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    15 August 2014, Volume 26 Issue 4
    Clinical manifestations and treatment of schistosomiasis hematobia
    HUA Hai-Yong, REN Guang-Hui, LIANG You-Sheng
    2014, 26(4):  357. 
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    Schistosomiasis hematobia is one major human schistosomiasis. The disease is endemic in Africa and Mediterra? nean region,and is the main cause of urogenital diseases. Although only Schistosoma japonicum is spreading across the Main? land China,now more schistosomiasis hematobia cases are reported among aid projects and migrant workers to Africa,with the economy development and the increasing degree of foreign exchanges. Meanwhile,the relevant clinical data of schistosomiasis hematobia are rare in China. This article reviews the clinical manifestations and progress in diagnosis and treatment of the dis? ease.
    Evaluation on effect of treatment and assistance to advanced patients in Hunan Province from 2004 2004 to to 2013
    LI Sheng-Ming, ZHAO Zheng-Yuan, PENG Zai-Zhi, WANG Zhang-Hua, LI Yuan, GUO Feng-Ying, REN Guang-Hui
    2014, 26(4):  362. 
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    Objective Objective To comprehensively evaluate the effect of the program of treatment and assistance to advanced schis? tosomiasis patients in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2013. Methods Methods The fund investment of the program,the profits of hospi? tals and the improvement of the patients’health were investigated by data collection and questionnaire survey. The evaluation index system of treatment and assistance to advanced schistosomiasis in Hunan Province was constructed by the Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process,and the program was assessed comprehensively. Results Results The evaluation index system includ? ing 6 primary indices and 33 secondary indices was established. Among all the primary indices,the score of the treatment and assistance(22.25)was the highest,and that of the satisfaction assessment(8.15)was the lowest,and the score of the compre? hensive assessment was 87.06. The average cure rate of the patients was 13.08% from 2004 to 2013. More than 60% of the pa? tients’disease condition got better,and nearly 70% of the patients’psychological condition improved,and more than 70% of patients’self?help ability and social contact improved,as well as family happiness increased. In addition,the annual average cost for caretakers decreased by 2000 Yuan,and the profits of all the fixed?point hospitals for treatment and assistance in? creased. Conclusion Conclusion The effectiveness and efficiency of the treatment and assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Hunan Province is obvious,and the government should continuously invest in the program.
    Spatial-time cluster analysis of distribution of schistosomiasisin Jiangling County
    ZHANG Xia, GAO Feng-Hua, ZHANG Hua-Ming, ZHU Hong, YU Qing, LI Shi-Zhu, CAO Chun-Li
    2014, 26(4):  367. 
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    Objective Objective To analyze the spatial?time distribution characteristics of schistosomiasis in Jiangling County,Hubei Province from 2006 to 2011. Methods Methods The surveillance data of schistosomiasis of Jiangling County from 2006 to 2011 were col? lected,and a spatial database was established. The spatial?time permutation cluster analysis was performed by SaTScan 9.1.1 to detect the spatial?time cluster areas of schistosomiasis,and a risk map was drawn by ArcGIS 10.0. Results Results Compared to 2006, the infection rates of human,cattle and Oncomelania hupensis snails decreased by 47.67%,93.34% and 52.41%,respectively in 2011. The space? time permutation clustering analysis of the infection rates of human,cattle and snails showed 4,3 and 4 clusters,respectively,and all the clustered areas were distributed in inner embankment areas. Conclusions Conclusions From 2006 to 2011,the schistosomiasis endemic situation presents a decline trend in Jiangling County. The detected cluster areas are the im? portant areas for schistosomiasis control. The space?time permutation statistics could be used in the analysis of endemic situation of schistosomiasis.
    Monitoring of Enterobius vermicularis infection among children from 2006 to 2010 and SWOT analysis
    ZHOU Chang-Hai, ZHU Hui-Hui, ZANG Wei, ZHANG Xue-Qiang, CHEN Ying-Dan
    2014, 26(4):  370. 
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    Objective Objective To understand the infection status and variation tendercy of Enterobius vermicularis infection among children at national monitoring spots of soil?transmitted nematodosis from 2006 to 2010,and master the epidemic regularity,so as to provide the evidence for making control strategy and evaluating the control effect. Methods Methods A total of 22 national monitor? ing spots of soil?transmitted nematodosis were established according to the National Surveillance Program of Soil?Transmitted Ne? matodiasis(Trial),and the children aged 3-12 years were examined through adhesive cellophane anal swabs,then the infec? tion rates of children with different ages,genders,nationalities and education levels were analyzed. In addition,the advantage, disadvantage,opportunity and threat of the monitoring work were analyzed by SWOT analysis. Results Results A total of 17 068 chil? dren were examined in 22 monitoring spots from 2006 to 2010,and 1 363 of them were found being infected with E. vermicu? laris,the average infection rate was 7.99%,and the infection rates of male and female children were 7.39% and 8.70%,respec? tivel;the average infection rates in each year were 10.01%,9.68%,7.41%,6.96% and 6.57%,respectively. From 2006 to 2009,the infection rates of E. vermicularis in children in Fujian Province was the highest,which were 56.15%,53.42%, 37.82% and 49.53%,respectively,but in 2010,the infection rate in Guangdong Province(46.06%)was the highest. The fur? ther analysis demonstrated that the female children, 3-6 age group,Li nationality and children at kindergarten stage had relative? ly high infection rates. The SWOT analysis showed that the advantage of E. vermicularis monitoring in China was its wide cover? age and continuity,and the disadvantage was the relatively small investment from the government,the opportunity was that the national monitoring spot could drive the monitoring work at the provincial,county and other levels,and the threat was that the work was paid less and less attention to in recent years. Conclusion Conclusion Though the infection rate of E. vermicularis in children at national monitoring spots of soil?transmitted nematodosis has been decreased year by year,high?endemic areas still exist,and thus the work on enterobiasis control and prevention still needs to be strengthened.
