Table of Content

05 March 2015, Volume 27 Issue 1

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Eradication of Schistosomiasis: a New Target and a New Task for the National Schistosomiasis Control Porgramme in the People's Republic of China

LEI Zheng-Long, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2015, 27(1):  1.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015036

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The achievements for the national schistosomiasis control programme in the People’s Republic of China over the last 6 decades were reviewed， with an emphasis on the status and challenges to accomplish the tasks of “Workplan for the Mid? and Long?term of National Schistosomiasis Control Programme from 2004 to 2015”. Four features of current national schistosomiasis control programme were identified in the new stage. First， the high prevalence areas have been shrunk， but few regions are still at the risks of schitosomiasis rebounding. Second， large areas with low prevalence of schistosomiasis will remain for a long time， so that the disease surveillance will be a long?term task. Third， more notable places will be in the high risk areas where more activities of human and livestock occurred， so that it is essential to implement the integrated control measures in those high risk areas. Fourth， the technologies using in the schistosomiasis eradication programme are delayed as expected， and more needs to accelerate the R&D programmes. It was recommended that sustained implementation of integrated control strategy with more emphasis on control of infectious sources has to be strengthened through enhanced regulation performance in addition to the aforementioned notifications， in order to eradicate schistosomiasis in a response to the newly formulated target of “making the ‘God of Plague’ to be sweep away from the history， and retuning the clear land/water and happy/healthy life to the people”.

Establishment of index system of key factors on elimination of schistosomiasis

LIU Yang, ZHANG Yi, CHEN Lin, WAN Jia-Jia, XU Jia, QIU Dong-Chuan, ZHONG Bo

2015, 27(1):  5.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014178

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Objective Objective To establish an index system of the key factors of elimination of schistosomiasis. Methods Methods A ques? tionnaire was designed based on the reference review，and 24 scientists working in the field of schistosomiasis control or re? search or management were investigated by using the Delphi method. The importance of each index reflecting the endemicity of schistosomiasis was scored by each scientist. The assessing system for key factors of eliminating schistosomiasis was established， and the normalized weight and combined weight were calculated. Results Results The assessing system included three indexes in the first grade，seven indexes in the second grade and thirteen indexes in the third grade. Among the indexes in the first grade，the normalized weights of endemicity，natural environment and social environment were 0.371 1，0.339 5，and 0.289 4，respective? ly. Among the indexes in the second grade，the economy showed the highest combined weight of 0.289 4 while the agriculture and sanitation both showed the lowest score of 0.112 7. Among the indexes in the third grade，the infection rate of animals showed the highest combined weight of 0.124 6 while the agriculture and plant structure both showed the lowest score of 0.053 0. Conclusion Conclusion The indexes of the assessing system provide the scientific evidence for surveillance work when elimination of schis? tosomiasis.

Effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures based on infection source control in mountainous areas of Yunnan Province

CHEN Shao-Rong, LI Bing-Gui, LUO Jia-Jun, LI Wen-Bao, MU Liang-Xian, TIAN Shu-Hui, LI Ping, LIU Yu-Hua, YANG Hui, WANG Shang-Wei, CHEN Feng, LUO Bing-Rong, LI Ke-Rong, DUAN Yu-Chun

2015, 27(1):  11.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014232

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures based on infection source control in plateau mountain areas of Yunnan Province. Methods Methods From 2006 to 2004，four administrative villages were selected as test areas from plateau canyon and plateau basin endemic areas in Jindun Town，Heqing County，two villages each type，and the comprehensive control measures were implemented，including the examination and treatment of schistosomiasis，Oncomela? nia hupensis snail survey and control，health education，improving drinking water and lavatories，banning grazing，constructing sanitary pen of livestock，replacing cattle with machine，etc. The schistosome infection state and snail status in 2006 were treat? ed as the baseline information，and the effect of the comprehensive measures were evaluated. Results Results The infection rate of hu? man in plateau canyon areas decreased from 4.94% in 2006 to 0.06% in 2014，and that of livestock decreased from 1.11% to 0. In plateau basin areas，there was only 1 case of schistosomiasis found in Xiaolian Village in 2007，and no any other cases found in the other years，the infection rates of livestock dropped from 7.38% to 0. Compared with 2006，the snail areas in the two type areas decreased by 74.89% and 75.30%，respectively，meanwhile，the percentage of snail area，the occurrence rate of frames with snails，as well as the average density of living snails also decreased，and no infected snails were found since 2008. Xidian and Xinzhuang villages in plateau canyon area reached the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled in 2009，and Xiao? lian and Kangfu villages in plateau basin reached the criteria of transmission interrupted in 2014. Conclusions Conclusions The comprehen? sive schistosomiasis control measures based on infection source control can effectively control the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in plateau areas of Yunnan Province. In the future，we should pay an equal attention to the infection sources control and snail control to consolidate and amplify the achievement of schistosomiasis control.

