Table of Content

27 October 2014, Volume 26 Issue 5

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The evidences for formulation of schistosomiasis control and elimination criteria: results from a large scale of retrospective investigations

ZHOU Xiao-Nong, WANG Tian-Ping, LIN Dan-Dan, WEN Li-Yong, ZHONG Bo, XU Jing, LI Shi-Zhu

2014, 26(5):  479. 

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In this study，we summarized the results from the retrospective investigation on endemic situation of schistosomia? sis that was implemented in nine provinces（autonomous region），China in 2009，demonstrated the role of these retrospective in? vestigations in accelerating the progress of schistosomiasis control in China，and clarified the great significance of the investiga? tion for summarizing the experiences for the control of schistosomiasis，and analyzing the changing patterns and affecting factors of endemic status of schistosomiasis in China. In addition，these retrospective investigations provide reliable evidence for revis? ing the Criteria of Schistosomiasis Control and Elimination，and for the more accurate and scientific assessment of the effec? tiveness of schistosomiasis control in China.

Survey of endemic situations in schistosomiasis transmission controlled or interrupted regions in Anhui Province

WANG Qi-Zhi, ZHANG Shi-Qing, HUANG Hong-Gang, LIN Ben-Feng, ZHANG Yin, WANG Feng-Feng, GAO Feng-Hua, WANG Tian-Ping

2014, 26(5):  482. 

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Objective Objective To understand the variation rules of schistosomiasis endemic situation before and after schistosomia? sis transmission controlled or interrupted，so as to provide the evidence for the consolidation of control achievements. Meth Meth? ? ods ods In Anhui Province，3 counties reaching the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled or interrupted were selected and their historical endemic data were collected and analyzed statistically from 10 years before the schistosomiasis transmission controlled to 2008. Results Results In Tianchang City，the Oncomelania hupensis snail area was 3.54 hm2 in a part of the lake marsh? land in the year reaching the criteria of transmission controlled（1998），and no snails were found in the year of transmission in? terrupted（2008） . No stool?test?positive resident was detected except there were 58 acute schistosomiasis cases in 1993，and the sero?test?positive rate of local residents remained at low levels（0?1.55%） . In Taihu County，the snail area was 0.84 hm2 account? ing for 0.06% of its historical accumulative snail areas in the year of transmission controlled（1971），and no snails were found three years before the transmission interrupted（1983） . However，the schistosomiasis endemic rebounded 12 years later （1995），there was an outbreak of acute schistosome infections（73 cases），and the snail area increased again to 133.7 hm2 ac? counting for 2.91% of historical accumulative snail areas. After that，the snail area kept on rising and the infection rates of resi? dents and bovine remained higher than 1%. In Guangde County，the snail area was 32.4 hm2 accounting for 1.90% of its histori? cal accumulative snail areas in the year of transmission controlled（1995） . After that，the snail area increased progressively， and the schistosomiasis endemic rebounded and there were acute schistosome infections 5 years later. The Spearman tests showed that the sero?test?positive rate（Tianchang City）and the stool?test?positive rates of residents and bovine（Taihu County） had positive correlations with the snail areas（r=0.582，0.401，0.596，all P＜0.05） . Conclusion Conclusion The snail status is a key for the consolidation of schistosomiasis transmission controlled and interrupted. Therefore，a valid surveillance system of snail situa? tion should be established as quickly as possible.

Retrospective investigation on endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province

XIAO Ying, ZHANG Juan, LI Guo, WEI Zhang-Yong, JIANG Nan, JUN Hua, CAI Shun-Xiang

2014, 26(5):  486. 

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Objective Objective To explore the changing rules of schistosomiasis infection and Oncomelania hupensis snail situation in areas where schistosomiasis transmission was controlled or interrupted or transmission rebounded after the interruption. Meth Meth? ? ods ods Daye City，Wuxue City and Jingshan County were selected and investigated retrospectively to collect the schistosomiasis epidemiological information 10 years before they reached the criteria of transmission controlled and the subsequent years until 2008. The database of retrospective investigation was established for analyzing the trends and rules of the changes of snail status and human infection status. Results Results In Daye City，there was no snail areas and schistosomiasis patients and cattle after reach? ing the criteria of transmission interrupted in 1987. The infection rate of residents were positively correlative with the infection rate of cattle and snail areas（r＝0.865，0.843，P＜0.01） . In Wuxue City，the proportion of snail areas occupying the historic snail areas kept a steady from the transmission controlled to transmission interrupted，but it began to rebound to the highest level in the history（8.93%）after the transmission interrupted for 3 years. In Jingshan County，the infection rates of residents and cat? tle were all stable from 1% to 2% after the transmission controlled. The proportion of snail areas occupying the historic snail ar? eas was rebounded from 1.63% in 1985 to 21.50% in 2008，and the densities of living snails rebounded from 2005. Conclu Conclu? ? sions sions The infected snails could be the sensitive indicator of the rebound of snail situation and human infection. The elimination of schistosomiasis still depends on the control of snail areas，including strengthening the infected snail control.

Retrospective investigation of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Hunan Province

HAN Yang-Qing, HU Ben-Jiao, ZHOU Ying-Cai, WANG Xin-Yao, HUANG Zhi-Wei, LIU Ke-Jian, WANG Yue-Ming, MENG Shi-Hua, LI Guang-Ping, REN Guang-Hui

2014, 26(5):  491. 

