Table of Content

15 June 2014, Volume 26 Issue 3

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Distribution and schistosomiasis transmission risks of Biomphalaria straminea in inland China

HUANG Shao-Yu, ZHANG Qi-Ming, LI Xiao-Heng, DENG Zhuo-Hui

2014, 26(3):  235. 

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Biomphalaria straminea，the intermediary host of Schistosoma mansoni，was found by survey in local areas of Shen? zhen City in 1981，which was the first finding of the snail in inland China. By 2013，the snail had spread in large range of Shen? zhen City and overspread to the surrounding regions，Dongguan City and Huizhou City. Due to the facts that Shenzhen City has many international communications and is a key area of labor export，with high population mobility，while the reports of S. manso? ni infection in the returnees of our country from Africa have been increasing recently，it must be paid a high attention to whether the epidemic or transmission of schistosomiasis mansoni may happen under the present circumstance. This paper initially discusses the finding，distribution，spreading and overspreading and transmission risk of B. straminea in inland China and puts forward some related control suggestions.

Academic influence of institutes in field of schistosomiasis control and research in China

YAO Jia-Wen, GIA Tie-Wu, GUAN Ya-Yi, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2014, 26(3):  238. 

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Objective To assess the academic influence of schistosomiasis control and research institutions in China. Meth? ods The papers（including original articles and reviews）pertaining to schistosomiasis in Science Citation Index Expanded （SCIE）of Web of Science（WOS）during the period from 2002 to 2012 were searched. The number of published papers，h index and citation frequencies of the papers of Chinese institutes and authors were analyzed by a bibliometric method，and the academic influences of the institutes and authors were assessed according to the number of published papers and h index. In addition，the scientific knowledge network map was plotted by using the CiteSpace II software to analyze the inter?institution academic collabora? tion network. Results From 2002 to 2012，totally 610 papers pertaining to schistosomiasis were published by Chinese scholars， accounted for 16.7% of the published papers in global，and the quantity increased year by year. The number of published papers and h index of the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases（NIPD），China Center for Disease Control and Prevention（China CDC） were 114 and 27，respectively，both of which were ranked at the first position among all the Chinese institutes，and in the academ? ic collaboration network，the NIPD played a central and dominate part. Xiao?Nong Zhou with the h index of 17 became the out? standing academic leader in the research field of schistosomiasis control. Conclusions Both number of published papers in SCIE and h index of the Chinese institutes for schistosomiasis control are far inferior to the leading institutions in the world. It suggests that when strengthening the research and control of schistosomiasis，we should pay an attention to the output and sharing of the control experience and achievements.

Space-time clustering analysis of acute schistosome infections in marshland and lake areas in five provinces

ZHANG Li-Juan, XU Zhi-Min, ZHENG Hao, LI Shi-Zhu, XU Jing, ZHU Rong, GUO Jia-Gang

2014, 26(3):  245. 

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Objective To analyze the time and space aggregation of acute schistosome infections in marshland and lake areas in five provinces（Jiangsu，Anhui，Jiangxi，Hubei and Hunan province）from 2005 to 2012，so as to provide the evidence for es? tablishing control strategies and taking effective control measures. Methods The data of patients with acute schistosome infection in marshland and lake areas in five provinces from 2005 to 2012 were collected and analyzed with the concentration ratio and circu? lar distribution methods for the epidemic season features and time aggregation of the infection，and with the spatial autocorrelation analysis for the space aggregation of the infected cases. Results According to the concentration ratio，the occurrence of acute schistosome infection had strong seasonality，and the concentration ratio was 0.758；according to the circular distribution method， the peak day of acute schistosome infections was 10th，August. The spatial analysis suggested that the infected cases highly gath? ered around Poyang Lake，Dongting Lake and Yangtze River Basin in 23 counties of the five provinces，and the result of spatial au? tocorrelation analysis showed that the spatial autocorrelation index I was 0.16（P = 0.01） . Conclusion The occurrence of acute schistosome infections in lake regions of the 5 provinces shows strong seasonality and space aggregation，therefore we can bring the control mark forward， and take targeted prevention and control measures in high aggregation areas of acute schistosomiasis.

Analysis of characteristics of schistosome cercarial infested water contacts of residents in Poyang Lake endemic areas after operation of Three Gorges Project

ZENG Xiao-Jun, LIN Dan-Dan, JIANG Wei-Sheng, LIU Yue-Min, GE Jun, XU Sheng-Guo, CAO Huan-Li, CHEN Hong-Gen

2014, 26(3):  250. 

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Objective To understand the characteristics of schistosome cercarial infested water contact of residents in Poyang Lake endemic areas after the operation of Three Gorges Project，so as to provide the evidence for formulating a well?directed con? trol strategy. Methods The residents in two villages in schistosomiasis endemic areas were selected and surveyed for their activi? ties of infested water contacts by questionnaire. Results The proportion and frequency of infested water contacts of residents in Poyang Lake region were high and the average rate of infested water contacts was 69.77%，and 98.96% of infested water contacts occurred in spring，summer and autumn. The main ways of infested water contacts were fishing/swimming/playing for adult men， washing clothes/fishing for adult women，and swimming/playing for school children，respectively. The rates of infested water con? tacts were 73.33%，71.63% and 61.87% in adult men，women and school children，respectively. The frequencies of infested water contacts > 1 time/week，1 time/week?1 time/month，and <1 time/month were 62.61%，23.74% and 13.66% respectively. Conclu? sions The infested water contacts mainly occurs in spring，summer and autumn，and the main way of infested water contacts was fishing. Farming and mowing grass， which had been the primary way， now become the secondary way for the adult residents.

Cost-effectiveness evaluation on comprehensive control measures carrying out in schistosomiasis endemic areas with regard to different layers of administrative villages stratified by infection situation of human and domestic animals Ⅰ Cost-effectiveness study in inner embankment of marshland and lake regions from 2006 to 2010

ZHANG Hua-Ming, YU Qing, ZHANG Xia, CAO Chun-Li, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHU Hong

2014, 26(3):  254. 

