Office software，network albums and network video stations. The results of the field surveillance and laborato? ry testing，and figures and videos were inputted into the established platform，and an information management file was set up to express the information of forecasting. Results Results The operation and expression platform based on Google Earth in key water re? gions of Hubei Province was successfully established. It was able to provide the forecasting data timely，to achieve off?site and re? al?time query and sharing. Conclusion Conclusion The platform based on Google Earth has preferable prospective on field application in Hubei Province.

Investigation on prevalence and risk factors of HIV/AIDS and Schistosoma japonicum, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections in a rural community of southwestern

2016, 28(2):  128-134，155. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of helminthic infections including Schistosoma japoni? cum，Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura and human immunodeficiency virus（HIV），and find out the association among them in a rural community of southwestern China. Methods Methods A community?based cross sectional study was conducted. One town was selected randomly；the infections of S. japonicum，A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were detected with the modi? fied Kato?Katz thick smear method and HIV infection with the diagnostic Test Kit among all residents. A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the related risk factors. Results Results Among the participants，the infection rates of HIV，S. japoni? cum，A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were 2.33%，2.05%，13.47% and 30.59% respectively；7.08%（31/438）were infected with both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura；0.23%（1/438）were co?infected with HIV and A. lumbricoides，and the same with HIV and T. trichiura. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that sex（male，OR=3.26，95% CI： 0.97，10.95）and drug abuse（OR=72.86，95% CI： 18.51，286.76）were significantly associated with HIV infection. Home toilet was negatively related to A. lumbricoides infection（OR=0.52，95% CI： 0.27，0.98）and T. trichiura infection（OR=0.48，95% CI： 0.28， 0.80） . Compared with the people in Villages Four，the people living in Village One were at a higher risk for A. lumbricoides in? fection（OR=3.14，95% CI： 1.35，7.27），and compared with the people living in Village Four，the people living in Village Two and Village Three were more likely to be infected with T. trichiura（OR=3.73，95% CI： 1.92，7.26；OR=4.53，95% CI：2.12， 9.68） . The people aged between 11 and 20 years had a higher T. trichiura infection risk than the people aged more than 50 years （OR = 3.72，95% CI： 1.59，8.67） . There was a significant association between A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections （OR = 3.11，95% CI：1.63，5.93） . There was no association between S. japonicum infection and related factors above men? tioned. Conclusions Conclusions The infection rates of HIV，S. japonicum，A. lumbricoides and especially T. trichiura were rather high in this area，and therefore，the prevention and treatment of these diseases should be strengthened. Further studies on the relation? ship between HIV and the infections of helminths， especially S. japonicum are needed.

Application of ARIMA model on prediction of malaria incidence

2016, 28(2):  135-140. 

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Objective Objective To predict the incidence of local malaria of Hubei Province applying the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model（ARIMA） . Methods Methods SPSS 13.0 software was applied to construct the ARIMA model based on the monthly local malaria incidence in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2009. The local malaria incidence data of 2010 were used for model validation and evaluation. Results Results The model of ARIMA（1，1，1）（1，1，0） 12 was tested as relatively the best optimal with the AIC of 76.085 and SBC of 84.395. All the actual incidence data were in the range of 95% CI of predicted value of the model. The prediction effect of the model was acceptable. Conclusion Conclusion The ARIMA model could effectively fit and predict the incidence of local malaria of Hubei Province.

Investigation of two blood parasitic protozoa infection in farmed Macaca fascicularis in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

2016, 28(2):  141-145. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the infection situation of blood parasitic protozoa in farmed Macaca fascicularis in an animal breeding ground in Nanning，Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region，so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of human blood parasitic protozoa. Methods Methods A total of 993 blood samples from farmed M. fascicularis were collected and stored on FTA cards. Among them，550 thin blood smears were made. Each 10 samples were mixed in groups，and then the Babesia spp. and Plasmodium spp. in the blood of M. fascicularis were detected by Nest?PCR and PCR，respectively. The posi? tive groups were tested individually. The thin blood smears stained with Giemsa were examined microscopically when PCR re? ported the samples were positive. Results Results When detected by Nest?PCR，the positive rate of Babesia. microti was 6.95% （69/993）；only 1 positive sample with Plasmodium inui was detected by PCR. Among the 22 positive thin blood smears detect? ed by PCR，16 were determined with B. microti by microscopic examinations，on which the ring forms could be observed in the erythrocytes，but no hemozoin. Conclusions Conclusions The positive rate of B. microti in M. fascicularis in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is high，and the animal may play a role as a reservoir host in the transmission of B. microti. In the screening of B. microti with low infection density， Nest?PCR has a higher sensitivity.