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Objective Objective To understand the dynamic rules of schistosomiasis endemic situation before and after reaching the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled or transmission interrupted，so as to provide the evidence for improving schis? tosomiasis control. Methods Methods Wuling District，Xihu District and Linli County were selected and investigated retrospectively to collect the schistosomiasis epidemiological information 10 years before they reached the criteria of transmission controlled and the subsequent years until 2008. A database of retrospective investigation was established for analyzing the trends and rules of changes of the Oncomelania hupensis snail status and infection status of cattle and human. Results Results In Wuling District，the en? demic situation was declining，and no schistosome infection persons，animals and snails were found after 1974. There was no re? bound until 2008. In Xihu District，the endemic situation reached the criteria of transmission controlled in 1997，and the endem? ic situation was stable. The human infection rate was positively correlated with the area of infection snails（r=0.584，P<0.05） . In Linli County，there were no snails，no infected persons and cattle twice，but 2 endemic rebounds，and there were positive corre? lations between the densities of living snails and the infection rates of human and animal during the endemic rebound period. Conclusion Conclusion The snail status is an important indicator of schistosomiasis endemic rebound. Therefore，the snail control is one of the most important schistosomiasis control measures.

Changes of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Sichuan Province and impact on schistosomiasis transmission in Three Gorges Reservoir area after construction of Three Gorges Reservoir

CHEN Lin, LIU Ding, XU Jia, WAN Jia-Jia, DUAN Bin, ZHONG Bo

2014, 26(5):  494. 

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Objective Objective To understand the changes of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Sichuan Province，the upstream of Yangtze River basin，and the impact on schistosomiasis transmission in Three Gorges Reservoir area after the construction of Three Gorges Reservoir. Methods Methods The annual reports of the schistosomiasis endemic situation in Sichuan Province from 2000? 2012，the data of the schistosomiasis surveillance sites in Sichuan Province from 2001?2012，the data of the schistosomiasis sampling survey in Sichuan Province in 2001，and the relevant reference of Three Gorges Reservoir were collected. The schisto? somiasis prevalence in human and cattle，and Oncomelania hupensis snail status were investigated. The snail survey was imple? mented in Qianjin Village，Jianyang City，Sichuan Province，the nearest village to Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Results Results The schistosomiasis endemic situation presented a continuous declining state in Sichuan Province from 2000?2012，and reached the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled in 2008. From 2012，65.07% of endemic counties reached the criteria of schis? tosomiasis transmission interrupted. From 2006，no schistosome infected snails were found. In Qianjin Village，1714 m2 environ? ments were surveyed and no snails were found. Conclusions Conclusions The schistosomiasis endemic area and snail area are significantly reduced in Sichuan Province，the upstream of Yangtze River basin，after the construction of Three Gorges Reservoir. Therefore， the possibility of schistosomiasis endemic diffusing to Three Gorges Reservoir area is minimum.

Impact of implementation of Three Gorges Project on schistosomiasis endemic situation in Hubei Province

CHEN Yan-Yan, CAI Shun-Xiang, XIAO Ying, CHAN Xiao-Wei, ZHANG Juan, LIU Jian-Bing

2014, 26(5):  498. 

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Objective Objective To understand the change of hydrological regime in the Yangtze River and schistosomiasis endemic situation after the implementation of Three Gorges Project in Hubei Province. Methods Methods The data of hydrological regime of the Yangtze River，schistosomiasis epidemic situation，and Oncomelania hupensis snail status were collected and analyzed in Hu? bei Province from 2002 to 2012. Results Results After the implementation of the Three Gorges Project in 2003，the water level of the Yangtze River slightly rose from January to March，the average water level in May and August both reduced compared with that in 2002，and the time of water withdrawal was moved up. The endemic situation of schistosomiasis showed a decline tendency in areas along the Yangtze River in Hubei Province. The positive rate of serological tests in the residents and the Schistosoma ja? ponicum infection rate in bovine decreased by 2.97% and 92.64% respectively. The numbers of human and bovine infected with S. japonicum decreased by 48.35% and 94.48%，respectively. Conclusion Conclusion After the implementation of the Three Gorges Proj? ect，t the schistosomiasis endemic situation shows a decline tendency in the areas along the Yangtze River in Hubei Province，but the long?term monitoring still need to be carried out.

Surveillance and risk assessment system of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province I Distribution of surveillance site and effectiveness of the system

SUN Le-Ping, YANG Kun, HONG Qing-Biao, ZHANG Jian-Feng, GAO Yang, XIE Chao-Yong, WANG Lin, ZUO Yin-Ping, YAO Yun-Yi, WANG Wei, LIANG You-Sheng

2014, 26(5):  504. 

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Objective Objective To establish the surveillance and risk assessment system of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province，so as to provide technical support for timely understanding of the risk of schistosomiasis transmission and implementation of target? ed control measures. Methods Methods The surveillance sites of schistosomiasis were assigned according to the epidemic status and en? demic type of schistosomiasis as well as the characteristics of the water system，and the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum in humans and domestic animals，and snail status were investigated. In addition，the quality control of serum detection of S. japon? icum infections was performed. The prevalence of human and animal S. japonicum infections，snail status and missing diagnosis of serum detection were analyzed and compared among regions. Results Results A total of 27 surveillance sites of schistosomiasis were set up in 26 counties of 10 cities，Jiangsu Province，including 14 sites in transmission?interrupted villages and 13 sites in trans? mission?controlled villages，and 15 sites in marshland and lake regions，9 sites in plain regions with water network and 3 sites in mountainous region. In the 27 surveillance sites，a total of 16 617 residents were screened for S. japonicum infection by using dipstick dye immunoassay（DDIA），and 326 were sero?positive，with a sero?prevalence of 1.96%（2.17% for men and 1.8% for women） . Of the 326 individuals undergoing parasitological examination，2 positive cases were detected in the marshland and lake region，with a S. japonicum human prevalence of 0.01%. Of the 762 floating population detected，10 were positive for blood test，with a sero?prevalence of 1.31%，and no egg?positive individuals were detected. No infection was found in the 476 do? mestic animals. Of the 746 settings surveyed，a total of 240.7 hm2 snail area was detected，with a mean snail density of 0.06 snails/0.1 m2 ，and no infected snails were found. There were 780 quality?control sera detected in 26 surveillance sites of schisto? somiasis，and the gross coincidence rate was 95.13%，with misdiagnosis rate of 1.28% and missing diagnosis rate of 19.23%. Conclusion Conclusion The surveillance sites of schistosomiasis show reasonable distribution in Jiangsu Province，and the endemic situa? tion of schistosomiasis appears a low level in the whole province.

