Table of Content

20 June 2012, Volume 24 Issue 3

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Investigation on snails Achatina fulica and Pomacea canaliculata infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Panyu region of Guangzhou City

CHEN Chu-Xuan, HE Hui-Fang, YIN Zhu, ZHOU Jin-Huan, LI Shi-Qun, LI Fang-Hui, CHEN Jiong-Min, ZHU Wei-Jin, ZHONG Xiu-Ming, YANG Kai-Ying, LIU Gui-Ping, GIA Xun, CHEN Wan-Tong, LI Xiao-Mei, CHEN Yu-Chang, LUO Xiao-Dong, CHEN Dai-Xiong, SHEN Hao-Xian

2012, 24(3):  33-338. 

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Objective To understand the natural infection status of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in snails Achatina fulica and Pomacea canaliculata from Panyu region of Guangzhou City. Methods The snails Achatina fulica and Pomacea canaliculata cap? tured from the field were digested with the artificial stomach fluid. The third? stage larvae of A. cantonensis were examined and counted under a microscope. The collected third?stage larvae were used to infect SD rats. Results A total of 367 Achatina fulica and 357 Pomacea canaliculata were examined. The infection rate of A. cantonensis in Achatina fulica was 22.62%，with a mean in? tensity of 57.00 larvae per positive snail. The infection rate of A. cantonensis in Pomacea canaliculata was 3.08%，with a mean in? tensity of 1.64 larvae per positive snail. The infection rates of A. cantonensis in Achatina fulica from Dagang，Shiqi，Hualong，and Lanhe towns and Nansha District，were 13.33%，15.00%，20.93%，73.68% and 8.41%，respectively. Those in Pomacea canalic? ulata were 5.88%，2.88%，1.89%，0% and 3.96%，respectively. Conclusions A. cantonensis infection exists in Achatina fulica and Pomacea canaliculata from Panyu region of Guangzhou City，and the infection in Achatina fulica is more serious than that in Pomacea canaliculata. The infection rates of the snails among five sites are different.

Changing trends of main endemic indicators of schistosomiasis in Dongting Lake area

YI Ping, REN Guang-Hui, PENG Zai-Zhi, LI Xiao-Song, LUO Zhi-Hong, DONG Ru-Lan, WEN Shi-Wu, ZHAO Zheng-Yuan

2012, 24(3):  245-249. 

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Objective To analyze the main endemic indicators and their changing trend of schistosomiasis since the founding of new China for 60 years in Dongting Lake regions. Methods A variety of archival data on schistosomiasis epidemiology and control were collected，and several mathematical models were applied to estimate the main endemic indicators of schistosomiasis. Results Compared to those in 1950s，the infection rates of schistosomiasis among human and cattle in 2010 were declined by 89.3% and 94.7%，respectively；the number of schistosomiasis patients was reduced from 600 thousand to 88 thousand；the number of acute schistosomiasis patients dropped from 2 732 to 18；and that of advanced schistosomiasis patients decreased from 55 thousand to 5 632. Conclusions The high priority by government authority，suitable control models according to local conditions and huge resources are the cornerstone of success on schistosomiasis control in Dongting Lake regions.

Cost?effectiveness evaluation and investigation of control measure changes in areas of schistosomiasis transmission control in hilly regions of mountain areas I Epidemiological investigation and analysis of prevalence factors of schistosomiasis

YU Qing, WAN Xua-Xiang, LIU Qing, CAO Chun-Li, BAO Zi-Ping, ZHU Hong-Qing, ZHONG Bo, GUO Jia-Gang

2012, 24(3):  250-254. 

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Objective To investigate and analyze the schistosomiasis endemic status and influencing factors in areas of schistosomiasis transmission control in hilly regions of mountain areas，so as to provide the reference for establishing the strategy and measures to achieve the target of schistosomiasis transmission?interrupted in the similar areas. Methods Dongpo District of Meishan City，Sichuan Province，which was appropriate to the standards of schistosomiasis transmission controlled by national evalua? tion in 2008，was selected as a study area. The data of schistosomiasis control from 2008 to 2010 were collected. A survey for epidemiological factors was carried out from April to November in 2011. The survey of Oncomelania snails was performed with the systematic sampling combined with environmental method. The schistosome infection status of residents was investigated by the seroimmunological test and fecal hatching examination. The schistosome infection status of cattle was investigated by the plastic cup with top tube hatching method. The infested water contact of residents was investigated with questionnaire. At the same time，in 2011，a simple random sampling combined with rapid field assessment method was used to investigate the distribution of outdoor feces，outdoor feces containing schistosome eggs，snails and infected snails in two spots of Jingyang District，Deyang City and Renshou County，Meishan City which had been appropriate to the standards of schistosomiasis transmission controlled in 2006 and 2007 respectively. Results From 2008 to 2010，182.6 thousand-213.3 thousand local residents were examined in Dongpo District，the positive rate of sero?immunological tests of population was 6.30% - 6.81%，and the infection rate of population was 0.02% -0.07% by estimated calculation. Totally 2 835-7 260 heads of cattle were examined and no positive cases were found. The areas of snail habits were 190.00 - 232.00 hm2 ，the intensities of living snails were 0.02 - 0.19 snails/0.1 m2 ，and no infected snails were found. In 2011，totally 204.4 thousand residents were examined and the positive rate of sero? immunological tests of population was 4.98% but no positive cases were founded through the parasitological tests. A total of 1 735 heads of cattle were ex? amined and no positive cases were found. The areas of snail habits were 99.00 hm2 ，the intensity of living snails was 0.18 snails/ 0.1 m2 ，and no infected snails were found. Questionnaire analyses of a total of 537 residents in 4 villages showed that ditch，channel，pond，and paddy field were the major environments of the infested water contact of the residents. In the ditches and paddy fields，the average annual median values of water contact of residents were 15 and 20 person?times respectively before the area was appropriate to the standards of schistosomiasis transmission controlled，and 20 and 30 person?times respectively after the area was appropriate to the standards of schistosomiasis transmission controlled，and there were no significant differences（ χdit ch 2 = 1.61，χpadd field 2 = 0.03，both P＞0.05） . Whereas，in the channels and ponds，the average annual median values of water contact were 15 and 30 person?times respectively before the area was appropriate to the standards of schistosomiasis transmission controlled，but they were significantly reduced after the area was appropriate to the standards of schistosomiasis transmission controlled（χch annel 2 =10.35，χpond 2 =18.69，both P< 0.01） . In 2011，the rapid field investigation and assessment showed that the average appearance rates of snails through screening were 60.15% and 12.12% respectively in the 2 villages. The average densities of living snails were 1.19 snails/0.1m2 and 0.20 snails/0.1m2 respectively in the 2 villages，and there were no infected snails. A total of 78 outdoor feces of cattle and sheep were collected and the fecal hatching examinations showed that there were no positives. Conclusions After the schistosomiasis endemic areas in hilly regions of mountain areas are appropriate to the standards of schistosomiasis transmission controll，the achievements have been consolidated. However，the potential schistosomiasis endemic factors still exist，such as the high positive rate of schistosome sero? immunological tests in population，frequently bovine flowing， and no obviously decrease of the snail area and density of living snails. Therefore，it is an urgent need to develop more suitable new technologies and measures to accelerate the process of schistosomiasis prevention and control.