    Survey of intestinal parasitic infections and related knowledge and behavior of residents in Jiaodong area of Shandong Province
    WANG Yong-Bin, XU Yan, KONG Xiang-Li, ZHANG Ben-Guang, BU Xiu-Qin, ZHAO Chang-Lei, ZHANG Dian-Bo, MIAO Feng, CHEN Xi-Xin, WAN Gong-Qun, HUANG Bing-Cheng
    2014, 26(4):  376. 
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    Objective Objective To understand the status of intestinal parasitic infections and the related knowledge and behavior in residents of Jiaodong area of Shandong Province,so as to provide the evidence for making an appropriate preventive and control strategy. Methods Methods A total of 18 villages from 6 counties in Jiaodong area were selected as investigation sites according to the stratified sampling method. The feces samples of the permanent residents aged above 3 years were collected and examined by Kato? Katz technique to find the intestinal parasite eggs,and the children under 12 years old were examined by the method of cellophane anal swab to detect the Enterobius vermicularis eggs. In addition,50 households in each survey sites were randomly selected to in? vestigate the basic family situation and the condition of awareness on prevention knowledge and formation of correct behavior of res? idents by using a structured questionnaire. Results Results Totally 6 163 residents involved in the feces examinations,and the total in? fection rate of intestinal parasites was 6.91%. The infection rates of Trichuris trichiura,Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm were 6.56%,0.62% and 0.21%,respectively. The infection rate of E. vermicularis in children under 12 years old was 0.51%. The eggs of Clonorchis sinensis and Taenia solium were not found in this survey. The awareness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases was 49.54%. The formation rates of washing hands before eating,washing hands after using the toilet,never eating raw fruit and vegetable without washing clean,never working in the field with bare feet,and never drinking unboiled water were 97.78%,91.95%,88.81%,92.42% and 86.48% respectively. Conclusions Conclusions The infection rate of intestinal parasites is low in Ji? aodong area,but there is a significant difference among different counties. The awareness rate of knowledge about preventing para? sitic diseases is low,but the formation rate of healthy behavior is high. In the future,the health education and the strategy of taking medicine among the key population should be enhanced,and the project of reconstructing safe water supply and lavatory should be advanced.
    Surveillance of malaria in provincial surveillance sites in Jiangsu Province, 2013
    WANG Wei-Ming, CAO Jun, ZHOU Hua-Yun, LIU Yao-Bao, ZHU Guo-Ding, CAO Yuan-Yuan, LI Ju-Lin, GU Ya-Ping, GAO Qi
    2014, 26(4):  382. 
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    Objective Objective To understand the epidemic situation and influencing factors of malaria in Jiangsu Province and grasp its epidemic regularity and trend. Methods Methods According to the malaria prevalence in Jiangsu Province,6 counties(city,dis? trict)including Yixing,Suining,Wujin,Hai’ an,Ganyu and Xuyi were selected as provincial surveillance sites to survey malar? ia epidemic conditions. The basic information,blood test results of fever patients,case investigation information of malaria pa? tients,monitoring data of investigation and disposition of the malaria focus were collected and analyzed. Results Results In 2013,the blood tests of 66 723 fever patients were performed,the average blood smear checking rate was 1.10%,and the average positive rate was 0.08%(52 plasmodium positive individuals)in the 6 areas. For these 52 plasmodium positive individuals,the blood re? tests and case investigations were completed within 3 days after these cases were reported by the network system,and the investi? gation confirmed that they were foreign imported malaria cases. The malaria focus investigation and disposition were finished within 1 week and the data were reported by the Parasitic Diseases Information System. Four of 52 cases were recrudescence dur? ing the follow?up. Among the 52 cases,20 people went abroad themselves and 4 were labors of private enterprises,21 people came back without the accompanied. Conclusions Conclusions With the development of the malaria elimination program in Jiangsu Prov? ince,the eliminating malaria“targeted 1?3?7”working pattern has been comprehensively implemented. The personnel monitor? ing for labors who returned from overseas working will be a key in the future.
    Analysis of malaria situation and discussion of control strategy in Shandong Province Province, 2013
    KONG Xiang-Li, ZHAO Chang-Lei, Bu Xiu-Qin, XU Yan, ZHANG Ben-Guang, CHEN Xi-Xin, LIU Xin, WANG Yong-Bin
    2014, 26(4):  387. 
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    Objective Objective To understand the malaria situation of Shandong Province in 2013,so as to provide the evidence for formulating targeted prevention and control strategy and measures. Methods Methods The data of malaria cases of Shandong Province in 2013 were collected from the Information Management System for Infectious Diseases Report and Information Management Sys? tem for Parasitic Diseases Control and Prevention. The data of epidemiological characteristics of malaria situation and the diagno? sis and treatment of malaria cases were analyzed by Microsoft Excel 2007. Results Results There were 131 malaria cases reported in 2013,all of them were imported cases,and 127 cases(96.95%)were imported from African countries. A total of 116 cases (88.55%)were falciparum malaria cases. Totally 97.71% of the cases were male and the average age of malaria cases was 39 years. A total of 61.83% of the cases were peasants and 65.65% of the cases only received junior high school education. The dis? tribution of malaria cases was concentrated in Tai’ an City(32 cases),Yantai City(19 cases)and Weihai City(17 cases), total? ly acounting for 53.13%. There was no significant seasonal variation in the reporting time of the cases. The median time from on? set to seeing doctor was four days and the median time from seeing doctor to being diagnosed was one day. Totally 35.88% of the cases were misdiagnosed when the first visit to a doctor. All of the cases were laboratory confirmed and 100% of them received the standard treatment after diagnosis. Conclusions Conclusions All of the malaria cases were imported cases in Shandong Province in 2013. To control the imported malaria in Shandong Province,it is necessary to further strengthen the multi?sectoral cooperation, health education,malaria screening and professional training.