Surveillance and forecast system of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province Ⅵ Detection technology of water infectivity based on enrichment of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae on water surface

QU Guo-Li, DAI Jian-Rong, XING Yun-Tian, WANG Wei, YANG Zhen-Kun, ZHAO Zheng-Yang, GUO Na, SUN Le-Ping, LIANG You-Sheng

2014, 26(5):  510. 

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Objective Objective To explore the enrichment technique of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae on the water surface，so as to establish a new method combined with the existing technology to detect the cercarial infested water body quickly and sensitive? ly. Methods Methods Soybean oil，gasoline，kerosene and isophorone were screened as expanding agents. The cercariae were enriched by the thrust of the expanding agents when diffusing on the water surface，and PE adsorption film and C?6 film were applied to seize them so as to determine the infectivity of the water quickly. The relationship between the dose of expanding agents and dif? fusion radius were explored. Results Results Gasoline，kerosene and isophorone were suitable expanding agents，and the diffusion ef? fect of isophorone was the best. After the enrichment by the expanding agents，the detection rate of cercariae of the method seiz? ing cercariae with the film significantly improved in the water. Conclusion Conclusion This new method could effectively improve the de? tection rate of the cercarial infested water and is suitable for the low?degree infested water.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Jiangsu Province in 2013

ZHOU Hua-Yun, WANG Wei-Ming, LIU Yao-Bao, CAO Yuan-Yuan, GU Ya-Ping, TANG Jian-Xia, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2014, 26(5):  514. 

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Objective Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2013，so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting effective malaria elimination strategies and measures. Methods Methods The re? ported malaria cases from the Internet Reporting System and the epidemiological data of malaria in Jiangsu Province were collect? ed and analyzed. Results Results A total of 341 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2013 with the incidence of 0.050/10 000，which increased by 72.22% compared with that in 2012（198 cases） . All the cases were imported from other countries including one infected by blood transfusion resulted from imported infection. The cases were mainly distributed in Li? anyungang City（15.84%，54 cases），Nantong City（14.08%，48 cases），Yangzhou City（14.08%，48 cases），Huaian City （11.44%，39 cases）and Yancheng City（8.50%，29 cases） . All the cases were confirmed in Jiangsu Provincial Reference Labo? ratory and there were 286 cases of Plasmodium falciparum，8 cases of P. vivax，9 cases of P. malariae，30 cases of P. ovale and 8 cases of mixed infections. Conclusions Conclusions There were no local malaria cases reported from Jiangsu Province in the last two years which reflected effective achievements of malaria elimination. However，the situation of imported malaria is more serious and the species of infected plasmodium are more diverse. Imported malaria from other countries remains the key of malaria con? trol in Jiangsu Province.

Application of health education of house-to-house visit in malaria prevention and control

ZHOU Wen-Gang, QU Yan, WANG Wen-Guang, TANG Song-Yuan

2014, 26(5):  517. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effects of health education of house?to?house visit in malaria prevention and control in the border and minority areas. Methods Methods A health education of house?to?house visit in malaria prevention and control was car? ried out，and baseline and follow up surveys were conducted by qualitative and quantitative methods to document the changes of local villagers’knowledge，attitudes and behaviors（KAP）of malaria prevention and control in 2 counties of Yunnan Province， and the results before and after the interventions were analyzed and compared. Results Results After the intervention，the cognition rates about malaria symptoms and signs，transmission mode，preventive measures and health?seeking behaviors were 99.3%， 98.9%，79.9% and 99.3% respectively in the local residents，and those were 39.2%，8.2%，47.0% and 49.9% respectively be? fore the intervention，and all the differences were statistically significant（P all < 0.01） . Conclusions Conclusions KAP related to malaria among the targeting population has improved after the interventions and the house?to?house visit is an effective community?based health education approach.

Detection of Plasmodium falciparum by using magnetic nanoparticles separation-based quantitative real-time PCR assay

WANG Fei, TIAN Yin, YANG Jing, SUN Fu-Jun, SUN Ning, LIU Bi-Yong, TIAN Rui, GE Guang-Lu, ZOU Ming-Qiang, DENG Cong-Liang, LIU Yi

2014, 26(5):  522. 

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Objective Objective To establish a magnetic nanoparticles separation?based quantitative real?time PCR（RT?PCR）assay for fast and accurate detection of Plasmodium falciparum and providing a technical support for improving the control and preven? tion of imported malaria. Methods Methods According to the conserved sequences of the P. falciparum genome 18SrRNA，the species? specific primers and probe were designed and synthetized. The RT?PCR was established by constructing the plasmid standard， fitting the standard curve and using magnetic nanoparticles separation. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were evaluat? ed. Results Results The relationship between the threshold cycle（Ct）and logarithm of initial templates copies was linear over a range of 2.5×101 to 2.5×108 copies/μl（R2 =0.999） . Among 13 subjects of entry frontier，a P. falciparum carrier with low load was de? tected by using the assay and none was detected with the conventional examinations（microscopic examinations and rapid tests） . Conclusion Conclusion This assay shows a high sensitivity in detection of P. falciparum，with rapid and accurate characteristics，and is especially useful in diagnosis of P. falciparum infectors with low parasitaemia at entry?exit frontier ports.

Sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 of sympatric populations of Anopheles sinensis of different feeding preferences

WANG Hai-Fang, WANG Huai-Wei, CHENG Peng, GUO Xiu-Xia, YANG Pei-Pei, GONG Mao-Qing

2014, 26(5):  526. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the existence of genetic divergence of sympatric populations of Anopheles sinensis of different feeding preferences based on the rDNA?ITS2 sequence differences. Methods Methods A large number of wild anopheles popu? lations were trapped all night by man?baited net and calf?baited net that had been set up between high?density natural villages of An. sinensis populations and vector?breeding sites，from which two groups of An. sinensis were separated by morphological iden? tification and brought back to the lab for conventional breeding. A large closed greenhouse which temperature and humidity was appropriate was selected as research settings of mark? release? recapture methods by female mosquitoes，in the center of which above An. sinensis populations baited by man and calf and respectively correspondingly marked by red and yellow phosphors were released in together，in each side of which An. sinensis were recaptured simultaneously by man?baited net and calf?baited net. An. sinensis populations trapped by man twice were brought back to the lab and bred with man?blood，correspondingly ones trapped by calf with calf ?blood. Man?preferring and calf ?preferring strains were screened respectively from An. sinensis which had been baited by man and calf by the mark? release? recapture methods after parent and F1 mosquitoes，and sequencing and aligning of both rDNA?ITS2 were conducted via PCR amplification. Results Results The recapture ratios of wild parental mosquitoes An. sinensis of man?preferring group by man?baited net and calf?baited net were 54.07%（339/627）and 45.93%（288/627）re? spectively，and ones of calf?preferring group by man?baited net and calf?baited net were 58.01%（409/705）and 41.99%（296/705）respectively. Two groups of parental mosquitoes trended towards selecting the original blood hosts in host?seeking prefer? ence（χ2 =19.42， P < 0.01） . The recapture ratios of F1 mosquitoes An. sinensis of man?preferring group by man?baited net and calf?baited net were 63.43%（765/1 206）and 36.57%（441/1 206），and ones of calf?preferring group by man?baited net and calf ?baited net were 68.22%（1 039/1 523）and 31.78%（484/1 523） . Two groups of F1 mosquitoes had more significant characteris? tics of selecting the original blood hosts in host?seeking preference（χ2 =271.69，P < 0.01）and showed the genetic differentia? tion phenomenon，but the results of sequencing and aligning of the rDNA?ITS2 via PCR amplification showed no difference in base sequence between the two strains and both were 469 bp. Conclusions Conclusions The genetic divergence based on the rDNA?ITS2 se? quence does not happen in An. sinensis sympatric populations of different feeding preferences.

Experimental study on cross-resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to 3 kinds of chemical pesticides

JIANG Bin, LI Shi-Gen, QUAN Xin, XUE Qing-Jie, TAN Wen-Bin, LIU Yong-Chun, WANG Xin-Guo, WANG Huai-Wei

2014, 26(5):  531. 

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Objective Objective To understand the cross?resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to common pesticides，so as to provide the evidence for improving the application of chemical pesticides. Methods Methods The IV instar larvae of DDVP?resistant，propoxur? resistant and cypermethrin?resistant strains as well as the sensitive strain of Culex pipiens pallens were collected to detect the re? sistance to DDVP，propoxur and cypermethrin based on the WHO bioassay method. Results Results The resistance coefficients of DDVP? resistant strain to DDVP，propoxur and cypermethrin were 14.47，8.96 and 207.27 respectively. The resistance coeffi? cients of propoxur?resistant strain to DDVP，propoxur and cypermethrin were 3.27，6.93 and 8.65 respectively. The resistance coefficients of cypermethrin?resistant strain to DDVP，propoxur and cypermethrin were 2.93，1.61 and 501.11 respectively. Con Con? ? clusion clusion The resistance and cross?resistance could be generated during the long?term application of a single kind of chemical pesticide，and we should pay more attention to the varieties and dosages of them.

Survey of infections of intestinal parasites and related factors in north-west Shandong Province

XU Yan, MIAO Feng, KONG Xiang-Li, WANG Yong-Bin, BU Xiu-Qin, ZHANG Ben-Guang, ZHAO Chang-Lei, LIU Xin, CHEN Xi-Xin

2014, 26(5):  534. 

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Objective Objective To understand the infection status of intestinal parasites and related knowledge and behavior factors of the residents in north?west Shandong Province，so as to provide the evidence for taking targeted preventive measures. Meth Meth? ? ods ods Eighteen villages were randomly selected as survey spots by the stratified multi?stage sample method. The Kato?Katz tech? nique was used to detect intestinal parasite eggs among the residents and the cellophane tape anus test was used to detect Entero? bius vermicularis eggs among 3-12 years old children. Questionnaires were applied to investigate related knowledge and behavior factors about the intestinal parasite infections in the residents. Results Results Totally 6 366 residents were detected for intestinal para? sites and the infection rate was 0.28%（18 cases） . Totally 895 children were detected for E. vermicularis and the infection rate was 5.70%（51 cases） . Totally 2 915 residents were investigated by questionnaires and the awareness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases was 26.72%. The formation rates of washing hands before meal and after WC，washing fruit and vegetable before eating，never drinking unboiled water were 55.42%，42.87%，43.54% and 83.04% respectively. The aware? ness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases of 3-12 years old children was 12.24%；and the formation rates of washing hands before meal and after WC were 47.04% and 30.44% respectively. Conclusions Conclusions The total infection rate of intesti? nal parasites is low but the E. vermicularis infection rate is high among children in north?west Shandong Province. The awareness rate of knowledge about preventing parasitic diseases and the formation rates of healthy behaviors are all low. Therefore，the tar? geted health education should be taken to increase the awareness rate and guide the residents to develop their healthy behaviors.

