Table of Content

22 December 2014, Volume 26 Issue 6

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Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People's Republic of China in 2013

LEI Zheng-Long, ZHENG Hao, ZHANG Li-Juan, ZHU Rong, XU Zhi-Min, XU Jing, FU Qing, WANG Qiang, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2014, 26(6):  591. 

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This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China at national level in 2013. By the end of 2013，there are 184 943 schistosomiasis japonica cases. Meanwhile，nine acute cases were reported，and 4 cases reduced compared with that of 2012. A total of 29 796 advanced cases were reported；while 911 cases were determined as advanced cases and 1 700 cases were dead in 2013. Nationally，there were around 365 467.99 hm2 Oncomelania snail infested areas in total and 9.25 hm2 of them habituated infected snails in 2013. There were 287.28 hm2 of snail infested areas found in non ?endemic areas historically. Moreover，962 065 cattle were estimated to be raised in endemic regions and 633 cattle were deter? mined as positive by stool examinations. The data showed that the endemicity of schistosomiasis in China decreased further. How? ever，challenges exist to reach the aims of the medium and long term national program. Further control and effective surveillance need to be strengthened as the endemicity of schistosomiasis is unstable in the areas after schistosomiasis transmission under con? trol or interruption.

Determination of key interventions for the transition from control to elimination of malaria in China

XIA Zhi-Gui, XU Jun-Fang, ZHANG Shao-Sen, WANG Ru-Bo, QIAN Ying-Jun, ZHOU Shui-Sen, YANG Wei-Zhong, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2014, 26(6):  598. 

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Objective Objective To determine the key interventions transferring from the control to elimination of malaria in China so as to provide the basic information for achieving malaria elimination. Methods Methods Based on the data collected from the document entitled of The National Annual Report on Schistosomiasis，Malaria and Echinococcosis，published by the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention，the malaria incidence and intervention data were se? lected only in the typical endemic provinces during the period of 2004-2010. The correlation between the incidence and interven? tions in the target provinces was analyzed based on the Panel Data Regression Model，and the key interventions were deter? mined. Results Results Four provinces namely Anhui，Yunnan，Hainan and Henan were targeted with 87.56% of the national malaria figures from 2004 to 2010. When Y was given as vivax malaria incidence，X1 as the log of the number of historical cases receiving radical treatment in the pre?transmission stage（RTPT） （F=14.53，P < 0.01，R2 = 0.72），X2 as the log of risk population receiv? ing RTPR（F =15.90，P < 0.01，R2 =0.71）and X3 as the number of technicians trained in microscopy（F = 11.53，P < 0.01，R2 = 0.61），three space?fixed effect models were established respectively，and X1，X2，as well as X3 had negative effects on Y value. When Y was given as falciparum malaria incidence，X1 as the accumulated technicians trained in microscopy（F = 11.06，P < 0.01，R2 = 0.87），X2 as the log of technicians trained in entomology（F = 15.28，P < 0.01，R2 = 0.89），two two?way（space and time）fixed effect models were established respectively，and both X1 and X2 had negative effects on Y value. Conclusion Conclusion RTPT among historical patients and at ? risk populations as well as microscopy training influences the variation of vivax malaria incidence，while the significant interventions of microscopy training and vector control training indicate that the integrated measures with strengthened capacity in diagnosis and vector control are of importance in the control of falciparum malaria transmission.

Schistosomiasis control effect of measures of replacing cattle with machine for cultivation and forbidding depasturage of livestock on marshlands in marshland and lake regions

CAO Chun-Li, BAO Zi-Ping, YANG Peng-Cheng, CHEN Zhao, YAN Jun, REN Guang-Hui, LI Yi-Yi, CAI Shun-Xiang, LIU Jian-Bing, XU Jing, LI Shi-Zhu, GUO Jia-Gang, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2014, 26(6):  602. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the schistosomiasis control effect of the measures of replacing cattle with machine for cul? tivation and forbidding depasturage of livestock on marshlands in marshland and lake regions. Methods Methods The retrospective re? view and field survey were implemented in the Jiangling and Gongan counties of Hubei Province where were implemented with the measure of replacing cattle with machine for cultivation，and Yuanjiang and Huarong counties of Hunan Province where were implemented with the measure of forbidding the depasturage of livestock on marshlands. The schistosome infection status of hu? man，cattle，and Oncomelania hupensis snails，and schistosome?infested field excreta were surveyed from 2007 to 2013. The ef? fects of the interventions were compared before and after their implementations. Results Results The 6 villages of Hubei Province were implemented with the measure of replacing cattle with machine for cultivation，and 7 villages of Hunan Province were implemented with the measure of forbidding the depasturage of livestock on marshlands. From 2007 to 2013，the schistosome infection rates of residents declined from 3.95% to 0.70%（χ2 = 128.376，P < 0.05），with the descend range of 82.53%. The descend ranges of the measures of replacing cattle with machine for cultivation and forbidding the depasturage of livestock on marshlands were 83.081% and 81.62% respectively，and there was no significant difference between the two measures（χ2 = 0.132，P > 0.05） . The infection rate of cattle decreased from 3.66% in 2007 to 0.65% in 2013，and the descend range was 82.24%（χ2 = 13.692，P < 0.05） . The field excreta was surveyed in the snail breeding place in 2013. The investigated area was 157.435 hm2 ， and 625 samples of field feces of cattle were collected with the density of field excreta of 3.97/hm2 ，and the positive rate was 1.12%（7/625） . The schistosome infection rate of snails and the density of infected snails decreased successively from 2007， and no infected snails were detected from 2011 to 2013. Conclusions Conclusions The schistosomiasis endemic situation are decreased sig? nificantly after the interventions of replacing cattle with machine for cultivation and forbidding the depasturage of livestock on marshlands. Therefore，schistosomiasis control effect of these measures is notable in the marshland and lake regions.