    Epidemiological analysis of imported malaria prevalence in Luoyang City from 2010 to 2013
    LI Yun-Xia, TIAN Li-Guang, SHEN Xiao-Jing
    2014, 26(4):  391. 
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    Objective Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Luoyang City,so as to pro? vide the evidence for malaria prevention and control in this city. Methods Methods The Epidemic situation data from network reports, as well as the case survey and the epidemiological investigation data of imported malaria were collected and analyzed in Luoyang City from 2010 to 2013. Results Results A total of 98 imported malaria cases were reported in Luoyang City from 2010 to 2013,includ? ing 35 cases of vivax malaria,57 cases of falciparum malaria,4 cases of ovale malaria and 2 cases of quartan malaria. All the cases were confirmed by laboratory detection. Seventy?one cases(72.44%)returned from African countries,and 27(27.55%) cases returned from Southeast Asian countries. The majority cases were young man,and 78.57% of the cases were diagnosed by different levels of centers for disease control and prevention. There was no significant seasonal variation in onset time. The medi? an time from onset to seeing doctor was 6 days. Conclusions Conclusions The epidemic situation of imported malaria is quite serious in Luoyang City. It is necessary to further strengthen the professional training and multi?sectoral cooperation,and take effective pre? vention and control measures to reduce the hazard of imported malaria.
    Cloning, expression and immuno-protection analysis of a gene encoding troponin T of Schistosomaistosoma japonicum |(SjTnT)
    WANG Xin-Zhuo, HONG Yang, HAN Hong-Xiao, LI Chang-Jian, CAO Xiao-Dan, LU Ke, LI Hao, ZHU Chuan-Gang, FU Zhi-Qiang, LIN Jiao-Jiao
    2014, 26(4):  394. 
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    Objective Objective To clone cDNA encoding troponin T of Schistosoma japonicum(SjTnT),and evaluate the protective efficacy induced by recombinant SjTnT in BALB/c mice against S. japonicum challenge infection. Methods Methods The SjTnT gene was amplified from 28?day?schistosome cDNAs by PCR and then subcloned into pET28a (+) . The recombinant SjTnT protein (rSjTnT)was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)cells. The serum specific to rSjTnT was prepared by immunized BALB/c mice with the recombinant antigen,and the immunogenicity of rSjTnT was detected by Western blotting and ELISA. The immuno?protective efficacy induced by rSjTnT in BALB/c mice was evaluated according to the reduction in worm and egg counts. Results Results The cDNA encoding SjTnT was successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli. Western blotting showed that rSjTnT had a good immunogenicity. The high level of specific IgG antibodies was detected,and 33.89% worm reduction and 43.94% liver egg reduction were obtained in mice vaccinated with rSjTnT combined with Seppic 206 adjuvant compared with those in the adjuvant control group. Conclusio Conclusions ns rSjTnT could induce partial immuno?protection against S. japonicum infec? tion in BALB/c mice. This study provided a basic for understanding the biological function of SjTnT.
    Influence of kaempferol on TGF?β1/Smads signal path in liver tissue of mice with with Schistosoma japonicum infection
    CAI Wen, ZHAO Lei, LI Hua-Rong, ZHANG Shu-Ling
    2014, 26(4):  399. 
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    Objective Objective To investigate the influence of kaempferol on transforming growth factor (TGF) ?β1/Smads signal trans? duction in liver tissue of mice with schistosomiasis liver fibrosis. Methods Methods Forty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a normal control group(8 mice),a praziquantel group(8 mice),and 4 praziquantel + kaempferol groups with different kaempfer? ol dosages(5,10,15,20 mg/kg respectively,6 mice each group) . Besides the normal control group,all the mice in the other 5 groups were infected with Schistosoma japonicum. After the infection for 6 weeks,the praziquantel group and the 4 praziquantel + kaempferol groups were treated with praziquantel 500 mg/ (kg · d)for 2 d,then the mice in the praziquantel group were drenched with normal saline for 6 weeks,and those in the 4 praziquantel + kaempferol groups were drenched with kaempferol 5, 10,15,20 mg/kg respectively for 6 weeks. After the treatment,all the animals were sacrificed by the cervical dislocation meth? od,and the area of egg granuloma and the degree of fibrosis in the livers of the mice were observed by HE and Masson staining. The expressions of TGF?β1,Smad2/3,Smad7 proteins were measured by the immunohistochemical method,and the mRNA lev? els of the 3 proteins were detected by RT?PCR. Results Results Compared with the mice in the praziquantel group,the areas of egg granuloma of the liver of the mice in the 4 praziquantel + kaempferol groups were smaller,and the degrees of the hepatic fibrosis of the mice were lesser,and their expressions of Smad2 and Smad3 at protein and their mRNA levels were significantly lower (all P < 0.05),while the expression of Smad7 at protein and its mRNA level were significantly higher(all P < 0.05) . Conclu Conclu? ? sion sion By decreasing the expressions of TGF?β1 and Smad2/3,and increasing the expression of Smad7,kaempferol can signifi? cantly reduce the degrees of hepatic fibrosis and granuloma caused by schistosome eggs after the praziquantel treatment.
    Relationship between multi-gene proteins in colorectal carcinoma complicated with chronic schistosomiasis: an immunohistochemical study by using tissue microarray techniques
    YANG Dao-Hua, QIU Cheng-Min, SUN Wei-Wei, GU Min-Min, HE Pei-Feng, XU Yan-Yan
    2014, 26(4):  405. 