Evaluation of Wondfo Rapid Diagnostic Kit for detecting Plasmodium ovale and analysis of influencing factors

2016, 28(2):  146-150. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the Wondfo Rapid Diagnostic Kit（Pf?LDH/Pan ?pLDH）for detecting Plasmodium ovale and analyze the influence of parasitaemia，concentration and polymorphism of pLDH on the performances. Methods Methods A total of 100 blood samples from P. ovale patients confirmed by PCR were detected with the Wondfo Rapid Diagnostic Kit according to the manufacturers’instructions. The parasitaemia was determined by the microscopic examination. The concentration of pLDH was measured by ELISA tests. The LDH gene of P. ovale was amplified by PCR and sequenced. The influence of these three fac? tors on the positive rate was analyzed. Results Results The overall positive rate of Wondfo Rapid Diagnostic Kit was 70.0%（70/100） . The positive rate was 27.3% for the samples with parasitaemia ≤ 500 parasites/μl and reached 75.0%-75.4% when parasitae? mia > 500 parasites/μl. The positive rate was 6.7% for samples with a low pLDH concentration（A values ≤ 0.100）and reached 95.1%-100% at a high pLDH concentration（A values > 0.100） . The results of sequence analysis indicated that all the samples could be divided into 2 types，P. o. curtisi and P. o. wallikeri. The gene homology of LDH between 2 types was 97%. There were 24 single nucleotide polymorphism （s） （SNPs）between 2 types，while only 3 SNPs were non?synonymous mutations. The homology of LDH amino acid sequences between 2 types was 99%；only 3 amino acids were different. The positive rates for P. o. curti? si and P. o. wallikeri were 73.1%（38/52）and 66.7%（32/48）respectively；there was no statistically significant difference（P > 0.05） . Conclusion Conclusion The Wondfo Rapid Diagnostic Kit（Pf?LDH/Pan?pLDH）performs better than most of the similar products for the detection of P. ovale，and the positive rates are closely related to the parasitaemia and concentration of pLDH，while no related to the polymorphism of pLDH gene.

Investigation on mites and insects breeding status of bed mats in college dormitories inWuhu City

2016, 28(2):  151-155. 

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Objective Objective To understand the breeding situations of mites and insects from bed mats in dormitories in a college in Wuhu City，so as to provide evidences for improving the prevention and control of mites. Methods Methods From March to May， 2015，the dust samples from bed mats in student dormitories were collected and detected for mites and insects by microscopy. In addition，the intervention measures including soaking the mats in the warm water，exposing the mats to the sunlight for a long time and cleaning up the indoor environment were carried out，and the breeding situations of mites and insects before and after the intervention were compared. Results Results A total of 428 dust samples from bed mats were collected，and the total infestation rate of mites and insects was 71.03%. There were 11 species of mites and insects identified，among which，the infestation rate of Dermatophagoides farinae（60.05%）was the highest，following by that of Liposcelis bostrychophilus（40.89%） . The infesta? tion rates of Cheyletus malaccensis，Blattisocius sp. and Pyemotes sp. were 9.81%，3.74% and 1.64%，respectively，and the above mites might cause dermatits. The infestation rates of mites and insects in dust samples from bed mats stored in indoor cor? ner，wardrobe，bed bottom，and the balcony corner were 74.75%，71.26%，61.17%，and 77.78%，respectively，and the differ? ences among them were not statistically significant（χ2 = 7.030，P > 0.05） . The detectable rates of mites and insects in dust samples from bed mats with no cover，wrapped with cloth bags，and wrapped with plastic bags were 85.58%，78.13%，and 14.29%，respectively，and the differences among them were statistically significant（χ2 = 164.303，P < 0.05） . After the inter? vention，both the infestation rates of mites and insects as well as the average density of mites were decreased，and the differenc? es were statistically significant（χ2 = 45.615，t = 3.203，both P < 0.05） . Conclusions Conclusions The infestation rates of mites and in? sects in bed mats of the dormitories in the college of Wuhu City are high，and among all the species of mites infested，D. farinae are preponderant. The intervention measures，such as prepacking bed mats by adequate sealing，soaking bed mats in the warm water，exposing the bed mats to the sunlight and cleaning indoor environment，have an inhibiting effect to the infestation of mites and insects.