Further study on possibility of diffusion of Oncomelania hupensis with water in river channels of the east route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project

HUANG Yi-Xin, HANG De-Rong, TANG Hong-Ping, SUN Dao-Kuan, ZHOU Can-Hua, GAO Jin-Bin, ZHENG Bo, HU Gui-Quan, LI Qian, HUANG Yong-Jun, SHE Gung-Song, REN Zhi-Yuan

2014, 26(6):  608. 

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Objective Objective To study the drifting law of floats and potential risks of Oncomelania hupensis diffusion in the water diversion rivers of the east route of South?to?North Water Diversion Project. Methods Methods The O. hupensis snails in the river chan? nels were monitored by the salvage method and snail luring method with rice straw curtains，and the diffusion possibility of snails along with water was assessed through the drift test of floats with GPS. Results Results In the flood seasons from 2006 to 2013， totally 8 338.0 kg of floats were salvaged，and 2 100 rice straw curtains were put into water in the Li Canal and Jinbao shipping channel，but no Oncomelania snails were found. The drift test of floats with GPS before water diversion showed that the flow ve? locity on water surface（northbound）was 0.45 m/s，the average drift velocity of the floats was 0.56 - 0.60 m/s，and the average drift distances each time were 999.70 - 1 995.50 m in the Gaoshui River section，while there were no obvious drift in Jinbao shipping channel section. During the water diversion period，the flow velocity on water surface（northbound）was 0.45 m/s，the average drift velocity of the floats was 0.35 - 0.41m/s，and the average drift distances each time were 1 248.06 -1 289.44 m in the Gaoshui River，while in Jinbao shipping channel section，the flow velocity on water surface was 0.28 m/s，the average drift velocity of the floats was 0.25 - 0.27 m/s，and the average drift distances each time were 477.76 - 496.38 m. The drift test showed that the floats gradually closed to the river bank as affected by water flow，wind direction and ship waves，when blocked by the reeds，water plants or other obstacles，and they would stopped and could not continue to drift without outside help. Con Con? ? clusions clusions There are no Oncomelania snails found in the river channels of the east route of South?to?North Water Diversion Proj? ect. The drifting distance of the floating debris along with the water is restricted by the flow rate and shore environment.

Prediction of epidemic tendency of schistosomiasis with time-series model in Hubei Province

CHEN Yan-Yan, CAI Shun-Xiang, XIAO Ying, JIANG Yong, SHAN Xiao-Wei, ZHANG Juan, LIU Jian-Bing

2014, 26(6):  613. 

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Objective Objective To study the endemic trend of schistosomiasis japonica in Hubei Province，so as to provide the theo? retical basis for surveillance and forecasting of schistosomiasis. Methods Methods The time?series auto regression integrated moving av? erage（ARIMA）model was applied to fit the infection rate of residents of Hubei Province from 1987 to 2013，and to predict the shot?term trend of infection rate. Results Results The actual values of infection rate of residents were all in the 95% confidence inter? nals of value predicted by the ARIMA model. The prediction showed that the infection rate of residents of Hubei Province would continue to decrease slowly. Conclusion Conclusion The time?series ARIMA model has good prediction accuracy，and could be used for the short?term forecasting of schistosomiasis.

Efficacy of routinely used patterns for schistosomiasis diagnosis in lake and marshland regions

ZHANG Xia, CUI Cai-Xia, ZHANG Wei-Rong, WEN Xiao-Hong, MA Nian, ZOU Ping, TU Zu-Wu, HU He-Hua, LIU Xiong, CAO Chun-Li, XU Jing

2014, 26(6):  618. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the efficacy of routinely used pattern for schistosomiasis diagnosis in lake and marshland regions. Methods Methods A historically heavy endemic village of schistosomiasis named Jinggan Village from Jiangling County was se? lected for field survey. The residents aged 6?65 years were screened by indirect hemagglutination assay（IHA）and dipstick dye immunoassay（DDIA）in parallel. The serological positives were examined by Kato ?Katz technique and miracidium hatching technique to determine the infection of schistosome. The consistency of the two serological methods was evaluated. In addition， the schistosome infection rates were estimated according to the 3 detection patterns namely IHA，DDIA，IHA+DDIA combined with the etiologic examination. Results Results A total of 530 individuals were examined by the serological tests. The positive rate of DDIA was 46.98%（249/530），significantly higher than that of IHA （28.49%，151/530）（χ2 = 59.55，P < 0.01） . Totally 279 in? dividuals were serological positives determined by IHA or DDIA，while 252 of them were detected by stool examination，and 22 cases were determined as parasitological positives，while 7 and 3 cases were diagnosed as antibody negatives by IHA and DDIA，respectively. The estimated infection rates determined by IHA，DDIA，IHA plus DDIA combined with stool examination were 3.14%，3.97%、 4.60%，respectively. Conclusions Conclusions Under the condition of endemic situation becoming more and more waning，the current routinely used pattern for schistosomiasis detection may lead to missed diagnosis. So，more sensitive and ef? fective diagnostic tools or appropriate detection patterns need to be explored.

Surveillance and risk assessment system of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province II Surveillance pattern and effect of Oncomelania hupensis snail status in Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province

JIANG Huai-Yu, SUN Bo-Chao, CAO Guo-Xiang, GAO Xia, ZHANG Chang-Gui, ZHOU Xin-Jun, YANG Kun, SUN Le-Ping

2014, 26(6):  622. 