Cost-effectiveness evaluation on comprehensive control measures carrying out in schistosomiasis endemic areas with regard to different layers of administrative villages stratified by infection situation of human and domestic animals Ⅱ Correlation analysis of costs and inputs with changes of schistosomiasis endemic situation in inner embankment of marshland and lake regions from 2006 to 2013

HU He-Hua, YU Qing, ZHANG Xia, CAO Chun-Li, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHU Hong

2015, 27(1):  17. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the correlations between inputs and costs and endemic situation of schistosomiasis in inner embankment，so as to provide the references for the strategy optimization of schistosomiasis control. Methods Methods Jiangling County was selected as the study field. The correlation and regression analyses were applied to analyze the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiangling County from 2006 to 2013. The methods of two?stages least squares and path analysis were applied to analyze the impacts between costs and inputs and endemic situation of schistosomiasis. Results Results The adjusted infection rate of population，number of bovines and Oncomelania hupensis snail areas reduced by 77.42%，76.34% and 19.43%，respectively in Jiangling County from 2006 to 2013. The correlations between the infection rate of snails and the population positive rates of blood and fecal exams，and the infection rate of bovines were significant（all P < 0.05）；and there was a significant linear regression between the infection rates of snails and bovines（P < 0.05） . There were statistically significant regressions between inputs at different levels and the population positive rates of blood and fecal exams，and the infection rates of bovines and snails，as well as between the costs and the population positive rate of fecal exams and the infection rates of bovines and snails（all P < 0.05），whereas there was no statistically significant regression between the costs and the population positive rate by blood exams （P > 0.05） . The inputs at county level had an impact on the population positive rate of blood exams；the costs of comprehensive treatment had an impact on the population positive rate of fecal exams；the costs of human labor and measures for exams and treatments had an impact on the infection rate of bovines；the inputs at national level and the costs of measures for exams and treatments had an impact on the infection rate of snails（all P < 0.05） . Conclusion Conclusion The inputs and costs of schistosomiasis con? trol were related to the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiangling County from 2006 to 2013；therefore，it is necessary to develop a comprehensive surveillance system as substitute for the current indexes on schistosomiasis control.

Effect of standardized construction of laboratories of schistosomiasis control institutions in Hubei Province in 2013

ZHU Hong, ZHENG Chao-Hui, TANG Li, CAI Shun-Xiang, HUANG Xi-Bao, TU Zu-Wu, QIN Jun, ZENG Ming-Xing, SUN Qian, LIU Jian-Bing

2015, 27(1):  22. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the effect and current situation of the standardized construction of laboratories of schis? tosomiasis control institutions in Hubei Province，so as to provide the evidence for establishing and improving the quality control system of diagnosis of schistosomiasis after the transmission of schistosomiasis was under control. Methods Methods According to the procedures of self?examination，field operation，and laboratory on?site，five laboratories were assessed，and all the results were analyzed comparatively. Results Results The average number of staffs were（7.00±1.58）persons，and the staffs of the laboratories of the schistosomiasis control institutions with senior professional titles in the city level were more than that in the county level（t = 5.563，P < 0.05） . The average space was（3.20±1.64）rooms，and the average area was（117.00±88.29）m2 . The average score of field operation was（96.40±4.49）points. The average score of laboratory on?site assessment was（106.6±6.15）points. The highest and lowest of the laboratory on?site assessment scores were environment and facilities（19.60 ± 0.55）points and manage? ment system of laboratory quality control（15.70±2.39）points（F = 2.869， P < 0.05），respectively. Conclusion Conclusion The cultiva? tion of laboratory staff should be strengthened，and the diagnostic capacity should be maintained and improved. The laboratory quality control system should be paid more attention to，and the construction and management of schistosomiasis laboratories should be standardized.

Chronic toxicity test of fangyouling by transdermal administration in rabbits

JIA Zi-Ming, YUE Miao-Miao, ZHENG Yan-Hua, ZHANG Jin-Ming, TANG Li-Jun

2015, 27(1):  26. 

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Objective Objective To observe the toxicity of fangyouling after one month’ s transdermal administration in rabbits and evaluate its security. Methods Methods Forty rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups including a control group and low，middle and high dose groups of fangyouling. The rabbits in the control group were administered with sunflower oil，and the other rabbits were administrated dermally with fangyouling of 50，300 and 2 000 mg/kg respectively once a day for 4 weeks. The general con? dition，the skin irritation reaction，body weight，food consumption，hematology，blood biochemistry，organ coefficients and his? topathological changes of all the rabbits were observed. Results Results There was no obvious effect on the general condition in all the rabbits. However，the mild skin irritation was observed in 2 rabbits of the middle dose group and 4 rabbits of the high?dose group. The decreases of body weight and food consumption were noted in the high dose group. No changes were detected of hema? tology，blood biochemistry or viscera pathological at all dose levels. Conclusion Conclusion The dose of non?toxic response of fangyouling is 50 mg/kg at this study condition.

Analysis of sites of Toxoplasma gondii SAG2 gene in blood of HIV-positive people in Lincang City, Yunnan Province

JIA Yu-Xi, CHEN Ling-Juan, LI Wei, NIE Da-Ping, LUO Mi, HE Jian-Fang, SHEN Li-Jie

2015, 27(1):  32. 

