Table of Content

15 August 2012, Volume 24 Issue 4

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Essential issues for project management and quality control in the national schistosomiasis control programme of China

ZHOU Xiao-Nong, LI Shi-Zhu

2012, 24(4):  373-375. 

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Based on theoretic management and quality control of the project，this paper summarizes the 3 major management modes in the national schistosomiasis control programme of China，and the health system management mechanisms under the guid? ance of national legislation，national programme and national standard and regulation. It is revealed that scientific assessment and assurance of the quality of each control programme is one of the highlighted concerns in the management mode of schistosomiasis control in China after a case study on mollusciciding project. Therefore，it is recommended that the actions，including management of every step in the project management of schistosomiasis control，formulation of operation procedure for each control programme and standardization of the working flow for professional staff，are not only a prerequistite to achievment?based evaluation，but also the key to ensure the quality of every control intervention and present the actual control effect.

Serological investigation on Toxoplasma gondii infection in patients with unknown central nervous system diseases

LI Zhi-Shu, HUANG Yu-Zheng, HU Li-Yi, WANG Guang-Sheng, HUA Hai-Yong, ZHOU Yong-Hua

2012, 24(4):  375. 

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Totally 207 patients with unknown central nervous system diseases and 203 healthy persons were investigated for serum IgG of anti?Toxoplasma antibody assessed by ELISA. The serum IgG positive rate in 207 patients with unknown central ner? vous system diseases was 19.81%，and that in 203 health people was 5.42%，and there was a significant difference between them （P < 0.01） . The IgG positive rates in different types of central nervous system diseases were different，which were 22.81%， 24.32%，16.05%，and 18.75%，respectively in encephalopathy，epilepsy，mental disorder and neurasthenia. The IgG positive rate in different types of central nervous system diseases were significantly higher than that in healthy population（P < 0.01） . The IgG positive rates in patients who contacted or did not contact cats or dogs were 32.97% and 9.48% respectively（P < 0.01） . In con? clusion，the infection rate in patients with unknown central nervous system diseases is higher than that in healthy persons；there? fore， it is necessary to assay the serum IgG in them.

Engineering management mode of mollusciciding and assessment of its field application

GAO Yang, SUN Le-Ping, ZUO Yin-Ping, HONG Qing-Biao, LIANG You-Sheng

2012, 24(4):  376-381. 

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Objective To establish the engineering management mode of mollusciciding，and assess its snail control effect in field application，so as to provide the effective management interventions for improving the quality of mollusciciding in the field. Methods Engineering management of mollusciciding was performed. The snail distribution was surveyed before and after snail control with molluscicides and environmental modification，and the database was established. The snail control effect of the engi? neering management mode of mollusciciding was assessed. Results Engineering management mode of mollusciciding was con? ducted in 96.27%（1 033/1 073）of the total snail habitats in 6 counties（districts）of Yangzhou City from 2006 to 2011. After the implementation of engineering management mode，the mortality of snails increased from 65.07% before implementation to 87.16% （80.65%-89.38%），and significant difference was observed（ χ2 = 4 623.297，P = 0） . The reductions in occurrence rate of frames with snails and snail density and the corrected mortality of snails were 57.67% （49.27%-66.98%），76.67% （76.13%-83.66%）and 86.58%（79.89%-88.89%），respectively，which were 1.45，1.63 times and 1.37 times more than those before implementation. After the implementation of engineering management mode of mollusciciding for 3 years in Yangzhou City， all infected snails were eliminated. After 6 years of implementation，the number of settings with snails，snail areas，occurrence rate of frames with snails，means snail density decreased by 56.27%，76.40%，67.99% and 66.67%，respectively. Conclusions High?quality molluscicide is the essential factor to ensure the molluscicidal effect，and engineering management mode of mollusci? ciding is an effective approach to improve the quality of snail control with molluscicides in the field.