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Objective Objective To explore the method of Oncomelania hupensis snail surveillance in transmission? interrupted re? gions of schistosomiasis，so as to provide a new pattern for the surveillance of snail status in the transmission?interrupted areas. Methods Methods In Dongtai County，north of Jiangsu Province where the transmission of schistosomiasis was interrupted，the surveil? lance of snail status was performed by means of the village?level general survey，village?level sampling survey，snail survey in key settings of township and county，and snail reporting by residents. In addition，quality?control snail sites were set up for quali? ty control. The effectiveness and cost of the four methods of snail surveillance was compared. Results Results A total of 163 079 set? tings and 22 785.62 hm2 were surveyed in Dongtai County from 2008 to 2013，and 89 residual snail breeding sites were found， with a snail area of 1.48 hm2 . The patterns of village?level general survey，village?level sampling survey，and snail survey in key settings of township and county were employed for investigation of 94 550，45 033 and 23 496 settings，consisting of 57.98%， 27.61% and 14.41% of total settings，and 2，0 and 6 settings were found with snails，with 0.021/thousand，0，and 0.255/thou? sand detection rates of settings with snail breading sites，respectively. The pattern of snail survey in key settings of township and county was more effective than that of village?level survey to detect snail breeding sites（χ2 = 19.158，P = 0） . The recovery rate of quality?control snail breeding sites was 52.56%，38.27% and 73.62% for the three patterns of snail survey，respectively，and the pattern of snail survey in key settings of township and county showed a higher quality for snail survey than that of village?lev? el survey（χ2 = 111.597 and 85.991，both P = 0） . During the period from 2008 to 2013，289 person?times reported 279 sus? pected snail habitats and 1 501 living snails，and no Oncomelania snails were found. During the 6 ? year period，there were 1617.5，964.7 and 527.7 thousand RMB invested for village?level general survey，village?level sampling survey，and snail sur? vey in key settings of township and county，and the cost of snail survey per hm2 was 129.88，133.6 and 162.57 RMB/hm2 ，re? spectively. The cost of village?level general survey and snail survey in key settings of township and county to detect a snail?breed? ing site was 808 800 and 88 000 RMB，respectively （t = 12.850， P = 0.000），and the cost of snail survey in key settings of town? ship and county was 10.88 % of that of village?level general survey. Conclusion Conclusion The snail survey in key settings of township and county is a highly effective and high?quality method for snail surveillance，which may serve as a prior way for the surveil? lance of snail status in the transmission?interrupted areas of schistosomiasis.

Bibliometric analysis of literature regarding integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on infectious source control

QIAN Yi-Li, WANG Wei, HONG Qing-Biao, LIANG You-Sheng

2014, 26(6):  626. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the outcomes of implementation of integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with empha? sis on infectious source control using a bibliometric method. Methods Methods The literature pertaining to integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on infectious source control was retrieved from CNKI，Wanfangdata，VIP，PubMed，Web of Sci? ence，BIOSIS and Google Scholar，and a bibliometric analysis of literature captured was performed. Results Results During the period from January 1，2004 through September 30，2014，a total of 94 publications regarding integrated schistosomiasis control strate? gy with emphasis on infectious source control were captured，including 78 Chinese articles（82.98%）and 16 English papers （17.02%） . The Chinese literature was published in 21 national journals，and Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control had the largest number of publications，consisting of 37.23% of total publications；16 English papers were published in 12 interna? tional journals，and PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases had the largest number of publications（3 publications） . There were 37 affiliations publishing these 94 articles，and National Institute of Parasitic Diseases，Chinese Center for Disease Control and Pre? vention（16 publications），Anhui Institute of Schistosomiasis Control（12 publications）and Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control（9 publications）ranked top three affiliations in number of publications. A total of 157 persons were co?authored in these 94 publications，and Wang，Zhou and Zhang ranked top 3 authors in number of publications. Conclusion Conclusion The integrated schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on infectious source control has been widely implemented in China，and the achievements obtained from the implementation of this strategy should be summarized and transmitted internationally.

Preliminary studies on effect of polysaccharides from Tegillarca granosa as an adjuvant on DNA vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum infection

TANG Xiao-Niu, KONG Fu-Wang, ZHAN Xiao-Dong

2014, 26(6):  632. 

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Objective Objective To discuss the effect of polysaccharides from Tegillarca granosa as an adjuvant on pcDNA3.1 ? Sj26GST vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods Methods Sixty SPF BALB/c mice were divided into four groups randomly（15 mice each group），including a control group，a polysaccharides group，a vaccine group，and a vaccine plus poly? saccharides group. In the 0，2th and 4th week of the experiment，the mice in the above four groups were immunized for 3 times with 100 μl PBS，100 μg polysaccharides from Tegillarca granosa，100 μg Sj26GST vaccine，and 100 μg Sj26GST vaccine plus equivalent polysaccharides，respectively. Two weeks after the last immunization，all the mice were infected with 40 ± 1 Schistosoma japonicum cercariae through the skin of the abdomen. After the infection for 6 weeks，all the mice were sacrificed， and their serums，livers and the adult worm of Schistosoma japonicum in them were collected，the specific sera IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA，and the worm reduction rates and egg reduction rates in the liver were calculated. Results Results Six weeks after the infection，the IgG antibody levels of the mice in the vaccine group and the vaccine plus polysaccharides group were 18.26 ± 0.42 mg/ml and 20.21 ± 0.89 mg/ml respectively，the difference between them were statistically significant，and both of the IgG levels of the above groups were significantly higher than those in the control（both P < 0.05） . The worm reduction rate and egg reduction rate in the vaccine group were 28.60% and 35.84%，respectively，and the rates in the vaccine plus polysac? charides group were 38.04% and 49.74%，respectively，the differences between the worm reduction rates and egg reduction rates were both statistically significant（both P < 0.05） . Meanwhile，the two rates in the two above groups were all significantly higher than those in the control group（all P < 0.01） . Conclusion Conclusion Polysaccharides from Tegillarca granosa using as an adju? vant can increase the protection effect of pcDNA3.1?Sj26GST vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum infection.