Retrospective investigation for endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Zhejiang Province

ZHANG Jian-Feng, ZHU Pei-Hua, YU Liu-Yan, ZHU Rong, SUN Feng, WEN Li-Yong

2014, 26(5):  538. 

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Objective Objective To analyze the changing rules of schistosomiasis endemic situation before and after reaching the crite? ria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled or transmission interrupted in Zhejiang Province，so as to provide scientific evi? dence for schistosomiasis contro1. Methods Methods Xiuzhou District and Zhuji City were selected and investigated retrospectively to collect schistosomiasis epidemiological information 10 years before they reached the criteria of transmission controlled and the subsequent years until 2008. The database of retrospective investigation was established for analyzing the trends and rules of changes of Oncomelania hupensis snail status and schistosome infection status of cattle and human. Results Results The snail status and schistosome infection kept a steady declining before reaching the criteria of transmission controlled， and there were positive correlations between the area of living snails and the infection rates of human and animal in two places（rhuman=0.764， P＜0.01， rcatlle=0.709， P＜0.01； rhuma=0.775， P＜0.01， rcatlle=0.676， P＜0.01）； No local infection person and animal except residual snails， and found 7 cases of imported infection source were found after reaching the transmission interruption. Conclusion Conclusion The epi? demic status of schistosomiasis in zhejiang is stable after reaching the criteria of transmission interruption， and residual snail are easy to re ? found and spread under some certain conditions， and some imported cases were found sometimes， which may in? crease the risks for re ? emergence of schistosomiasis. The integrated solidification strategy with emphasis on control of residu? al snails and imported cases should be taken in the areas of transmission interruption in the future.

Retrospective survey of schistosomiasis epidemic situation in Jianchuan County, Yunnan Province

YANG Li-Xin, YANG Fu-Mei, YAO Lu-Quan, LU Ai-Hua

2014, 26(5):  541. 

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Objective Objective To understand the dynamic status of schistosomiasis epidemic situation and Oncomelania hupensis snail status before and after the schistosomiasis transmission interrupted in the mountainous areas of Yunnan Province. Methods The data of schistosomiasis epidemic situation and snail status were collected and analyzed statistically in Jianchuan County from 10 years before the schistosomiasis transmission interrupted to 2008. Results Results The schistosomiasis control began in Jianch? uan County from 1954. In 1976，the criteria of schistosomiasis endemic controlled were reached，and the infection rate of popu? lation was 0.65% and the infection rate of snails was 0.40%. In 1981，the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled were reached，and the infection rate of population was 0.34% and the infection rate of snails was 1.41%. In 1993，the criteria of schis? tosomiasis transmission interrupted were reached，and the infection rate of population was 0 and the infection rate of snails was 0. There was a fluctuation in the schistosomiasis epidemic situation and snail status during the whole control duration，but the trend was decreasing. Conclusion Conclusion The time from schistosomiasis endemic controlled to transmission controlled is relatively short，but the time from transmission controlled to transmission interrupted is relatively long. In the original schistosomiasis en? demic areas， there might be some areas where there is no the disease bud there still are snails.

Seasonal changes of glucose levels in Oncomelania hupensis

LIU Ting, HUANG Chun-Lan, YANG Jin-Sun, ZHOU Shu-Lin

2014, 26(5):  544. 

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Objective Objective To study the seasonal changes of glucose levels per unit soft tissue of Oncomelania hupensis. Meth Meth? ? ods ods O. hupensis snails were collected from the beach of the Qingyi River in Wuhu City，Anhui Province from August 2012 to July 2013. They were kept in minus 80 ℃ refrigerator immediately. The male snails were distinguished from female，and their soft tissues were collected separately after crushing their shells. The hexokinase method was used to measure the glucose concen? trations，and the results were analyzed statistically. Results Results The contents of glucose decreased from March to July. The lowest glucose content in the female was 1.87 μg/mg in March，and that in male was 3.70 μg/mg in July. Both of them increased from August and reached peak levels in September（♀ = 57.38 μg/mg，♂ = 44.39 μg/mg），and then gradually decreased from Octo? ber to next January and increased in February. Conclusion Conclusion The contents of glucose have seasonal changes regularly in O. hu? pensis.

Distribution of historical Oncomelania hupensis snail environments and wetland environments inWuxi City

MENG Xiao-Jun, GAO Dong-Lin, ZHANG Xuan, LIU Bing

2014, 26(5):  547. 

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Objective Objective To understand the distribution and characteristics of historical Oncomelania hupensis snail environ? ments and wetland environments in Wuxi City since 1952，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the monitoring strategy after the schistosomiasis transmission was interrupted. Methods Methods A cross?sectional survey was conducted to collect the informa? tion of historical O. hupensis snail environments and wetland environments. Google Earth was used to present and analyze the distribution and characteristics of them. Results Results There were 2 124 historical O. hupensis snail environments in Wuxi City and the accumulative area was 2 995.7 hm2 . In 2013，there were 61 surveillance sites of wetland with the area of 32.8 hm2 ；totally 1 695 snails were caught and no O. hupensis snails were found. Conclusion Conclusion The historical O. hupensis snail environments were distributed widely and covered a large area in Wuxi City. The surveillance should be focused on the key environments and wetland.