Evaluation on medium-term effect of schistosomiasis comprehensive control strategy based on infectious source control in Poyang Lake area

ZENG Xiao-Jun, CHEN Hong-Gen, HONG Xian-Lin, HU Zhuo-Hui, JIANG Wei-Sheng, HU Shen-Zhu, FAN Yun-Long, GE Jun

2012, 24(4):  382-386. 

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Objective To evaluate the medium?term effect and stability of the schistosomiasis comprehensive control strategy based on infectious source control after its popularization and application in marshland endemic areas. Methods The schistosomi? asis comprehensive control strategy based on infectious source control including“replacing buffalo with machine”， “marshlands isolation and grazing forbidden”，etc. was implemented in all villages of Sanli Township，a heavy endemic area with schistosomia? sis in Jianxian County. The infection situation of schistosomiasis in population and Oncomelania snails in 4 villages around the lake were monitored regularly for 6 consecutive years. Results The infection rate of schistosomiasis in population significantly de? creased after the comprehensive control measures were carried out. Two years later，the infection rate in Huangjia Village was 0， and was sustained at zero for 5 consecutive years；the infection rate in Fengfu Village decreased by 77.24% and stabilized to zero for the next three years；the population infection rates in Fanrong Village and Caomen Village decreased by 82.33% and 82.53%， respectively，then the infection rates of the two villages kept under 1% and were 0 for 2 years and 1 year，respectively. The num? ber of spots with infected snails in two marshlands in pilot areas decreased yearly from 10 before the intervention to 0，in which， the infection rate of snails and the number of spots with infected snails in Huangjiaoniu Marshland and Goulian Marshland de? creased to zero 1 year and 3 years after the strategy was implemented，respectively，and the infected snails were not found in these marshlands in following years. Conclusion Strengthening the management of buffaloes in surrounding areas and utilizing marsh? land resources is the main measure that can consolidate and expand the medium?term and long?term effect of the schistosomiasis comprehensive strategy based on infectious source control.

Investigation on TORCH infections for pregnant women and neonates in Yan’an City

ZHANG Qian-Qian, CHENG Jun-Zhen

2012, 24(4):  386. 

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A survey of TORCH infections for pregnant women and neonates in Yan’ an City，2009-2010 indicated that the positive rates of CMV?IgM，TOX?IgM，RV?IgM，and HSVⅡ?IgM in pregnant women were 1.89%，0.87%，0.44% and 0.73%，re? spectively，and were 6.91%，0.18%，0 and 0.35% in neonates，respectively. It is very important for healthy child birth and rear? ing examine the TORCH specific antibodies.

Impact of environmental changes on Oncomelania snail distribution in Dongting Lake beach

LUO Zhi-Hong, WEI Wang-Yuan, LI Zhi-Jun, DING Liang, YUAN Li-Ping, XIA Meng, TANG Ling, REN Guang-Hui, WANG Jia-Sheng, WEI Guo-Yuan

2012, 24(4):  387-392. 

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Objective To study the impact of environmental changes on the distribution and the growth and decline of Onco? melania snails in Dongting Lake beaches after the implementation of Three Gorges Project. Methods T?embankment of Junshan District where there was a greater human factor related to the snail spread and a lake beach named Dongkou of Junshan District where there was a less human factor related to the snail spread were selected as study areas. The various ground elevations were measured and the high points were marked with GPS. The height of vegetation was surveyed regularly，soil moisture content and micro?environment temperature and humidity at different elevations in the lake beaches were detected，and the snail distribution was investigated. Both the longitudinal and retrospective studies were conducted. Results In 1993，the soil was taken from the lake beach at the elevation of 25 m to build an isolated canal，and this made snail density decline year by year，and no snails have been found since 1998. The elevation of the vegetation in the T?embankment was significantly lower than that in Dongkou，and there was no high rod plant growth. The snails were found in the elevation from 23.5 to 26.5 m where the vegetation was mainly Cy? perus spp. The growth of the vegetation was 16.0 to 54.0 cm 30 days after flood withdrew，and the vegetation reached the highest density 60 days after flood withdrew. The snail density was highest at the elevation from 24.5 to 25.5 m，and the elevation of snails and their eggs was lower than that in 1980s. In the dry season，the water content of the soil in Dongkou was from 46.80% to 52.20%，which was more than that in T?embankment，while at the elevation over 26.0 m，the water content was from 21.36% to 29.77%，which was equal to that in T?embankment. Conclusion Three Gorges Project plays an important role in the control of water level of Dongting Lake， but there is no impact on the snail reproduction and density.