Distribution characteristics of deposited eggs and pathological changes in viscera of New Zealand white rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum at different time

ZHAO Deng-Yun, XU Rui, LIN Jiao-Jiao, LIU Ke, HONG Yang, LI Hao, LIU Ying-Chun, LIU Yi-Ping, ZHU Chuan-Gang

2014, 26(6):  636. 

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Objective Objective To study the distribution characteristics of deposited eggs and pathological changes in the viscera of animal infected with Schistosoma japonicum at different time. Methods Methods New Zealand white rabbits were infected artificially with quantitative S. japonicum miracidia，then the distribution characteristics and the hatchability of schistosome eggs as well as the pathological changes of the corresponding viscera of the rabbits 42 and 60 d post?infection were observed and compared. Re Re? ? sults sults On the 42nd day post?infection，among all the viscera observed，the percentage of eggs deposited，the number of eggs per gram and the hatchability were the highest in the liver，while on the 60th day post?infection，the tissues and organs with the highest values of the above 3 indexes were the liver，rectum and upper section of the small intestine，respectively. From 42 day to 60 day post ? infection，the liver of infected rabbits became swelling，hardening and lost elasticity，the color changed from black to dark grey，and egg nodules gradually appeared in the different sections of the small intestine，and also the mucosal hy? peremia，edema and egg nodules were seen in the colon，cecum and rectum. The lesion levels tended to be correlated with the deposition of eggs. Conclusion Conclusion The amount and the density as well as the hatching rate of deposited eggs of S. japonicum in the viscera of infected rabbits at different time are different，and the lesion level in the host is correlated with the deposition of eggs.

Cloning, expression and bioinformatics analysis of cathepsin B of Echinococcus granulosus

ZHANG Ting, GIA Li-Fang, CHEN Ying, JU Chuan, MO Xiao-Jin, XU Bin, CHEN Shen-Bo, CHEN Jun-Hu, HU Wei

2014, 26(6):  642. 

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Objective Objective To clone and express cathepsin B gene of Echinococcus granulosus（EgCatB）and analyze EgCatB protein by using bioinformatics tools and online databases. Methods Methods The total RNA of E. granulosus was extracted and reverse? ly transcribed into cDNA as the template sequence for PCR. The EgCatB gene was cloned by using the In?Fusion PCR cloning method and expressed by a wheat germ cell?free system，and then the recombinant protein was identified by Western blotting. The signal peptide，transmembrane helices and subcellular location of the EgCatB sequence were predicted by the online soft? ware SignalP 4.1，TMHMM sever v. 2.0 and TargetP 1.1 respectively. Subsequently，the homologue sequence and conserved sites were aligned by using BLASTP and GeneDoc software. Finally，the structures and the glycosylation modification site of the EgCatB encoding protein were analyzed and predicted in turn by ProtParam，SMART，Predictprotein，Swiss?model，NetOGlyc 4.0 and NetNGlyc 1.0 approaches. Results Results The EgCatB gene was successfully amplified from cDNA of E. granulosus and ex? pressed in the soluble fractions. The molecular weight of the expressed protein was estimated 35 kDa. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that EgCatB was a classical secreted protein containing a Pept_C1 domain. The homology analysis indicated that the amino acid sequence of EgCatB was highly conserved in the active enzyme sites. The protein structure prediction showed a cata? lytic active center was formed through Gln106 ，Cys 112 ，His 282 and Asn302 . It was found that there were nine O?glycosylation sites in the EgCatB sequence，but no N?glycosylation sites. Conclusions Conclusions The EgCatB gene is cloned and expressed successfully，and the recombinant protein is analyzed by bioinformatics approaches and structure predication. The study provides useful information for further functional study of the EgCatB protein.

Effect of Lep d2 from Lepidoglyphus destructor as a vaccine for specific immunotherapy in murine with asthma

LIU Wei, LI Na, XIE Jia-Zheng, LI Chao-Pin

2014, 26(6):  648. 

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Objective Objective To assess the effect of Lep d2 from Lepidoglyphus destructor as a vaccine for specific immunothera? py on murine model of asthma. Methods Methods Thirty BALB/c mice（SPF）were randomly categorized into a PBS group，an asthma group，and a Lep d2 SIT group. The mice in the asthma group and Lep d2 SIT group were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection with extracts of dust mites on Days 0，7th，and 14th，while those in the PBS group were injected with PBS. From the 21st day， the asthma group and Lep d2 SIT group exposed to the extracts of dust mites were stimulated by aerosol inhalation for 7 succes? sive days. During the period of the 25th-27th Day，the mice in Lep d2 SIT group were injected intraperitoneally with Lep d2 al? lergen for SIT 30 min before nasal inhalation，whereas the PBS group and asthma group were treated with only PBS. Twenty?four hours after the final inhalation，all the mice were sacrificed，the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids（BALFs）were collected. The lev? els of IFN?γ，IL?5 and IL?13 in the BALF and the supernatant of splenocyte culture solution（SSCS）as well as the levels of spe? cific IgE（sIgE）and sIgG2a in the sera were detected by ELISA. The lung tissues of the mice in the above 3 groups were stained by haematoxylin and eosin（H&E）and observed by a microscope. Results Results The symptoms of acute asthma attack were observed in the mice of the asthma group and Lep d2 group，but not in the PBS group. The allergic inflammation changes in lung in the Lep d2 SIT group were significantly alleviated compared with those in the asthma group. The concentrations of IFN?γ in BALFs and SSCS of the mice in the Lep d2 SIT group were significantly higher than those in the asthma group（both P < 0.01），while the levels of IL?5 and IL?13 in the former group were significantly lower than those in the latter group（all P < 0.01） . Mean? while，the level of sIgE of mice in the Lep d2 SIT group was significantly lower than those in the asthma group（P < 0.01），while the level of sIgG2a of mice in the former group was higher than those in the latter group（P < 0.01） . Conclusion Conclusion Lep d2 allergen as a vaccine can alleviate the allergic symptoms in the lung of mice effectively after allergen specific immunotherapy

Study on biological characteristics of cypermethrin-resistant and -susceptible strains of Aedes albopictus at different temperatures

HUANG Xiao-Dan, CHENG Peng, ZHAO Jiu-Xu, DAI Yu-Hua, LIU Hong-Mei, GONG Mao-Qing, KOU Jing-Han

2014, 26(6):  652. 

