Table of Content

14 April 2015, Volume 27 Issue 2

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Current situation of soil-transmitted nematodiasis monitoring in China and working keys in future

CHEN Ying-Dan, ZANG Wei

2015, 27(2):  111.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015004

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Soil?transmitted nematodiasis is widely epidemic in rural areas in China. It was showed that the infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes was 19.56% while the overall number of persons infected was 129 000 000，which was supported by the results of the National Survey of Current Situation of Major Human Parasitic Diseases in China in 2005 published by former Ministry of Health. Therefore，soil?transmitted nematodiasis was included in the national infectious diseases and pathogenic me? dia monitoring system by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2006，and subsequently 22 monitoring spots were established nationwide. From 2006 to 2013，the human infection rate of intestinal nematodes in national monitoring spots decreased from 20.88% to 3.12%，which showed a declining trend year by year. Meanwhile，the infection rates of Ascaris lumbri? coides，Trichuris trichiura，hookworm，Enterobius vermicularis decreased from10.10%，5.88%，8.88%，10.00% in 2006 to 0.76%，0.42%，2.04%，6.78% in 2013 respectively. In this paper，the current situation of soil?transmitted nematodiasis is over? viewed based on a summary of the 8 years’ monitoring work，as well as the experiences，challenges and key of monitoring work in the future.

Evaluation of effectiveness of comprehensive schistosomiasis control project in Yunnan Province from 2004 to 2013

ZHANG Yun, FENG Xi-Guang, WU Ming-Shou, XIONG Meng-Tao, SHEN Mei-Fen, SUN Jia-Yu

2015, 27(2):  115.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014235

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Objectives Objectives To evaluate the effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control project in Yunnan Province after its implementation for ten years，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the future prevention and control strategy. Methods Methods The data of the schistosomiasis comprehensive control project and the endemic situation were collected and analyzed to evaluate the control effect of the project in Yunnan Province from 2004 to 2013. Results Results After the comprehensive control project imple? mentation for ten years，the Oncomelania hupensis snail area in Yunnan Province decreased from 4 364.79 hm2 in 2004 to 1 528.50 hm2 in 2013，with a reduction rate of 64.98%，and the occurrence rate of frames with snails and the density of living snails decreased from 4.71% and 0.26 snails/0.1 m2 in 2004 to 1.35% and 0.04 snails/0.1 m2 in 2013，with the reduction rates of 71.34% and 84.62%，respectively. The schistosome infected snails were found only in 2011 and 2013 since 2008. In 2013，the infection rates of human（0.002 1%）and cattle（0.020 9%）decreased by 99.84% and 99.44%，respectively，compared to those in 2004，and no acute schistosome infection cases were found since 2008. The 212 villages with relatively serious endemic situa? tion（Type One，Type Two and Type Three）all declined to the slight endemic villages（Type Four and Type Five），therefore， they reached the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled or interrupted. The awareness rates of schistosomiasis control among villagers and students in endemic areas were above 90% and 98%，respectively. Conclusion Conclusion The effect of the compre? hensive schistosomiasis control project is significant in Yunnan Province，but the task to consolidate and enlarge the control re? sults still remains a challenge.

Spatiotemporal pattern of Oncomelania snails at village level in Hubei Province

QIU Juan, WEI Feng-Hua, LIU Ke-Qun, CHI Hong, WANG Li-Hui, WANG Hai-Fang, LI Ren-Dong

2015, 27(2):  119.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014244

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Objective Objective To study the spatiotemporal distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails in different areal?types at a village level in Hubei Province，so as to provide the basis for formulating the strategies and measures of snail control. Methods Methods The snail data of 30 schistosomiasis epidemic counties at a village scale in Hubei Province from 2007 to 2012 were collected and combined with the geographic information of each village to construct the spatial database of snails. The snail area and its change trend of different areal?types were illustrated；the multilevel model of snail distribution was established. Results Results The snail area of each village from 2007 to 2012 was correlated（Intra?class correlation coefficient，ICC = 95.7%） . Both the baseline and the rate of change of snail area were significantly different（σ2 u0 = 4 766.53，σ2 u1 = 20.96，both P < 0.01） . The rate of change of snail area was higher if the baseline of snail area was higher（σ2 u01 =126.78， P < 0.01） . The snail areas of villages were increased slowly by year（year = 0.64， P < 0.01） . The average snail areas and growth of snail areas of villages in the marshland and lake re? gion were largest（type= -29.84，P < 0.01；year*type = -0.52，P < 0.01） . Conclusions Conclusions The snail area is significantly differ? ent among both villages and areal?types. This study spatially visualizes the snail data of 30 schistosomiasis epidemic counties in Hubei Province and establishes the multilevel model， providing the basis of snail control in different areal?types.

Spatial regression analysis of relationship between schistosome infection rate of Oncomelania hupensis snails and climate factors

CHEN Yan-Yan, LIU Jian-Bing, XIAO Ying, ZHOU Xiao-Rong, JIANG Yong, DAI Ling-Feng, CAI Shun-Xiang

2015, 27(2):  125.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014245

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Objective Objective To explore the relationship between the schistosome infection rate of O. hupensis snails and the cli? mate factors in endemic areas of schistosomiasis，so as to provide the evidence for improving the snail control. Methods Methods The snail and climate data of 18 counties in Hubei Province in 2009 were collected to obtain the infection rate of O. hupensis snails and to fit the spatial regression models. Results Results The multiple linear regression model showed that the residuals were autocorre? lated（Moran’ s I = 0.182 8，P < 0.01）and the spatial regression was necessary. The spatial lag model（SLM）was selected ac? cording to the results obtained by Lagrange multiplier statistics. The spatial parameter ρ of SLM was significant（ρ= - 0.151 5， P < 0.05）and the infection rate of O. hupensis snails was positively correlated with the annual average temperature（P < 0.05） . The correlations between the infection rate of O. hupensis and the annual average relative humidity，precipitation and sunshine duration were not significant respectively（all P > 0.05） . Conclusions Conclusions The spatial regression models could be well applied in the analysis of the relationship between the O. hupensis snails and climate factors. The annual average temperature is the prima? ry climate factor influencing the infection of O. hupensis snails.