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Objective To evaluate the cost?effectiveness of the comprehensive control measures carrying out in schistosomia? sis endemic inner embankment of marshland and lake regions from 2006 to 2010，so as to provide the reference for further rational allocation of limited health resources and ultimately speeding up the procedure of schistosomiasis elimination. Methods With ref? erence to the requirements of the national schistosomiasis transmission control and phase goals for schistosomiasis control in Hubei Province，Jiangling County，one schistosomiasis control pilot of Hubei Province combined with the National Health and Family Planning Commission and Ministry of Agriculture，was selected for the study. A definition of the infection rates of human and do? mestic animals was used for endemic villages stratified by different layers（i.e.，the village with the infection rates of human and domestic animals ≥3% belonged to the first layer，≥ 1% belonged to the second layer；<1% belonged to the third layer） . By us? ing the stratification method and cost?effectiveness analysis，the endemic villages stratified with the different layers were investi? gated and all the data of schistosomiasis endemic situation，cost and effectiveness of schistosomiasis control were collected and comprehensively analyzed from 2006 to 2010. Results In the effectiveness of schistosomiasis control，by the end of 2010， there were no first layer villages，there were 114 second layer villages，and there were 18 third layer villages in Jiangling Coun? ty. In the former first layer villages，the schistosomiasis patients decreased year by year ultimately to 0；but in the second and third layer villages，the schistosomiasis patients increased. In the fecal treatment and management，the coverage rates of harm? less sanitary latrines were 27.45% in 2009 and 48.74% in 2010 respectively in the second layer villages，whereas there were no harmless sanitary latrines in the first and third layer villages. In the 5 years，the input of comprehensive control measures was 10 266 3900 Yuan，much higher than the human and buffalo examinations and treatments，Oncomelania hupensis snail investi? gation and elimination（4 183 000 Yuan）and other labor inputs（2 239 500Yuan） . In the ratio of cost?effectiveness，the annual ratio of unit cost（1% reduction of human and buffalo infection and 1 hm2 reduction of snail areas）increased yearly. In addition， the semi?logarithmic stability trend analysis of health inputs and cost showed that there was a stable balance between inputs and cost in the different layers（logarithmic values of any two layers of pair?wise comparison were <1，and in the third layer villages， the annual average logarithmic values of 5 years were <1） . Whereas，in the first and second layer villages，the annual average cost was fluctuated（the costs was higher than the inputs） . Conclusion The schistosomiasis situation is reduced year by year in Jiangling County from 2006 to 2010. Whereas，the main infection source（buffaloes）still exists and the present control mea? sures including fecal management should be further strengthened. In the resource allocation，in the field of health，the annual distribution of key inputs and unit?cost control also has a further space of adjustment.

Assessment of schistosomiasis endemic situation in national surveillance sites in Hubei Province from 2005 to 2010

CHEN Yan-Yan, CAI Shun-Xiang, LIU Jian-Bing, HUANG Xi-Bao, SU Zheng-Ming, TU Zu-Wu, CHAN Xiao-Wei, LI Guo

2014, 26(3):  260. 

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Objective To assess the schistosomiasis endemic situation in the national surveillance sites in Hubei Province， so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis. Methods According to the national surveillance protocol，a longitudinal surveillance of endemic situation of schistosomiasis was carried out in 16 national surveillance sites from 2005 to 2010. Results In general，the positive rates of IHA，Kato?Katz technique and infection rates of Schistosoma japonicum decreased from 15.67%，10.93% and 1.71% in 2005 to 10.48%，8.54% and 0.90% in 2010，and declined by 33.12%，22.70% and 47.95%，respectively. The infection rates of S. japonicum of the male were higher than that of the female，and the peak infec? tion rates were in the groups aged above 30 years. The endemic situation of fishermen and farmers were relatively serious. The in? fection rates of S. japonicum in cattle decreased from 11.69% in 2005 to 1.41% in 2010，and declined by 88.01%（χ2 =298.79， P <0.001） . The areas with infected Oncomelania hupensis snails，the densities of living snails，the rates of infected snails and the densities of infected snails decreased by 90.88%，61.66%，80.00% and 92.00%，respectively. Conclusion The schistosomiasis endemic situation in the national surveillance sites in Hubei Province mitigates in 6 years，but the prevention is still a very daunt? ing task.

Molluscicidal effect comparison between TDS and MNSC in field

LIU Han-Cheng, ZHONG Chen-Hui, XU Chun-Mei, LIU Xian-Guo, SUN Hua-Shan, HUANG Xi-Fu, LI Zuo-Jun, LIAO Chang-Jun, YANG Jun-Jing, LIU Jian-Bing, FAN Hong-Ping

2014, 26(3):  265. 

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Objective To compare the molluscicidal effects between“Luo?wei” （TDS），a plant molluscicide in 4 percent， and metaldehyde and niclosamide（MNSC）in the field. Methods A natural ecological environment with Oncomelania hupensis was selected as the test area，the test concentrations of TDS and MNSC were 2.5 g/m3 and 2 ml/m3 respectively by the immersion method；the test doses of TDS and MNSC were 3 g/m2 and 2 ml/m2 respectively by the spray method；the doses of WPN in a control group were 2 g/m3 and 2 g/m2 respectively by the two methods above?mentioned. The molluscicidal effects between TDS and MNSC were compared by using the synchronous design method and parallel comparative method. Results In the TDS group，the death rate of snails was 90.70% by immersion for 24 hours，reached to 81.40% after spraying for 7 days，and there were no significant differences among the observation time points in molluscicidal effects（P＞0.05） . One day after the spraying，the death rate of snails was less in the TDS group compared with that in the MSCN group（P＜0.01），but the death rates of snails were similar in both groups 3 days after the spraying（P＞0.05） . In the MSCN group，the death rate of snails was 99.17% by immersion for 24 hours，reached to 66.07% by spraying for 1 day. In the WPS group，the death rate of snails was 97.15% by immersion for 24 hours，reached to 71.43% after spraying for 1 day，and there were no significant differences（both P＞0.05） . Conclusion TDS has a good molluscicidal activity and stable efficacy，and the molluscicidal effect of TDS is similar to that of MSCN in the filed， but the molluscicidal sensitivity of TDS is lower than that of MSCN.

Analysis on depression of patients with advanced schistosomiasis and its influencing factors

ZHOU Rui-Hong, PAN Jie, XIAO Shui-Yuan, LUO Zhi-Hong, LIU Ke-Feng, SHAO Zhi-Wei, YU Hui-Qiong, LAI Ru-Yi, YUAN Gang

2014, 26(3):  270. 