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Objective Objective To study the biological characteristics of cypermethrin?resistance strain and ?susceptible strain of Ae? des albopictus under different controlled temperatures in the laboratory. Methods Methods The two strains were raised at three different temperatures，20，25 ℃ and 28 ℃ respectively，and the biological characteristics of the two mosquito strains，such as reproduc? tion，development and life expectancy，were observed and recorded in the laboratory. Results Results The life expectancy of both strains became shorter as the temperature raised，and the resistant strain （69.37%±0.01%， 77.04%±0.07%） lived shorter than the susceptible strain （85.24%±0.03%， 88.23%±0.05%） in average. Under 25 ℃，the hatching rate of resistant strain decreased by 25.88%，and the pupation rate decreased by 11.18%. In the three temperatures，all the life expectancy expanded as the tem? perature went up，the periods for the susceptible strain were 19.75±0.10， 23.65±0.07 d and 25.08±0.08 d under 28，25 ℃ and 20 ℃. While life expectancy for the resistant strain decreased to 17.21±0.09，20.95±0.09，22.58±0.10 d. Under the same tem? perature，the development timing of the resistance strain was longer than that of the susceptible strain，and the period was the longest under 28 ℃（156.2 h，137.1 h） . In the three temperatures，all the development periods expanded as the temperature went up，the susceptible and resistant larvae developed 137.1 d and 163.3 d，247.7 d and 156.2 d，182.3 d and 263.2 d under 28，25 ℃ and 20 ℃. The differences show statistic significance （P < 0.05） . Conclusion Conclusion The resistance of A. albopictus to cy? permethrin results in the decrease of adaptability to the environment change and the disadvantage of reproduction at different temperatures.

Isolation and identification of Toxoplasma gondii strains from cats in Xuzhou region

FU Lin-Lin, YAN Chao, LIU Zhuan-Zhuan, KONG De-Long, LV Liang, SHI Na

2014, 26(6):  656. 

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Objective Objective To isolate Toxoplasma gondii（T. gondii）strains from stray cats and explore their prevalence in Xu? zhou City. Methods Methods The sera of 41 stray cats were collected to detect the antibodies of T. gondii by using a commercial enzyme? linked immunosorbent（ELISA）kit. The tissues including the heart，brain and tongue from these cats were digested by acid pep? sin solution and inoculated to Kunming mice. These suspicious isolates were subsequently identified by a specific PCR method. Results Results A total of 11 strains were isolated from 41 stray cats，which were confirmed by the PCR results. Moreover，17 cats （41.5%）were found to be positive with the antibodies of T. gondii. Conclusion Conclusion A high prevalence of T. gondii infection was found in Xuzhou City，which indicates that the stray cats infected with T. gondii would be an important infection source that may infect humans and other animals in this area.

Effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control strategy based on infection source control in Hanchuan City

XIANG Rui-Deng, ZHANG Zhi-Hai, YU Bin, SHAN Xiao-Wei, DENG Fang, XU Xin-Wen, FANG Rong, LIU Zhi-Shuang, ZHANG Hong-E, WANG Hui-Ling

2014, 26(6):  658. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures based on infection source control in Hanchuan City（marshland and lake endemic regions） . Methods Methods The data of comprehensive schistosomiasis control in Hanchuan City from 2004 to 2013 were collected，and the change trends of the Oncomelania hupensis snail status and the in? fection situation of human and livestock were analyzed to evaluate the control effect. Results Results After the implementation of the comprehensive measures，the infection rates of residents and cattle decreased from 6.38% and 8.11% in 2004 to 0.16% and 0 in 2013 respectively. There were no acute schistosomiasis patients since 2007，no new infection cases since 2011，and no infected snails since 2012. Compared with 2004，the occurrence rate of frames with living snails and the average density of living snails decreased by 56.78% and 68.35%，respectively，but the snail area and susceptible area increased by 0.62% and 7.10%，respec? tively. In 2013，all the 367 endemic villages in 26 townships reached the criteria of transmission controlled. Conclusions Conclusions The comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures based on infection source control can control the schistosomiasis transmission effectively in marshland and lake endemic regions. When consolidating the achievement，the snail area in inner embankment should be compressed to prevent the schistosome re?infection in human and livestock.

Design and application of psychological intervention paths for ascites type of advanced schistosomiasis patients

LAI Ru-Yi, SHAO Zhi-Wei, YU Hui-Qiong, LI Li-Le, MEI Yan, HE Yu

2014, 26(6):  662. 

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Objective Objective To explore the design and application of psychological intervention paths for ascites type of advanced schistosomiasis patients. Methods Methods A total of 156 ascites type of advanced schistosomiasis patients were divided into an inter? vention group and a control group with 78 cases each. A psychological intervention path table was designed in accordance with the psychological characteristics and demands of the advanced schistosomiasis patients. Five steps were used to guide the nurses involved to carry out the psychological intervention. Results Results Before the intervention，there were no statistically significant dif? ferences（all P > 0.05）between two groups in SAS，SDS，WHOQOL?BRER scores，but after the intervention，all the evalua? tion indexes improved in the intervention group and there were statistically significant differences between the intervention group and control group in SAS，SDS，WHOQOL?BRER scores（all P < 0.05） . Conclusion Conclusion The application of psychological inter? vention paths for ascites type of advanced schistosomiasis patients can improve their negative emotions and qualities of life.