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Objective Objective To preliminarily understand the genotype characteristics of Toxoplasma gondii in blood of HIV?posi? tive persons in Lincang City，Yunnan Province. Method Method Two segments of SAG2 gene of T. gondii from blood samples of HIV? positive persons in Lincang City were extracted and amplified by using the nested PCR method and the genotype was identified and compared with the standard strain（Type I）of Toxoplasma gondii. Results Results Thirty ? five SAG2 genes（241 bp）and 35 SAG2 genes（221 bp）of T. gondii were amplified from 170 blood samples of the HIV?positive people，and 4 of each case were selected and digested with enzyme，then 2 aim gene fragments of each case were chosen and compared with the standard strain （Type I）of T. gondii. The digestion of SAG2 gene（241 bp）showed the genotype of the blood samples was Type I or Type II， and the digestion of SAG2 gene（221 bp）confirmed that the genotype was Type I. Conclusion Conclusion It is preliminarily confirmed that the genotype of T. gondii in blood of HIV?positive persons in Lincang City，Yunnan Province is Type I

Species composition and distribution of medical mollusca in Shanghai City

GUO Yun-Hai, LV Shan, GU Wen-Biao, LIU He-Xiang, WU Ying, ZHANG Yi

2015, 27(1):  36. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the species diversity and distribution of medical mollusca in Shanghai City. Methods Methods From August 2012 to October 2013，all kinds of habitats in 8 districts and counties in Shanghai City，namely Jiading，Qingpu， Baoshan，Minhang，Songjiang，Jinshan，Chongming，Pudong，were selected for the field survey according to the distribution characteristics of the river system，and all the specimens of medical mollusca in the investigation sites were collected and classi? fied by morphological identification. Meanwhile，the species composition，habitats as well as the fauna of the medical mollusca collected were analyzed. Results Results A total of 5 211 specimens were collected，which belonged to 2 classes，14 families，18 gen? era and 25 species，including Oncomelania hupensis hupensis，Pomacea canaliculata，Parafossarulus striatulus，Alocinma longicornis，Physa acuta，Galba pervia，Hippeutis cantori，etc. The species numbers of medical mollusca in Chongming，Jin? shan，Pudong new area and Qingpu districts（counties）were 22，22，21 and 20，respectively，which were more than those of other areas. The habitat analysis suggested that the species numbers in the river and wetland were the most，both of which were 14 species. The main faunas of the medical mollusca in Shanghai were the cosmopolitan and oriental species. Conclusions Conclusions The freshwater gastropod species are paucity in Shanghai City，but almost of them can be served as the intermediate hosts of certain parasites to transmit snail?related parasitic diseases， so the surveillance of medical mollusca should be strengthened.

Effect of malaria surveillance and control of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2013

LI Jin-Hui, LIN Kang-Ming, WEI Shu-Jiao, WEI Hai-Yan, LI Jun, YANG Yi-Chao

2015, 27(1):  41. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of malaria surveillance and control of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2013，and explore the suited surveillance and management of imported malaria cases，so as to provide the evidence for formulat? ing the scientific control measures of imported malaria. Methods Methods The endemic data and control measures of malaria in Guangxi in 2013 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results Results A total of 1 251 malaria cases were found in Guangxi in 2013，with 88.25%（1 104 cases）of falciparum malaria，8.63%（108 cases）of vivax malaria，0.64%（8 cases）of quartan malaria，1.52% （19 cases）of ovale malaria，and 0.96%（12 cases）of mixed infection；93.21%（1 166 cases）were off?farm workers；96.56% （1 208 cases）were imported from Africa and mainly consisted of falciparum malaria cases；3.44%（43 cases）were imported from southeast Asia and mainly consisted of vivax malaria cases. The cases of imported malaria were increasing and the infection rate in 2013 was increased by 464% compared with that in 2012. Conclusion Conclusion The imported malaria cases in Guangxi mainly come from Africa at present. Promoting the health education and professional skill of malaria control and treatment，as well as the diagnosis and treatment of the patients in early time are important measures to control the imported malaria.

Development and application of rapid molecular method for detection of asymptomatic infection of Leishmania

ZHAO Gui-Hua, YIN Kun, ZHONG Wei-Xia, CUI Yong, WANG Hong-Fa

2015, 27(1):  45. 