Evolution of spatial-temporal pattern of schistosome infection rates in Nanchang County, Jiangxi Province

TANG Qi-Qiang, ZHAO An, HUANG Chao-Qing

2012, 24(3):  255-259. 

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Objective To explore the evolution of spatial?temporal pattern of schistosome infection rates in Nanchang County，Jiangxi Province. Methods Based on the data of schistosome infection rates at unit of administrative villages during 2006 to 2009，the evolution of spatial?temporal pattern of schistosome infection rates was analyzed by means of global Moran?? s I，Getis? Ord General G，local Getis?Ord Gi * and variogram. Results Since 2006，the global Moran?? s I index increased，and all the Getis? Ord General G index G（d）values were 0.02，all the Z （d）values were of statistic significance（all P values were <0.01） . The hot?spots mainly distributed in the northeast and southeast of the county，while the cold spots and secondary cold spots mainly distributed in the southwest. The optimal fitted variograms of the 3 years were all Gaussian model，the Nugget coefficient decreased from 0.026 to 0.006. The spatial autocorrelation of schistosome infection rates got stronger，the ranges shrank by 9.04%. Conclusion The schistosome infection rates in Nanchang County have a tendency of clustering towards the areas along the lake，and the impact of the structural factors is increasing，but the effect range of spatial correlation is decreasing.

Retrospective investigation of formation of large-scale Oncomelania snail-ridden area in Maogang Town, Songjiang District, Shanghai City

JIN Yan-Jun, CAI Li, FEI Sheng-Jun, SUN Cai-Ying, SHEN Li, YU Rui-Fang, WANG Huai-Xian

2012, 24(3):  260-263. 

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Objective To explore the influencing factors of the formation of large?scale Oncomelania snail situation in Maogang Town，so as to provide the scientific evidence for improving snail surveillance in Shanghai. Methods The data about the geography，construction and use of floodgate，and snail status of Maogang Town and its surrounding areas，as well as the meteorology and hydrology of Songjiang District were collected and reviewed，and the factors influencing the formation of snail status were analyzed. Results The condition of water，soil and temperature in Maogang Town was suitable for snail breeding. By 1993，75% （18/24）of the mouths flowing to Huangpu River and its branches had been built. From 1991 to 2001，the average annual precipi? tation of Songjiang District was 7.44% higher than the usual condition. There were two basin?wide floods occurring in 1991 and 1999，respectively. The occurrence of tides reaching or exceeding the warning level（3.50 m）of Mishidu hydrology station was positively correlated with the rainfall in the flood season（between June and September，r = 0.903，P < 0.01） . Snails were found in some adjacent areas surrounding Maogang Town，and the snail situation peak occurred in early 1990s. In 2002，a large scale area （26.67 hm2 ）of snail habitats was detected，which was mainly distributed in the west of Maogang Town in the upstream of the Huangpu River. Conclusions The formation of large?scale snail?breeding area in Maogang Town probably is the result of the combined action of the construction and use of floodgates，increasing rainfall，floods，tides that frequently surpass warning level of Huangpu River and the snail status of upstream areas. It is necessary to pay more attention to the data collection，analysis and utili? zation about schistosomiasis?related natural and social factors. In addition，regular snail surveys are suggested in schistosomiasis non?endemic areas adjacent to snail?infested area.

Investigation on current status of advanced schistosomiasis in Sichuan Province, 2010

ZHANG Yi, ZHANG Xu-Dong, ZHONG Bo, QIU Dong-Chuan

2012, 24(3):  264-267. 

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Objective To understand the current distribution and characteristics of patients with advanced schistosomiasis in Sichuan Province，so as to provide the scientific evidence for improving the management and treatment of advanced schistosomia? sis. Methods The patients who had been diagnosed as advanced schistosomiasis or were supposed with advanced schistosomiasis were the objects of the investigation. The epidemiological survey and medical examination were used to investigate these persons one by one according to the national standard. Results There were 1 684 patients with confirmed diagnosis in 7 cities of Sichuan Province. There were 1 066 cases of splenomegaly including post?surgery（63.30%），545 cases of ascites（32.36%），44 cases of multiple granulomas in the colon（2.61%），and 29 cases of dwarf（1.72%） . Most of the patients were old and 51.72% of them were more than 60 years old. A total of 1 331 patients（79.04%）needed treatment and assistance at present，and 36.44% of them who had ascites needed internal medicine treatment. Conclusion There are also many patients with advanced schistosomiasis in Sichuan Province，and ascites and splenomegaly（post?surgery）were the main types. The patients with ascites should be the impor? tant objects of the treatment and assistance in the future.