Molluscicidal effect of 5% powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules (NEG) in field of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province

FENG Xi-Guang, LI Bing-Gui, LI Wen-Bao, WU Ming-Shou, HUANG Ning-Bo, ZHANG Yun, XIONG Meng-Tao, MU Liang-Xian, TIAN Shu-Hui, LI Ping, SHEN Mei-Fen, WANG Li-Fang, SONG Jing, SUN Jia-Yu

2015, 27(2):  129.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014231

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Objective Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of 5% powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules（NEG） in the field of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province. Methods Methods The grasslands with Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats were chosen in Beideng Village，Heqing County，Yunnan Province，and were divided into 7 groups（groups of NEG 30 g/m2 ，NEG 40 g/m2 ，NEG 50 g/m2 ，NEG 40 g/m2 plus obstacle clearing，50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder（WPN）6 g/m2 ， WPN 6 g/m2 plus obstacle clearing，and fresh water） . The snail death rates and the densities of living snails were investigated and the results were compared in the different groups 7 d，15 d，and 30 d after the implementation. Resul Result ts s Seven d，15 d， and 30 d after the implementation，the snail death rates of the groups of NEG 30 g/m2 ，40 g/m2 ，and 50 g/m2 were from 72.75％ to 95.83％，and the average descent rates of living snail densities were from 72.26％ to 95.54％. Seven d，15 d，and 30 d after the implementation，in the NEG 40 g/m2 group，the snail death rates were from 81.69% to 87.19%，and the average descent rates of living snail densities were from 81.42% to 87.91%；in the NEG 40 g/m2 plus obstacle clearing group，the snail death rates were from 84.89% to 88.24% and the average descent rates of living snail densities were from 85.63%～88.22%；in the WPN 6 g/m2 group，the snail death rates were from 85.23% to 86.17% and the average descent rates of living snail densities were from 85.76% to 86.05%；in the WPN 6 g/m2 plus obstacle clearing group，the snail death rates were from 88.89% to 92.10% and the average descent rates of living snail densities were from 86.71% to 92.20%. The obstacle clearing improved the molluscicidal effect. Conclusion Conclusion NEG has a good molluscicidal effect in the field of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province.

Establishment of malaria early warning system in Jiangsu Province Ⅳ Implementation of key measures to eliminate malaria in Jiangsu Province in 2013

WANG Wei-Ming, ZHOU Hua-Yun, LIU Yao-Bao, CAO Yuan-Yuan, CAO Jun, GAO Qi-

2015, 27(2):  134.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014204

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Objective Objective To promote the malaria control process in the malaria elimination stage in Jiangsu Province. Meth Meth? ? ods ods The data from the network reporting system of medical institutions，the disease prevention and control institutions at all levels，and the special reports system of parasitic diseases were collected and analyzed statistically. Results Results There were 341 malaria cases directly reported from the Jiangsu provincial network in 2013. All were laboratory ? confirmed cases. Except one case of blood transfusion infection，the rest were imported malaria cases abroad. All the malaria cases were reported after diagno? sis within 24 hours through the directly reported network，and the implementation rate was 100%. All the malaria cases had an epidemiological investigation within 3 days with the implementation rate of 100%；in which 334（97.95%）cases were investigat? ed within 2 days. All the cases had an epidemical investigation and disposition within 7 days with the implementation rate of 100%，in which 319 cases（93.55%）were completed within 5 days. Conclusions Conclusions The implementation rate of malaria elimina? tion work mode has reached 100% in Jiangsu Province in 2013, and there are no local infected malaria cases for two consecutive years. However，the inspection and supervision of case investigation and epidemic investigation and disposal are still need to be strengthened.

Preliminary study on pro?apoptotic gene BAD of Schistosoma japonicum

MA Qian-Qian, HONG Yang, HAN Hong-Xiao, LIU Kan, MA Shuai, WANG Tao, LIU Yan-Tao, HAN Qian, FU Zhi-Qiang, LIU Ke, LI Hao, LI Xiang-Rui, LIN Jiao-Jiao