Effect of comprehensive prevention and control of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Runzhou District of Zhenjiang City

XIA Ai, TAO Heng-Ye, ZHAO Ya-Ming, JIANG Jun, WANG Jin, MEI Jin

2014, 26(6):  665. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive prevention and control of soil ? transmitted nematodiasis in Runzhou District，Zhenjiang City，Jiangsu Province from 1997 to 2012. Methods Methods The comprehensive prevention and control measures included the helminthicide，health education，improvement of water supplier and harmless toilets，and these mea? sures were implemented continuously. At the same time，the infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes，the local economic in? dicators，and the coverage rates of tap water and harmless toilets were surveyed. Results Results The mass chemotherapy was per? formed for 202 100 person? times and the diagnosed chemotherapy was performed for 2 006 person? times in Runzhou District from 1997 to 2012. The awareness rates of health knowledge were 57.18% in 1997，and 95.62% in 2012. The coverage rates of tap water and harmless toilets were 10.14% and 10.21% in 1997，and 100.0% and 90.38% in 2012，respectively. There were negative correlations between the awareness rate of per capita GDP，per capita net income，coverage rates of tap water，cover? age rates of harmless toilets， health knowledge and the infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes， respectively（ rper capitaGDP = -0.526， P＜0.05； rper capita net income = -0.671， P＜0.01； rcoverage rates of tap water= -0.936， P＜0.01； rcoverage rates of harmless toilets= -0.922， P＜0.01； rawareness = -0.774， P＜0.01） . The statistical analysis showed that the infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes had a downward trend as an expo? nential curve in Runzhou District from 1997 to 2012 （y = 42.031 7e?0.357 6x ， R2 = 0.803 6， F = 57.28， P = 0.000） . The infection rate of degradation by an annual rate was 29.18%. The infection rate in farmers was significantly higher than that in students（χ2 = 17.998，P＜0.01） . There was no significant difference between men and women in the infection rate of soil?transmitted nema? todes（χ2 = 3.627，P = 0.057） . Conclusion Conclusion The comprehensive prevention and control measures and the development of so? cial economy contribute to the steady decline of soil?transmitted nematode infections.

Therapeutic effect of 138 imported falciparum malaria patients

YU Zhen-Hua, WANG Fu-Yong, WEI Dong-Dong, YIN Bin, WEI Yan-Ban, ZHAO Gui-Hua, ZHANG Ben-Guang, WANG Yong-Bin

2014, 26(6):  669. 

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Objectives Objectives To summarize the clinical characteristics of imported falciparum malaria patients and the treatment， so as to provide the evidences for improving the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods Methods A total of 138 imported falci? parum malaria patients who received the treatment in Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases from January 2007 to February 2013 were adopted as the observation subjects，and their clinical data were collected and analyzed. Results Results All the 138 pa? tients were back from African countries. The main manifestations were fever，headache，asthenia，and hepatosplenomegaly， and most of them were with decreased RBC，PLT levels and increased LDH levels，and 36.96% of them were misdiagnosed as respiratory diseases，nephritis，hepatitis and so on. Through antimalarial treatment of artemether or artesunate or dihydroartemis? inin and primaquine，or dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine，and symptomatic treatment，the short ? term and long? term cure rates were 98.55% and 94.93% respectively，with 1 case unrecovered and 1 died. Conclusions Conclusions Artemisinins are still the most effective antimalarial drugs for falciparum malaria. However，some patients recrudesce as the Plasmodium in their body is resis? tant or insensitive to these drugs. We should pay more attention to the antimalarial and symptomatic treatments in the early stage of severe malaria so as to improve the cure rate.

Presumptive role of Wolbachia in deltamethrin resistance of Culex pipiens pallens

HONG Shan-Chao, LV Yuan, FANG Fu-Jin, ZHU Chang-Liang

2014, 26(6):  672. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the relationship between Wolbachia and deltamethrin resistance in Culex pipiens pal? lens. Methods Methods PCR was used to detect Wolbachia in Culex pipiens pallens and qRT?PCR was performed to determine and compare the expression of Wolbachia between deltamethrin ? resistant and ? susceptible strains of Culex pipiens pallens. Re Re? ? sults sults Wolbachia was detected in Culex pipiens pallens in the laboratory. The expression of Wolbachia was 18.42，3.69，4.43， 3.96，6.31，1.55 and 3.76 folds higher in the deltamethrin?resistant strain than in susceptible strain in the egg，1st，2nd，3rd， 4th stages, and male and female adults, but there was no statistical difference in the pupae stage. The expression of Wolbachia was 2.64 folds higher in deltamethrin? resistant females than in susceptible females which were caught in Jiangxinzhou of Nan? jing. Conclusion Conclusion Wolbachia is associated with deltamethrin resistance in Culex pipines pallens.

Observation of animal model of life cycle of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

WANG Jian-Ming, XU Jin-Jun, ZHOU Yong-Hua, TAO Jian-Ping

2014, 26(6):  675. 

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Objective Objective To observe the effect of artificially construction of the life cycle of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the laboratory condition，so as to provide the basis for the research of angiostrongyliasis. Methods Methods SD rats were infected orally with the third?stage larvae of A. cantonensis collected from infected Pomacea canaliculata. Six weeks after the infection， the first? stage larvae were isolated and counted from fresh feces of the rats and then were used to infect P. canaliculata. Three weeks lat? er，the snails were dissected for counting the third?staged larvae of A. cantonensis. Results Results The first?stage larvae were detect? ed in the feces of the rats 6 weeks after the infection，and the third?staged larvae were successfully isolated after the infection of P. canaliculata. Conclusion Conclusion The animal model of the entire life cycle of A. cantonensis is successfully established in the labo? ratory with the infection of 50 larvae per rat.