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Objective To explore the status of depression in patients with advanced schistosomiasis and its influencing fac? tors，so as to provide the evidence for improving psychological interventions. Methods A total of 206 patients with advanced schistosomiasis were investigated with the self?designed general information questionnaire，the Self?Rating Depression Scale，and WHOQOL?BREF Form. Results Among the 206 cases，the incidence of depression was 69.4%，and depression was negatively related to the quality of life（P = 0.000） . The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the times of hospitalization（β= 0.442，P = 0.007）was a risk factor for depression，while the high education levels（β = -0.583，P = 0.011）and the history of por? tal hypertension operation（β= -0.917，P = 0.000）were the protective factors. Conclusion The incidence of depression in ad? vanced schistosomiasis patients is high，and it is influenced by various factors. Therefore，we should take corresponding interven? tions to reduce its occurrence.

Monitoring and SWOT analysis of Ascaris eggs pollution in soil of rural China

ZHU Hui-Hui, ZHOU Chang-Hai, ZANG Wei, ZHANG Xue-Qiang, CHEN Ying-Dan

2014, 26(3):  274. 

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Objective To understand the status of Ascaris eggs pollution in soil at national monitoring spots of soil?transmit? ted nematodiasis，so as to provide the evidence for making countermeasures and evaluating the control effect. Methods Ten households were selected from each of the 22 national monitoring spots annually according to the National Surveillance Program of Soil ?Transmitted Nematodiasis（Trial），and the soil samples from vegetable gardens，toilet periphery，courtyards and kitchens were collected and examined by using the modified floatation test with saturated sodium nitrate. Fertilized or unfertilized eggs as well as live or dead fertilized eggs were discriminated and identified. In addition，a SWOT analysis of monitoring of Ascaris eggs pollution in the soil of rural China was carried out. Results A total of 1 090 households were monitored in 22 monitoring spots from 2006 to 2010. The total detection rate of Ascaris eggs in the soil was 30.73%，and the detection rates of fertilized，unfertilized and live fertilized eggs were 13.21%，26.42% and 20.28%，respectively. The total detection rates of Ascaris eggs in the vegetable garden，toilet periphery，courtyard and kitchen were 16.51%，13.49%，14.22% and 10.73% respectively. The SWOT analysis demonstrated that the monitoring work had both advantages and disadvantages，and was faced with opportunities as well as threats. Conclusion The pollution status of Ascaris eggs in the soil is still quite severe at some national monitoring spots，and the counter? measures such as implementing hazard?free treatment of stool，improving water supply and sanitation and reforming environment should be taken to protect people from being infected.

Soil-transmitted nematode infection of children and its influencing factors in poverty-stricken areas in two provinces of southwest China

WANG Xiao-Bing, ZHANG Lin-Xiu, WANG Guo-Fei, LUO Ren-Fu, Alexis Medina, Scott Rozelle

2014, 26(3):  279. 

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Objective To understand the infection status and the main risk factors of soil?transmitted nematodes in children in the poverty?stricken areas of Guizhou Province and Sichuan Province，so as to provide the evidences for making suitable control strategies in these areas. Methods A total of 95 villages and 6 primary schools in 6 poor counties in the two provinces were select? ed as investigation sites according to the stratified random sampling method. Eleven preschool children aged 3-5 years in each sam? ple village and 11 school children aged 8-10 years in each sample school were chose as investigation objectives，their feces were collected and examined by Kato?Katz technique. In addition，the village doctor and cadres in each village were investigated by a standardized questionnaire to understand the deworming condition of children and the social economy and sanitary status in 2009. Then the correlation between average soil?transmitted nematode infection rate and its influencing factors was analyzed by the Tobit model. Results A total of 1 707 children from 95 villages in the two provinces were examined. In Guizhou Province，the total in? fection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes in children was 46.1%，and the infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides，Hookworm，and Trichuris trichiura were 31.1%，4.1% and 10.8% respectively，and the corresponding rates in Sichuan Provinces were 9.8%， 3.6%，3.5%，2.7%，respectively. In the dimension of school，a total of 890 school?aged kids from 46 schools in the two provinces were examined，the infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes，Ascaris lumbricoides，Hookworm，and Trichuris trichiura in Guizhou Province were 53.8%，32.7%，6.6% and 14.4%，respectively，and the corresponding rates in Sichuan Province were 7.3%，2.2%，2.9% and 2.2%，respectively. The results from Tobit analysis indicated that the proportion of children accepted deworming treatment and the paddy field in the cultivated area were statistically correlated to the infections of soil?transmitted nematodes and Ascaris lumbricoides（all P < 0.05） . Conclusions The soil?transmitted nematode infection rates of children are still at a high level in poor areas of southwest China. In order to decrease the infection rates，besides the long?term deworming， water supply and sanitary improvement，and the health education should be strengthened，and the treatment of soil?transmitted nematodes should be covered by the New Rural Cooperative Medical System.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Jiangsu Province in 2012

ZHOU Hua-Yun, WANG Wei-Ming, LIU Yao-Bao, CAO Yuan-Yuan, GU Ya-Ping, TANG Jian-Xia, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2014, 26(3):  284. 

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Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2012，so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting effective malaria elimination strategies and measures. Methods The reported malaria cases from the Internet Reporting System and the epidemiological data of malaria in Jiangsu Province were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 198 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2012 with the incidence of 0.026 /10 000， which decreased by 47.06% compared with that in 2011 （374 cases） . A total of 198 malaria cases were reported from 13 prefec? tures of Jiangsu and the cases were mainly distributed in Yangzhou（34 cases），Nantong（31 cases），Nanjing（22 cases），Tai? zhou（21 cases），Xuzhou（17 cases）and Huaian（17 cases）， which accounted for 71.72%（142/198）among the total cases of the province. There were no local malaria cases reported from Jiangsu in 2012，and the imported malaria cases from other countries de? creased by 45.15% compared with that in 2011. Conclusions For the first time，there are no local malaria cases reported from Ji? angsu in 2012. However，the imported case distribution is further expanded and the infected plasmodium parasites are more di? verse. Imported malaria from other countries remains the key for malaria control in Jiangsu Province.

Construction and identification of recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis vaccine expressing Cysticercus cellulosae cC1 antigen

WANG Xue-Mei, LUO Jiang-Kun, LI Qian, LI Jiang-Yan, CHEN Yong, TAO Zhi-Yong, XIA Hui, FANG Qiang

2014, 26(3):  287. 