Prokaryotic expression and identification of secretory proteins and peripheral membrane proteins of Schistosoma japonicum

2016, 28(2):  156-160，181. 

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Objective Objective To prokaryotic express and identify the recombinant plasmids containing the genes or gene segments which coding secreted or peripheral membrane protein of Schistosoma japonicum. Methods Methods A number of 28 pET32 （+）previ? ous constructed recombinant plasmids containing these genes or segments were transferred into E. coli BL21 （DE3）strain for cul? ture via the CaCl2 transformation method，and then induced by IPTG for prokaryotic expression. Then，the bacteria were treated by broking the wall with ultrasonic，and the bacterial suspension，supernatant and precipitation were detected with 12% SDS? PAGE. The size and distribution of these target proteins were determined. Finally，the expression of the recombinant fusion pro? tein was further identified by the protein microarray combined with anti?His tag fluorescent antibody. Results Results Under the induc? ing conditions of 0.1 mmol/L IPTG，37 ℃，200 r/min and 4 h，these fusion proteins were highly expressed in E. coli BL21 （DE3） . The SDS?PAGE results showed all the 28 recombinant fusion proteins were expressed in different degrees，among which 2 were distributed in the supernatant，and the other 26 were distributed in precipitation，and the sizes of the fusion proteins were the same as that of prediction. The fluorescent signals of His antibody were successfully detected by confocal laser scanner. Conclusions Conclusions A series of recombinant plasmids containing genes or gene segments that coding secreted protein and peripheral membrane protein of S. japonicum have been successfully expressed by using an efficient prokaryotic expression system of E. co? li. It has established a foundation for the high throughput immunoscreening of the vaccine candidates or diagnostic antigens of S. japonicum.

Cloning and characterization of β-carbonic anhydrase, a potential drug target of Schistosoma japonicum

2016, 28(2):  161-166. 

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Objective Objective To express the beta carbonic anhydrase（β?CA）of Schistosoma japonicum，and analyze its catalytic activity. Methods Methods The cDNA and amino sequence which may encode β?CA of S. japonicum were obtained by the bioinformat? ics?method，and then the cDNA sequence was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET?32a （+）and expressed. After exam? ining by SDS?PAGE and Western blotting，the recombinant protein was purified by Ni?affinity chromatography and the catalytic activity was determined. Results Results The sequence Sjp_0056790.1 took on the conservative position of β?CAs. The PCR and re? striction enzyme digestion confirmed the construction of recombinant plasmid pET?32a （+） ?SjaCA. SDS?PAGE and Western blot? ting analyses showed that the molecular weight of recombinant protein was about 38 kDa as expected，and it could be recognized by anti?His tag antibody. The catalytic activity determining revealed that the recombinant protein SjaCA owned the carbonic an? hydrase activity. Conclusion Conclusion Sjp_0056790.1 encodes the β?CA of S. japonicum，and the β?CA with catalytic activity is suc? cessfully expressed，so it lays a foundation for the subsequent research of pharmacological inhibition，providing theoretic basis for searching and developing a new feasible anti?schistosome drug

Sex bias in generation and functional phenotypes of peripheral T follicular helper cells in schistosomiasis japonica

2016, 28(2):  167-171. 

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Objective Objective To study the influence of sex on the generation and function of T follicular helper（Tfh）cells in the process of Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods Methods Totally 50 schistosomiasis patients were selected in the endemic areas of Chizhou City，Anhui Province，and totally 50 healthy people were selected in the non?endemic areas of Chizhou City as the controls. The peripheral bloods were collected from the above study subjects，and the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from male/female schistosomiasis japonica patients or healthy controls were collected into the sodium heparin tubes and purified by Ficoll ?paque plus density gradient centrifugation. Then，the percentages of total Tfh cell，ICOS+ Tfh cells，and PD?1+ Tfh cells in the schistosomiasis male/female patients or healthy controls were evaluated by flow cytometry. Results Results Compared with the male and female healthy controls，the frequency of the total Tfh cells（Umale = 149.0，Ufemale = 39.5，both P < 0.01），the per? centages of PD?1+ Tfh cells（tmale = 5.9，tfemale = 7.7，both P < 0.01） and ICOS+ Tfh cells（tmale = 3.2，tfemale = 5.9，both P < 0.01）of the male and female patients with schistosomiasis increased，all the differences were statistically significant. The further analysis showed that the percentage of total Tfh cells（U = 187.5，P < 0.05），ICOS+ Tfh cells（t = 3.2，P < 0.05），and PD?1+ Tfh cells （t = 3.0，P < 0.05）of the female patients were markedly higher than those of the male patients，all the differences were also sta? tistically significant. Conclusion Conclusion Sex may be a crucial role in the generation and function of Tfh cells in the process of Schisto? soma japonicum infection.