Four alien medical mollusk found in Dapeng Peninsula, Shenzhen City

CAO Shi-Kui, ZHUANG Xin, HU Guan-Guan

2014, 26(6):  678. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the alien snails in Dapeng Peninsula，Shenzhen City. Methods Methods The survey on the snail diversity in Dapeng Peninsula was carried out from August 2012 to Jan 2013，and the species of the alien snails were iden? tified according to the shell morphology. Results Results Four species of alien snails including Achatina fulica，Pomacea canalicula? ta，Physa acuta，and Biomphalaria straminea were found in Dapeng Peninsula，P. acuta was found in all of the collected sites，A. fulica and P. canaliculata were distributed in five regions except Yangmeikeng area，and B. straminea was just found in Dapeng Town. Conclusion Conclusion Four species of important alien snails invade widely in Dapeng Peninsula，Shenzhen City. As their potential risk to the disease transmission and agriculture production，the relative departments should strengthen the control and prevention.

Research on competency building standards of institutions of schistosomiasis prevention and control in Hubei ProvinceII Investigation of human resources

LIU Han-Cheng, LIAO Si-Qi, ZHONG Chen-Hui, HE Hui

2014, 26(6):  681. 

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Objective Objective To understand the human resources of the grassroots institutions of schistosomiasis control and pre? vention，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the standards of institutional capacity?building. Methods Methods By using the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods，the hierarchy of schistosomiasis control institution workers，structural fea? tures of workers，and benefits of workers were investigated and the results were analyzed statistically after the 2004 reform. Re Re? ? sults sults The constituent ratios of personnel ≤30 years old，30 to 45 years old，and ≥45 years old were 6.8%，64.0% and 29.2% respectively，with an average age of 43.1 years. For education levels，61.35% of the personnel had secondary or high school lev? els. At the city level，the structural proportion of the senior professional，medium professional and primary professional titles was 1.4∶5.6∶3.0，and at the county level，the proportion was 0.5∶6.1∶3.4. There was 14 200 yuan per capita at the township schistosomiasis control institutions. Conclusion Conclusion The technology of the personnel in schistosomiasis institutions of Hubei Prov? ince is weak， the average age of personnel is old，and the salary is low.

Analysis of citing journals and cited journals of 3 core parasitological journals

YI Feng-Yun, GAO Shi, SHENG Hui-Feng

2014, 26(6):  684. 

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Objective Objective To understand the achievement exchange and interpenetration situation between parasitological jour? nals and the journals of other disciplines. Methods Methods The citing journals and cited journals of Chinese parasitological journals were analyzed. Three Chinese core journals，namely Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases，Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control，and Chinese Journal of Zoonoses，were selected as the study objects. The number and citation times of citing and cited journals from 2002 to 2012 were collected from CNKI. These journals were classified according to China Journal Citation Reports-Expand（2013），and analyzed by the method of bibliometrics. Results Results The number of published pa? pers in Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases，Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control，and Chinese Journal of Zoonoses were 1 160，1 541 and 2 494 from 2002 to 2012，respectively. The numbers of citing journals of the 3 above journals included by the citation reports were 496，547 and 592，respectively，the total citation frequencies were 4 778， 9 547 and 8 301，and the average citation frequencies per paper were 4.12，6.20 and 3.33，respectively. The numbers of the cit? ed journals were 532，407 and 659，respectively，the total citation frequencies were 4 470，7 206 and 7 885，and the average citation frequencies per paper were 3.85，4.68 and 3.16，respectively. The top three disciplines of the citing journals and cited journals were medical and health，basic science，and agricultural sciences，and the top three secondary disciplines belonged to medical and health were general medical and health，preventive medicine and hygiene，and clinical medicine. Conclusion Conclusion There is an extensive exchange between parasitology journals and other journals，which promotes the exchange between parasi? tology and other relevant disciplines.

Study and application of surface antigen in tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii

LENG Li, LUO Mi, GAO Ju, SHEN Li-Jie

2014, 26(6):  687. 

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Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects all warm?blooded animals. The surface anti? gens of T. gondii with the potential for application as antigens of diagnosis and vaccines have been studied extensively in recent years，especially for P43，P35，P30，P23 and P22. The studies on the surface antigen in tachyzoites of T. gondii are reviewed in this paper.

Evaluation of comprehensive measures of schistosomiasis control in Caidian District, Wuhan City

XU Jiu-Quan, ZHOU Fang-Cheng, YIN Qi-Bo, WU Chao-Yang

2014, 26(6):  690. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of comprehensive control measures of schistosomia? sis in Caidian District, Wuhan City. Methods Methods The data of implementation of the schistosomiasis control measures in Caidian District was collected and analyzed statistically. Results Results The number of Oncomelania hupensis snail environments and snail area decreased from 213 sites and 223.47 hm2 in 2003 to 59 sites and 51.20 hm2 in 2013, with the decreasing rate of 72.30% and 77.09%, respectively. The infection rate of schistosomiasis of human decreased from 1.58% in 2006 to 0.24% in 2013, with the decreasing rate of 84.81%. The positive rate of stool tests of cattle was 2.19% in 2006 while it was 0 in 2013. Conclusion Conclusion The comprehensive control measures of schistosomiasis are effective.

Investigation on current status of advanced schistosomiasis in Shanggao County

TAO Wu-Ming, MAO Yuan-Hua, HU Fei, NING An

2014, 26(6):  693. 