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Objective To construct recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis vaccine expressing Cysticercus cellulosae cC1 anti? gen. Methods The recombinant pET28a?cC1 plasmid was extracted and double digested by Xho I and BamH I restriction en? zymes，and shuttle plasmid pMV261 was extracted and double digested by Hind III and BamH I restriction enzymes. Both frag? ments were modified by Klenow fragment to form blunt end，then the large fragments of cC1 and pMV261 plasmid were purified and ligated by T4 ligase enzyme. The recombinant pMV261?cC1 plasmid was constructed and sequenced. Then the pMV261?cC1 plasmid was transformed into Mycobacterium smegmatis by the electrotransformation method. The recombinant cC1?Mycobacterium smegmatis was induced by heat and identified by the Western blotting method with the sera of cysticercosis patients. In addition， the growth states of the Mycobacterium smegmatis and the recombinant cC1 ?Mycobacterium smegmatis were compared and the growth curves were drawn. Results The restriction enzyme and sequencing results showed that the recombinant pMV261? cC1 plasmid was successfully constructed. After heat induction，a 40 kD band was showed by PAGE analysis of cC1?Mycobacterium smegmatis. The Western blotting results showed that the sera of cysticercosis patients could recognize the 40 kDa band，which sug? gested that cC1 protein was expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Compared with the Mycobacterium smegmatis，the recombi? nant cC1?Mycobacterium smegmatis showed no significant difference in proliferation characteristics. Conclusion The recombi? nant cC1?Mycobacterium smegmatis vaccine has been successfully constructed.

Plasmodium vivax specific peptides prediction and screening based on repetitive protein sequences and linear B cell epitope

TAO Zhi-Yong, XU Sui, WANG Yuan-Yuan, FANG Qiang, XIA Hui, GAO Qi

2014, 26(3):  292. 

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Objective To establish a method based on repetitive protein sequences and linear B cell epitope to predict and screen specific peptides of Plasmodium vivax. Methods A P. vivax protein sequence database was reconstructed based on Plas? moDB data，and a customized software for searching of repetitive sequences was used to count the repetition times of each 16 aa peptide in the whole database，and the highly repetitive peptides were chosen to predict the potential linear B cell epitopes. The re? petitive peptides with P. vivax specificity were selected as candidate antigen peptides to synthesize and to couple with KLH carrier protein for immunizing BALB/c mice. After the immunization，the antibody titers of the immunized mice were detected. Results The repetitive information of 16 aa peptides was analyzed by screening of the total 5 432 peptide sequences in the P. vivax data? base. A total of 22 peptides were identified as candidate peptides from the top 1 000 repetitive peptides by linear B cell epitope pre? diction on the BcePred website. Through clustering analysis and similarity comparison，five potential P. vivax specific peptides were selected，synthesized and then coupled with KLH to immunize the mice. The antibody titers of the immunized mice induced by the 5 peptides were all above 1： 9 000. Conclusion The method for predicting and screening of specific peptides of P. vivax based on repetitive protein sequences and linear B cell epitope has been established successfully，and all the 5 peptides obtained by the method can induce the high titer antibody in mice.

Prediction and identification of linear B-cell epitopes in major group 3 allergen derived from Dermatophagoides farina

LI Na, LI Chao-Pin, DIAO Ji-Dong, ZHAO Bei-Bei, LIU Wei, JIANG Yu-Xin

2014, 26(3):  296. 

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Objective To predict and identify the linear B?cell epitopes in the major group 3 allergen derived from Derma? tophagoides farina（Der f 3） . Methods The linear B?cell epitopes of Der f 3 allergen were analyzed based on the physicochemi? cal properties of amino acids including antigenicity，surface accessibility，flexibility，hydrophilicity，beta?turn by online bioinfor? matics softwares. The eight predicted peptides of linear B?cell epitopes were artificially synthesized and incubated with three aller? gic serum pools（4 serum samples in each），which were consisted of total 12 serum samples from the allergic individuals，and the strong positive epitopes were selected. Results Eight B?cell epitopes from Der f 3 were predicted successfully. Five of eight B? cell epitopes were identified with strong IgE?binding abilities followed by specific IgE assay. The amino acid sequences of them were following：33 KAKAGDCP40 ， 86 HASGGEKIQVAEIYQHENYDSMTID110 ， 118 LKTPMTLDQTNAKPVPLPPQGSDVKVG144 ， 156QEGSYSLP163 and 199 DVANGGVDSCQGDSGGPVVD218 . Conclusions Five linear B? cell epitopes of Der f 3 allergen have been identified successfully. This result might provide a basis of the diagnosis and treatment for asthma.

Research on chemotherapy measures in different Clonorchis sinensis infectiosity endemic areas

FANG Yue-Yi, RUAN Cai-Wen, GAO Xiang-Xiong, TAN Qin, CHEN Rao-Rao, HAO Yang

2014, 26(3):  300. 

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Objective To explore the suitable chemotherapy measures in different Clonorchis sinensis infectiosity endemic ar? eas. Methods The interventional groups and control groups were set up in the heavy，moderate and light C. sinensis infectiosity areas in Guangdong Province，respectively. In the intervention groups，the chemotherapy was administered among all the residents aged above 3 years in the heavy endemic areas，the chemotherapy was given among the focus populations in the moderate endemic areas，and the chemotherapy was administered among the residents infected with C. sinensis confirmed by stool examinations in the light endemic areas. No measures were carried out in the control groups. Results One year after the interventions，the C. sinensis infection rates of the interventional groups decreased by 47.90%，86.52% and 100%，the abnormal rates of liver B ultrasonic ex? aminations decreased by 26.50%，31.00% and 100%，the ALT abnormal rates decreased by 48.70%，62.30% and 100%，and the AST abnormal rates decreased by 55.50%，39.90% and 100% in the heavy，moderate and light endemic areas，respectively. There was no decreasing trend of above?mentioned indexes in the control groups. Conclusion In the different C. sinensis infectios? ity endemic areas， the different chemotherapy measures should be carried out.

Quality of life and its influencing factors of advanced schistosomiasis patients in Qingpu District, Shanghai

LI Gui-Fu, TENG Zheng, TIAN Jian-Guo, YU Xi, YU Xue-Qin, SUN Xiao-Dong

2014, 26(3):  303. 