Endemic situation of malaria in Dongtai City, 1999-2013

JIANG Huai-Yu, YANG Chang-Lin

2014, 26(5):  550. 

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Objective Objective To understand the characteristics of malaria endemic situation in Dongtai City，from 1999 to 2013. Methods Methods The data of diagnosed malaria cases and related information of prevention and treatment were collected and analyzed with the epidemiological method. Results Results From 1999 to 2013，there were 27 malaria cases in total，and among which 2 cases were local?infected with Plasmodium vivax，10 cases were imported P. vivax infections，13 cases were imported P. falciparum infections，and 1 case was a mixed infections（P. falciparum，P. vivax and P. ovale） . The imported cases accounted for 92.59% and local?infected cases accounted for 7.41%. There were no local?infected cases after 2003，and all the cases were overseas?im? ported. The main first?diagnosis points were town hospitals and village health stations，accounting for 33.33% and 33.33% re? spectively. Totally 62.96% of cases visited the clinic in 1 day after the attacking，the median of time?interval from the attacking to visiting the clinic was 1 day，the median of time?interval from the attacking to confirmed diagnosis was 3 days，and the max time from the attacking to confirmed diagnosis was 33 days. Conclusion Conclusion The malaria cases are mainly imported cases in Dong? tai City from 1999 to 2013，and therefore，the key of eliminating malaria should be the monitoring of the retuned exporting la? bors.

Investigation of Capillaria hepatica infection in rodents from Wuhan section of Yangtze River marshland

ZHOU Shui-Mao, WANG Hao, LUO Hua-Tang, XU Ming-Xing, ZHOU Ye-Hua, TIAN Jun-Hua

2014, 26(5):  552. 

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Objective Objective To understand the prevalence of Capillaria hepatica in rodents from Wuhan section of the Yangtze River marshland. Methods Methods Rodents were trapped in Jiang’ an section of Wuhan marshland of the Yangtze River. The livers of the rodents were examined for pathological changes by unaided eyes and the liver tissues were examined for the eggs of C. hepati? ca by a microscope. Results Results According to the natural conditions，the investigation was carried out in 6 survey areas. Each sur? vey area was placed with 60 mousetraps，and all 360 mousetraps were recovered. A total of 31 rodents（rodent density 8.61%） were captured and examined，including 24 Apodemus agrarius，3 Rattus norvegicus，4 Sorex caecutiens，and C. hepatica eggs were found in 1 R. norvegicus（1/3）and not found in A. agrarius，and S. caecutiens. Conclusion Conclusion This study has documented a prevalence of C. hepatica in rodents from Wuhan section of the Yangtze River marshland where is a natural epidemic focus of ca? pillariasis hepatica.

Construction and operation of network laboratory for schistosomiasis diagnosis in Jianglin County

CUI Cai-Xia, LIU Xiong, ZHANG Xia, HU He-Hua, ZHANG Hua-Ming, ZOU Ping, WEN Xiao-Hong, MA Nian, CAO Chun-Li, QIN Zhi-Qiang

2014, 26(5):  554. 

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Objective Objective To build a high quality diagnosis system for schistosomiasis surveillance in the situation of low infec? tion in Jianglin County. Methods Methods The network laboratory for schistosomiasis diagnosis was built according to the national crite? ria in Jianglin County in 2012. Results Results The network laboratory for schistosomiasis diagnosis was established successfully and the operation was quiet well. Conclusion Conclusion The establishment and operation of the laboratory play an important role in the real? ization of schistosomiasis elimination.

Strategy and effect of schistosomiasis emergency control after earthquake in Lushan County

WANG Chao-Fu, WANG Cheng-Xiang, MOU Li-Rong, ZHONG Bo, LIU Yang, WU Zi-Song, XU Liang, MENG Xian-Hong, YANG Zong-Cai, CHENG Yong, ZHU Jin-Hua, ZHOU Qi-Fu

2014, 26(5):  557. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effects of measures on the schistosomiasis control after the earth quake in Lushan County，so as to provide the experiences for post?disaster schistosomiasis control. Methods Methods The measures taken in schistosomi? asis control after the earth quake were reviewed in Lushan County in 2013，and the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis was in? vestigated and the results were analyzed. Results Results The schistosomiasis control in floating population and the control of Oncome? lania hupensis snails were enhanced，and no schistosome infections were found in both human and livestock. No infected snails and infested water were found. Conclusion Conclusion The measures of schistosomiasis control after the disaster are effective in Lushan County， and the goal to prevent major plague after the earth quake is achieved.

Advanced schistosomiasis prevalence in Jingmen City from 2004 to 2013

DING Zhao-Jun

2014, 26(5):  559. 

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Objective To understand the advanced schistosomiasis prevalence trend in Jingmen City，so as to provide the evidence for improving the disease prevention and control. Methods The changes of advanced schistosomiasis prevalence were investigated and the distribution characteristics of the patients were analyzed in Jingmen City from 2004 to 2013. Results In re? cent 10 years，the incidence of advanced schistosomiasis dropped from 0.014/thousand to 0.009/thousand，and the regional dis? tribution of the patients did not change. The number of male patients was still more than that of female patients，but more old ag? ing patients were found. The ascetic type and splenomegaly type of advanced schistosomiasis patients were the most. Conclu? sion In the next few years，the advanced schistosomiasis patients Jingmen City will reduce quickly，and concentrate on the ag? ing group and ascetic type.

Natural environment and schistosomiasis transmission in Poyang Lake region

LV Shang-Biao, LIN Dan-Dan

2014, 26(5):  561. 