2015, 27(2):  139.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014234

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Objective Objective To understand the characteristics of pro?apoptotic gene SjBAD of Schistosoma japonicum，such as its biology，immunology，and transcriptional expression，and evaluate its potential of the recombinant protein as a vaccine candi? date for schistosomiasis. Methods Methods SjBAD was amplified by PCR and subcloned into a pET?28a （+）vector，and the recombi? nant plasmid was transformed into competent E. coli BL21 for producing recombinant protein. The expressions of SjBAD in dif? ferent development stages of schistosomula and 42?day male and female worms were determined by real?time PCR. The immuno? genicity of the recombinant protein was analyzed by Western blotting and ELISA. The potential of this protein as a vaccine candi? date molecule was assessed by testing the worm reduction rate and liver egg reduction rate in the BALB/c mice immunized by the recombinant antigen SjBAD. Results Results SjBAD was successfully cloned，the recombinant plasmid pET?28a （+） ?SjBAD was suc? cessfully expressed in E. coli，and the molecular weight of the recombinant protein was around 22 kDa. Western?blotting showed that the recombinant protein had good immunogenicity. The recombinant protein could induce high level of specific IgG antibod? ies in the BALB/c mice. SjBAD was expressed in all tested 7?，14?，21?，28?，35? and 42?day worms，and was highly expressed in 14?day schistosomula，while the expression level in 42?day male worms was higher than that in 42?day female worms. Two in? dependent animal trials showed that 30.82% and 27.87% worm reduction rates，as well as 42.52% and 45.84% liver eggs reduc? tion rates were obtained in the rSjBAD vaccinated group compared with those of the blank control group（both P < 0.05） . Conclusions clusions The pro?apoptotic gene SjBAD is successfully cloned and expressed. The gene is expressed in different development stages of S. japonicum. The rSjBAD vaccinated BALB/c mice can obtain a partial protective immunity against S. japonicum infec? tion.

Comparative study of assay methods for in vitro antimalarial drug efficacy testing in Plasmodium falciparum

ZHANG Mei-Hua, LIU Feng, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2015, 27(2):  146.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015045

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Objective Objective To compare four assay methods of in vitro antimalarial drug efficacy testing，including WHO mi? crotest，Plasmodial lactate dehydrogenase（pLDH），Histidine?rich protein Ⅱ （HRP Ⅱ）and SYBR Green Ⅰ，so as to deter? mine a stable，simple，rapid，and economic method for monitoring the drug sensitivity of malaria parasites and screening new antimalarial drugs. Methods Methods WHO microtest，pLDH，HRP Ⅱ and SYBR Green Ⅰ were applied to test the drug efficacy of chloroquine，piperaquine and amodiaquine against four Plasmodium falciparum reference strains（3D7，FCC，K1 and Dd2）， respectively. The consistency of the 50% inhibitory concentration（IC50 ）values from the four assay methods were analyzed by Friedman tests，Partial correlation analysis，Pearson’ s correlation analysis and Bland?Altman plots. Results Results With the initial parasitemia ranged from 0.5% to 1%，there were no statistically significant differences（P > 0.05）among the IC50 values ob? tained by the four assay methods，which were correlated well（both P < 0.001） . WHO microtest was highly labor?intensive，time? consuming and subjective；although HRP Ⅱ was more sensitive than pLDH and SYBR Green Ⅰ，which was more expensive； SYBR Green Ⅰwas a simple，rapid and economic assay method. Conclusion Conclusion SYBR Green Ⅰ，as a simple and cost?effective assay method，is suitable for high?throughput malaria drug sensitivity monitoring and research of new antimalarial drug screen? ing.

Infection and molecular characteristics of Giardia in clinical diarrheal patients

LIU Hua, SHEN Yu-Juan, ZHANG Yu-Mei, WANG Bin, LIU Hui, CAO Jian-Ping

2015, 27(2):  152.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014247

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Objective Objective To initially understand the infection status and the molecular characteristics of Giardia in clinical di? arrheal patients. Methods Methods A total of 95 stool samples were collected from the clinical diarrheal patients admitted in a hospital in Shanghai from May to July，2014，and the Giardia cysts in the samples were examined by an optical microscope. Then the tpi gene of Giardia in the positive samples were amplified by using the nested?PCR method，and the PCR products were sequenced and analyzed by using BLAST，ClustalX 1.83，and the phylogenetic tree was drawn by using MEGA6.0 software. Results Results Only one patient was infected with Giardia and the positive detection rate was 1.05%. The Giardia cysts in the fecal specimen were seen clearly under the microscope. Through the identification by PCR，the amplified fragment was about 530 bp，and the se? quencing analysis indicated it was Giardia and which was further identified as assemblage B by drawing phylogenetic tree based on tpi gene. Meanwhile，the sequence had 100% homology with the reported sequence from human（KF271445） . Conclu Conclu? ? sions sions Giardia infection can occur in the clinical diarrheal patients. The study could provide more data for understanding the ge? netic characteristics of Giardia and the epidemiological study of giardiasis.

Establishment and diagnostic performance of biotinavidin complex enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of detecting specific IgG4 of clonorchiasis

WANG Jie, SONG Li-Jun, YU Chuan-Xin, SHEN Shuang, XU Yong-Liang, YIN Xu-Ren, KE Xue-Dan, GAO Hong, LIU Qian

2015, 27(2):  156.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014248

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Objective Objective To explore the performance of the biotin?avidin complex enzyme linked immunosorbent assay of de? tecting specific IgG4 for the diagnosis of clonorchiasis. Methods Methods The avidin?biotin complex enzyme linked immunosorbent as? say of detecting specific IgG4（IgG4?ABC?ELISA） against Clonorchis sinensis was established，and used to detect the serum sam? ples of patients with clonorchiosis sinensis, schistosomiasis japonica, paragonimiasis, toxoplasmosis, echinococcosis, cysticerco? sis and sparganosis mansoni. At the same time，these sera were analyzed by the ELISA of detecting IgG4（IgG4?ELISA）and ELISA of detecting the total IgG（IgG?ELISA）as controls. The sensitivity，specificity，positive predictive value（PPV），nega? tive predictive value（NPV）and the respective diagnostic performance of the three methods were compared. Results Results The IgG4? ABC?ELISA for diagnosis of clonorchiasis was established successfully. The sensitivity and specificity of the IgG4?ABC?ELISA for detecting clonorchiasis were 90.0% and 98.2% respectively，and PPV and NPV were 93.8% and 97.0% respectively. Its diagnostic performance was 96.3%. The sensitivity and specificity of the IgG4?ELISA for detecting clonorchiasis were 86.0% and 98.2% respectively，and PPV and NPV were 93.5% and 95.9% respectively. Its diagnostic performance was 95.4%. The sensitiv? ity and specificity of the IgG?ELISA for detecting clonorchiasis were 94.0% and 88.1% respectively，and PPV and NPV were 70.1% and 98.0% respectively. Its diagnostic performance was 89.4%. The sensitivity of IgG4?ABC?ELISA was higher than that of IgG4?ELISA（P < 0.05），and the specificity of IgG4?ABC?ELISA was higher than that of IgG?ELISA（P < 0.05） . Conclu Conclu? ? sions sions IgG4?ABC?ELISA of detecting specific antibody IgG4 against Clonorchis sinensis has high sensitivity and specificity. Therefore，it has a good application value in the diagnosis of clonorchiasis.