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Objective To assess the quality of life（QOL）of advanced schistosomiasis patients，and understand its influenc? ing factors. Methods A questionnaire survey was carried out by using WHOQOL?BREF，and the information of demography， family，illness，health status，and health service was collected. Results Among the 217 advanced patients，the average age was （75.33±6.94）years，the ratio of male to female was 2∶5，89.86% of them were farmers，75.58% were illiterate or semi?illiterate， and 88.94% belonged to the splenomegaly type. Totally 61.29% of the cases had the scores over average for the overall QOL，but the scores for the health and well?being were lower. There were a significant difference among the average scores of different do? mains of QOL（χ2 = 23.46，P < 0.01） . Both the year of being diagnosed and clinical classification was not associated with the scores of QOL. Regularly taking physical activities was significantly associated with each of all the 4 domains. The factors such as onset of acute disease in 2 weeks，taking therapeutic pills daily，marital status，age，etc. impacted the specific domains of QOL. The overall QOL and the 4 domains of the patients were at medium level；meanwhile，the score of physiological domain was lower than the scores of the other 3 domains. Conclusions The QOL （s）of advanced schistosomiasis patients in Qingpu District are rel? atively good. It is important to provide effective community health services and encourage the patients to take part in tempered sports or physical activities in order to keep their normal activities of daily living.

Impact of Toxoplasma gondii infection on pregnancy outcomes in early pregnant women

CHEN Yu-Kun, YANG Ya-Xiao, WEI Shi-Jin, SONG Ren-Hao

2014, 26(3):  308. 

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Objective To explore the impact of Toxoplasma gondii infection on pregnancy outcomes in early pregnancy wom? en. Methods Toxoplasma gondii IgM and IgG antibodies in the peripheral blood of 2 993 early pregnant women were detected by using enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） . According to the test results，the infected ones were divided into an acute in? fection group，a previous infection group，and an active infection group，and 200 pregnant women without Toxoplasma infection were randomly chosen as a control group，and the pregnancy outcomes of the four groups were followed up and the results were compared. Results There were 286 women infected with Toxoplasma gondii，with the infection rate of 9.56%（286/2 993），in which 43 cases were diagnosed as acute infection，156 were previous cases，and the other 87 were active infection ones. The inci? dences of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the above 3 groups and the control group were 13.95%（6/43），1.92%（3/156），5.75% （5/87）and 1.50%（3/200），respectively. The incidences of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the acute infection group and active in? fection group were both higher than that in the control group，the differences were statistically significant（both P < 0.05），while there was no significant difference between the previous infection group and control group（P > 0.05） . Conclusion Acute and ac? tive Toxoplasma gondii infections are closely associated with the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in early pregnant wom? en；therefore，Toxoplasma gondii IgM antibody should be included in the routine inspection items of the pre?pregnancy physical examination for child?bearing age women.

Comparative study on EEG and neuroimaging of patients with cerebral cysticercosis before and after treatment

WANG Zhong-Lei, FU Ting-Xia, HU Ying-Xin, LI Gui-Ling, MAO De-Hua, TAN Wen-Bin

2014, 26(3):  311. 

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Objective To study the changes of cerebral function and pathological morphology before and after the antiparasit? ic treatment with albendazole and praziquantel in patients with cerebral cysticercosis. Methods The data of EEG and neuroimag? ing of 412 patients with cerebral cysticercosis were retrospectively analyzed. Results Before the treatment，the mild abnormali? ty，moderate abnormality，and severe abnormality were observed in 40.53%，45.63% and 13.84% of the patients respectively， which mainly showed the diffuse or focal irregular slow waves，or epileptiform discharges found in the abnormal brain waves. CT/ MRI manifestation could be divided into six types，including single sacculus type（23.59%），multiple sacculus type（44.42%）， encephalitis type（13.59%），coexistence of macrocyst and sacculus type（4.85%），calcification type（2.18%），and mixed type （11.41%） . After 3 courses of the treatment，the normal and improved EEGs were observed in 79.85% and 20.15%，respectively. CT/MRI showed the foci being all absorbed（77.18%），being most absorbed（20.63%），and being no changes（20.18%）which were calcified focus. When cerebral cysticercosis were in acute stage（the single and multiple sacculus type，encephalitis type， and macrocyst and sacculus coexistence type），the therapeutic effect was good；while in the mixed type，the therapeutic effect was relatively poor. If cysticercosis were in the calcification stage，the patients only needed the heteropathy. Conclusions In the pa? tients with cerebral cysticercosis，EEGs show the mild to severe abnormalities，and CT/MRI mainly shows the multiple sacculus type. After the treatment，the abnormal EEGs are gradually recovered and the low density foci can be all absorbed，but some calci? fied focus still exist in some patients.

Soil-transmitted nematode infections and cognitive behavior in rural residents of Dezhou City in 2011

XU Bei-Shuang, WANG Ying, DONG Jian, XI De-Feng, ZHANG Jing-Jing

2014, 26(3):  314. 

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Objective To understand the status of soil?transmitted nematode infections，as well as the awareness and healthy behavior on soil?transmitted nematodiasis in rural residents of Dezhou City. Methods Six villages were selected according to the stratified sampling method；the permanent resident population aged 3 years or above was determined as the investigation objects. The modified Kato?Katz technique was adopted to detect the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides，hookworm and Trichuris trichiura in the feces of the residents，and the method of cellophane anal swab was used to detect the Enterobius vermicularis infection in children under 12 years old. More than 50 households in each investigated site were randomly selected to investigate the awareness status on nematodiasis prevention and treatment and the condition of healthy behavior formation. Results A total of 2 294 residents were detected by Kato?Katz methods，11 of them were positive，and the total infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes was 0.48%. To? tally 260 children were detected and 40 were infected with E. vermicularis，and the infection rate was 15.38%. A total of 898 resi? dents were investigated in the household survey and the awareness rate of nematodiasis prevention and treatment was 44.99%，the proportion of residents with healthy behavior was above 70%. Conclusions The infection rate of soil?transmitted nematode is low in rural areas of Dezhou City，but the infection rate of E. vermicularis in children is higher. The condition of healthy behavior forma? tion is satisfying，but the awareness rate of nematodiasis prevention and treatment of the residents is low. Therefore，the control measures as well as healthy education still should be strengthened.