Meta regression analysis of five heavy metal biotoxicity effects on Caenorhabditis elegans

2016, 28(2):  172-177. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate five heavy metal biotoxicity effects on Caenorhabditis elegans with Meta regression anal? ysis. Methods Methods The data were collected from the following electronic databases：PubMed， Web of Science，EBSCO，the Chi? nese Biomedical Database，Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure，Wan Fang（Chinese）Databases and so on，and all up? dated through January 2004 to December 2014. A literature review was made on articles about Cd，Hg，Pb，As and Cr toxicity effects on C. elegans，and the data was extracted from figure information by Scan It software. A Meta regression model was built by stata12.0 software，using toxicity indices such as the dependent variables，and different metals，concentrations，exposure time，and development stages of C. elegans as independent variables. Results Results The study articles asociated with heavy metal biotoxicity effects on C. elegans were selected out，10 studies of Cu，12 studies of Cr，12 studies of Pb，12 studies of Cd，3 studies of As and 14 studies of Hg. The mortality of toxicities of 5 heavy metals on C. elegans ranked Hg > Pb > Cr> Cd>As；the biotoxicity of the indexes of body size based on development，generational time based on reproductive toxicity，body bend fre? quencies，and head thrash frequencies based on neurotoxicity ranked Hg > Pb > Cr > Cd；the biotoxicity ranked Hg > Pb > Cr> Cd>As by LC50 indexes of toxicities of 5 heavy metals on C. elegans. The sensitivity analysis proved that the Meta regression model was reliable. Conclusion Conclusion The biotoxicities on C. elegans of Hg and Pb are stronger than Cr，Cd and As.

Effect evaluation of water conservancy project with ditches managed against Oncomelania hupensis in Yunnan Province

2016, 28(2):  178-181. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of hydraulic schistosomiasis control project with ditches managed on Oncomela? nia hupensis snail control. Methods Methods From 2009 to 2011，the snail investigations and schistosomiasis surveillance were carried out in Dali City and Yongsheng County，two sites of national schistosomiasis surveillance. The history data of schistosomiasis control were collected and analyzed. Results Results At the harden sections of the water conservancy project with ditches managed in Shajing Village of Dali City，only one snail was found in 2010 with the density of living snails of 0.004 snails/0.1 m2 ，while the densities of living snails were respectively 0.080，0.002 snails/0.1 m2 and 0.007 snails/0.1 m2 in unhardened sections of the proj? ect from 2009 to 2011. No snails were found in the harden sections of the water conservancy project with ditches managed in Gao? jiacun Village of Yongsheng County，while the densities of living snails were respectively 0.040，0.030 snails/0.1 m2 and 0.040 snails/0.1 m2 in unhardened sections of the project from 2009 to 2011. After the ditches were hardened，no infected snails were found from 2009 to 2011，and the appearance rate of frames with snails and density of living snails were both decreased，while they were both higher in unhardened ditches. Conclusion Conclusion The hydraulic schistosomiasis control project has obvious effect on control snails，but the maintain work should be strengthened after the project is completed.

Effect of control program of human intestinal parasitic diseases in Nanping City

2016, 28(2):  182-184. 