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Objective Objective To develop a rapid molecular biological method for detection of the asymptomatic infection of Leish? mania. Methods Methods Two pairs of primers named RV1?RV2 and K13A?K13B were selected to be the fast diagnosis primers since they were designed according to the conserved region of Leishmania kinetoplast DNA（kDNA）minicircles. The PCR amplifica? tion products of Leishmania donovani promastigote from Shandong Province were sequenced to compare their conservatism. The method was applied to detect 105 venous blood samples from healthy home canine and 7 venous blood samples from home canine suffered from Kala?azar in Heishui County of Sichuan Province，and 75 venous blood samples from susceptible population（no leishmaniasis symptoms）and 7 venous blood samples from patients in Xinjiang Kashi area in order to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the method. Results Results The size of PCR products was consistent with the expected fragments with high conservative among Leishmania species. The positive rates of 105 home canine samples and 75 susceptible population samples were 37.14% （39/105）and 82.67%（62/75）rspectively，and the positive rates of home canine suffered from Kala?azar and patients were all 100% （7/7） . Conclusion Conclusion This rapid diagnosis method is suitable for detection of asymptomatic infection of Leishmania in Kala? azar endemic areas of China with high sensitive and specific，thus it has bright perspective to be used.

Effect of immunotherapy of recombinant chimeric epitopes of major allergen group 1 from Dermatophagoides farina on asthma of mice

XU Hai-Feng, ZHU Hai-Bin, XU Peng-Fei, LI Chao-Pin, WANG Ke-Xia

2015, 27(1):  49. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the effect of immunotherapy of recombinant chimeric epitopes of major allergen group 1 from Dermatophagoides farina on asthma of mice. Methods Methods Forty mice were randomly divided into 4 groups：a negative con? trol group，an asthma group，an immunotherapy group of Der f 1，and an immunotherapy group of Der f 1A. On the 1st，7th and 14th day，the mice in the asthma group，immunotherapy group of Der f 1，and immunotherapy group of Der f 1A were injected intraperitoneally with the extract of D. farina 3 times to sensitize；and on the 21st day，the atomized inhalation was carried out for 7 days. In the control group，phosphate buffer solution（PBS）was applied for sensitization and inhalation. In the immunother? apy groups，Der f 1 and Der f 1A were applied to carry out the specific immunotherapy respectively for 30 min before the inhala? tion. Then，the leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid（BALF）were numbered and the pathological sections of lung tis? sues were observed；IL?5 and IFN?γ in BALF and spleen cell culture supernatants（SCCS）as well as the specific IgE，IgG2a in the sera were detected. Results Results Compared with the asthma group，the lung inflammation of mice in the immunotherapy groups was lightened，and the total numbers of leukocytes in BALF were significantly reduced；IL?5 was significantly reduced and IFN? γ was significantly increased in BALF and SCCS of mice in the immunotherapy groups；and the specific IgE was significantly re? duced and IgG2a was significantly increased in the sera of mice in the immunotherapy groups（all P< 0.01） . Conclusion Conclusion The recombinant chimeric epitopes of major allergen group 1 from D. farina could effectively relieve the symptom of asthma in mice， so as to provide the evidence for specific immunotherapy.

Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of hospital patients with clonorchiasis

ZHANG Xiao-Li, CHEN Xiao-Bei, ZHU Ji-Wei, SHU Jing, HAN Su

2015, 27(1):  53. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of clonorchiasis of hospital patients in Heilongjiang Province，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the control and prevention strategies. Methods Methods A total of 2 359 suspected patients from human parasitic disease research institute of Harbin medical university were investigated. Total? ly 6 718 stool samples and 2 359 serum samples were tested by Kato?Katz technique and the enzyme linked immune method re? spectively. Meanwhile，the information of the patients was collected by questionnaires. Results Results Totally 513 suspected patients were infected with Clonorchis sinensis. The infection rate of the suspected patients was higher in the ≥ 29 group（P < 0.05）， and the infection rate and positive rate of blood tests of the rural suspected patients were both higher than those of the urban sus? pected patients（both P < 0.05） . The habit of eating raw fish and shrimp was the risk factor of clonorchiasis. Conclusion Conclusion Clo? norchiasis is one of the main food?borne parasitic diseases in Heilongjiang Province. The habit of eating raw fish and shrimp is the risk factor of clonorchiasis.

Effect of calcium cyanamid synthetic drug on Schistosoma japonicum egg morphology

ZHOU Yi-Sheng, PENG Guo-Hua, HU Zhu-Hua, FENG Xiao-Wu, ZHU Rong, WEI Wang-Yuan, GUO Jia-Gang

2015, 27(1):  56. 

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Objective Objective To study the morphological change of Schistosoma japonicum eggs processed by calcium cyanamide synthetic drug，so as to provide the basis for further study of the mechanism that calcium cyanamide synthetic drug to schisto? some eggs. Methods Methods The calcium cyanamide synthetic drug was added to the cattle feces containing schistosome eggs and mixed up，and then the cattle feces was stacked as original shape on the marshland. Blank controls were set at the same time. The cattle feces samples were collected and the schistosome eggs were observed under a microscope on the 1st，2nd，3rd，7th day after the experiment. Results Results By the effect of calcium cyanamide synthetic drug，the color of eggs was deepening gradual? ly，the miracidia were atrophied，and the shells of eggs were thickened. The embryonic membrane of miracidia was no longer completed 3 days later，and the miracidia were deformed severely 7 days later. The atrophy of miracidia was not obvious in the blank controls. Conclusion Conclusion The schistosome miracidia and embryonic membrane can be damaged by the calcium cyanamide synthetic drug， and worse damaged with time extending.