Investigation on prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode infections and influencing factors for children in southwest areas of China

WANG Xiao-Bing, WANG Guo-Fei, ZHANG Lin-Xiu, LUO Ren-Fu, TIAN Hong-Chun, TANG Li-Na, WANG Ju-Jun, Alexis Medina, Paul Wise, Scott Rozelle

2012, 24(3):  268-273. 

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Objective To understand the infection status and main risk factors of soil ? transmitted nematodes in southwest China so as to provide the evidence for making the control programs for soil?transmitted nematodiasis. Methods The prevalence of soil?transmitted nematode infections was determined by Kato?Katz technique and influencing factors were surveyed by using a standardized questionnaire，and in part of the children，the examination of Enterobius vermicularis eggs was performed by using the cellophane swab method. The relationship between soil? transmitted nematode infections and influencing factors was analyzed by the multiple probit estimated method. Results A total of 1 707 children were examined，with a soil?transmitted nematode in? fection rate of 22.2%，the crowd infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides，hookworm，and Trichuris trichiura were 16.0%，3.8% and 6.6% respectively and 495 children were examined on Enterobius vermicularis eggs，with the infection rate of 5.1%. The results of probit estimated analysis suggested that the effects of 4 factors on soil?transmitted nematode infections were significant（all P val? ues were less than 0.05）， namely the number of sib， educational level of mother， drinking unboiled water and raising livestock and poultry. Among the factors above，the educational level of mother could reduce the probability of infection（ME= -0.074）， while the number of sib，drinking unboiled water and raising livestock and poultry could increase the probability of the infections（with ME of 0.028， -0.112 and 0.080，respectively） . Conclusions Soil?transmitted nematode infection rates are still in a high level for children in southwest poor areas of China，with Ascaris lumbricoides as a priority. The changes of children’ s bad health habits， raising livestock and poultry habits，and implementing the health education about parasitic diseases in mothers would be of great significance for the prevention and control of soil?transmitted nematodiasis.

Report of analysis of National Technique Competition for Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases in 2011Ⅱ Analysis of capabilities of Plasmodium detection

FU Qing, LI Shi-Zhu, WANG Qiang, ZHANG Li, LIU Wei, ZHENG Xiang, ZHANG Shao-Sen, XIA Zhi-Gui, ZHOU Shui-Sen, CHEN Zhao, WANG Li-Ying, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2012, 24(3):  274-278. 

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Objective To analyze the results of the National Technique Competition for Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases in 2011，so as to understand the capability of detection on Plasmodium among professionals from institutes for disease control and prevention at different levels. Methods All the contestants were grouped by the gender，age，professional title，level of institu? tion，epidemic degree of malaria of provinces，coverage status of the project of the global fund to fight malaria，and geographical location of the provinces，and their scores were statistically analyzed by SPSS 17.0 software. Results There were no significantly differences among the scores grouped by the different genders，ages，professional titles，and levels of institution（all P > 0.05） . However，there were significantly differences among the scores grouped by the different epidemic degrees of malaria of the prov? ince，coverage statuses of the project of the global fund to fight malaria，and geographical locations of the province（all P < 0.05） . For the contestants who came from the provinces with malaria epidemic counties of Class Ⅰ and Class Ⅱ types，provinces covered by the project of the global fund to fight malaria，and provinces located in the south，their scores of blood slides making and films reading under a microscope were significantly higher than those of the contestants from the provinces without epidemic counties of Class Ⅰ and Ⅱ types，not covered by the project of the global fund，and provinces located in the north，respectively. Conclu? sions The overall level of the capabilities of detection on Plasmodium is imbalanced，and the capability of films reading under a microscope is especially low. It is urgent to promote the personnel training and strengthen the capability of pathogenic detection of parasitic diseases.

Screening and verification on characteristic differentially expressed genes of Schistosoma japonicum from three reservoir hosts

YANG Jian-Mei, SHI Yao-Jun, FENG Xin-Gang, FU Zhi-Qiang, YUAN Chun-Xiu, LIU Jin-Ming, HONG Yang, LI Hao, LIU Ke, LIN Jiao-Jiao

2012, 24(3):  279-283. 

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Objective To get the characteristic differentially expressed genes of Schistosoma japonicum from three important reservoir hosts：yellow cattle，water buffalo and goat，so as to find the genetic markers to identify the various sources of the parasite reservoir hosts. Methods The 49 d worms were collected from artificially infected animals，and the total RNA （s）of worms were extracted and reverse?transcripted to cDNA，and then hybridized with custom?built microarray to screen characteristic differentially expressed genes of every host，and the microarray results were validated by the real?time PCR method. Results From results of microarray，we got 3 characteristic differentially expressed genes of S. japonicum from yellow cattle，4 from water buffalo and 7 from goat. We verified schistosome samples from three reservoir hosts in another experiment，the results showed that 2 in yel? low cattle，3 in water buffalo，and 5 in goat were verified to be consistent with microarray results. Conclusions The ten charac? teristic differentially expressed genes of S. japonicum from three reservoir hosts screened by microarray might be used as genetic markers to identify the various sources of reservoir hosts for S. japonicum.

Observation on dynamic changes of SEA specific antibody in sera of BALB/c mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum

ZHANG Ying, ZHANG Jin, BO Shu-Ying, WANG Guo-Zhi, XIN Xiao-Fang

2012, 24(3):  284-289. 