Establishment of animal model for Pneumocystis carinii and study on etiological and molecular biological detection technology

TIAN Li-Guang, AI Lin, CHU Yan-Hong, WU Xiu-Ping, CAI Yu-Chun, CHEN Zhuo, CHEN Shao-Hong, CHEN Jia-Xu

2015, 27(2):  162.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015003

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Objective Objective To establish an animal model for Pneumocystis pneumonia（PCP）and to study the etiological and mo? lecular biological technology for PCP detection. Methods Methods SD and Wistar rats were divided into experimental and control groups randomly. The animals in the experimental group were immunosuppressed by subcutaneous injection with dexamethasone 2 mg per time per rat，twice a week，while those in the control group underwent the same way of injection with physiological sa? line simultaneously. After the induction for 8 weeks，all the rats were killed and their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid（BALF）and lung tissues were collected for smear making and microscopic detection. Meanwhile，the BALF samples were detected by PCR， and the products were sequenced and compared with rat source PCP in GenBank. Results Results A total of 34 samples of lung tissue and BALF were observed. The etiological detection showed that the infection rates of the rats in the experimental and control groups were 29.2%（7/24）and 0，respectively. In the experimental group，the infection rates of SD and Wistar rats were 25.0% （3/12）and 33.3%（4/12），respectively，and the difference between them was not statistically significant（P = 0.31） . The posi? tive detection rates of the lung smears and BALF from SD rats in the experimental group were 25.0%（3/12）and 16.7%（2/12）， respectively，while those in Wistar rats in the experimental group were 33.3%（4/12）and 16.7%（2/12），respectively，and there were no statistically significant difference between them（P = 0.34，0.24） . A total of 28 samples of BALF were detected by PCR，and the positive detection rates of rats in the experimental group and control group were 91.7%（26/28）and 0，respective? ly. The sequence analysis of the PCR products showed that it shared 100% homology with the genes of rat source PCP in Gen? Bank（JX499145，GU133622 and EF646865） . Conclusions Conclusions The animal model of PCP can be established by subcutaneous in? jection with dexamethasone. As animal models，there are no significant difference between SD rats and Wistar rats. PCR method is suitable for PCP detection at the early stage of infection，while etiological detection with high missing rate is not a right option.

In vitro killing of Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae by exogenous nitric oxide from SNP

WANG Xiao-Li, YANG Xiao-Di, CHANG Xue-Lian, WANG Yuan-Yuan, CUI Jie, ZHU Wei, XIA Hui, FANG Qiang

2015, 27(2):  166.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014242

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Objective Objective To study the lethal effect of exogenous nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside（SNP）on the muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis in vitro cultivation. Methods Methods T. spiralis muscle larvae isolated from the infected BALB/c mice were formulated into a 1 000 larva/ml suspension with RPMI 1640 medium，and 0.1 ml suspension per orifice was cultured with SNP at 37℃ in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere. The final concentrations of SNP were 0.02，0.05，0.10，0.20，0.50 and 1.00 mmol/L，respectively，and then the experiments were divided into 5 groups： 1.00 mmol/L SNP（control group，Group A），0.15 mmol/L FeSO4 +1.00 mmol/L SNP（ Group B）， 1.00 mmol/L L?cysteine +1.00 mmol/L SNP（ Group C）， 0.15 mmol/L FeSO4 +1.00 mmol/L L?cysteine + 1.00 mmol/L SNP（Group D）and 0.15 mmol/L Hemoglobin +1.00 mmol/L SNP（Group E） . All the groups were incubated with T. spiralis muscle larvae in RPMI 1640 medium. The survivability of the muscle larvae was observed by ste? romicroscope and the differences of inhibition ratio among these groups were analyzed 4 d after the incubation. Results Results SNP 0.02 mmol/L was not cytotoxic to the muscle larvae with an inhibition of（5.50±1.80）%. The mortality rates of SNP 0.05，0.10， 0.20，0.50，1.00 mmol/L groups were（20.19±2.71） %， （29.21±2.12） %， （41.81±2.03） %， （47.85±3.79） %， （60.98±5.19） %， respectively，significantly higher than that of the control group ［（4.93±0.25） %，all P < 0.05］ . There was a positive liner correla? tion between the mortality of muscle larvae and SNP concentrations in the range of 0.02-1.00 mmol/L. Next，Group A，B，C，D and E led to the mortalities from（60.98±5.19） % to（49.48±1.34） %， （47.29±2.79） %， （26.28±1.37） %， （17.93±3.49） %，re? spectively，and all the differences between Group A and the other four groups were statistically significant（all P < 0.05） . Con Con? ? clusions clusions Exogenous nitric oxide released fromSNP can kill themuscle larvae of T. spiralis.However， hemoglobin， L?cysteine， and FeSO4 can reverse the lethal effect on the parasites. The best inhibitor was hemoglobin.