Study on time, spatial and population distribution of intestinal nematode infections in Jiangsu Province in recent 30 years

CHEN Xiao-Jun, LIU Jian-Feng

2014, 26(3):  316. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemical distribution of intestinal nematode infections in Jiangsu Province in recent 30 years，so as to provide the evidence for improving prevention and control of intestinal nematodiasis in the future. Methods The literature related to intestinal nematode infections in Jiangsu Province from 1984 to 2012 was searched and the infection data in them were sorted and analyzed. Results A total of 26 papers were obtained. In the recent 30 years，the infection rates of Trich? uris trichiura，Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm in Jiangsu Province decreased gradually，but the infection levels in northern Ji? angsu were higher than those in central and southern Jiangsu. In northern and central of Jiangsu Province，the descent speed of the intestinal nematode infection levels was faster before 2000，and then it slowed down after 2000. In southern Jiangsu，the descent speed of the infection level of A. lumbricoides was the fastest，but the infection level of T. trichiura with slight fluctuation kept rela? tively steady. From 1984 to 1989，the infection rates of the 3 intestinal nematodes above?mentioned in all age groups were high， and those of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides were above 20% and 30%，respectively，and the infection rates of hookworm in mid? dle aged and elderly populations were relatively high. From 1990 to 2000，the infection rates of A. lumbricoides in children and teenager as well as that of hookworm in the people aged from 40 to 70 years were high，but those of T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides in the people above 70 years old were low. During the period of 2001 to 2012，the middle aged and elderly population and children were still the high?risk groups of hookworm and A. lumbricoides infections，respectively. Conclusions In the recent 30 years，the infection rates of intestinal nematodes in Jiangsu Province have decreased year by year，but the infection levels in northern Jiangsu are still higher than those in central and southern Jiangsu，which means that the northern Jiangsu is the key area of intestinal nema? todiasis control. Meanwhile，the A. lumbricoides infection rate of children and T. trichiura infection rate of the middle aged and el? derly population are high， which suggests that the control should put emphasis on the key population.

Investigation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women in Qingdao area

XIN Ke-Sheng, PAN Min, LIU Hui, DONG Rong-Rong

2014, 26(3):  320. 

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Objective To understand the status of Toxoplasma gondii（TOX）infection in pregnant women in Qingdao area. Methods Antibody capture ELISA was used to detect the TOX?IgM，IgG and TOX?DNA in 1 341 pregnant women and 201 infer? tility，miscarriage，stillbirth pregnant women from June 2011 to July 2013. Results Among 201 abnormal pregnant women，43 cases were TOX antibody positive，accounting for 22.39%，and among the normal pregnant women，84 cases were TOX antibody positive，accounting for 6.26%，and there was a significant difference（χ2 =10.60，P <0.05） . The TOX positive rate of 20?29 years old women was higher than that of the women aged over 30 years（χ2 =21.9，P＜0.05） . The TOX antibody positive rates of families with pets and families without pets were 26.63% and 8.77% respectively（χ2 =10.93，P <0.05） . The TOX antibody posi? tive rates were 10.94% （22/201） in unemployed women，3.98%（8/201）in farmers，3.98% （8/201）in staff，and 3.48% （7/201）in workers. Conclusions The TOX infection rate in abnormal pregnant women is significantly higher than that in normal pregnancy women；therefore，the health education should be strengthened. In addition，in young women，especially 20-29 years old women， and some special occupation women，the control measures should be enhanced.

Evaluation on implementation effect of Malaria Elimination Project supported by Global Fund in Shaanxi Province

ZHOU Ti-Cao, ZHANG Yi, DENG Yong, CHAI Zi-Chao, LIU Feng

2014, 26(3):  323. 

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Objective To evaluate the implementation effect of Malaria Elimination Project supported by the Global Fund in Shaanxi Province so as to provide the evidence for the scientific implementation of Malaria Elimination Action Plan and the exami? nation and evaluation work. Methods The data of malaria prevention and control work were collected and analyzed statistically in 27 counties from 2010 to 2012 in order to evaluate the measures and effects of malaria control. Results There were 64 reported cases in the project areas from 2010 to 2012，and the average annual incidence rate was 0.15/10 million with a declining trend. The infected area sources of patients were mainly imported overseas accounting for 79.69% of the total cases. The blood completion rate of febrile patients was 94.14%，and the scope of the blood smears testing work had expanded to 88 counties（including 61 third ?class counties） . The training coverage rate of malaria prevention knowledge and skills had achieved to 100%. The awareness rates of malaria prevention and control were 91.68% and 89.44% in the students and local residentsrespectively. The case reporting with? in 24 h after diagnosed，epidemiological case study and outbreak disposal，laboratory testing and confirming and the other case management capabilities had also improved significantly. Conclusions The implementation of the Global Fund Malaria Project in Shaanxi Province has accelerated the process of Malaria Elimination work and improved significantly the malaria control ability in the project areas.

Research progress on Plasmodium vivax chloroquine resistance

LI Jiang-Yan, LI Qian, FANG Qiang

2014, 26(3):  326. 

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Malaria remains a serious public health problem，especially in developing countries. With the deepening of the un? derstanding of vivax malaria，Plasmodium vivax is also attracting more and more attention. An effective drug treatment is the foun? dation of controlling or even eliminating malaria. In recent years，more and more reports of chloroquine? resistance Plasmodium vivax have been reported. Plasmodium vivax chloroquine resistance has been a focus problem in vivax malaria prevention and treat? ment. In this paper，the research progress on distribution situation，detection methods and molecular markers of Plasmodium vivax chloroquine resistance is summarized.

Investigation on schistosomiasis japonica infection and preventive knowledge of immigration population in Jinshan District, Shanghai

SHEN Li, TAO Jian-Xiu, YU Rui-Fang, SHEN Guo-Hong, WU Jun, CAI Li, CAO Chun-Li, XU Jing, LI Shi-Zhu, GUO Jia-Gang

2014, 26(3):  332. 