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Objective Objective To understand the current status of advanced schistosomiasis patients, so as to provide the reference for improving the medical care of them in Shanggao County. Methods Methods The data of advanced patients in Shanggao County were collected from the Information Management System for the Advanced Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy and Assistance in Jiangxi Province，and a field survey including the epidemiological investigation，physical examinations，and B ultrasound examinations was performed in 2014. All the data were analyzed statistically and compared with those in 2010. Result Results s Among the 128 ad? vanced schistosomiasis patients，the male： female ratio was 2.46∶1，the average age was 68.02±6.19 years，and the patients old? er than 65 years contributed to 64.84% for the all. The proportions of clinically types of ascites，splenomegaly，multiple granulo? ma in the colon，dwarf，general，and haemorrhage were 57.81%，12.50%，2.34%，0，26.57%，and 0.78%，respectively. The ultrasound examinations revealed the average diameter of the main trunk of portal vein was 12.70±1.91mm in 2014，which was significantly broader than that of 12.05±0.34mm in 2010（P < 0.01） . Conclusions Conclusions The advanced schistosomiasis patents in Shanggao County decreases with years and shows an aging trend. Some advanced schistosomiasis patients are worse；therefore the chemotherapy and salvation work still should be strengthened.

Diagnosis and treatment of cerebral schistosomiasis: a report of 166 cases

ZHU Fei, HUANG Xin, WU Ming, JIN Wei-Xing, XIE Kui

2014, 26(6):  695. 

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Objective Objective To discuss the clinical features，diagnosis and treatment of cerebral schistosomiasis. Methods Methods A to? tal of 166 patients with cerebral schistosomiasis were treated，and their clinical data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results Results In 166 cases of cerebral schistosomiasis，the confirmative diagnoses of 156 cases were diagnosed according to the clin? ical manifestation，etiology，immunology and auxiliary examination （CT、 MRI） .In among，74 cases were confirmed by pathologi? cal examination， 10 cases were diagnosed through to the diagnostic treatment. Totally 102 patients received the oral medication of praziquantel，and they all improved and discharged 14?16 days later；64 patients received the craniotomy and praziquantel medication after the operation，and 48 patients significantly improved，others did not improve or aggravated. There was no opera? tive mortality. Conclusions Conclusions Neuroimaging and laboratory tests are valuable in the diagnosis of cerebral schistosomiasis. The praziquantel treatment is selected firstly when the diagnosis was established. However，in the case of serious intracranial hyper? tension，intractable epilepsy and praziquantel treatment fails，the surgical treatment is required.

Analysis of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Jiangling County from 2004 to 2013

LIU Jun, LIU Xiong, HU He-Hua, CAO Chun-Li, CHEN Mei

2014, 26(6):  697. 

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Objective Objective To analyze the schistosomiasis endemic situation and understand its transmission trend in Jiangling County from 2004 to 2013，so as to improving the schistosomiasis control. Methods Methods The relevant data of schistosomiasis were collected and analyzed statistically in Jiangling county from 2004-2013. Results Results The human prevalence of schistosomiasis was decreased from 10.22% in 2004 to 0.63% in 2013 with the descend rate of 93.84%，and the notable descend rate was 76.92% from 2009-2013. The cattle infection rate was decreased yearly from 7.59% in 2004 to 0 in 2013. The appearance rate of frames with living Oncomelania hupensis snails and the infection rate of snails reduce by 17.53%and 100%respectively.Conclusions Conclusions Af? ter 10?year control，the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiangling County decreases and is at a low level. However，the risk factors of transmission still exist. Therefore，the comprehensive control measures still should be enhanced continuously.

nvestigation on Clonorchis sinensis infection and its risk factors in Futian District, Shenzhen City

FAN Su-Yun, SHI Xiang-Hui, NIU Ji-Fei, LIN Zhi-Ping, LI Li-Lian

2014, 26(6):  699. 

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Objective Objective To understand the status of Clonorchis sinensis infection and its risk factors in Futian District，Shen? zhen City，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the strategy of prevention and control. Methods Methods Two monitoring points were randomly selected，and the permanent population aged ≥3 years were investigated and their stool samples were detected for the eggs of C. sinensis by using Kato?Katz technique. Meanwhile，the risk factors of infection were also investigated. Results Results A total of 743 subjects were examined，and 7 persons were infected with C. sinensis and the infection rate was 0.94%. Most of the infected cases were focused on 20?40 and 40?60 age groups. The risk factors were eating raw or semi?cooked fish，and the protec? tive factor was the use of separated cutting board for cooked or uncooked food. Conclusion Conclusion The infection rate of C. sinensis is low in the population of Futian District. However，the health education，especially for diet health education，still should be strengthened.

Surveillance of intestinal helminthiasis in Dafeng City from 2005 to 2010

LIU Jian

2014, 26(6):  701. 

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Objective Objective To understand the current status of intestinal helminth infections in Dafeng City. Methods Methods The resi? dents in 5 villages of Dafeng City were investigated，and their stool samples were detected for the eggs of helminth with Kato? Katz technique，and Enterobius vermicularis was detected by the cellophane anal swab method. Results Results The total infection rates of intestinal helminth were 5.77%，5.51%，4.60%，4.18%，3.41%，and 1.38% from 2005 to 2010，respectively. The trend of total infection rates declined year by year. The infection rates in the 20?30 age?group and 60?80 age?group were higher than those in other age?groups. The infection rates of the male and female were 5.63％（359/6 375）and 2.42％（144/5 949），re? spectively，and there was a significant difference（χ2 =74.81，P=0.00） . The infection rate（11.70%）in the northern areas of Dafeng City was higher than that in other places，and the trend of the infection rates decreased from the eastern and northern to the western and southern. The infection rate of E. vermicularis was 1.75% in children in 2010. Conclusions Conclusions The infection rate of intestinal helminth is low，but E. vermicularis infection is relatively general in the children in Dafeng City. Therefore，the pre? vention and treatment still need to be strengthened