Cloning, expression, purification and identification of Toxoplasma gondii SAG2 gene in Escherichia coli

-Wang Wei-Yan, LI Jin, WEI Qing-Kuan, GIA Feng-Ju, XIAO Ting, XU Chao, YIN Kun, HUANG Bing-Cheng

2015, 27(2):  170.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015037

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Objective Objective To construct a recombinant plasmid containing surface antigen 2 （SAG2）gene of Toxoplasma gondii and express it in Escherichia coli. Methods Methods The truncated SAG2 gene was amplified from the genomic DNA of T. gondii RH strain and cloned into plasmid pGEX?4T. Then the recombinant pGEX?4T?SAG2 was induced by IPTG and expressed in E. rich? ia coli BL21. The expressed proteins were analyzed by SDS?PAGE and purified，and the immunogenicity of the product was ana? lyzed by Western blotting. Results Results The amplified SAG2 gene was about 561 bp，which was accorded to the expectation. The re? combinant plasmid was constructed successfully by digested with double restriction enzyme and confirmed with DNA sequenc? ing. SDS?PAGE and Western blotting showed the molecular weight of SAG2 fusion protein was about 47 ku，and the protein could be identified by GST?tag antibody. Conclusion Conclusion The truncated SAG2 gene of T. gondii has been successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21 cells，and the recombinant protein has immunogenicity.

Monitoring of sentinel mice and risk assessment of schistosomiasis transmission in key regions of Yunnan Province in 2014

SHEN Mei-Fen, FENG Xi-Guang, ZHANG Yun, WU Meng-Shou, XIONG Meng-Tao, SONG Jing, LI Jin-Song, SHI Xue-Wen, YANG Guo-Xiang

2015, 27(2):  174.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014257

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Objective Objective To establish and perfect the surveillance and forecast system of schistosomiasis，and timely discover the suspicious high risk environments for preventing the human and livestock from schistosomiasis. Methods Methods Eight villages of three counties were selected as survey points. Then，the surveillance and forecast of sentinel mice were carried out in the key wa? ter regions. The recovered sentinel mice were dissected in laboratory. The sentinel mouse serum antibodies against schistosome were detected by ELISA，the suspicious water contacts of residents and livestock were investigated and the results were ana? lyzed，and the epidemic risk was assessed. Results Results Totally 300 sentinel mice were placed，the recovery rate was 94.67%，and the mortality rate was 8.80%. There were no mice with positive serum antibodies against schistosome，and the results of the dis? section of all the sentinel mice were negative. The humans who contacted with the suspicious water were mainly villagers，stu? dents，children and fishermen by washing hands and feet，washing vegetables，harvesting，fishing and swimming. The Oncome? lania hupensis snail areas，human infection rates，and cattle infection rates were obviously declined in recent 3 years. However， the epidemic risks still existed. Conclusion Conclusion Although schistosomiasis transmission was effectively controlled in the three coun? ties， the comprehensive control measures still should be strengthened.

Risk factors of portal vein thrombosis after surgery for advanced schistosomiasis portal hypertension

HUANG Xian-Long, WANG Fang-Hong, ZHANG Jian-Kai

2015, 27(2):  177.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014186

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Objective Objective To explore the risk factors of portal vein thrombosis（PVT）after splenectomy and esophagogastric de? vascularization for advanced schistosomiasis portal hypertension. Methods Methods The clinical data were collected retrospectively from 211 advanced schistosomiasis portal hypertension patients after splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization from August，2004 to March 2014，and all the data were analyzed statistically for the risk factors of PVT after the surgery by single factor analysis and Logistic regression analysis. Results Results Totally 59 patients were found with PVT and the incidence was 27.96%（59/211） . The single factor analysis showed that 8 factors were related to PVT after surgery，including the history of up? per gastrointestinal hemorrhage，the diameter of portal vein，the diameter of splenic vein，esophageal varices，ascites，portal hypertension gastropathy，gastric varices，and blood ammonia level. The Logistic regression analysis showed that the inde? pendent risk factors of PVT were broadening of the diameter of portal vein（OR = 1.763， P = 0.000）and portal hypertension gastropathy（OR = 1.089， P = 0.037） . Conclusions Conclusions The incidence of PVT after surgery for advanced schistosomiasis is high， and the independent risk factors are broadening of diameter of portal vein and portal hypertension gastropathy.

Survey of current situation of schistosomiasis health education in Wuxi City

MENG Xiao-Jun, GAO Dong-Lin, ZHANG Xuan, LU Bing

2015, 27(2):  180.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014239

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Objective Objective To understand the current situation of schistosomiasis health education in in Wuxi City where schisto? somiasis transmission has been interrupted，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the health education strategies. Meth Meth? ? ods ods Face to face interviews and a professional designed questionnaire were used to collect the information of the current schis? tosomiasis health education and investigate the awareness of schistosomiasis knowledge in primary and middle schools and in communities. Results Results The total awareness rate of schistosomiasis knowledge was 87.7% among 873 students and the figure was 83.0% among 693 community residents. The students who studied in the schools with more than 1 class hour of schistosomiasis health education，completed schistosomiasis health education material or teaching plan，and implementing health education through multiple ways had higher knowledge awareness rates compared with the schools without（ χ2 = 291.408，709.622， 13.751，all P＜0.001） . The residents living in the communities with schistosomiasis health education through broadcast/TV or square propaganda had a higher knowledge awareness rate compared with the communities without（χ2 = 90.772，47.436，all P＜0.001） . Conclusion Conclusion The awareness rates of schistosomiasis knowledge among both students and community residents in Wuxi City are low. Therefore，the schistosomiasis control health education should be strengthened.