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Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of SEA?induced specific IgG，IgM in sera of BALB/c mice infect? ed with Schistosoma japonicum in 18 weeks. Methods After mice were infected with S. japonicum cercarial for 2 weeks，the sera were collected from 2 to 18 weeks post?infection. The serum levels of SEA?specific IgG and IgM antibodies were measured respec? tively by ELISA，and the different fractions of IgG and IgM antibodies were identified by the Western blotting method. Results The ELISA results showed that the serum levels of SEA?specific IgG increased 5，6，9，11 week，after the infection，and SEA? specific IgM increased obviously 5，9 weeks after the infection. The Western blotting results showed that 140，180 kDa molecules were recognized by IgG antibodies in the mouse sera 4 weeks after the infection. The specific IgG antibodies of 43，50 kDa anti? gens appeared 5 weeks after the infection. 60-130 kDa fractions were recognized by IgG in the sera 6 weeks post?infection，and 38，73 kDa proteins were recognized by IgG in the sera 9 weeks post?infection. The IgG antibodies of 26，32，35，80 kDa mole? cules appeared 11 weeks post?infection and reacted strongly 12 weeks post?infection. The IgM antibodies of 100，140，180 kDa molecules appeared 3 weeks after the infection，and 73 kDa protein was recognized by sera 6 weeks after the infection，but the re? action became strong 9 weeks after the infection. The 38，43，50 kDa proteins induced IgM antibodies in 9?week?infection sera and the reaction became stronger 9 weeks after the infection. Conclusions There is a dynamic change in the levels of specific IgG and IgM antibodies induced by S. japonica SEA and the appearance of the antibodies is related to different infection stages. The 43，50，10，140，180 kDa antigens might have the potential value of early immunodiagnosis. The 73 kDa antigen shows high diagnostic value in both acute and chronic schistosomiasis. The 28，32，35，38，80 kDa antigens are not only the diagnostic molecules for chronic schistosomiasis， but they may also have therapeutic effects，and in addition，they may be the candidate vac? cines of the disease.

Expression and clinical significance of P-gp in colonic gland of chronic schistosomiasis patients

FENG Lin-Sen, DUAN Yan-Ping, WU Ze-Sheng, LI Jing-Juan, WU Jiao, ZHANG Ai-Fen, ZHANG Dong-Kui, WANG Jin-De

2012, 24(3):  290-293. 

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Objective To study the expression of P?glycoprotein（P?gp）in patients with chronic schistosomiasis and its rela? tionship with gender and age，and to explore its clinical significance. Methods The colonic mucosa specimens of 50 chronic schistosomiasis patients and 4 persons who had a family history of colon cancer but their physical examinations were normal（as a control group）were selected and the expressions of P?gp in the colonic gland of these samples were detected with the immunohisto? chemical staining method. Results Compared with the control group，the mean gray value of the positive particles of P?gp of co? lonic epithelial cells of the chronic schistosomiasis group was significantly reduced（P < 0.05），but positive unit values were signif? icantly increased（P < 0.05），which meant the P?gp expression in colonic gland of the patients with chronic schistosomiasis was significantly increased，but this increase had no relationship with sex and age. Conclusion Chronic schistosomiasis may induce the increase of P?gp expression which may be a compensatory protection mechanism due to the stimulation of schistosome eggs to the colon tissues.

Cloning, expression and bioinformatics analysis of cyclophilin of Echinococcus granulosus

WANG Ying, SHEN Yu-Juan, YUAN Zhong-Ying, XU Yu-Xin, Han-Xiu-Min, ZHOU He-Jun, WANG Jun-Yun, WANG Hu, CAO Jian-Ping

2012, 24(3):  294-297. 

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Objective To clone and express EgCyP gene of Echinococcus granulosus and analyze EgCyP using bioinformatics. Methods Total RNAS of adult E. granulosus was extracted and reversedly transcripted to cDNA. EgCyP gene was amplified from cDNA and inserted into vector pET28a. Recombinant plasmid pET28a?EgCyP was transformed into E. coli BL21（DE3）for expres? sion under the induction of IPTG. The expressed product was identified by SDS?PAGE and Western blotting. EgCyP was analyzed by the bioinformatics software. Results The EgCyP gene was successfully amplified from cDNA of adult E. granulosus and a fu? sion protein was expressed in E .coli BL21（DE3） . The molecular weight of the expressed protein was about 22 kDa. The Western blotting indicated that the antigenicity of the protein was specific. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that there were 7 antigen ep? itopes in EgCyP. Conclusion EgCyP of E. granulosus is cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21（DE3）successfully，which might be the foundation for the further study of its immunogenicity.

Field application of multiplex PCR to distinguish Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum

GU Ya-Ping, ZHOU Hua-Yun, CAO Jun, ZHU Guo-Ding, TAO Zhi-Yong, LIU Yao-Bao, ZHU Han-Wu

2012, 24(3):  298-302. 

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Objective To explore the application value of multiplex PCR in the diagnosis of malaria in field. Methods The plasmodium genus?specific primer，Plasmodium vivax，P. falciparum species?specific primers were synthesis based on the specific target segments of small subunit of 18 S rRNA ribosomal. The multiplex PCR system was optimized，and a PCR diagnostic method of malaria was established based on the genomic specific DNA fragment of P. vivax，and P. falciparum was amplified in the same PCR reaction system. The sensitivity，specificity，and the value of field application of the multiplex PCR were investigated. Re? sults The sizes of amplification products of multiplex PCR amplifying genomic DNA of P. vivax and P. falciparum were 833 bp and 1 451 bp， respectively，and the amplification did not take place with the samples DNA of P. berghei，P. cynomolgus and healthy human blood. The sensitivities of multiplex PCR to detect P. vivax and P. falciparum were 1.1 × 10-6 and 5.6 × 10-7 parasit? emia， respectively. Compared with the microscopic examination，the positive rate of multiplex PCR to detect 119 cases of field sam? ples was 54%，missed diagnosis rate was 0.8%，and the misdiagnosis rate was naught，while the positive rate of the microscopic examination was 53%，its misdiagnosis rate and missed diagnosis rate were 1.7% and 3.4%， respectively. The compliance rate be? tween the multiplex PCR and microscopic examination was 94%. Conclusion The multiplex PCR for detecting malaria is sim? ple，rapid，specific，sensitive，etc.，which is suitable for the differential diagnosis of suspected cases，and molecular epidemiolo? gy investigation.