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Objective Objective To understand the epidemic status of human intestinal parasitic diseases and evaluate the effect of the control program in Nanping City，so as to provide an evidence for improving the disease control. Methods Methods The villages were se? lected by the stratified cluster sampling method and the residents in these villages were surveyed for human intestinal parasitic diseases，and kindergartens were also selected and the children in these kindergartens were surveyed for Enterobius vermicu? laris infection. Results Results In 2007，before the control program，9 851 residents of Nanping City were surveyed，with the parasit? ic infection rate of 9.10%（896 infection cases），and the infection rate of E. vermicularis of children was 18.56%（328/1 767） . From 2011 to 2014，when the control program was performed，4 679 residents were surveyed，with the infection rate of 4.06% （190 infection cases），and the infection rate of E. vermicularis of children was 3.87%（33/853） . After the control program was launched，the infection rates of human intestinal parasites were decreased. The overall parasitic infection rate and hookworm in? fection rate showed increasing trends by age（χ2 = 49.03 and 53.58 respectively，both P < 0.01） . Conclusion Conclusion The infection situation of human intestinal parasites is decreased after the implementation of the control program but the infection rate is still at a high level，and the control work should be strengthened.

Analysis of epidemic situation of malaria in Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County in Guangxi from 1951 to 2014

2016, 28(2):  185-188. 

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Objective Objective To analyze the data of epidemic situation of malaria in Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County，Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region，China from 1951 to 2014 and discuss the distribution characteristics and epidem? ic law，so as to provide the evidences for developing the prevention and control strategies of the disease. Methods Methods The data about the epidemic situation of malaria in Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County were collected and analyzed statisti? cally with Excel 2007. Results Results Totally 93 460 malaria cases were reported from 1951 to 2014 in the county. There were two morbidity peaks of malaria during this period，namely 1950s and 1970s，and the annual average incidence rates were 3 237.94/ 100 000 and 1 572.12/100 000，respectively，but it began to flatten after 1980s. Before 2000，the local cases were the main type，however，there were no endogenous cases since 2008. In 1950s，falciparum malaria was the main type of the disease，and the cases with falciparum malaria，tertian malaria and quartan malaria were accounted for 45.01%（2 392/5 314），33.72% （1 792/5 314） and 19.55% （1 039/5 314） ，respectively；while in 1960s，the proportion of cases with tertian malaria increased， that of the cases with quartan malaria decreased，and there were no quartan malaria cases reported since 1980s. There were im? ported malaria cases reported since 1990s，and a total of 51 cases were found in this period，among which，50 cases（98.04%） were tertian malaria，and the main infection sources were the cases from epidemic areas in other provinces of China. After 2000， the imported malaria cases with falciparum malaria increased，with a proportion of 60.00%（21/35），and the infection sources were mainly from Africa and Southeast Asia. Conclusions Conclusions The local endemic of malaria in Longlin Various Nationalities Auton? omous County has been effectively controlled，but the situation of imported malaria is still severe in this county. Therefore， strengthening the surveillance of floating population，especially the workers backing from overseas，is still the key of malaria prevention and control in the future.

Analysis of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jingzhou City from 2004 to 2014

2016, 28(2):  189-192. 

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Objective Objective To analyze the change of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jingzhou City of Hubei Province，so as to provide evidence for the development of future control strategy. Methods Methods The data of endemic situation of schistosomiasis and the implementation of integrated control measures were collected and analyzed in the 9 counties（districts，cities）of Jing? zhou City from 2004 to 2014. Results Results The endemic situation of schistosomiasis appeared a decline year by year since 2004. The prevalence of human Schistosoma japonicum infection was 0.40% in 2014，which was reduced by 95.72% as compared to that in 2004，and the fitting exponential equation was y = 11.067e- 0.240x . The incidence of acute schistosomiasis reduced to less than 0.5 per 100 000 in 2007. No acute infection was found since 2010，and no emergency epidemics occurred for successive 9 years. It was estimated that there were currently 22 547 people infected with S. japonicum，which reduced by 85.87% in relative to 2004. The prevalence of cattle S. japonicum infection reduced to 0 in 2014，with a 100% reduction as compared to that in 2004，and the fitting exponential equation was y = 15.69e-0.339 8x . The actual Oncomelania hupensis snail area was 31 084.00 hm2 ， which reduced of 1931.21 hm2 as compared to that in 2004，with a 5.91% reduction，and no schistosome?infected snails were found since 2012. Both human and animal schistosome infections reduced to less than 1% in all administrative villages in 2013. Conclusions Conclusions The implementation of the key schistosomiasis program and whole?county promotion and province?ministry joint integrated control program results in effective control of schistosomiasis in Jingzhou City. However，further control programs are required to consolidate the achievements, interrupt and eliminate schistosomiasis.