Investigation of intestinal nematode infections in Hongze County, Jiangsu Province

GUAN Xue-Jun, YUAN Cui-Lian, LI Dong, CHEN Si-Hong, WANG Fang, ZHANG Ju-Qiao, XU Xiang-Zhen, YANG Wen-Zhou, GIA Cong-Ying, GAO Hong-Xia

2015, 27(2):  183.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014243

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Objective Objective To understand the situation of intestinal nematode infections and assess the preventive effects，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the further measures of prevention. Methods Methods Five villages from 5 townships of different geographical locations were selected and 500 residents of each village were surveyed. The eggs of intestinal nematodes were de? tected by the Kato?Katz technique，and 50 students and 50 residents per village were investigated by questionnaires about health education. Results Results Among 3 011 people detected，17 persons were infected with intestinal nematodes and the total infection rate was 0.56%. The rates of Ascaris lumbricoides，hookworm，Trichuris trichiura，Enterobius vermicularis，and Trichostrongylus were 0.10%，0.33%，0.03%，0.03% and 0.07%，respectively. The awareness rate of health knowledge was 97.80% and the for? mation rate of health behavior was 97.00%. Conclusion Conclusion The infection rates of intestinal nematodes，the awareness rate of health knowledge and the formation rate of health behavior in the population of Hongze County have achieved the criteria of effec? tive control of intestinal parasitic diseases.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Hubei Province in 2013

XIA Jing, CAI Shun-Xiang, LIN Wen, SUN Ling-Cong, LI Kai-Jie, PEI Su-Jian, DONG Xiao-Rong, CAO Mu-Min, ZHANG Hua-Xun

2015, 27(2):  186.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014251

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Objective Objective To explore the endemic situation of malaria in Hubei Province in 2013，so as to put forward effective elimination strategies and measures. Methods Methods The data of malaria cases were searched from the Disease Reporting Information System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological method for the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Hubei Province in 2013. Results Results A total of 129 malaria cases were reported in Hu? bei Province in 2013 with the incidence of 0.02 /10 000，and all of them were imported cases，in which 86 cases with Plasmodi? um falciparum infection，32 cases with P. vivax infection，7 cases with P. ovale infection and 4 cases with P. malariae infection. The distribution of malaria cases was concentrated in Wuhan City（76 cases），Yichang City（10 cases），Xiangyang City（7 cas? es）and Huangshi City（6 cases），accounting for 76.74% of the total cases. There was no significant seasonal variation in the re? porting time of the cases. Totally 99.22% of the cases were male，the age distribution concentrated mainly on 20-49 years. The occupation distribution concentrated mainly on the worker，farmer，cadre staff and migrant worker. The main original areas of the imported cases were Africa（111 cases，86.05%）and Asia（17 cases，13.18%） . Conclusions Conclusions There is no local malaria cases reported in Hubei Province in 2013，however，the imported malaria cases are increased. Therefore，it is necessary to fur? ther strengthen the multi?sector collaboration of vector control，while the health education should be intensified especially in the key population.

Epidemic situation of malaria in Taixing City, 2005-2013

ZHAO Lan-Mei, ZHANG Nian-Kun, ZHOU Hua-Yun, CHEN Xiu-Lan, DING Wei-Feng

2015, 27(2):  189.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014258

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Objective Objective To analyze the malaria situation and control measures in recent years in Taixing City，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the reasonable countermeasures in the future. Methods Methods The information of malaria prevalence， the reported data of blood examinations for fever persons and the epidemiological data were collected and the malaria incidence， population distribution，and the imported cases were analyzed. Results Results A total of 37 malaria cases were reported from 2005 to 2013 and the incidences were from 0.007 8/10， 000 to 0.066 9/10， 000 with the large ascensional range. There were 34 imported malaria patients（91.89% of the total malaria cases）including 2 patients infected outside Taixing City，2 outside Jiangsu Prov? ince，and 30 outside China. Among the 30 patients overseas infected，there was 1 vivax malaria case，there were 2 ovale malaria cases，and 27 falciparum malaria cases. There were incidences throughout the year and no obvious seasonal characteristics. The cases were mainly distributed from 30 to 49 years old（83.78%） . Conclusions Conclusions The malaria cases in Taixing City are mainly overseas imported，and the incidence presents a rising trend. Therefore，the relevant authority should enhance the malaria super? vision and management， especially for floating population.

Research of preferences and security management of tourists in Poyang Lake based on schistosomiasis prevention

FENG Shu-Hua

2015, 27(2):  192.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014223

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Objective Objective To discuss the prevention of schistosomiasis in tourism of lake region. Methods Methods The seasonal distri? bution of tourism activities and spatial distribution of scenic spots，as well as the coupling between space and temporal of Onco? melania snail distribution and the transmission time of schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake region were analyzed. The travel prefer? ence of schistosomiasis susceptible population was surveyed by questionnaires and interviews. Results Results There were couplings of space and temporal between tourism activities in Poyang Lake region and transmission time of schistosomiasis as well as space distribution of snails，respectively. The most popular tourism items were Shuishangrenjia（overwater household）and fishing folk culture with property of participation and experience. Conclusion Conclusion The suggestion is to establish health records of tourists，car? ry out health education of schistosomiasis， and enhance the management of tourism and activities of tourists.