Survey on Blastocystis hominis infection in HIV positive individuals in Fuyang City, Anhui Province

TIAN Li-Guang, CHEN Jia-Xu, CHENG Guo-Jin, WANG Feng-Feng, GUO Jian, YIN Xiao-Mei, CAI Yu-Chun, ZHOU Li, TONG Xiao-Mei, WANG Zhen-Li, WANG Tian-Ping, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2012, 24(3):  303-306. 

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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of co?infection of HIV and Blastocystis hominis and its risk factors. Methods A total of 309 people with HIV positive in the development zone of Fuyang City were recruited，and the face to face questionnaires were conducted to collect the information of behavioral characteristics and sociodemographic data of the participants. Meanwhile，the samples of stool and blood were collected to test B. hominis，cytokines and CD4+ /CD8+ T?lymphocyte. The influencing factors of co?infection of HIV and Blastocystis hominis were analyzed by the single factor analysis and Logistic re? gression analysis. Results Among the 309 people involved，302 accepted feces examinations，286 accepted the questionnaire in? vestigation，and 263 accepted both of them. The infection rate of B. hominis was 17.11%，that of the female was 21.90%，which was significantly higher than that of the male（11.90%） （P < 0.05） . The results from the multivariate Logistic regression model showed that good nutrition was significantly associated with the co?infection of HIV and B. hominis（OR = 0.263，95% CI：0.073， 0.945） . Conclusions The infection rate of B. hominis is high in people with HIV positive，and the nutrition situation of individu? als may be one of the important risk factors associated with co?infection.

Analysis of COX1 sequences of Taenia isolates from four areas of Guangxi

YANG Yi-Chao, OU Yang-Yi, SU Ai-Rong, WAN Xiao-Ling, LI Shu-Lin

2012, 24(3):  307-310. 

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Objective To analyze the COX1 sequences of Taenia isolates from four areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Re? gion，and to understand the distribution of Taenia asiatica in Guangxi. Methods Patients with taeniasis in Luzhai，Rongshui，Ti? andong and Sanjiang in Guangxi were treated by deworming，and the Taenia isolates were collected. Cyclooxygenase?1（COX1）se? quences of these isolates were amplified by PCR，and the PCR products were sequenced by T?A clone sequencing. The homogene? ities and genetic distances were calculated and analyzed，and the phylogenic trees were constructed by some softwares. Meanwhile， the COX1 sequences of the isolates from the 4 areas were compared separately with the sequences of Taenia species in GenBank. Results The COX1 sequence of the 5 Taenia isolates collected had the same length of 444 bp. There were 5 variable positions be? tween the Luzhai isolate and Taenia asiatica，the homogeneity was 98.87% and their genetic distance was 0.011. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the Luzhai isolate and Taenia asiatica locating at the same node had a close relationship. The homogenei? ty between Rongshui isolate A and Taenia solium was 100%，while the homogeneity of Rongshui isolate B with Taeniasis saginata and Taenia asiatica were 98.20% and 96.17%，respectively. The homogeneities of the Tiandong and Sanjiang isolates with Taenia solium were 99.55% and 96.40%，respectively，and the genetic distances were 0.005 and 0.037，respectively. The homogeneity between the Luzhai isolate and Taeniasis saginate was 96.40%. Conclusion Taenia asiatica exists in Luzhai and Taenia solium and Taenia saginata coexist in Rongshui， Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

Preliminary study on serum proteomics in mice with acute Toxoplasma gondii infection by using functionalized magnetic beads and MALDI-TOF-MS technique

ZHOU Yong-Hua, HUANG Yu-Zheng, TAO Yong-Hui, WANG Jie, XU Yong-Liang, GAO Qi

2012, 24(3):  311-314. 

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Objective To detect and analyze the serum protein biomarkers in mice with acute Toxoplasma gondii infection. Methods The serum samples from 8 C57BL/6J mice with acute Toxoplasma gondii infection and 8 normal healthy paired mice were prepared with WCX magnetic beads，and then analyzed on PBSⅡ?C mass spectrometer reader. The protein spectra of the se? rum samples were normalized by the Ciphergen Protein Chip software. The peak labeling was performed by the Biomarker Wizard software. The specific protein biomarkers were screened by the Biomarker Pattern software to construct a diagnostic model for acute Toxoplasma gondii infection. Results A total of 13 distinguished proteomic peaks were detected. Nine peaks were of up?regulated expressions including m/z values of 1 932.76，1 976.85，2 090.53，5 004.5，5 776.01，5 803.05，5 847.99，5 877.51 and 7 501.58，respectively；and four peaks were of down?regulated expressions including m/z values of 1 866.40， 4 063.71，8 120.31 and 8 203.83， respectively. Conclusion The potential protein biomarkers for acute Toxoplasma gondii infection are discovered in mouse serum by MALDI?TOF?MS combined with WCX magnetic beads.

Influencing factors of changes of Oncomelania snail densities in Poyang Lake region, Nanchang City, 2011

ZHOU Yi-Sheng, PENG Guo-Hua, HU Zhu-Hua, ZHU Rong, YU Qing, CAO Chun-Li, HU Guang-Han, GUO Jia-Gang

2012, 24(3):  315-317. 

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Objective To explore the influencing factors of the significant decrease of snail densities in Poyang Lake region， Nanchang City，2011. Methods According to the elevation of the environment，5 grasslands where there were high snail densi? ties and their elevations were from 14 to 17 m were selected as study areas. The data of snails in the past three years and the hydro? logical information in the past five years were collected and analyzed. The current snail status was surveyed and the fishermen were interviewed. Results The snail density of Poyang Lake region in Jinxian County decreased by 91.2% in 2011 compared with that in 2009（P < 0.01） . In 2010，the water levels were 13.90 m in April and 16.07 m in May respectively in Xingzi Station，and the rainfalls were 312 mm in April and 356 mm in May in Poyang Lake region；in 2011，the water levels were 8.73 m in April and 10.31 m in May respectively in Xingzi Station，and the rainfalls were 90 mm in April and 145 mm in May respectively in Poyang Lake region，which were lower than those during the past five years. There was no any other apparently unusual phenomenon. Con? clusion The significant decrease of snail densities in Poyang Lake region in 2011 may be related to the long soaking time of marshland in 2010 and low rainfall in the first half of 2011.