Effect of different temperatures on development of Aedes albopictus

LI Ju-Lin, ZHU Guo-Ding, ZHOU Hua-Yun, TANG Jian-Xia, CAO Jun

2015, 27(1):  59. 

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Objective Objective To explore the effect of different temperatures on the different development stages of Aedes albopic? tus. Methods Methods The changes at different development stages of mosquitoes（egg，larva，pupae）and gonotrophic cycle were ob? served at different temperature conditions of 10，15，20，25，30，35 ℃ and 40 ℃. The full developmental cycles were com? pared during different temperatures. Results Results All the stages of the mosquitoes could not develop at 10 ℃. Under the different temperatures of 15，20，25，30，35 ℃ and 40 ℃，the hatchabilities of the mosquitoes were 0，32%，82%，83%，82% and 59% respectively； the pupation rates of the mosquitoes were 38%，53%，84%，88%，72% and 42% respectively； and the emer? gence rates of the mosquitoes were 92%，95%，97%，97%，83% and 17% respectively. The mosquitoes could well develop at 20，25，30 ℃ and 35 ℃，the development time was 37.73，18.50，16.92 and 13.66 days respectively. Conclusion Conclusion The devel? opment time of Aedes albopictus is shorter at the higher temperature. The optimum temperature for the mosquitoes to develop is between 25-30 ℃， and higher or lower the temperatures will suppress the development of the mosquitoes.

Trematode Aspidogastrea found in Huaihe River

LI Chao-Pin, ZHU Yu-Xia

2015, 27(1):  62. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of trematode Aspidogastrea in the Huaihe River. Methods Methods The mussels in the Huaihe River were collected，numbered and dissected to detect the trematode；and the species of trematodes were identified after dyeing. Results Results Totally 79 mussels were collected，and the trematode Aspidogastrea were found from 23 mussels with the infection rate of 29.11%；209 trematode Aspidogastrea were collected and the average infectiosity of mussels was 9.09. Conclusion Conclusion Trematode Aspidogastrea is endemic in the Huaihe River and the species is Aspidogaster sp.

Experimental study on determination of viability of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae by staining

BAO Qin-Lu, HUANG Chun-Lan, CHEN Dan-Dan, WANG Xue-Long, WANG Shao-Sheng, TANG Xiao-Niu, ZHOU Shu-Lin

2015, 27(1):  64. 

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Objective Objective To determine the viability of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae by staining. Methods Methods Schistosoma japonicum cercariae were stained by 0.4% trypan blue，0.5% methylene blue?eosin?borax（M.E.B），0.5% eosin，0.5% methy? lene blue and 0.05% neutral red，respectively，for 5 min，then they were observed under a stereoscopic microscope. Results Results The dead cercariae were stained in the trypan blue，M.E.B，eosin and neutral red，but unstained in the methylene blue. The vi? tal cercariae were unstained in all the five kinds of dyes. Conclusion Conclusion The staining methods by using 0.4% trypan blue， 0.5%M.E.B， 0.5% eosin and 0.05% neutral red can be used to determine the viability of S. japonicum cercariae.

Clinical significance of changes of lipid in elderly patients with hepatic schis? tosomiasis

YANG Dong-Ming, TU Ye-Ping, HONG Wen-Xia

2015, 27(1):  66. 

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Objective Objective To explore the clinical significance of lipid levels including total cholesterol（TC），triglyceride （TG），high?density lipoprotein（HDL?C），low density lipoprotein（LDL?C），and apolipoprotein（APOAⅠ and APOB）of elder? ly patients with hepatic schistosomiasis. Methods Methods A total of 280 hospitalized elderly patients with hepatic schistosomiasis （198 cases of chronic liver fibrosis and 82 cases of hepatocirrhosis）were chosen as study objects，and their clinical data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Meanwhile，the lipid levels between the patients with liver fibrosis and hepatocirrhosis， and those among the patients with A，B，C degrees of Child?pugh grading of liver function were compared. Results Results Among the 280 patients，the abnormality rates of the lipid levels were 34.8% （69/198） and 100%（82/82）in the liver fibrosis group and he? patocirrhosis group respectively，and the difference between them were statistically significant（χ2 = 5.74， P＜0.05） . The levels of TC，HDL?C，LDL?C，APOAⅠ of the patients in the latter group were significantly lower than those in the former group（all P ＜0.05） . The levels of TC，TG，HDL?C，APOAⅠ，APOB of the patients with C degree liver function were significantly lower than those of the patients with A degree liver function，and the levels of TC，TG，HDL?C of the former were also lower than those of the patients with B degree liver function（all P ＜0.05） . Conclusions Conclusions The lipid levels of the elderly patients with he? patic schistosomiasis reduce obviously in the course of hepatocirrhosis，and it is correlated with the damage level of the liver. Lipid and apolipoprotein detections have certain values on the illness judgment and prognosis assessment.