Application effect of Oncomelania hupensis snail crushers in batch detection

HE Liang-Cai, WANG Jia-Song, LI Hua-Zhong, YUAN Mei-Zhi, TIAN Ke-Qing

2015, 27(2):  195.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014134

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Objective Objective To evaluate the application effect of Oncomelania hupensis snail crusher in batch detection. Meth Meth? ? ods ods The O. hupensis snail crushers and triangular flasks for cercariae shedding were made. The uninfected snails were divided into 4 groups with the snail number of 50，100，200，300，respectively，and then they were put in 40 triangular flasks，10 flasks each group. Three flasks in each group were randomly selected，and 12 schistosome infected O. hupensis snails were put into the flasks（1 snail per flask） . The 12 flasks with infected O. hupensis snails were put back to each group and were numbered uniformly. The O. hupensis snails in each group were crushed by the O. hupensis snail crushers，and the crushing rate of snails， and average crushing time and duration were recorded. When all the O. hupensis snails were crushed，water was added into the flasks，and water films from each flask were taken and observed under microscopes，the number of cercariae was recorded and the detection rates of each group were calculated. Meanwhile，the O. hupensis snails in the field were collected and detected by the crushing method and crushing and shedding method with O. hupensis snail crushers，and the coincidence rate of the two methods was calculated. Results Results The crushing rate of snails in all the 4 groups were 100%，the average crushing times of groups with 50，100，200，300 snails were 15.70，23.20，32.20，39.20，respectively，and the average duration was 1.01， 1.70，2.00，3.00 min，respectively. Both the crushing time and duration were positively correlated with the number of snails de? tected（r = 0.68，0.73，both P＜0.01） . The detection rates of cercariae in all the 4 groups were 100%. In the field application， 109 snails were detected by the crushing method，620 ones were detected by the crushing and shedding method with O. hupen? sis snail crushers，and no infected snails were found，the coincidence rate of the two methods were 100%. Conclusion Conclusion The O. hupensis snail crusher with the advances of easy operation and labor?saving is valuable of field promotion.

Analysis of cost-effectiveness of molluscacide combined with herbicide by spraying

TAO Zhen-Yang, YE Xiao-Dong, HUANG Li-Lan, WANG Song-Bo, JIANG Neng-Ming

2015, 27(2):  197.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014166

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Objective Objective To explore an economical and efficient molluscicidal method suitable for large area of nursery stock field. Methods Methods Two nursery stock fields with Oncomelania hupensis were selected as experimental sites，and an experimental group and a control group were set. In the experimental group，the molluscacide and herbicide were alternately used（a purifica? tion molluscicidal method）during the period of May to October，2011. In the control group，grass shoveling and soil burying combined with molluscacide were used in the same period. The snail control effects of the two groups were observed and the costs of the two methods were analyzed. Results Results No living snails were found in both experimental and control groups three consecu? tive years after the snail control intervention above mentioned. The costs of snail control intervention in the experimental group and control group were 0.90 and 1.80 Yuan/m2 ，respectively. Conclusion Conclusion The effect of the purification molluscicidal method in nursery stock field is satisfying， and the cost is lower.

Effect of "one village, one control strategy"|on schistosomiasis control in Qianjiang City

XIAO Xiu-Lan, FAN Qiang, XU Qian-Cheng, CHAI Zhi-Wu, LI Yi-Bin

2015, 27(2):  199.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014221

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of“one village，one control strategy”on schistosomiasis control in Qianjiang City. Methods Methods The villages with human and/or bovine schistosome infection rate being more than 1.5% in 2011 were chosen as the trial villages. According to the epidemic characteristics of schistosomiasis and control difficulties of the villages，the“one vil? lage，one control strategy”was performed and the control effects were evaluated. Results Results By the end of 2013，the infection rates of human and bovine in the trial villages decreased by 45.91%（χ2 = 469.19， P < 0.01）and 49.38%（χ2 = 11.46， P < 0.01）， respectively，and all the infection rates of human and bovine in those villages were less than 1%. Conclusion Conclusion The“one vil? lage， one control strategy”is effective for schistosomiasis control， which can rapidly reduce the prevalence of schistosomiasis.

Clinical effect of cardiac peripheral vascular disconnection in emergency treatment of gastroesophageal bleeding caused by portal hypertension

ZHENG Shao-Long

2015, 27(2):  201.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014256

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Objective Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of cardiac peripheral vascular disconnection in the emergency treat? ment of gastroesophageal bleeding caused by portal hypertension. Methods Methods The data of 43 cases of cardiac peripheral vascular disconnection in the emergency treatment of gastroesophageal bleeding caused by portal hypertension were collected and ana? lyzed retrospectively from 2001 to 2012. Results Results The bleeding in all the 43 patients who received the cardiac peripheral vascu? lar disconnection was stopped. Totally 42 patients were recovered（97.67%），but 1 died from hepatic failure（2.38%） . Conclu Conclu? ? sion sion The clinical effect of cardiac peripheral vascular disconnection in the emergency treatment of gastroesophageal bleeding caused by portal hypertension is definite，and the operation is also simple.

Evaluation on effect of treatment and assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Qianjiang City

ZHU Xu-Yuan, WANG Wen-Liang, LIU Xing-Yuan, WU Chao-Yu

2015, 27(2):  203.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014153

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Objective Objective To evaluate the implementation and effect of the program of treatment and assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Qianjiang City. Methods Methods The data about the program from 2004 to 2012 were collected and ana? lyzed，and the analysis of cost?effectiveness was performed. Meanwhile, 160 patients were sampled and surveyed about the recov? ery of their health. Results Results From 2004 to 2012，totally 2 363 person?times’patients received the treatment，and 339 patients were cured clinically. On average，each patient received 3.11 times of treatment and 22.28 d of hospitalization，the treatment cost was 5 382.87 yuan per year for each patient，and the cost?effectiveness was 12.7 thousand yuan per life?year?saved. Conclu Conclu? ? sion sion The program of treatment and assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients cures a part of patients and improves the working capacity and life quality of the patients.