Cost-effectiveness of schistosomiasis monitoring in Rugao City from 2001 to 2010

DU Song-Ru, XIE Ren-Shen, WU Jian, BIAN Wei-Dong

2012, 24(3):  318-321. 

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Objective To understand the cost ?effectiveness of schistosomiasis monitoring in Rugao City，a schistosomiasis transmission interrupted area，so as to provide the evidence for improving schistosomiasis control. Methods According to the na? tional and Jiangsu provincial working scheme of schistosomiasis monitoring and consolidation，the data of schistosomiasis monitor? ing were collected and the cost?effectiveness was analyzed in Rugao City from 2001 to 2010. Results During 10 years，the finan? cial input for Oncomelania snail survey was 11.694 8 million Yuan，accounting for 92.9% of the total monitoring cost. In 6 years，a few remaining snails with low density and small area were detected，and per 100 m2 snail area spent 76 788 Yuan averagely. Total? ly 23 694 people were investigated with serological tests and 15 persons were positive，but no person was positive in feces tests， and the accumulative total cost was 410 350 Yuan. The average cost for detection of 1 person was 17.32 Yuan. Totally 454 heads of cattle were investigated but there was no positive，and the accumulative total cost was 18 716 Yuan and the average cost of detec? tion of 1 case was 41.22 Yuan. The health education during the 10 years spent 172 500 Yuan，only accounting for 1.4% of the total monitoring funds. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge and the health behavior formation rate increased year by year，and they were increased by 2.48 times and 2.71 times respectively from 2001 to 2010. Conclusions In schistosomiasis transmission interrupted areas and areas with Oncomelania snails but without schistosomiasis，the monitoring index and monitor? ing method need to be studied and adjusted. Health education has a good cost?effectiveness.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Jiangsu Province in 2010

ZHOU Hua-Yun, WANG Wei-Ming, LIU Yao-Bao, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2012, 24(3):  322-325. 

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Objective To analyze malaria prevalence and epidemic characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2010，so as to pro? vide a theoretical basis for the development of effective malaria elimination strategies and measures. Methods The reported ma? laria cases from the Internet reporting system and epidemiological data of malaria in Jiangsu Province were analyzed statistically. Results A total of 386 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2010 with the incidence of 0.05 /10 000 which was sim? ilar to that in 2009. There were 100 cases of local vivax malaria， which decreased by 47.92% compared to 192 cases in 2009. The majority（75/100）of local vivax malaria distributed in Xuzhou，Huai?? an and Suqian cities which were all located along the Huai River. There were 286 imported cases including 207 imported falciparum malaria cases which increased by 104.95% comparing to 101 cases in 2009. The imported falciparum cases mainly distributed in Nantong，Taizhou，Yangzhou，Huai?? an，Yancheng and Li? anyungang cities which were located in central Jiangsu and coastal areas of northern Jiangsu. Among the 286 imported cases，38 cases which were all vivax malaria were imported from other provinces of China，and 11 cases in these 38 imported vivax cases were relapse and with the significantly higher relapse rate than that of local patients. A total of 248 cases were imported from over? seas and in which 207 cases were falciparum cases including 82 cases of recurrence after returning China. There were 23 relapse cases in 41 overseas imported vivax cases with the significantly higher relapse rate than those of both local cases and imported cas? es from other provinces of China. Conclusions The local vivax malaria cases in Jiangsu Province decrease significantly，but the number of imported vivax cases are still high and the imported falciparum cases from overseas are increasing exponentially year by year. Therefore，to achieve the target of malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province on schedule，the malaria control in key areas should be strengthened to further reduce local infection incidence，also have to actively explore the radical cure approaches during no transmission season for vivax malaria cases among mobile population and reduce the relapse rate to reduce the impact of imported vivax cases to the control effects in Jiangsu Province. At the same time，the health education to the personnel of labor export should be further strengthened to improve their awareness of self?protection，and actively carry out multi?sector collaboration and enhance the monitoring and management of returned labors from overseas to promote the work on imported falciparum malaria pre? vention and control.

Stabilities of two kinds of Plasmodium antigen substrate slides under different storage temperatures and time

FANG Wen, PAN Jia-Yun, ZHENG Xiang, FENG Xiao-Ping, JIANG Wei-Kang

2012, 24(3):  326-328. 

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Objective To observe and compare the inspection effects of antigen substrate slides of Plasmodium cynomolgi （P. c）and Plasmodium falciparum（P. f）on the malaria antibody titer under different storage temperatures and time. Methods The densities of Plasmodium of P. c and P. f antigen slides were counted through a microscope，and the average numbers of Plas? modium in each field of vision were calculated. The pooled serum of patients with tertian malaria and falciparum malaria were treat? ed as antibody serum，and the dilutions were from 1∶5 to 1∶1 280. The two kinds of antibody slides were placed under the temper? ature of 4-6，25-27，33-35 ℃，and two slides of each kind were selected at Day 3，5，7，10 post?storage to detect the end point antibody titer of malaria by the indirect fluorescent antibody test. Meanwhile，the P. c and P. f antigen slides storing under -20 ℃ for 1 year and 2 years were placed under the aforementioned 3 temperature conditions for 3 d，and the changes of the antibody ti? ters were compared. Results The densities of Plasmodium in blood cells of P. c and P. f antigen slides were 2.00×105 /μl and 1.89×105 /μl，respectively，and the average numbers of Plasmodium in each field of vision were 157±13 and 142±9，respectively. The end point titers of antibody of P. c and P. f antigen slides placed under the temperatures of 4-6，25-27，33-35 ℃ were all on a downward trend after storing for 5 d. The average antibody titers of the two kinds of slides under temperature of 4-6 ℃ and above were 1∶440 and 1∶80，respectively，and there was a significantly statistic difference between them（t = 1.940， P＜0.05） . When P. c and P. f antigen slides storing under -20 ℃ for 1 year were placed under 4-6 ℃ for 3 d，the end point antibody titers were both 1∶640，while for those storing under -20 ℃ for 2 years，the end point antibody titers were 1∶320 and 1∶160，respectively， both the differences were statistically significant（tP. c=11.362，PP. c＜0.01； tP. f =38.845，PP. f＜0.001） . Conclusion The end point antibody titers for malaria detection of P. c and P. f antigen slides decrease gradually with the raise of temperature and the prolonging of time for storage.