Impact of self-efficacy on behaviors of contacting infested water among middle school students in Hubei Province

2016, 28(2):  193-195,204. 

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Objective Objective To explore the impact of self?efficacy on the behavior of contacting schistosome cercarial infested wa? ter among middle school students. Methods Methods In the transmission control area and endemic control area of the schistosomiasis endemic regions in Hubei Province，a total of 3 204 middle school students were selected through the stratified cluster random sampling method and investigated by questionnaires. Results Results The incidence rates of contacting infested water with Oncomela? nia hupensis snails during the past 3 and 12 months among the middle school students were 11.4%（364/3 204）and 14.8% （474/ 3 204）respectively，while those of contacting indefinite infested water during the past 3 and 12 months were 23.8%（762/3 204） and 28.0%（898/3 204）respectively. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis prevention and control knowledge was 82.1%（2 631/ 3 204） . There were“knowledge?practice separation”in the prevention and control of schistosomiasis among the middle school students. The correlation analysis and Logistic regression analysis showed that the self?efficacy of schistosomiasis protective be? havior of middle school students was a protective factor for contacting with infested water，with the adjusted odds ratio values of 0.882，0.886，0.914 and 0.927. Conclusions Conclusions Self?efficacy of schistosomiasis protective behavior is a protective factor for con? tacting with infested water among middle school students，and improving their self?efficacy may be an effective strategy to settle the problem of“knowledge?practice separation”

Preparation of anti-SEA egg yolk immunoglobulin and its preliminary application

2016, 28(2):  196-198. 

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Objective Objective To prepare the egg yolk immunoglobulin（IgY）against soluble egg antigen（SEA）of Schistosoma ja? ponicum，and explore its feasibility for schistosomiasis screening in endemic areas. Methods Methods The urine samples of indirect haemagglutination test（IHA）positives from endemic areas and healthy people from non?endemic areas were collected. The Anti? SEA IgY was obtained through immunization by subcutaneous injection of SEA into Laihang hen，and its molecular weight was determined by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（SDS?PAGE） . The circulating soluble egg antigen（CSEA）in the urine of IHA positives and healthy people were detected by ELISA?double antibody sandwich method with the Anti?SEA IgY as the cap? ture antibody. Results Results Anti?SEA IgY was prepared and purified successfully. Totally 48 urine samples of IHA positives were detected by ELISA and 26 of them were CSEA positives（54.17%）；10 urine samples of healthy people were detected，and all of them were negative. Conclusions Conclusions The CSEA in human urine can be detected effectively by ELISA based on IgY. As a conve? nient and atraumatic method，it could be applied in schistosomiasis screening.

Survey and morphological observation of Lepidoglyphus destructor in college canteens

2016, 28(2):  199-201,219. 

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Objective Objective To understand the breeding and morphology of Lepidoglyphus destructor in college canteens in south Anhui Province. Methods Methods The powder and rice on the floor around dough makers，flour bags and rice bags in college canteens were collected and observed under a microscope. Results Results Totally 108 samples were collected，and Acaroid mites were found in 101 of them with a detection rate of 93.52%. Totally 1 527 mites were found with an average breeding density of 1.41/g. Under the light microscope observed，the L. destructor’ s four pairs of legs were tapering from tarsus. The back setae were stiff and the ventral setae were smooth and relatively short. The internal vertical seta was longer than the top of the chelicera. Dorsal seta d3， d4，lateral seta l3 and sacral inner hair sai were the longest. The female mites were bigger than the male ones，and had more anal seta than male ones. The genital fold of female mites almost connected together，and the front?end had a crescent shaped plate cover. Conclusion Conclusion The breeding of Acaroid mites in college canteens is serious，and therefore，effective measures should be taken to prevent and control it.

Investigation of Lardoglyphus konoi (Astigmata) breeding in stored Solenognathus

2016, 28(2):  202-204. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the mites breeding in stored Solenognathus. Methods Methods Solenognathus was collected from a Chinese medicine shop in Wuhu City，and mites were isolated and identified under a microscope. Results Results Totally 256 mites were isolated from 500 g Solenognathus，and four species were found，including 219 Lardoglyphus konoi，12 Tyropha? gus longior，21 Tyrophagus putrescentiae and 4 Euroglyphus maynei. The breeding density of L. konoi was 0.438/g. Conclu Conclu? ? sion sion There are mites breeding in the stored Solenognathus，and the most mites are L. konoi. Effective measures should be tak? en to prevent and control it.