Qualitative research on psychological experiences of advanced schistosomiasis patients

CHEN Mei-Ling, LIU Jia-Yuan, CHEN Yan-Yan, LI Yan, CAI Shun-Xiang

2015, 27(2):  206.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015016

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Objective Objective To understand the psychological experiences of advanced schistosomiasis patients，so as to provide the evidence for formulating a systematic and scientific nursing scheme. Methods Methods Twenty advanced schistosomiasis patients were studied with the qualitative research method. Results Results There were 70% （14/20）patients with labor limited，50% （10/20） with a moderate anxiety，irritability and other negative emotions，and 65%（13/20）with moderate discomfort. Conclusions Conclusions Most of advanced schistosomiasis patients have negative emotions. Therefore，the suitable psychological nursing should be given to these patients to improve their quality of life.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria in Wenzhou City in 2013

NI Qing-Xiang, ZHANG Xiao-He, CHEN Yi, YU Xiang-Hua, WEI Jing-Jiao, PAN Qiong-Jiao, ZHANG Xiao-Ming

2015, 27(2):  208.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014151

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Objective Objective To understand the characteristics of malaria prevalence in Wenzhou City in 2013，so as to provide the evidence for improving the elimination program of malaria. Methods Methods The epidemiological data of malaria in Wenzhou City in 2013 were collected from the Chinese information system for disease control and prevention，and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological methods for epidemiological characteristics of malaria. Results Results Totally 34 imported malaria cases were report? ed in Wenzhou City in 2013 with the incidence of 0.37 per 100 000 people. Plasmodium falciparum， P. ovale and P. vivax were identified in 31， 1 and 2 cases，respectively. No death cases were reported，and 64.71%（22/34）of the cases were reported in Cangnan County，Lucheng District and Rui’ an City. The malaria cases were mostly concentrated in persons aged 20-49 years with male to female sex ratio at 4.67 ∶1，and the predominant portion of cases were workers and commercial service personnel. Totally 97.06% of the cases were imported from Africa. Conclusions Conclusions The malaria endemic situation is relatively stable and no local malaria cases are reported in Wenzhou City in 2013. In order to achieve the goal of malaria elimination，the management and education of the transient population should be strengthened.

Surveillance of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site in Honghu City from 2005 to 2013

JIANG Hong-Wen, HONG Min, GUO Jun, HUANG Yong-Sheng, MA Hong-Wei, TU Zu-Wu

2015, 27(2):  210.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014184

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Objective Objective To understand the dynamics of schistosomiasis japonica in a national surveillance site in Honghu City，Hubei Province，China，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the intervention strategy of schistosomiasis control in the whole city. Methods Methods The surveillance was performed in the surveillance village according to The National Surveillance Scheme of Schistosomiasis Japonica，and the results were analyzed statistically from 2005 to 2013. Results Results The schistosome in? fection rates in residents and cattle decreased from 1.76% and 20.93% in 2005 to 0 in 2013，respectively. The density of living Oncomelania snails decreased from 4.20/0.1m2 to 0.17/0.1m2 ，respectively. No infected snails were found during the period of 9 years in succession. The total area of snail control with molluscicidal drugs was 68.38 hm2 in the monitoring sites during the peri? od of 9 years，and the expanded chemotherapy was performed for 634 person?times. Sixteen（person?time）advanced schistosomi? asis patients received the treatment and salvation. The health education was carried out in 3 836（person?times） students. Totally 5 685 leaflets of health education were distributed，and 17 bulletin boards of health education were performed. Five warning boards were set up at the environments with snails. Conclusions Conclusions The transmission of schistosomiasis in the surveillance site in Honghu City shows a gradually decreasing trend year by year. However，the surveillance and control of snails still should be strengthened.

Pathology and pathogenesis of liver fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum

SONG Lan-Gui, WU Zhong-Dao

2015, 27(2):  213.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014237

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Schistosomiasis is a widely distributed parasitic zoonoses that threatens human’ s health and social economic de? velopment. China is one of the most endemic countries in the world. Schistosoma egg are mainly lodged in the liver and intestinal tissues. There，the eggs induce a granulomatous host immune response largely characterized by lymphocytes，eosinophils，and alternatively activated macrophages. The process of granuloma formation induces chronic inflammation that leads to liver fibrosis accompanied by obvious manifestations such as hepatosplenomegaly and ascites. In this article，we review the advanced progress in research about schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis，including the pathology of liver fibrosis，the formation and modulation of gran? uloma and fibrosis，the key inflammatory factors and related signaling pathways，the regulatory role of ncRNA in the process of fibrosis， and anti?fibrosis treatment and new drugs development.

Advances in research of Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry protein ROP16

LIU Gong-Zhen, WANG Bin, WANG Hong-Fa

2015, 27(2):  217.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014253

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ROP16 is one member of the rhoptrys protein family in Toxoplasma gondii. In its protein structure，there exists serine/threonine kinase domain，which is the important virulence factor in the invasion process of T. gondii. ROP16 can secretes into the nucleus of the host cells，and can phosphorylate the signal transducer and activator of transcription（STAT3/6）and in? terfere the signal transduction pathway in the host cell. In this paper，the structure and function，as well as the immunogenicity of ROP16 are summarized.