Analysis of seasonal variability of vivax malaria by circular distribution method in Jiangsu Province from 1961 to 2010

WANG Wei-Ming, ZHOU Hua-Yun, CAO Jun, LIU Yao-Bao

2012, 24(3):  329-332. 

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Objective To study the law of seasonal variability of vivax malaria in Jiangsu Province from 1961 to 2010，so as to provide the reference for improving malaria control. Methods The data of vivax malaria incidence from the epidemic reporting system of Jiangsu Province were collected and analyzed to understand the month morbidity，peak prevalence time and mean dura? tions，and the peak incidence durations every 10 years with the circular distribution method. Results Vivax malaria appeared ob? vious seasonal variability（P < 0.01）with different peak time（P < 0.01） . The average peak time occurred on August 9th. The mor? bidity duration was shortest（75 d）in 1963 and longest（123 d）in 2010 with a mean duration of 93 days，and the peak duration extended 146 days in 10 years from 2001-2010 compared with that from 1960-1970. Conclusion The incidence of vivax malaria presents obvious seasonal peak in Jiangsu Province and its peak concentrates in mid?July to early August，and in nearly 10 years， the days of peak incidence of vivax malaria extended.

Investigation on Anopheline species in Chayu County, Linzhi Prefecture of Tibet Autonomous Region

WANG Hong-Ju, HU Song-Lin, LI Song-Ling, GU Zheng-Cheng, CHEN Jian-She, ZHU Guo-Ding, HUANG Fang

2012, 24(3):  333-335. 

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Objective To investigate Anopheline species in Chayu County of Linzhi Prefecture，Tibet. Methods Four natu? ral villages in Chayu County were selected in this study in 2010. The methods of overnight/semi?overnight trapping indoor and out? door human?bait，and overnight trapping with light traps were used，and all the Anopheline mosquitoes were confirmed by morpho? logical characteristics. Results Totally 2 991 Anopheline mosquitoes were captured，with 76.36%（2 284/2 291）of An. peditae? niatus，22.30%（667/2 291）of An. maculates group. The average densities of An. peditaeniatus by semi?overnight trapping were 56.2/per person indoor and 4/per person outdoor respectively，and the average densities of An. maculatus group by semi?overnight trapping were 17.8/per person indoor and 17.9/per person outdoor respectively. The man?biting rates of An. peditaeniatus by over? night trapping were 28.1/per person indoor and 2/per person outdoor respectively，and were both 8.9/per person to An. maculatus group. Conclusion An. peditaeniatus and An. maculatus group are the possible transmission vectors of malaria in Chayu County.

Problems and improvements of water conservancy projects combined with schistosomiasis control in river beaches

LI Fei, MIN Feng-Yang, LU Jin-You, WANG Jia-Sheng

2012, 24(3):  339-341. 

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Water conservancy projects combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control are crucial measures to change the habitats of Oncomelania hupensis and are helpful for schistosomiasis control. In this paper，the epidemic characteristics of O. hupensis in lake regions are elaborately analyzed. Also，the specialty problems and applications of the different projects in lake regions are exhaustively discussed. According to the above analysis，some measures and improvements are propounded to deal with these problems.

Risk assessment on laboratory biosafety of Leishmania

XIONG Yan-Hong, GUAN Ya-Yi, CAO Jian-Ping

2012, 24(3):  342-344. 

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Objective To provide the evidence for improving the risk assessment and personal protective equipment and tech? niques to laboratory staff related to Leishmania. Methods The laboratory biosafety of Leishmania was preliminarily assessed based on the biological background information，potential hazards in experimental activities，the risk analyses of laboratory person? nel and other relevant factors. Results The risk assessment on laboratory biosafety of Leishmania was helpful for the establish? ment of the laboratory standard operating procedure，and was helpful for protecting the staff from infection of Leishmania. Conclu? sion The risk assessment on laboratory biosafety is important to the safety of laboratory activity related to Leishmania，and is of a great significance to protect the laboratory staff.

Progress of researches on diagnostic antigens of schistosomiasis japonica

SI Wu-Min, WANG Tian-Ping

2012, 24(3):  345-349. 

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The development of immunodiagnosis makes important contributions to the control of schistosomiasis. The most common way of diagnosis is to detect unknown antibodies through the known antigens，those are divided into soluble antigens，pu? rified antigens and recombinant antigens. The diagnostic antigens which have high?sensitivity and high?specificity，and have the value of early diagnosis become the focus of researches，and are studied by many scholars. This article reviews the progress of the reaearches on diagnostic antigens of schistosomiasis japonica in recent years.

Progress of research on peroxiredoxin in invertebrates

MA Xian-Liang, ZHANG Yi

2012, 24(3):  350-352. 

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Peroxiredoxin（Prx）belongs to a peroxidase family of antioxidant enzymes distributed ubiquitously in aerobic or? ganisms such as yeast，fungi，parasites，mammals and humans. It plays an important role in the defense of reactive oxygen species （ROS）and reactive nitrogen species（RNS）produced by aerobic organisms. This article introduces the classification，mechanism of Prx and the progress of research on Prx in invertebrates.