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    Objective Objective To investigate the relationship between p53,COX?2,Bax,c ?myc genes and colorectal carcinoma complicated with chronic schistosomiasis. Methods Methods One hundred and sixty patients with colorectal carcinoma were selected and divided into two groups;a schistosomiasis group(colorectal carcinoma complicated with chronic schistosomiasis,n = 80)and a non?schistosomiasis group(colorectal carcinoma uncomplicated with chronic schistosomiasis,n = 80) . The tissue microarray tech? niques and immunohistochemistry method were used in all the patients to detect the expressions of p53,COX?2,Bax and c?myc proteins. Results Results The positive rate and level of p53 protein expression in the schistosomiasis group were lower than those in the non?schistosomiasis group,but there were no significant differences between the two groups(both P > 0.05) . The COX?2 protein in both groups was positive,but the positive expression level of COX?2 in the schistosomiasis group was higher than that in the non? schistosomiasis group,and there was a significant difference between the two groups(P < 0.01) . The positive rate and level of Bax protein expression were not significantly different between the two groups(both P > 0.05) . The positive rate of c?myc expression in the schistosomiasis group was higher than that in the non?schistosomiasis group,with a significant difference(P < 0.01),but the positive expression level was lower than that in the non?schistosomiasis group,and there was a significant difference between the two groups(P < 0.01) . Conclusions Conclusions Schistosome infection may impact on the deficiency of p53 of human colorectal cancer cells. It may promote the excessive expression of COX?2 protein,which is an indirect carcinogenic factor. The expression of Bax gene has no correlation with schistosome infection. The schistosome chronic infection may cause a persistent low level expression of c? myc gene.
    Immune response of purified Plasmodium falciparum antigen on human peripheral blood T lymphocytes in vitro
    CHEN Li, TAO Li, LI Qian, TAO Zhi-Yong, FANG Qiang, XIA Hui
    2014, 26(4):  410. 
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    Objective Objective To explore the effects of the purified Plasmodium falciparum(P. f)antigen on the T lymphocytes of the peripheral blood of healthy people in vitro. M Methods ethods The peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs)isolated from healthy donators were cultured with purified P. f antigen(5 μg/ml)and normal RBC (nRBC)antigen(5 μg/ml),in addition, the group in which only IL?2 added was set as a negative control. After cultured for 12 d,the corresponding antigens were used to re?stimulated the activated T cells in the two stimulated groups for 20 h. Then the cells were collected,the proliferations of the T cells labeled by CFSE were analyzed,and the secretion condition of IL?4 and IFN?γ of the cells were detected by flow cytome? try. Results Results After amplification,the proliferative index(PI)of CD4+ T cells that were stimulated with P. f antigen was signifi? cantly higher than those in the nRBC antigen group and the negative control group(both P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the PIs of γδ T cells in the above three groups(P>0.05) . Meanwhile,the percentages of the CD4+ T cells se? creting IL?4+ in the P. f antigen group was significantly higher than those in the other two groups(both P<0.05),while the per? centages of T cells secreting IFN?γ in the 3 groups had no significant difference(P>0.05) . Conclusion Conclusion The purified P. f anti? gen could effectively stimulate the proliferation of CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood of healthy people,and the latter can play a role in immunoregulation through secreting IL?4 preferentially.
    Prediction and identification of T-cell epitopes in major group 3 allergen derived from Dermatophagoides farina
    LI Na, LI Chao-Pin, DIAO Ji-Dong, ZHAO Bei-Bei, JIANG Yu-Xin
    2014, 26(4):  415. 
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    Objective To predict and identify T cell epitopes of major group 3 allergen derived from Dermatophagoides fari? na(Der f 3) . Methods The T cell epitopes of Der f 3 were analyzed through the sequence analysis by using the bioinformatics online tools. The five predicted peptides of T?cell epitopes were artificially synthesized. The spleen lymphocytes were co?cultured with the five T cell epitopes by using the modified MTT method and the levels of IL?2,IFN?γ,IL?4 and IL?5 in the supernatant of the cultures were detected by ELISA. Results Five T cell epitopes of Der f 3 were predicted and three of which could pro? mote the proliferation of the mouse spleen lymphocytes. The secretions of IL?2 and IFN?γ were significantly induced and the se? cretions of IL?4 and IL?5 were significantly decreased by three of five prediction epitopes of Der f 3:37 GDCPYQISLQSSSHFC? GG54 ,98 IYQHENYDSMTIDNDVALIKLKTPMT123 and 164 SELQRVDIDVVSREQCDQLYS184 . Conclusion Three T cell epitopes of Der f 3 have been initially identified,which lays the foundation of the diagnosis and treatment of asthma.
    Construction and expression of a chimeric gene with T-/B-cell epitopes of major allergen group 1 from Dermatophagoides farina
    XU Hai-Feng, XU Peng-Fei, WANG Ke-Xia, LI Chao-Pin
    2014, 26(4):  420. 
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    Objective Objective To construct and express a chimeric gene with T?/B?cell epitopes of the major allergen group 1 from Dermatophagoides farina(Der f 1) . Methods Methods Two chimeric genes,Der f 1A and Der f 1B,were synthesized as B1?T1?B2?T2? B3?T3?B4?T4?B5?T5?B6 and B1?B2?B3?B4?B5?B6?T1?T2?T3?T4?T5 pattens. Two recombinant vectors,pET?28a (+) ?Der f 1A and pET?28a (+) ?Der f 1B,were constructed for prokaryotic expression. These chimeric genes were induced by 1 mmol/L IPTG (final concentration),digested with restriction enzymes and sequenced. The chimeric proteins were analyzed by SDS?PAGE and Western blotting. Results Results After digestion by restriction enzymes and sequencing,the recombinant vectors were constructed successfully. The specific bands for chimeric proteins were visible by SDS?PAGE and Western blotting,suggesting that these proteins were purified successfully. Further analyses were performed for IgE?binding properties of Der f 1A and Der f 1B to sera from patients sensitized to house dust mite. Compared with the parental allergens Der f 1,Der f 1A and Der f 1B had reduced IgE ?binding capacity(both P < 0.05),whereas the difference between Der f 1A and Der f 1B was not statistically significant(P > 0.05) . Conclusion Conclusion Two chimeric proteins are expressed successfully,which contain T?/B?cell epitopes of Der f 1 and provide a basis for specific immunotherapy.