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Objective To investigate the schistosomiasis japonica infection and preventive knowledge of immigration popula? tion in Jinshan District，Shanghai so as to provide the evidence for improving the control work. Methods The immigration popula? tion from schistosomiasis endemic provinces and local people were screened by serum IHA screening for schistosome infection， and the positives were further examined by Kato?Katz technique and the miracidium hatching method. The schistosomiasis preven? tive knowledge and behaviors were investigated by questionnaires. Results A total of 579 were investigated with 348 immigration people and 231 local people，and among them，the male accounted for 72.0% and female accounted for 28.0%. In the immigration population，the main age group was 20-29（56.0%），and 56.6% of the immigration had an education level at senior middle school or higher. The most proportion of immigration was from Anhui Province（36.2%） . There were 4 IHA positive persons（1.15%）in the immigration，and 1 was positive in the stool test，and the schistosome infection rate was 0.29%. There were no positives in the local people. The schistosomiasis preventive knowledge of the immigration was generally poor，and some people’ s behaviors of see doctor and medication were incorrect. Conclusion There are schistosome infected persons among the immigration population from schistosomiasis endemic provinces，and their schistosomiasis prevention knowledge was poor，thus there is a schistosomiasis transmission risk.

Monitoring report of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Huizhou District in 2013

LING Zhi-Li, HU Zao-Yuan, FANG Yi-Min

2014, 26(3):  335. 

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Objective To further master the Oncomelania hupensis snail situation in Huizhou District，so as to provide the ev? idence for improving the prevention and control work. Methods According to the prevalence of schistosomiasis in history and the characteristics of residual snail points in recent years，the snail surveys were carried out with the environmental sampling and sys? tematic sampling method in history snail environments and their surrounding suspicious environments. Results Totally 5 298 940 m2 in 12 administrative villages of 3 townships were investigated and there were 24 406 m2 snail areas at 5 remaining snail spots in 4 administrative villages. The highest snail density was 283 snails/0.1 m2 ，and the average density of living snails was 2.31 snails/ 0.1 m2 . A total of 4 303 snails were captured，1 534 were checked by microscopy，and no infected snails were found. Conclu? sion The snail situation is still not stable in Huizhou District， and the monitoring of snail situation still need to be strengthened.

Treatment of acute gastric mucosal lesion after pericardial devascularization of advanced schistosomiasis: a report of 15 cases

ZHENG Shao-Long, XU Chun-Mei, XIAO Xiu-Lan

2014, 26(3):  337. 

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Objective To discuss the therapy for acute gastric mucosal lesion（AGML）after pericardial devascularization of advanced schistosomiasis. Methods Fifteen advanced schistosomiasis patients with AGML after pericardial devascularization re? ceived supporting therapy，reducing stomach acid and protecting gastric mucosa therapy，reducing gastric blood flow therapy，en? doscopic spraying topical hemostatic agents or electric coagulation therapy，etc. Results After pericardial devascularization of ad? vanced schistosomiasis，15 patients occurred AGML，and among which，10 cases occurred from 8 to 14 days，and the shortest pe? riod was 5 days and the longest was 23 days. Among the 15 patients，13 patients were cured（86.7%），and 2 died. Conclusion The comprehensive therapy including supporting therapy，reducing gastric acid and protecting gastric mucosa，and endoscopic he? mostasis is effective in the treatment of AGML.

Establishment of archives of Schistosoma japonicum antibody indirect hemagglutination tests

LUO Wei, ZHOU Xue-Wen, MA Kui, WANG Jing, GAO Ying-Ping, CHEN Shu-Qing, LUO Zhi-Wei

2014, 26(3):  339. 

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Objective To establish written and electronic archives of Schistosoma japonicum antibody indirect hemagglutina? tion（IHA）tests. Methods In the process of schistosomiasis screening by IHA，the written records，electronic records，and se? rum sample bank were combined to make comprehensive archives. Results The S. japonicum antibody IHA test archives can pre? serve the schistosomiasis screening data in the long term and even can trace the source of experiments，and the operation was sim? ple. Conclusion The archives of S. japonicum antibody IHA tests are simple and useful， and worth of popularization.

Efficacy of splenectomy plus selective pericardial devascularization under endoscope in treatment of advanced schistosomiasis patients with portal hypertension and hypersplenism

DENG Dong, LI Ling-Yun, LI Xiang, HU Yue, LIU Juan-Juan

2014, 26(3):  341. 

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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of splenectomy plus selective pericardial devascularization under endoscope in the treatment of advanced schistosomiasis patients with portal hypertension and hypersplenism so as to explore the minimally in? vasive and safer surgical treatment. Methods A secure splenectomy was performed with laparoscope and its supporting devices， and at the same time，the ligation of the left gastric vein and the ligation of esophageal vein perforating vertically into the esopha? gus were also performed in 14 advanced schistosomiasis patients with portal hypertension and hypersplenism. Results Among the 14 patients，the splenic artery was separated and clipped before the treatment of splenic pedicle. One patient was of conversion to open laparotomy for the splenic vein rupture bleeding in the separation. There was no death. Conclusion The operation of sple? nectomy plus selective pericardial devascularization under endoscope is effective，truly minimally invasive，and safe in the treat? ment of advanced schistosomiasis patients with portal hypertension and hypersplenism.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of mechanical and manual soil-buried methods for Oncomelania hupensis control

JIANG Nengi-Meng, XIE Xiao-Dong, HUANG Li-Lan, WANG Song-Bo, ZHENG Shou-Gui

2014, 26(3):  343. 

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Objective To explore a high molluscicidal efficient method in special Oncomelania hupensis snail environments. Methods In 2005 and 2006，in large special environments（rubble creek beaches and seepage barren hills with snails），the me? chanical soil?buried method（excavator digging to bury deep snails）and manual soil?buried method were used respectively，and the results were compared for the cost?effectiveness. Results With the mechanical soil?buried method in 2006，the investment was 0.78 yuan/m2 ，and the compression rate of snail areas was 100%；with the manual soil?buried method in 2005，the investment was 1.34 yuan/m2 ，and the compression rate of snail areas was 20.26%. The former was much better than the latter. Conclusion In the large special environments with snails，the mechanical soil?buried method is superior to manual soil?buried method.

Nursing of advanced schistosomiasis patients: a report of 52 cases

FAN Xiao-Chun, JIANG Lan-Ying, LIU Wen-Xue

2014, 26(3):  345. 