Effect of environmental factors on temporal and spatial distribution of schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake region

HU Fei, LIU Yue-Min, LI Zhao-Jun, YUAN Min

2012, 24(4):  393-396. 

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Objective To explore and analyze the dynamic characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of schistosomia? sis in Poyang Lake region. Methods A model of schistosomiasis transmission was constructed with the actual temperature，rain? fall，data of snail investigation，data from schistosomiasis control and treatment，and factors such as daily rainfall，average month? ly temperature?base temperature for schistosome growing and development in the 8 counties of Poyang Lake region，and the change of schistosomiasis spreading indexes was analyzed. The map of schistosomiasis spreading trend was drawn by using ArcGIS soft? ware，and the spread of schistosomiasis was forecasted. The spatial distribution of areas of snail breeding marshlands was analyzed by using Theil index. Results The transmission of schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake region not only had big difference on temporal scale，but also changed on spatial scale among the counties in Poyang Lake region. Conclusion In Poyang Lake region，the eco? system suiting snail breeding already shifts to north， which certainly will alter the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis.

Performance evaluation of small snail control projects in Hubei Province in 2009 and 2010

YANG Rui, ZHU Zhi-Hua, HUANG Xi-Bao, TAN Xiao-Dong

2012, 24(4):  397-403. 

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Objective To evaluate the performance of small Oncomelania snail control projects in Hubei Province in 2009 and 2010，so as to explore the best snail control project in different areas. Methods The expense?effect，expense?efficiency and cost?utility analyses were carried out to analyze the small snail control projects with reference to the relevant schistosomiasis japoni? ca prevention and control index system. Results The coverage rate of snail control was 40.15%，the decrease rate of the snail ar? eas was 32.86%，the unit cost for the snail control was 0.39 Yuan/m2 ，the cost of reducing 1% of the snail area was 67.34 ten thou? sand Yuan，the total benefit was 15 554.14 ten thousand Yuan，the ratio of cost to benefit was 7.03，the net benefit was 13 341.44 ten thousand Yuan，and the ratio of cost to net benefit was 6.03，and the investment ratio was 1∶2.11 in the 183 small snail control projects. Conclusion There is an obvious and respectable short?period effect of the small snail control projects.

Investigation on food contamination with parasites in Shanghai market

ZHANG Xiao-Ping, JIANG Shou-Fu, HONG Guo-Bao, FU Ying-Hua, HE Yan-Yan, MA Xiao-Jiang, WANG Zhen-Yu, ZHANG Yao-Guang, ZHU Qian, MA Xing-Bao

2012, 24(4):  404-409. 

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Objective To understand the contamination status of food with parasites in Shanghai market，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the surveillance strategy in parasitic diseases and provide the technical support in the food safety. Meth? ods The freshwater fish products，marine products，vegetables，snails and frogs were sampled with the cluster random method in the farmer ? trades and supermarkets of the 18 districts in Shanghai City during 2005-2010 period，and all the specimen were screened by the digestion method，or crushing method or dissection method or saline floatation method to check the parasite meta? cercaria or larvae or eggs. Results A total of 5 185 specimen in 23 species of fishes were screened in fresh?water products，with parasite infection rate of 1.93%. About 4 033 specimens of 20 species of fishes and shrimps were screened and 1.76% of samples were infected with Clonorchis sinensis. Among all kind of fishes，the highest infection rate was 7.83% （48/613） in Pseudorasbora parve. No any infected specimen was found among 1 152 specimen of fresh water crustacean screened. Anisakis spp. were found in 12.7% of 433 specimens of 23 species of seawater products，among them，the higher infection rate of Anisakis spp. was found in Pneumatophorus japonicas and Trichiurus haumela with their infection rates of 50.00%（13/26）and 23.46%（42/179），respective? ly，which much higher than those found in other seawater products（P < 0.01） . In 37 kinds of vegetables，the parasite eggs were found in one of 428 specimens with its infection rate of 0.47%，while no any parasite egg was found in 103 specimens of 10 kinds of fruits. No any Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae were found in 330 snails，31.37% of 102 frogs were found infected with Spiro? metra mansoni spargana. No any contamination with parasites was found in 116 meat specimens of pigs and cattle. In the same time，the intestinal parasite infection rate of residents was 0.42% （131/31 239） . Conclusions It is found that some of foods in Shanghai markets are contaminated with parasites. Therefore，it is necessary to enforce the activities in health education as well as to take integrated prevention measures in order to ensure the food safety.