    Application of health education path in advanced schistosomiasis patients with splenomegaly in perioperative period
    PAN Jie, LIU Ling, YAN Yi-Hua, SHAO Zhi-Wei, LI Qin, ZHOU Rui-Hong
    2014, 26(4):  425. 
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    Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of health education path on advanced schistosomiasis patients with splenomega? ly in perioperative period. Methods Methods A total of 60 advanced schistosomiasis patients with splenomegaly in perioperative period were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group(30 cases each group) . The patients in the observation group were intervened by the nursing and health education from admission to discharge according to the standardized process of health education path,while those in the control group were implemented with the conventional health education. Then the satis? faction of nursing work,hospital stays,hospitalization expenses and mastery of health knowledge of the patients in the two groups were investigated and the results were compared. Results Results The satisfaction rates of nursing work of patients in the obser? vation group and the control group were 90% and 60%,respectively,the difference between them was statistically significant ( χ2 = 7.57,P < 0.05) . The average hospitals stays of the above two groups were 14.0 ± 3.5 d and 19.0 ± 6.8 d(t = 2.85,P < 0.01),respectively,and the average hospitalization expenses were(1.5 ± 0.5)thousand Yuan and(2.2 ± 0.7)thousand Yuan (t = 24.57,P < 0.01),respectively,both of the differences were statistically significant. On the 10th day after surgery,the mas? tery rates of the health knowledge of the two groups were 96.7% and 50.0%,respectively,the difference was statistically signifi? cant( χ2 = 16.86,P < 0.001) . Conclusions Conclusions The implementation of the health education path can promote the rehabilitation of advanced schistosomiasis patients with splenomegaly,and increase the satisfaction as well as improve the mastery of the health knowledge of the patients. Meanwhile, it also can cut down the hospital stays and save the hospitalization expenses.
    Investigation of wild feces pollution in schistosomiasis endemic areas in Yunnan Province
    ZHANG Yun, FENG Xi-Guang, XIONG Meng-Tao, SUN Jia-Yu, SONG Jing
    2014, 26(4):  428. 
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    Objectives Objectives To understand the status of wild feces distribution and pollution in schistosomiasis endemic areas in Yunnan Province. Methods Methods According to the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails and characteristics of human and ani? mal activities in recent five years,6 schistosomiasis endemic villages in Weishan,Nanjian and Midu counties(2 villages each county)were selected as the investigated areas and more than 4 hm2 area with snails around each village were investigated for the types and densities of wild feces. The schistosome infested feces was detected with the hatching method. Results Results Totally 63 hm2 were investigated and 420 wild feces were found in all kinds of environments. The densities of wild feces were 0.066 7 piles/ 100 m2 ,and the densities of wild feces of the road and the hillside were the highest(0.098 7 piles/100 m2 and 0.088 0 piles/100 m2 respectively) . Totally 260 fresh wild feces were collected,including the feces of human being,cattle,horse,dog,sheep and pig,and the feces of cattle and dog was the most(37.38% and 30.71%,respectively) . No schistosome positive feces was found. Conclusions Conclusions There are a lot of wild feces in snail areas in Yunnan Province,and the risk of schistosomiasis transmission is still high. Therefore, we should strengthen the banning grazing measures and the investigation of dogs.
    Effect of Parasep? feces centrifuge tube method on detecting schistosome eggs
    MA Nian, ZHANG Hua-Ming, LIU Xiong, XIAO Chuan-Yun, WEN Xiao-Hong, LI Xia, DONG Li-Chun, CUI Cai-Xia, TU Zu-Wu
    2014, 26(4):  431. 
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    Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of the Parasep? feces centrifuge tube method on detecting schistosome eggs. Methods Methods A total of 803 residents aged from 6-65 years were selected in 2 schistosomiasis endemic villages,Jiangling Coun? ty,Hubei Province,and their stool samples were collected and detected parallelly by the Kato?Katz technique,nylon silk egg hatching method,and Parasep? feces centrifuge tube method at the same time. Results Results Among the 803 people,15 cases were found of schistosome egg positive,and the positive rate was 1.87%. The positive rates of the Kato?Katz technique,nylon silk egg hatching method,and Parasep? feces centrifuge tube method were 0.75%,1.49% and 1.12%,respectively. The schistosome eggs got with the Parasep? feces centrifuge tube method were clear and easy to identify. Conclusion Conclusion In low endemic areas of schistosomiasis,the Parasep? feces centrifuge tube method can be used as schistosomiasis japonica etiology diagnosis method.
    Comparation of Toxoplasma gondii separated from HIV-positive people and RH strain GRA6 gene
    CHEN Ling-Juan, GIA Yu-Xi, LENG Li, LUO Mi, GAO Ju, LI Wei, SHEN Li-Jie
    2014, 26(4):  434. 
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    Objective Objective To comparatively analyze Toxoplasma gondii separated from HIV ? positive people and RH strain GRA6 gene. Methods Methods By using the nested PCR,the amplification of Dali HIV?positive blood samples and RH strains of Toxo? plasma GRA6 genome was performed. The GRA6 gene amplification positive product was selected and the electrophoresis imag? ing was performed by being digested with the Mse I endonuclease,and the gene sequences were measured and analyzed. Re Re? ? sults sults The GRA6 gene fragment(800 bp)was successfully amplified,and about 600 bp and 200 bp bands were got by Mse I. The sequencing results showed that T. gondii GRA6 gene positive samples had 2 nucleotide variation compared with T. gondii strain RH,namely 447 base pair at C becoming G,and 623 base pair at G becoming T. At 146 bp and 690 bp,the Mse I restric? tion sites(TTAA)were found. Conclusion Conclusion The preliminary judgment shows that the Dali HIV?positive T. gondii genotype is consistent with RH strain,belonging to genotype I.
    Toxoplasma gondii infection status in abnormal pregnancy women
    ZHANG Shu-Fang, SONG Ren-Hao
    2014, 26(4):  437. 