Countermeasures and experiences of schistosomiasis control work under new situation of Shengzhou City

2016, 28(2):  205-206,209. 

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Objective Objective To summarize the experience of Oncomelania hupensis snail control work and explore more effective snail control strategy under the new situation. Methods Methods The data of former snail control work and strategies were collected and analyzed in Shengzhou City from 1995 to 2015. Results Results The snail area was effectively compressed in recent years，and it was decreased by 46.61% and 26.50% in 2014 and 2015 respectively compared with that in the last year. Conclusion Conclusion To consoli? date the snail control achievements，the government should pay more attention to the schistosomiasis control work and establish a targeted effective long?term strategy.

Monitoring situation of eliminating malaria in Shaoguan City from 2001 to 2014

2016, 28(2):  207-209. 

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Objective Objective To analyze the malaria monitoring situation in Shaoguan City from 2001 to 2014，and evaluate the ef? ficacy of the malaria control and prevention work，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the effective eliminating malaria measures. Methods Methods The microscopic examination monitoring points of“four?fever”patients were established in medical insti? tutions at all levels in Shaoguan City from 2001 to 2014，and the fever patients were examined by microscopy and the active case monitoring was performed. By using the epidemiology method，the malaria incidence and classification of cases were described and analyzed statistically. Results Results From 2001 to 2014，91 381“four?fever”patients were monitored and 22 malaria patients were found with the average positive rate of 0.02%. Among the 22 malaria patients，20 were imported（90.91%）and 2 were lo? cal cases（9.09%） . The local patients were infected with Plasmodium vivax，and among the imported patients，16 patients were infected with P. vivax，2 infected with P. falciparum and 2 infected with P. ovale. No local infection cases were found since 2006. All the patients were timely treated and no second generation cases were found. From 2011 to 2014，2 611 person?times were actively investigated in 7 counties（city）and no malaria patients were found. Conclusions Conclusions In Shaoguan City，there are re? markable achievements in the malaria prevention and control work. However，there are still imported cases in recent years，and therefore， the monitoring system should be perfected and the effective monitoring should be strengthened.

Investigation on Toxoplasma gondii infection in childbearing age and pregnant women in Langfang City, Hebei Province

2016, 28(2):  210-211. 

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Objective Objective To understand the status of Toxoplasma gondii（TOX）infection in childbearing age and pregnant women in Langfang City，Hebei Province. Methods Methods Totally 276 pregnant women and 462 childbearing age women were investi? gated to detect the levels of TOX antibodies with ELISA from March 2013 to June 2015. Results Results The positive rates of Tox?IgG and Tox?IgM were 11.59%（32/276）and 5.43%（15/276）respectively in the pregnant women，and the rates were 8.87% （41/ 462） and 0.87% （4/462）respectively in the childbearing age women，and the positive rate of Tox?IgM of the pregnant women was higher than that of the childbearing age women（χ2 =14.32，P＜0.01） . The positive rate of the right age pregnant women（≤ 35 years）was 10.09%（22/218），and that of the advanced age pregnant woman（＞35 years）was 25.86%（15/58），and the differ? ence was statistically significant（χ2 = 9.81，P＜0.01） . The positive rate of women close contacting with pet was 18.67%（14/ 75），and the rate of women not close contacting with pet was 10.26%（68/663），and there was a statistically significant differ? ence between them（χ2 =4.82，P＜0.05） . Conclusions Conclusions The positive rates of Toxoplasma antibodies are high in childbearing age and pregnant women in Langfang City，Hebei Province，and most of them are silent infection，and the recent infection rate is higher in the latter than that in the former.