Research progress in phosphoglycerate mutase

WANG Fen, LI Run-Hua, YIN Guo-Rong

2012, 24(3):  353-357. 

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Phosphoglycerate mutase（PGAM）is one of glycolytic enzymes，concerning with the transport of carbohydrates， metabolism，catalytic activity and growth development. PGAM was discovered in yeast firstly，and with its amino acid sequence and crystal structure determined，this protein was found in varies organism，such as human，Escherichia coli，Schistosoma japoni? cum and Toxoplasma gondii. This article reviews the physico?chemical property and research progress of PGAM of vertebrate，in? vertebrate and protozoa.

Toll like receptors and malaria parasites invasion： progress and prospective

SUN Fei, XU Bing-Gong

2012, 24(3):  358-361. 

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To deeply study the molecular mechanism of infection and reproduction of malaria parasites，this review began with co?relationship between toll like receptors（TLRs）and the parasites，further discussed how the parasites were recognized by TLRs and activated downstream inflammation reactions when the mechanical barrier of host was broken through. Some large mole? cules involved into the process had the potential to be novel drug targets.

Effect of health education on schistosomiasis control in heavy endemic areas

XIE Chao-Yong, FU Hong-Sheng

2012, 24(3):  362-363. 

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This paper described the evaluation on the effect of health education on schistosomiasis control in a pilot where a series of interventions were conducted，so as to provide the effective strategy of health education for improving schistosomiasis con? trol.

Effects of reclaiming and cultivation in marshland on Oncomelania snail control

HONG Xian-Lin, WANG Xin-Ying

2012, 24(3):  364-365. 

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The changes of snail situation in the marshlands and the economic benefit of planting were investigated after plan? ning sesame on marshlands above 16 meters’elevation in Poyang Lake at drought period in autumn and by comparing three groups，i.e. planting sesame alone，planting sesame plus fertilizing“Rong Bao” （a brand of one fertilizer），and no planting. Re? sults showed that the yields in the groups of planting sesame alone and planting plus fertilizing were 15.5 kg and 19.5 kg per 667 m2 ，respectively，with the output increasing by 25.81% in the fertilizer group. The net incomes of the two groups of planting sesa? me were 56.5 Yuan and -36.0 Yuan per 667 m2 ，respectively. One year after the planting，the living snail densities of the three groups were decreased by 97.86%，100% and 47.62%，respectively. It is suggested that planting sesame on marshlands with snails in Poyang Lake region has a preferable economic benefit and snail control effect.

Survey on historical Oncomelania snail environments in Changshu City

YIN An-Hua, ZHOU Wei-En, ZHOU Chun-Juan

2012, 24(3):  366-367. 

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The historical Oncomelania snail environments discovered since 1976 were surveyed in Changshu City，Jiangsu Province. There were 425 foci of historical snail environments that were discovered in 16 towns，the snail area was 124 893 m2 . The transformation rates of historical snail environments and of the snail area were 76.71% and 86.92%，respectively. The transfor? mation rates of the ditches，the ponds and the land were 98.17%，97.93%，and 95.04%，respectively，but the transformation rate of river channels was only 28.23%. We still need to strengthen the environmental transformation of historical snail river channels.

Effect of niclosamide spreading oil on killing schistosome cercariae

PENG Guo-Hua, HU Zhu-Hua, BAO Zi-Ping, ZHOU Yi-Sheng, XIONG Zhi-Wei, CHEN Hai-Ying, GUO Jia-Gang

2012, 24(3):  368. 

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Dechlorinated water（100 ml，30℃）was put into a plate（diameter 15 cm），and 1% niclosamide spreading oil 5 μl was added，then a ring of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae were picked up to the plate. The time of killing all the cercariae was observed at three time points（immediately，24，48 h），and the dechlorinated water was used as control. The results showed that schistosome cercariae were all killed in three minutes by 1% niclosamide spreading oil at the three time points. The cercaria?kill? ing effects of each time point were not significantly different（F = 0.062， P > 0.05） . The cercariae were alive in the control in 48 h.

Analysis of malaria epidemic situation in Hainan Province, 2010

WANG Guang-Ze, WANG Shan-Qing, HU Xi-Min, MENG Feng, LI Yu-Chun, ZENG Wen, CAI Hong-Lin

2012, 24(3):  369-370. 

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A total of 78 malaria cases were reported in 2010 and the incidence of malaria in this year was 9 per million in Hainan Province. The positive rate of blood tests in floating population was higher than that in local residents，and the antibody? positive rate of residents was higher than that of students，and all the reported malaria patients received the correct treatment. The rate of the therapy for vivax malaria relapse was 96.56% and the rate of prevention medicine in the high?risk groups was 94.15%. Totally 4 086 households were sprayed with insecticides and 26 843 persons were protected. Meanwhile， 153 116 LLINs were used and 250 851 persons were protected. In conclusion，the measures of malaria elimination is effective，however，we should strength? en malaria epidemic reports， case verification， treatment of epidemic foci， malaria prevention on floating population， malaria surveil? lance and so on.

Relationship between Toxoplasma IgG and routine screening items of infec? tious diseases of blood donors

SONG Ren-Hao

2012, 24(3):  371-372. 

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Among 745 blood donors whose routine screening items were unqualified，the positive rate of Toxoplasma IgG （TOX?IgG）was 21.9%，which was higher than that of the blood donors whose routine screening items were qualified，and there was a significant difference（P＜0.01） . The positive rates of TOX?IgG were 22.8% （99/435），13.7% （16/117），12.2% （15/123）， 10.0% （5/50），31.0% （9/29），and 34.2% （13/38） in the blood donors with abnormal ALT，positive HBsAg，positive anti?HCV， and positive anti?HIV，respectively，and all the positive rates of TOX?IgG mentioned above were higher than those in the donors whose routine screening items were qualified（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01） . In conclusion，there are correlations between the positive rate of TOX?IgG and the qualified situation of routine screening items of infectious diseases in blood donors.