Epidemiological analysis of overseas imported malaria in Wuhan City

WU Kai, YANG Yan, ZHOU Shui-Mao, XU Ming-Xing

2015, 27(1):  70. 

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Objective Objective To analyze the epidemiologic feature of overseas imported malaria in order to provide the evidence for improving the surveillance and control of malaria in Wuhan City. Methods Methods The epidemiological investigation data of overseas imported malaria cases were collected and analyzed with an epidemiological method including plasmodium species，epidemic fo? cus distribution，domestic distribution，population characteristics，attack?diagnosis interval，clinical grading，etc. in Wuhan City from 2008 to 2013. Results Results A total of 240 overseas imported malaria cases were reported，including 180 cases from Afri? can countries and the proportion of Plasmodium falciparum infections was 82.22%，and 60 cases from Southeast Asian coun? tries and the proportion of Plasmodium vivax infections was 76.67%，and the proportions of the parasite species were significant? ly different between the two regions（χ2 =105.53，P＜0.001） . The male and young adults were dominant. there were no statisti? cal significance between clinical grading and attack?diagnosis interval（Z=-0.99， P = 0.32），vocational background（ χ2 = 10.61， P=0.10），then clinical symptoms aggravated the situation was occurred more easily among the first attack cases（χ2 = 7.66， P＜0.05）and the falciparum malaria cases（χ2 =24.27， P＜0.001） . Conclusions Conclusions The overseas imported malaria cases are increasing rapidly with years and the malignant malaria cases were more than other malaria cases in Wuhan City. Therefore， the surveillance and management of the returnees from malaria endemic areas should be strengthened continually.

Effect of comprehensive care for chronic filariasis patients with lymphedema

LI Ming-Chuan, MEI Huo-Gen, TANG Jue-Ping, XU An-Qiang, HU Yi-He, CAO Han-Jun

2015, 27(1):  73. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of chronic filariasis patients with lymphedema after comprehensive cared. Meth Meth? ? ods ods A total of 386 chronic filariasis patients with lymphedema received the comprehensive care including soaking feet by TCM， washing feet by single Chinese medicine or clear water，preventing and eliminating invasive wound，physical training，raising the limb，and wearing suitable shoes. The attack frequency of inflammation of lymphatic vessels，the stage of lymphedema dis? ease，and leg circumference were observed before and after the care. Results Results After the comprehensive care，the attack rates of inflammation of lymphatic vessels decreased from 9.65% to 4.67%，and there was a significant difference（χ 2 =7.34，P=0.006 7） . The proportion of the patients with high stage of lymphedema disease decreased significantly （all P＜0.01），and the average leg circumference decreased of 1.06 cm. The skin appearance improved significantly. Other signs，such as pitting edema，ulcer， and skin folds also improved significantly（all P＜0.01） . Conclusion Conclusion The comprehensive care for chronic filariasis patients with lymphedema has a remarkable effect and is worthy of further application.

Prevalence and risk factors of Enterobius vermicularis among preschool children in kindergartens in Luohu District, Shenzhen City

KUANG Cui-Ping, WU Xiao-Liang, CHEN Wu-Shen, WU Fei-Fei, ZHUO Fei

2015, 27(1):  76. 

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Objective Objective To understand the prevalence and risk factors of Enterobius vermicularis among preschool children in kindergartens in Luohu District，Shenzhen City. Methods Methods A total of 489 children in 6 kindergartens were selected by the s stratified sampling method and investigated for E. vermicularis infection by the cellophane anal swab technique. The information of sanitary condition of the kindergartens，personal hygiene，and family hygiene were investigated by questionnaire. Results Results The infection rate of E. vermicularis was 10.2%（50/489） . The single factor analysis indicated that the following factors might re? lated to the infection：the different classes of kindergartens，grades，ground of bed room，private toilet，types of taps and beds， bed management，education levels of parents，frequency of shower and washing anus，and washing hands before meal and after WC. The multivariate Logistic analysis indicated that the bed management，education level of mothers，frequency of washing anus，and private toilet were independent risk factors for E. vermicularis infection. Conclusion Conclusion To control the infection of E. vermicularis，the circumstance and management of kindergartens，parents’knowledge of E. vermicularis infection，and chil? dren’ s healthy habit need improve.

Establishment of Oncomelania hupensis snail database based on smartphone and Google Earth

WANG Wei-Chun, ZHAN Ti, ZHU Ying-Fu

2015, 27(1):  79. 

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Objective Objective To establish an Oncomelania hupensis snail database based on smartphone and Google Earth. Meth Meth? ? ods ods The HEAD GPS software was loaded in the smartphone first. The GPS data of the snails were collected by the smartphone. The original data were exported to the computer with the format of KML/KMZ. Then the data were converted into Excel file for? mat by using some software. Finally，the results based on laboratory were filled，and the digital snail data were established. The data were converted into KML，and then were showed by Google Earth visually. Results Results The snail data of a 5 hm2 ?beach along the Yangtze River were collected and the distribution of the snails based on Google Earth was obtained. The database of the snails was built. The query function was implemented about the number of the total snails，the living snails and the schistosome infected snails of each survey frame. Conclusion Conclusion The digital management of the snail data is realized by using the smartphone and Google Earth.