Evaluation of end-term effectiveness of medium-and-long-term programme for schistosomiasis control in Fanchang County, Anhui Province

2016, 28(2):  212-214. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the end?term effectiveness of the medium?and?long?term programme for prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Fanchang County，Anhui Province. Methods Methods The epidemiological data of schistosomiasis were collected and analyzed in Fanchang County from 2004 to 2014. The end?term effectiveness of the programme was observed and evaluated. Results Results From 2004 to 2014，1 938 schistosomiasis patients and 64 256 persons with the history of infested water contact were treated. Totally 12 cattle?times of schistosome infected cattle and 2 745 cattle?times of cattle with the history of in? fested water contact were treated. The area with snails controlled by molluscicides was 7 758.1 hm2 ，and the area with snails con? trolled by environmental modification was 36.0 hm2 . The integrated control measures were carried out in all of the endemic villag? es with human infection rate being higher than 1%. Up to 2014，the infection rates of human and cattle，and the incidence rate of acute schistosomiasis were reduced to 0.27%，0 and 0，respectively；the area with snails reduced to 103.20 hm2 ；the densi? ties of both living snails and infected snails showed a declining trend in general. Conclusions Conclusions The effect of the integrated strat? egies of schistosomiasis control is remarkable，and the whole county reached the criteria of transmission?controlled of schistoso? miasis.

Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in a surveillance site of river and lake regions in Haining City, 2012-2014

2016, 28(2):  215-216,224. 

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Objective Objective To understand the endemic dynamics and situation of schistosomiasis in a provincial surveillance site in Haining City，Zhejiang Province. Methods Methods The Oncomelania hupensis snail status，schistosome infection situations of per? manent residents and floating population in Qinmin Village，Haining City were monitored from 2012 to 2014 according to The Surveillance Programs of Schistosomiasis in Surveillance Sites of Zhejiang Province. Results Results Totally 600 permanent resi? dents were examined from 2012 to 2014. The total positive rate of the serum antibody against Schistosoma japonicum was 3.17% （19/600） . The rates in each year were 2.50% （5/200），0 （0/200），and 7.00% （14/200），respectively，and the rate in 2014 were significantly higher than that in 2013（χ2 = 14.508，P < 0.01），but no positives were found in the fecal examination. Totally 1 591 floating population were involved in the surveillance，the positive rate of serum antibody were 0.94%（15/1 591） . The rates in active surveillance and passive surveillance were 0.92% （14/1 521）and 1.43% （1/70），respectively，and there were no statistically significant difference between them（χ2 = 1.659， P > 0.05） . The positive rates of serum antibody among each year were 1.50%（8/534），0.56%（3/531），and 0.76%（4/526），respectively，and the difference was not statistically significant （χ2 = 2.752， P >0.05），but no positives were found in the fecal examination. The snail surveillance showed that there were no environments with infected snails and imported snails. Conclusion Conclusion There exist the infection sources of schistosomiasis in Hain? ing City. Therefore，we should be on high alert for the potential of local endemic of the disease. Meanwhile，we still should strengthen the snail surveillance as well as the infection surveillance among the floating population.

Clinical analysis of 17 cases of paragonimiasis

2016, 28(2):  217-219. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the clinical features，diagnosis and treatment of paragonimiasis，so as to improve the prevention and treatment of it. Methods Methods The clinical data of paragonimiasis patients were collected and retrospectively ana? lyzed. Results Results Totally 17 patients were diagnosed as paragonimiasis and the main clinical features of 11 patients were cough， chest pain and fever，and the pleural effusion was found in 13 cases. Peripheral blood eosinophil percentages of all patients were significantly increased，and the detections of antibody IgG against Paragonimus parasite of ELISA method were positive in all pa? tients. All the patients were cured after praziquantel treatment and no recurrence found in the follow?up visit. Conclusion Conclusion The clinical features of paragonimiasis patients are diverse，and pleural effusion is quite common in imaging examinations. The eosin? ophil percentages and antibody detections have important values for the diagnosis of paragonimiasis. Praziquantel is an effective medicine in the treatment.

Progress of researches on diagnostic methods of current Schistosoma infection

2016, 28(2):  220-224. 

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Now schistosomiasis is still a serious zoonosis which affects human health and hinders the economy development in endemic areas. Accurate diagnosis of the infection of Schistosoma is very significant in reducing hazards to human health and controlling the epidemic of schistosomiasis. This review summarizes recent advances in the laboratory diagnostic methods for cur? rent schistosome infection（including pathogenic，immunologic and molecular biologic methods）so as to provide the reference for prevention and control of schistosomiasis in the field.

Impact of new trend of ecological environment changes on growth, reproduction and diffusion of Oncomelania hupensis

2016, 28(2):  225-228. 

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Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum，and the growth，reproduction and distribution of O. hupensis play an important role in schistosomiasis prevalence and transmission. This article reviews the influ? ence of the new trend of ecological environment changes on the growth， reproduction and diffusion of the snails.