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Schistosomiasis is closely related to natural environmental factors. The changes of environmental factors，such as temperature，hydrology，vegetation，soil etc.，all impact the scope and extent of schistosomiasis transmission. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake and one of the major endemic areas with schistosomiasis in China. With global warming，the imple? mentation of the Three Gorges Dam operation，and the Poyang Lake Ecological Economic Planning，the natural environment in Poyang Lake area has been and will continue to change，especially，the water environment and climate environment，which are more closely related to the schistosomiasis transmission. These changes，to some extent，have affected and will continue to affect the prevalence and transmission of schistosomiasis. This article reviews the relationship between the natural environment and its changes and schistosomiasis transmission in the Poyang Lake region.

Selection of epidemic indicators for schistosomiasis GIS platform in Dongting Lake area

GUO Feng-Ying, YI Ping, LIU Zong-Chuan, LI Guang-Qiang, ZHU Jin-Hua, LI Jun-Xiang, REN Guang-Hui

2014, 26(5):  565. 

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Dongting Lake area is one of the major marshland schistosomiasis endemic areas in China. In recent years，spatial epidemiology is widely used in the research of schistosomiasis，which is a new opportunity to break through the current wander? ing situation of schistosomiasis control. In this article，both the generalized and Dongting?Lake?specific epidemic indicators of schistosomiasis are reviewed to provide the basis to construct the schistosomiasis Geographic Information System（GIS）database of Hunan Province.

Research progress of immunoregulation of B cells to schistosome infection

TANG Hong-Bin, DONG Hui-Fen, JIANG Ming-Sen

2014, 26(5):  568. 

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Recent studies found that B cell subsets and their factors have double effects on anti? and aiding schistosome infec? tion. This article summarizes the research progress of positive and negative immunoregulation of schistosome infection involving B lymphocytes， antibody and regulatory B cells（Bregs）relating cytokines（IL?10，IL?7 and TGF?β） .

Molluscicidal effect of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules against Oncomelania hupensis in a marshland field

WU Rong-Feng, XIAO Min, DAI Jian-Rong

2014, 26(5):  573. 

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Objective Objective To investigate the molluscicidal effect of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules against Oncomela? nia hupensis in a marshland field. Methods Methods The 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules were sprayed at a dose of 40 g/m2 on 3 snail?breeding marshlands in Yangzhong City of Jiangsu Province to assess its field molluscicidal actions，while 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide（MNSC)；at a dose of 4 g/m2 ）and fresh water served as controls. Results Results After seven days spraying, 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules resulted in a of snail mortal85.42%ity，while the mortality rates of snails were 82.35% and 2.86% in the MNSC and water control groups，respectively. Conclusion Conclusion 5% niclosamide ethanol? amine granules exhibit a high molluscicidal activity，which is suitable to be used in the mashland.

Effects of comprehensive schistosomiasis control in marshlands of Pukou District, | | Nanjing City

ZHU Hu-Min, WAN Li-Xin, QING Lei, YE Ping

2014, 26(5):  575. 

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effects of comprehensive schistosomiasis control in marshlands of Pukou District， Nanjing City so as to provide the evidence for developing the strategy of the disease control. Methods Methods The information of the prevention and control of schistosomiasis was collected in Pukou District from 2004 to 2013. The variations of the infection rates of human，livestock and Oncomelania hupensis snails were analyzed. Results Results In 2013，the area with snails in the entire dis? trict was 384.09 hm2 ，which was 66.24% decrease compared to 1 137.61 hm2 in 2004. Moreover，after 2008，no infected?snails and schistosomiasis patients were found，and both the density of live snails and serum positive rate of schistosomiasis declined with years. Conclusions Conclusions After the comprehensive prevention and control is conducted，the schistosomiasis situation in Pukou District is stable. However，in order to consolidate the results，it is still essential to continue monitoring the previous infected snail environments and implementing the comprehensive prevention and control measures.

Clinical analysis of early esophageal varices bleeding after endoscopic varices ligation in advanced schistosomiasis patients

LIU Lie-Quan, ZHANG Jun, TIAN Yue-Xiao, HU Heng, WANG Gang

2014, 26(5):  577. 

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Objective Objective To study the clinical characteristics of early esophageal varices bleeding after endoscopic varices liga? tion（EVL）in advanced schistosomiasis patients. Methods Methods The data of 206 advanced schistosomiasis patients who received VEL were collected and studied retrospectively. Results Results There were 17 cases of early esophageal varices bleeding after EVL in? cluding 1 died case，the early hemorrhage rate was 8.25%，and the mortality rate was 0.5%. The early bleeding occurred from the 4th to 12th day，and 76% occurred from the 7th to 9th day postoperatively. The direct cause of hemorrhagic was ligation ring falling off，and the inducements were the improper diet（10 cases，58.8%）and increased abdominal pressure（6 cases，35%） . All the cases of early esophageal varices bleeding occurred in the patients whose liver function being Child?Pugh C. Conclu Conclu? ? sions sions The incidence and mortality of EVL early postoperative hemorrhage are both low，and mostly occur from the 7th to 9th day postoperatively. We should pay attention to the diet and nursing，and the patients with Child?Pugh C liver function are the high risk group.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province in 2013

WANG You-Bin, SHAN Xiao-Wei, CAI Shun-Xiang, ZHOU Xiao-Rong, ZHANG Juan, CHEN Yan-Yan, TU Zu-Wu, LIU Jian-Bing

2014, 26(5):  579. 