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    Objective Objective To investigate the relationship between Toxoplasma gondii(TOX)infection and abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Methods Methods A total of 126 cases of abnormal pregnancy women in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,the Fourth People’ s Hospital of Langfang from March to December 2013 were chosen as an experimental group,and 263 cases of normal pregnancy women of childbearing age as a control group. The TOX?IgM and ?IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA. The data in the two groups were processed and analyzed by SPSS13.0. Results Results The positive rates of TOX?IgM,?IgG in 126 cases of abnormal pregnancy women were 7.94% and 19.84% respectively,and 1.90% and 8.75% in the control group respectively,and there were significant differences between them(χ2 IgM = 6.82,χ2 IgG = 9.70,both P<0.01) . The positive rates of TOX?IgM,?IgG in the normal pregnancy women were lower than those in 4 sub?groups of abnormal pregnancy women,and all the differences were statistically significant( χ2 spontaneous abortion = 10.40,χ2 premature delivery = 9.03,χ2 embryo damage =4.32,χ2 birth defect = 4.04,all P< 0.05) . However,the TOX?IgM,?IgG positive rates in the 4 sub?groups of abnormal pregnancy women had no statistically signifi? cant difference(P > 0.05) . Conclusions Conclusions TOX infection could cause serious abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Therefore,the comprehensive control measures should be strengthened.
    Research on competency building standards of institutions of schistosomiasis prevention and control in Hubei Province I Investigation of institution management
    LIU Han-Cheng, ZHONG Chen-Hui, LIAO Si-Qi, HE Hui
    2014, 26(4):  439. 
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    Objective Objective To investigate the current situation of management of institutions of schistosomiasis prevention and control in Hubei Province,so as to explore the probable competency building standards for these institutions at the county and township levels. Methods Methods By using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods,the institutions of schistosomiasis prevention and control at county and township levels were investigated for the institutional setup,staffing and fulfillment func? tions since the reform of 2004. Results Results Among 63 schistosomiasis endemic counties(cities,districts)of Hubei Province, there were 26 independent schistosomiasis control institutions(41.27%),there were 24 institutions which were incorporated in? to CDC(38.10%),and there were no institutions in 13 counties(20.63%) . Among 518 endemic towns,there were 299 institu? tions(57.72%) . The total staffing size were 1 932,but there were 1 586(82.09%)people actually working in the post,and therefore there were 346(17.91%)empty positions. The average rates of carrying out the six functions were 91.48%-71.19%, but only 19.23% of the institutions participated in the comprehensive schistosomiasis control management project and its effect assessment. Conclusion Conclusion According to the management model for schistosomiasis control institutions under the current institu? tional mechanisms,we need a rigorous industry standard to constrain,guide and standardize the management and capacity ? building of the institutions in different historical periods.
    Current situation of scientific research capacity of schistosomiasis control institutions of municipal cities in Hubei Province
    YING Chao-Yu, TAN Xiao-Dong, HUANG Ya-Dong, JIANG Bao-Jie
    2014, 26(4):  442. 
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    Objective Objective To evaluate the levels of the Chinese literature published by the schistosomiasis control institutions of 17 municipal cities of Hubei Province. Methods Methods The related literature published from 2008 to 2012 was searched from the da? tabases of CNKI, VIP and Wanfang and then screened by the exclusion criteria. NoteExpress and Excel softwares were applied to collect the literature and carry out the bibliometric analysis. Results Results A total of 168 papers were included and the schistosomia? sis control institutes of Jingzhou City and Wuhan City had the highest amount. The literature was mainly published in Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control and Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine. The comprehensive influence index? es of the schistosomiasis control institutes of Jingzhou,Wuhan and Qianjiang cities were higher. The schistosomiasis control in? stitutes of Jingzhou City had an extensive content of literature while Wuhan was mainly focused on epidemiology,case report and Oncomelania hupensis snail control. Conclusion Conclusion The research of schistosomiasis in each municipal city has an extensive con? tent and the research capacity of the schistosomiasis control institute of Jingzhou City is relatively outstanding.
    Enolase and parasitic infection
    GAO Hong, YU Chuan-Xin
    2014, 26(4):  445. 
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    Enolase is one kind of important glycolytic enzymes which widely exists in most organisms. A number of recent studies confirm that this enzyme has the functions of activating the plasminogen,involving in the processes of infection and mi? gration of parasites,reducing the immune function of the host as well as preventing parasites from the immune attack of the host. This paper reviews the current research advances in the parasite enolase,and explores its potential for diagnosis,drug develop? ment and vaccine target of parasitic diseases.
    Multilocus sequence typing and its application on population genetic structure analysis of parasites
    LIANG Wei-Tao, LIU Hua, DENG Yao
    2014, 26(4):  449. 
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    Multilocus sequence typing(MLST)with high solution,sensitivity and specificity,is widely used to study the population genetic structure of pathogen by amplification and sequencing of the housekeeping genes. MLST also provides more evidence and plays an important role in parasite research. This paper reviews the principle and method of MLST,and its applica? tion on population genetic structure analysis of parasites.
    Research progress of interaction between Toxoplasma gondi hoptry proteins and host cells
    ZHAO Gui-Hua, YIN Shu-Xia, YIN Kun
    2014, 26(4):  453. 
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    Rhoptry proteins are the major virulence factors of Toxoplasma gondii. They locate in different parts of the host cells,and can affect the membrane,cytoskeleton structure and active factors of the host cells,so as to block the cell intrinsic de? fense mechanisms of the host,and let T. gondii invade,parasitize and proliferate in the host successfully. The function and ac? tion mode of rhoptry proteins reflect the pathogenic mechanism of T. gondii,which holds great significance to looking for toxo? plasmosis drug targets and developing molecule vaccines. This paper reviews the research progess of the interaction between rhoptry proteins of T. gondii and host cells.