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Objective To explore the reasonable nursing interventions of advanced schistosomiasis patients. Methods The medical records of 52 advanced schistosomiasis patients hospitalized from 2008 to 2013 were collected，and the nursing interven? tions were summarized. Results The 52 cases of advanced schistosomiasis included 38 men and 14 women，with a mean age of 65.8 years（57-75 years） . Totally 53.8% of the subjects were schistosome positive by IHA test，67.3% positive by ELISA，and 21.2% positive of HBsAg. There were 13 cases of ascites type，34 cases of megalosplenia type，and 5 cases of dwarfism type of ad? vanced schistosomiasis. Following the therapy together with nursing interventions，73.1% achieved clinical cure，23.1% achieved stable，and 3.8% achieved improvement. The major nursing interventions involved basic nursing，diet nursing，treatment nursing， physiological nursing and surgical nursing. Conclusion The scientific and reasonable nursing interventions can improve the ther? apeutic efficacy and prognosis in advanced schistosomiasis patients，as well as improve their quality of life.

Molluscicidal effect of simple black film mulching in mountainous areas of Yunnan Province

YANG Meng-Xian, ZUO Ji-Mao, ZUO Jia-Xin, YUAN Wen-Ying, WANG Neng-Jun, LI Jian-Fen

2014, 26(3):  346. 

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Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of black plastic mulching in mountainous areas of Yunnan Prov? ince. Methods In Leqiu Village，Nanjian County，Yunnan Province，the terraced fields with Oncomelania hupensis snails were divided into A，B，C，D，E groups，and of which，A，B，C，D groups，as the experimental groups，were administered with sim? ple black plastic mulching for 30 days，60 days，90 days and 120 days respectively；Group E，as the control group，was adminis? tered with 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder spraying. Results In Group C and D（simple black film mulching for 90 days and 120 days），no snails were found after the administration，the average density of living snails decreased by 100%， and the cost of one year was similar to that of the control group. Conclusion The molluscicidal effect of black plastic mulching is good in mountainous areas.

Survey of infections of soil-transmitted nematodes in Shuyang County, Jiangsu Province, 2011 and 2012

WEI Liang-Xiang, LIU Jian-Feng

2014, 26(3):  349. 

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Objective To explore the status of infections of soil?transmitted nematodes of residents in Shuyang County，Jiang? su Province from 2011 to 2012. Methods Totally 2 140 residents of Machang Town and Longji Town in Shuyang County，Jiangsu Province were investigated，and their stool samples were collected and detected by Kato?Katz technique，and in addition，the chil? dren aged 3-12 years were examined by the cellophane anal swab method，in 2011 and 2012. Results In 2011，the total infec? tion rate of soil?transmitted nematodes was 1.06%（11/1 034），the infection rate of hookworm was 1.06%（11/1 034），the infec? tion rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was 0，the infection rate of Trichuris trichiura was 0，and the infection rate of Enterobius vermicu? laris was 0；In 2012，the total infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes was 0.99%（11/1 106），the infection rate of hookworm was 0.27%（3/1 106），the infection rate of A. lumbricoides was 0.09（1/1 106），the infection rate of T. trichiura was 0，and the in? fection rate of E. vermicularis was 2.69%（7/223） . Conclusion The infection rate of soil? transmitted nematodes of residents in Shuyang County is low， but the surveillance is still necessary.

Molluscicidal effect of Rongbao in Mianyang City

SHI Ying-Hong, WANG Lin, LIU Shi-An, ZHANG Ying-Ying, LIU Chang-Di, WU Long

2014, 26(3):  350. 

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Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of Rongbao in schistosomiasis endemic areas in Mianyang City. Methods Three Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats with the similar snail status were selected and sprayed with Rongbao，ni? closamide，and fresh water，respectively. Then the snail status in the three fields was surveyed before the spraying and 7，15，30 and 60 days after the spraying，and the molluscicidal effects of different molluscicides were compared. Results The reducing rates of densities of living snails in the field sprayed with Rongbao were 94.4%，95.9%，98.2% and 98.8%，7，15，30 and 60 days after the spraying，respectively. The reducing rates of the densities of living snails in the other field sprayed with niclosamide were 94.0%，94.0%，89.9% and 92.2% in above?mentioned days，respectively. In the 30 days and 60 days after the spraying，the reducing rates of densities of living snails in the field sprayed with Rongbao were significantly higher than those sprayed with ni? closamide（χ2 30 d =8.18，χ2 60 d =3.97，Both P＜0.05） . Conclusion The short?term molluscicidal effect of Rongbao is similar to that of niclosamide， but the long?term effect of Rongbao is better than that of niclosamide.

Optimization of fermentation conditions of molluscicidal endophyte LL3026 from Buddleia lindleyana

HAN Bang-Xin, CHEN Jun

2014, 26(3):  352. 

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Objective To optimize the fermentation conditions of molluscicidal endophyte LL3026 from Buddleia lindleyana. Method The medium composition and cultivation conditions were optimized by orthogonal and single factor experiments. Re? sults The experiments showed that the conditions of initial pH 3，fermentation temperature 30 ℃，volume of liquid 100 ml（250 ml Erlenmeyer flask），and 3D?xylitol 0.5 g/L were optimum，and the molluscicidal activity of the fermentation filtrate reached 95%. After three hatches of cultivation，the predicted values were verified by validation experiments. Conclusion Endophyte LL3026 from Buddleia lindleyana has a good molluscicidal activity after the optimization.

Large trophozoites in blood smear of falciparum malaria: one case report

WANG Yong-Bin, KONG Xiang-Li, XU Yan, ZHANG Ying, LI Jin, ZHAO Chang-Lei, MIAO Feng, CHEN Xi-Xin, HUANG Bing-Cheng

2014, 26(3):  355. 

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This paper reports one case of atypical falciparum malaria imported from Africa，whose blood smear contains many large trophozoites，with punctiform or massive brown pigment granules，the body shape of the plasmodium is similar to that of Plas? modium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. After the gene detection by PCR，the case was diagnosed as falciparum malaria. As large tro? phozoites were rarely seen in the peripheral blood of non?severe falciparum malaria cases，much attention should be paid to the identification of Plasmodium falciparum and other plasmodia in microscopic examinations.

Dipylidium caninum infection in an infant: one case report

WEI Yan-Bin, YU Zhen-Hua, GAO Lin-Lin, WU Xiao-Yan, SHI Shi-Jun, YIN Li-Xin, MAO De-Hua, LI Gui-Ling, ZHANG Zhi-Hua, WANG Yi, HU Ying-Xin, MIAO Feng

2014, 26(3):  356. 

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This paper reports the diagnosis and therapy of one case of Dipylidium caninum infection in an infant.