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Objective Objective To understand the dynamic schistosomiasis situation in Hubei Province so as to provide the evidence for formulating the effective control strategy. Methods Methods According to the Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance in Hubei Province（the 2009 edition），207 endemic villages were selected and investigated for the schistosome infections of residents and livestock，and the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails. Results Results The average infection rates of residents and cattle were 0.35% and 0.15% respectively，and the endemic situation of fishermen and farmers were relatively serious（0.44% and 0.42%，respectively） . The density of living snails was 0.30 snail/0.1m2 ，but no infected snails were found. Conclusion Conclusion The en? demic situation of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province was stable in 2013，but the efforts for the infectious source control still should be strengthened.

Effect of integrated control of schistosomiasis in Shashi District from 2009 to 2013

LIU Jin-Ming, LIAO Xian-Chao

2014, 26(5):  581. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of integrated schistosomiasis control in Shashi District from 2009 to 2013，so as to provide the evidence for the development and adjustment of schistosomiasis control strategies. Methods The data of inte? grated schistosomiasis control from 2009 to 2013 were collected and analyzed for the epidemic situations of human，livestock and Oncomelania hupensis snails. Results From 2009 to 2013，the infection rates of human and cattle decreased from 2.24% and 1.92% to 0.63% and 0，with decrease rates of 71.88% and 100%，respectively；the area with snails decreased from 760.40 hm2 to 715.08 hm2 ，with a decrease rate of 5.69%；the occurrence rate of frames with living snails and the average densi? ty of living snails decreased from 26.32% and 0.67 snail/0.1 m2 to 18.30% and 0.53 snail/0.1 m2 ，with decrease rates of 30.47% and 20.90%，respectively. No infected living snails were found from 2012 to 2013. Conclusion The integrated schistosomiasis prevention and control strategies with emphasis on infectious source control could effectively reduce the infection rates of human and cattle as well as the snail situation.

Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection in some areas of Pu'er City

WU Fang-Wei, WANG Li-Bo, DU Zun-Wei, ZHOU Hong-Ning, JIANG Jin-Yong, MAO Xiang-Hua, WANG Xue-Zhong

2014, 26(5):  583. 

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Objective Objective To understand the status of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the population of Pu’ er City，so as to pro? vide the evidence for formulating the strategy of toxoplasmosis control. Methods Methods The population from Jingdong，Jinggu，and Menglian counties in Pu’ er City was surveyed；IgG of T. gondii in serum was detected by ELISA. Results Results Totally 906 resident serum samples were detected and the IgG positive rate was 24.2%. The positive rates were higher in the aged groups of 30-39 years and 60-69 years，and the difference among different aged groups was significant（χ2 =17.77，P＜0.01） . There were no si? gnificant differences between different sexualities，and among different educational levels and living habits（P＞0.05） . The posi? tive rates were 26.6% （194/730），15.5% （22/142），and 8.8% （3/34） in farmers，students and other occupations，respectively， and there was a significant difference among them（χ2 =12.51，P＜0.01） . The positive rates were 23.3% （198/849） and 36.8% （21/57） in the farmers who had the habit of rearing pigs in pens and the farmers who had the habit of free ranging pigs，respec? tively，and there was a significant difference between them（χ2 =5.33，P＜0.05） . Conclusion Conclusion The IgG positive rate of T. go? ndii is very high in Pu’ er City，and therefore，the health education for toxoplasmosis control should be strengthened.

Malaria endemic situation in Xuzhou City from 2012 to 2013

CHU Qiang-Bing, REN Jian-Qing, CHEN Yue-E

2014, 26(5):  586. 

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Objective Objective To understand the incidence and trend of malaria in Xuzhou City，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the malaria control measures. Methods Methods The information of network reported malaria cases and epidemiological da? ta were collected and analyzed statistically in Xuzhou City from 2010?2013. Results Results A total of 109 malaria cases were reported by the special report systems and the network report system in Xuzhou City from 2010 to 2013，in which there were 44 cases （40.37%）of vivax malaria，62 cases（56.88%）of falciparum malaria，2 cases（1.83%）of quartan malaria，1 case（0.92%）of ovale malaria. The latter three were all imported from other countries. Totally 93 cases（85.32%）were confirmed by laboratory， and other 16 cases（14.68%）were diagnosed clinically. There was the incidence throughout the year and there were no obvious seasonal characteristics. The positive rate of blood test in the floating population was significantly higher than that of the local res? idents（χ2 ＝868.23， P<0.01） . Conclusion Conclusion The malaria endemic situation is in the steady decline period in Xuzhou City. The local infections decrease significantly but the imported falciparum malaria cases increase year by year. Therefore，the manage? ment for floating population and fever patients should be strengthened.

Schistosomiasis endemic situation at a national surveillance site in Gong'an County, Hubei Province from 2004 to 2013

XU Zhao-Gang, HE Zheng-Wen, WANG You-Bin, TU Zu-Wu, XIONG Bo

2014, 26(5):  588. 

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Objective Objective To understand the schistosomiasis endemic situation at a national surveillance site in Gong’ an Coun? ty，Hubei Province. Methods Methods According to The Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance in China，the schistosome infection rates of residents and cattle，and the Oncomelania hupensis snail status were investigated yearly in Zhangjiahu Village，a nation? al surveillance site，in Gong’ an County from 2004 to 2013. Results Results From 2004 to 2013，the human schistosome infection rates decreased from 10.66% to 0.58%，and the cattle schistosome infection rates from 12.75% to 0. Meanwhile，the snail areas and densities reduced，and the schistosome infected snails were eliminated. Conclusion Conclusion The schistosomiasis endemic situa? tion declined dramatically at the surveillance site， and schistosomiasis is well?controlled.