    Schistosomiasis status of staff in Hydrology Bureau of Yangtze Water Resources Committee in 2013
    FU Jun, LENG Cheng-Mei, TANG Min, YAO Wei-Gang
    2014, 26(4):  457. 
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    Objective Objective To understand the status of schistosomiasis of staff in the Hydrology Bureau of Yangtze Water Re? sources Committee and the Oncomelania hupensis snail condition of their work areas in 2013,so as to provide the evidences for the schistosomiasis control in the industry. Methods Methods The physical examination data about schistosomiasis of the staff from 2006 to 2013 were collected and analyzed to understand the schistosomiasis prevalence condition of the staff and the changes of their liver parenchyma. Meanwhile,the snail status in the work areas was surveyed. Results Results There were 1 393 staff involved in the physical examinations of schistosomiasis in 2003,197 of them were schistosomiasis patients,the prevalence rate was 14.14%,and no new acute schistosomiasis case occurred. The cases whose liver parenchyma were classified as Grade 0,Ⅰ, Ⅱ,Ⅲ occupied 28.9%,67.0%,3.05% and 1.02%,respectively. A total of 24 work areas were involved in the snail survey, and 71 snails were captured. Among the whole snails captured,39 were living snails,but no schistosome infected snails were found. Conclusions Conclusions The prevalence rate of schistosomiasis in staff of the Hydrology Bureau of Yangtze Water Resources Com? mittee is relatively high,so the schistosomiasis surveillance as well as the snail survey and control still should be carried out con? sistently.
    Sampling survey of schistosomiasis prevention knowledge among middle school students in endemic areas of Hubei Province
    XIAO Han, LI Shi-Yue, GAO Meng-Ting, Yan-Hong, ZUO Dan
    2014, 26(4):  459. 
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    Objective Objective To understand the schistosomiasis prevention knowledge of middle school students from areas with dif? ferent endemic levels in Hubei Province. Methods The schistosomiasis endemic regions were divided into transmission con? trolled areas and endemic controlled areas in Hubei Province,middle school students from different types of areas were selected through stratified randomized cluster sampling and were investigated by questionnaire. Results Results A total of 3 204 students were se? lected and investigated. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis prevention and control knowledge among the students ranged from 65.1%-90.3%. Overall,the students from endemic controlled areas had higher knowledge rates of all the items than those from transmission controlled areas(all P<0.05) . The middle school students acquired schistosomiasis prevention knowledge mainly from the teachers,parents,doctors and schistosomiasis staff. Conclusion Conclusion Health education to students should adopt different ways targeting at different endemic levels in the future.
    Molluscicidal effects of 3 molluscicides by spraying and poudrage methods in dry season
    XIA Zhu-Guo, CAO Zhe, ZHANG De-Bo, LIANG Xun-Yin, YUAN Xiu-Bai, YIN Chuan-Qiong, CHENG He
    2014, 26(4):  461. 
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    Objective Objective To evaluate the effects of 3 molluscicides namely 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules,4% “Luo? wei”(Tea?seed distilled saponins,TDS)and 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt(WPN)by spraying and pou? drage methods in marshland and lake regions in dry season. Methods Methods An environment with a high snail density was chosen as the experimental field,then the spraying and poudrage experiments were carried out in the field to assess the molluscicidal effects of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules,TDS and WPN delivered by spraying and poudrage methods with a concentration of 30, 6 and 2 g/m2 ,respectively,and the molluscicidal effects of the 3 drugs by the two methods were evaluated and compared in differ? ent time. Results Results After the delivery for 15 d,the adjusted snail death rates of the 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules,TDS and WPN in the spraying experiment were 79.00%,82.29% and 84.83%,respectively,and those in the poudrage experiments were 97.42%,95.27% and 96.62%,respectively. Conclusion Conclusion The molluscicidal effect of poudrage method is better than the spraying method, and the former is worthy of further extension and application in the marshland in dry season.
    Current status of advanced schistosomiasis in Pukou District|Nanjing City, 2013
    ZHU Hu-Min, YU Xi-Mei, YOU Jun, WUI Jia-Mei
    2014, 26(4):  463. 
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    Objective Objective To understand the current status of advanced schistosomiasis in Pukou District,Nanjing City,so as to provide the evidence for its appropriate treatment. Method Method An epidemiological investigation and medical examinations were carried out based on the national standard for the people who either had been already identified as advanced schistosomiasis or were new suspects. Results Results There were 55 cases of advanced schistosomiasis in Pukou District,2013. Among them,51 cases (92.73%)were splenomegaly type and 4 cases(7.27%)were ascites type. Fifty?three cases(96.36%)were clinically cured,1 case(1.82%)was in the stable condition and 1 case(1.82%)still needed further treatment. In terms of the age,the youngest was 49 years and the oldest was 86 years. The gender distribution was male accounting for 58.18%(32 cases)and female 41.82%(23 cases) . Conclusion Conclusion The condition of patients with advanced schistosomiasis in Pukou District,Nanjing City is complicated. The investigation and treatment to the patients should be conducted regularly.
    Protective effect of Fangyouling on Schistosoma japonicum infection
    ZHU Xu-Yuan, LIU Xing-Yuan, WU Chao-Yu
    2014, 26(4):  464. 
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    Objective Objective To evaluate the protective effect of Fangyouling(extracted from herb)on Schistosoma japonicum in? fection in the field. Methods Methods The residents in 2 villages,Zhaonao Village and Miaochang Village,were divided into Group A (139 persons)and Group B(162 persons),and the residents in Group A embrocated Fangyouling before their contacting the in? fested water and the residents in Group B did not. All the residents were investigated with questionnaires,and received the blood and stool examinations for schistosomiasis. Results Results The positive rates of blood tests were 3.13% and 9.34% in Group A and Group B respectively, the positive rates of stool examinations were 1.92% and 6.44% in Group A and Group B respectively(both P values < 0.05) . Conclusion Conclusion Fangyouling has a good protective effect on S. japonicum infection.