Growth and decline of Oncomelania hupensis status in Duchang County at North shore of Poyang Lake, 2005-2012

CAO Huan-Li, LI Yi-Feng, ZOU Xiao-Qing, YU Chun-Jiu, ZHANG Bao-Long, LV Shang-Biao

2015, 27(1):  82. 

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Objective Objective To understand the dynamic of Oncomelania hupensis snail status in Duchang County at north shore of Poyang Lake ，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the strategy of schistosomiasis control. Methods Methods The data about the snail status in Duchang County from 2005 to 2012 were collected，and the change trend of the snail status was analyzed. Re Re? ? sults sults From 2005 to 2012，all the average density of living snails，the occurrence rate of frames with living snails，the density of infected snails and the area with infected snails showed a trend of sharp decline，and stayed at a low level. Compared to 2005， the above 4 indexes in 2008 decreased by 70.06%，90.33%，79.48%，and 37.88%，respectively，and those in 2012 decreased by 99.35%，98.98%，99.33%，and 93.84%，respectively. The infection rates of snails fluctuated between 0.06% and 0.53%， which showed a trend of first decrease and then increase. The snail area maintained at the level of 2 052.5 hm2 since 2007. Con Con? ? clusions clusions Most of the indexes of the snail status in Duchang County have decreased to the lowest level in history since 2012， but the snail area is stable and the infection rate of snails shows a fluctuation trend，which suggests that the risks of schistosomia? sis transmission still exist， and the snail control still should be strengthened.

Monitoring report of Oncomelania hupensis snail distribution and diffusion in main drainages of Hexi Reservoir

ZHANG Liu-Hong, XU Feng-Ming, LU Hong-Mei, QIN Jia-Sheng, CAO Wei-Min, JIANG Ya-Juan, LU Qin-Nan

2015, 27(1):  84. 

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objective objective To understand the status of Oncomelania hupensis snail distribution and diffusion in main drainages of Hexi Reservoir and evaluate the snail control effect of the schistosomiasis control engineering of Hexi Reservoir. Methods Methods The O. hupensis snails were investigated by using the straw curtain method and fishing net method in different areas of the main drainages of Hexi Reservoir，and the results were analyzed. Results Results A total of 1 800 straw curtains were used and 37 snails were found in Naxi stream. Totally 5 870 kg floats were salved and no snails were found. Conclusion Conclusion The schistosomiasis con? trol engineering of Hexi Reservoir is effective in the prevention of the snail diffusion，but there are still snails in the upstream. Therefore，the snail surveillance and control need to be strengthened.

Measures and effectiveness of comprehensive schistosomiasis control along Xinglong River in Qianjiang City

XIAO Xiu-Lan, ZHANG Juan, XU Qian-Cheng, LI Yi-Bin, FAN Qiang, YANG Hui, ZHENG Shao-Long

2015, 27(1):  86. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive control of schistosomiasis along the Xinglong River in Qianji? ang City，so as to provide the evidence for improving schistosomiasis control. Methods Methods The comprehensive control measures including infection source control and Oncomelania hupensis snail eradication were surveyed along the Xinglong River in Qianji? ang City. Results Results The prevalence of schistosomiasis was under control，that was the human and cattle infection rates decreased by 53.77% and 100% respectively，the snail area decreased by 26.9%，the mean density of living snails decreased by 25.5%， and no infected snails was found. Conclusions Conclusions The comprehensive control measures along the Xinglong River are effective， and the management and surveillance of snail environments still should be strengthened.

Dynamic analysis of treatment of advanced schistosomiasis in Qianjiang City

ZHU Xu-Yuan, WANG Zheng-Cai, SHU Ru-Rong

2015, 27(1):  88. 

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Objective Objective To understand the dynamics of the treatment and outcomes of advanced schistosomiasis patients in Qianjiang City，so as to provide the evidence for improving the future work. Methods Methods All advanced schistosomiasis patients were investigated in Qianjiang City during the period of 2009-2013. Results Results Totally 1 284 person?times of advanced schistoso? miasis patients received the treatment. The rate of clinical improved was 89.88%，and 82 patients were cured. The type of asci? tes was the majority and the megalosplenia type was the second. Conclusion Conclusion The prevalence of advanced schistosomiasis showed a decreasing tendency，but the incidence of new advanced schistosomiasis patients showed a slightly increasing.

Discussion of epidemic trend and control strategies of malaria in Jinan City from 1989 to 2013

XU Shu-Hui, HAN Du-Ju, WANG Wei-Ru, GENG Xin-Yi, ZHAO Xiao-Dong

2015, 27(1):  90. 