    Experimental study on quick determination of viability of Oncomelania hupensis by staining
    YE Pin-Kai, TANG Xue, WU Dan, WANG Shao-Sheng, ZHOU Shu-Lin
    2014, 26(4):  466. 
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    Objective To find out a quick,simple and convenient method of determining the viability of Oncomelania hupen? sis. Methods O. hupensis snails were stained for 30 minutes by 0.05% water soluble dye neutral red,0.5% methylene blue,red ink,methylene blue?eosin?borax(MEB)and 0.4% trypan blue,respectively. The soft tissue samples of the snails were observed by a stereoscopic microscope after crushing their shells. Results The vital snails were stained and the dead were unstained in the neutral red. The vital and dead snails were unstained in methylene blue. However,the vital and dead snails were stained in red ink. The partial vital and dead snails were stained in MEB. The vital snails were stained and the partial dead were stained in trypan blue. Conclusion The use of 0.05% water soluble dye neutral red is simple,rapid and accurate in determination of the viability of O. hupensis.
    Surveillance of malaria in Huai'an District, Huai'an City, 2009-2013
    TANG Zhao-Wu
    2014, 26(4):  468. 
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    Objective Objective To analyze the results of malaria surveillance in Huai’ an District in the recent 5 years,so as to pro? vide the evidences for the establishment of suitable control strategy in the district. Methods Methods The febrile patients among perma? nent and floating populations in Huai’ an District from 2009 to 2013 were examined by immunity and etiology methods and the mos? quito vector in this district were investigated. Results Results In recent 5 years,a total of 48 203 person?times among permanent popula? tion were examined,and no positives ones were found,and totally 360 person? times among floating population were examined, and 53 cases of malaria were detected,including 2 vivax malaria cases,48 falciparum malaria cases and 2 undifferentiated cases, and the positive rate of the floating population was 14.72%. All the cases were exported workers infected in Africa and Southeast Asia. A total of 1 048 Anopheles sinensis mosquitoes were captured in 2003,no other Anopheles mosquitoes were found. Conclu Conclu? ? sions sions In recent 5 years,no local malaria cases have been found in Huai’ an District,but the imported cases increase,and more? over, the mosquito vector and the transmission condition of malaria still exist.
    Investigat Investigation on knowledge of malaria prevention and control in residents of Suining County
    TANG Yue-E
    2014, 26(4):  470. 
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    Objective Objective To understand the status of knowledge of malaria prevention and control in residents of Suining Coun? ty,so as to provide the reference for improving the implementation of malaria elimination. Methods Methods Nine villages in 3 townships (3 villages per township)were randomly selected as the study areas,and 200 residents aged above 15 years of each village were in? vestigated with questionnaire for the knowledge of malaria prevention and control. Results Results The awareness rates of“malaria trans? mission way”, “main symptoms of malaria”, “life?threatening of falciparum malaria”, “how to treat malaria”,and“how to pre? vent malaria”were 96.27%,95.01%,81.46%,98.19% and 96.27%,respectively. There were no significant differences between the different genders and among the different areas(all P>0.05),but there were significant differences among different age groups(all P<0.05) . Conclusion Conclusion The awareness of malaria prevention and control in residents of Suining County is relatively high,which means the health education is effective.
    Investigation on infections of human intestinal parasites in Taixing City
    ZHAO Lan-Mei, ZHANG Nian-Kun, XU Xiang-Zhen, CHEN Xiu-Lan, DING Wei-Feng
    2014, 26(4):  473. 
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    Objective Objective To understand the current status of infections of intestinal parasites of population in Taixing City,Ji? angsu Province. Methods Methods The infection rates and densities of human intestinal parasites were investigated according to the methods of the National Investigation Scheme on Human Principal Parasites,and the data of society,economy and disease con? trol were collected and analyzed. Results Results Among 2 556 people investigated in five villages,16 persons were found with intesti? nal parasites, with an infection rate of 0.63%. The infection rate was higher in residents with a low education level than in others and it was higher in the age group over 50 years than in the group under 50 years. The infection density was mild and the most was the single parasite infection. Conclusions Conclusions The current status of intestinal parasite infections of population in Taixing City has reached the county?level control standard of Jiangsu Province. Therefore,the preventive strategy and measures should be ad? justed and the monitoring work should be strengthened.
    Awareness and infection of Toxoplasma gondii in married childbearing women in Chengde Region
    LI Xue-Jing, XU Tao, SONG Ren-Hao
    2014, 26(4):  475. 
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    Objective Objective To understand Toxoplasma gondii infection and awareness condition of married childbearing women in Chengde Region,so as to provide the evidence for the establishment of control measures. Methods Methods Totally 733 married childbearing women who took physical examination in Chengde Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July to December in 2013 were investigated by questionnaire to understand the awareness condition on T. gondii infection,then 490 women among them from 3 counties and 2 districts were randomly chosen to detect the Toxoplasma antibodies by ELISA. Results Results A total of 733 questionnaires were returned,and 126 women knew related knowledge about T. gondii infection,and the awareness rate was 17.19% (126/733) . Sixty?three women were determined as infected cases,and the infection rate was 12.86% (63/490) . The infection rates of the women who with higher educational level,working as medical staff and living in urban were lower,and the awareness rates of them were higher. Conclusions Conclusions The infection rate of T. gondii among the married childbearing women in Chengde Region is high,and the awareness rate of them is low. In order to decrease the infection rate as well as to increase the awareness rate of the population, the health education should be strengthened.
    One case report of overseas imported quartan malaria
    JIANG Hua, WANG Yong-Bin, ZHANG Ping, ZHANG Shi-Qin, YAN Lei
    2014, 26(4):  477. 
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    This paper reports one case of overseas imported quartan malaria and the diagnosis and treatment process. By using dihydroartemisinin combined with piperaquine, the treatment results are satisfactory