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Objective Objective To explore the epidemic trend of malaria in Jinan City，so as to provide the evidence for improving the prevention and control of malaria. Methods Methods The surveillance and annual report data of malaria were collected and analyzed epidemiologically in Jinan City from 1989 to 2013. Results Results The prevalence of malaria was low in Jinan City from 1989 to 2013. Totally 179 cases of malaria were reported，and 14 cases（7.82%）were locally infected and 165 cases（92.18%）were imported. Conclusion Conclusion Most malaria cases were imported since the disease was basically eliminated in Jinan City. The overseas workers from high prevalence areas of malaria should be well managed.

Curative effect of anti-HBV treatment in advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites and HBV infection

LUO Fu-Jun, YAO Zuo-Ping

2015, 27(1):  92. 

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Objective Objective To improve the curative effect of advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites and HBV infection. Methods Methods A total of 27 advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites and HBV infection were selected as a trial group and giv? en with anti?HBV treatment，and 31 corresponding patients were as the controls and did not received anti?HBV treatment from February 2003 to December 2012. Results Results The incidence of ascites recurrence，spontaneous peritonitis，hepatic encephalopa? thy，hepatorenal syndrome，upper gastrointestinal bleeding，and primary liver cancer in the trial group were significantly lower than those in the control group. The detection indexes of liver function，renal function and prothrombin time in the trial group were superior to those in the control group. The mortality in the treatment group was also significantly lower than that in the con? trol group. Conclusion Conclusion The anti?HBV treatment in the advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites and HBV infection can obviously improve their physical conditions，the survival rate，and their life qualities.

Observation of molluscicidal effect of black plastic film combined with car? bon amide

WANG Song-Bo, YE Xiao-Dong, ZHENG Shou-Gui, JIANG Neng-Ming, HUANG Li-Lan

2015, 27(1):  94. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of black plastic film combined with carbon amide. Methods Methods In Jiangdong Town，Jinhua City，the field with Oncomelania hupensis in the history was selected as experimental area and divided into 3 groups：Group One was administered with black plastic film combined with carbon amide；Group Two was administered with simple black plastic film；and Group Three was a control group. Results Results On the 3rd，7th，15th，20th and 30th day after the experiment，the mortality rates of O. hupensis of Group One were 86.0%，88.0%，100%，100% and 100% respectively， which were significantly higher than those of the control group（all P < 0.05） . The differences of mortality rates between Group One and Group Two were statistically significant on the 3rd and 7th day after the experiment（Group One was superior to Group Two） . Conclusion Conclusion The black plastic film combined with carbon amide can improve the molluscicidal effect

Thrombogenesis and its treatment in portal system after devascularization

LIU Li-Jun, KUANG Yong-Jun, YU Wei, ZHANG Neng-Ping

2015, 27(1):  96. 

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Objective Objective To discuss the occurrence of thrombosis in portal system of patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension after devascularization and the methods for treatment and prevention. Methods Methods The clinical data of 113 patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension after the devascularization were collected and analyzed retrospectively，and the occurrence time，parts as well as the treatment and prevention methods were discussed. Results Results Among the 113 patients，33 of them were found with thrombosis in their portal system，and the occurrence rate was 29.2%. The occurrence time of thrombosis was 2?15 days post?de? vascularization，and the median time was 6 days post ?operation. Among the 33 cases with thrombosis，there were 19 cases of splenic vein thrombosis，10 cases of portal thrombosis，and 4 cases of both of them. After the thrombolytic therapy，the thrombo? sises in 30 cases disappeared. Conclusions Conclusions Most of the thrombosises in portal system happen in splenic vein post?devascular? ization. Avoiding clamping the trunk of splenic vein in the operation and taking thrombolytic therapy at the early stage after the operation can effectively prevent the occurrence of thrombosis.

Research progress of taxonomy and discrimination techniques of Oncomelania hupensis

CAO Zhi-Guo, ZHAO Ya-E, WANG Tian-Ping

2015, 27(1):  98. 

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Oncomelania hupensis，which plays an important role in the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica，is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum，and carrying out studies on its subspecies differentiation and genetic variation will have an important significance for schistosomiasis control. In this paper，the research progress of taxonomy and discrimination techniques of O. hupensis is reviewed at four levels，namely the morphological level，the cellular level，the protein level，and the DNA molecule level，and DNA sequencing technology is considered as the ideal taxonomy and discrimination technique of O. hupensis and the future research emphasis.

Researches on mechanism of cell toxicity caused by niclosamide

XU Ying, DAI Jian-Rong

2015, 27(1):  104. 

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Niclosamide is the most commonly used molluscicide. Along with a lot of application of niclosamide，more and more scientists studied its toxic effects to aquatic organisms as well as the related cell toxicity mechanism. This paper summariz? es the toxicity on cell，organelle，enzyme，cell signaling pathway，and genetic material caused by niclosamide，and puts for? ward the future research direction.

Imported falciparum malaria: one case report and literature review

XU Yu-Chan, WEI Li-Shu, YOU Ting-Ting, SU Qiang, FENG Jin, YIN Qi

2015, 27(1):  108. 

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This paper reports the hematology screening and parasite morphological features of one case of imported falci? parum malaria，and reviews the relevant literature.