Postoperative complications of advanced schistosomiasis portal hypertension

WANG Jin-Hua, DING Jian-Zhong, LI Qiang, XIAO Bing-Hua, XU Feng-Guang

2012, 24(4):  409. 

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he data of 72 cases of advanced schistosomiasis portal hypertension patients who received surgical treatment were retrospectively analyzed in the Fifth People?? s Hospital of Changde City from January， 1999 to January， 2011. Postoperative compli? cations occurred in 17 cases，and the rate was 23.6%，including intra?abdominal bleeding in 2 cases，postoperative infection in 5 cases，recent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in 3 cases，massive ascites in 2 cases，persistent fever in 3 cases，and unusual in? crease of platelets and portal vein thrombosis in 2 cases.

Distribution of niclosamide spreading oil on water surface and its efficacy against cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum

XING Yun-Tian, DAI Yang, LI You-Zi, GIA Yue, LI Hong-Jun, QU Guo-Li, WANG Wei, WEI Jian-Ying, LIANG You-Sheng, DAI Jian-Rong

2012, 24(4):  410-414. 

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Objective To investigate the distribution and spreading speed of niclosamide spreading oil，as well as its effect against cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum. Methods The foamed plastic with a diameter of 4 mm served as a buoyage，which was placed at the center of the still water surface. The niclosamide spreading oil was dropped at 0.5 cm from the buoyage，the float? ing distance of the buoyage was observed，and the spreading speed and area of the niclosamide spreading oil were measured. A cy? lindrical bucket（at a diameter of 40 cm and height of 50 cm）was filled with de?chlorinated water at a temperature of 25±1 ℃， and then 60 μl of the spreading oil was dropped at the center of the water surface. At 10 cm and 20 cm from the center，1 ml water was sampled at water depths of 10，20，30，40 cm and 50 cm，respectively，and the niclosamide concentrations were determined by using high?performance liquid chromatography in each sample. The niclosamide spreading oil was diluted into solutions at effec? tive concentrations of 1.25 mg/L and 0.63 mg/L with ethanol，and then 10 μl of each solution was added to 24?well plates which contained S. japonicum cercariae to yield the niclosamide concentration of 6.25×10?3 mg/L and 3.13×10?3 mg/L per well，respective? ly. The survival of the cercariae was observed at different time. Results The spreading speeds and areas were 59，55，71，90， 111，122 cm/s and 153 cm/s，and 5.31，5.89，7.07，10.06，12.56，15.20 m2 and 16.61 m2 ，respectively，while dropping 20，30，40，50，60，70 μl and 80 μl of the niclosamide spreading oil on water surface. The spreading showed an accelerating trend with the increasing dropping volume，and there was a good linear relationship observed between them. In addition，the spreading area also enlarged with the increase in the dropping volume. After dropping 60 μl of the niclosamide spreading oil on water sur? face，the peak concentration of niclosamide reached 1.27 mg/L on water surface，and remained more than 0.07 mg/L 2 h later. However，the concentration of niclosamide was all lower than 0.04 mg/L at 10 cm under surface or more. Following the treatment with 6.25×10?3 mg/L of niclosamide spreading oil for 1 min，all the cercariae were dead，while the mortality rates of the cercariae were 0，1.39%，13.89%，19.44%，43.06%，69.44% and 79.17% at 1，2，3，5，10，20 min and 30 min，respectively，after the treatment with 3.13×10?3 mg/L of the drug. Conclusions The niclosamide spreading oil is fast to spread and is kept retention for a long time on water surface，and exhibits high activity against S. japonicum cercariae，and it can be used for killing the cercariae on water surface and interrupting the transmission of schistosomiasis in the endemic field.

Surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis based on sentinel mouse technique in key water regions ofWuhan City in 2011

WANG Hao, LUO Hua-Tang, ZHOU Shui-Mao, CHENG Zhong-Yue, LI Qun-Ying, HU Lai-Lin, XU Ming-Xing

2012, 24(4):  415-419. 

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Objective To understand the water infectivity of schistosome in key water regions of Wuhan City and explore the role of a sentinel mouse technique on surveillance and forecast system for schistosomiasis. Methods Schistosome?endemic areas of the Yangtze River，the Dongjing?Tongshun River system，the Fu?Lun River system and the Jinshui River of Wuhan City were chosen as the surveillance and forecast sites. The Oncomelania snail distribution and infection were surveyed before the flood sea? son. The water infectivity was detected by using the sentinel mouse technique during the flood season. The infection status of peo? ple in the villages around the surveillance sites and the activities of human beings and domestic animals were surveyed. The corre? lation between the infection rate of sentinel mice and snail status was tested by the rank correlation method. The emergency re? sponse mechanism was initiated when the areas with schistosomes were detected in water. Results Among the 18 surveillance sites，15 sites with infected sentinel mice were found，accounting for 83.33%. A total of 554 sentinel mice were placed and 540 re? covered，with a recovery rate of 97.47%. All the recovered mice were dissected and 75 infected，with a total infection rate of 13.89%. Totally 172 adult worms were collected，with mean worm burden of 2.29±0.71 worms per mouse. The infection rates of sentinel mice in 4 water systems were 8.33%，24.53%，10.85% and 6.56%，respectively，and the mean worm burdens of infected sentinel mice were 2.33±0.71，2.28±0.76，2.22±0.60 and 2.75±0.96 worms per mouse，respectively. The infection rates of senti? nel mice in 4 water systems had a statistically significant difference（χ2 = 19.131，P = 0.000） . The mean worm burdens of the in? fected sentinel mice in 4 water systems had no statistically significant difference（F = 0.638，P = 0.593） . The correlation coeffi? cient among the infection rate of sentinel mice，snail area，the average density of living snails and infected snail rate had no statis? tical significance. Among the 15 sites with infected sentinel mice，8 sites with fisherman activities，8 sites with anglers or planters，10 sites with cattle keepings and 4 of which with infected cattle. All the 15 sites with cercariae?infected water bodies started the emergency response and no epidemic situation happened. Conclusions The water infectivity of schistosome in key water re? gions of Wuhan City was relatively high. Detecting water infectivity based on a sentinel mouse technique is an important part of sur? veillance and forecast system for schistosomiasis.

Investigation on newly advanced schistosomiasis patients in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted areas

FANG Yi-Min, TANG Yi-Nong, WANG Ye-Bin, DING Wei-Xia

2012, 24(4):  419. 

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There were 240 newly advanced schistosomiasis patients in Huangshan City from 2004 to 2011. All the patients were clinically diagnosed and mainly distributed in the countries which were once heavy endemic areas in history. Most of the pa? tients were diagnosed in 2007 and 2008，and those aged more than 60 years accounted for 79.16% of the total cases. Among all the cases，ascites type and splenomegaly type accounted for 66.25% and 31.66% respectively. In conclusion，there are still newly ad? vanced schistosomiasis cases in areas of schistosomiasis transmission interruption，so the monitoring，diagnosis and treatment of historical schistosomiasis patients should be strengthened.

Technology of preventing Oncomelania snail diffusion in east route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project Ⅱ Effect of sand buried and reed protection on snail control in area of water source

SHE Guang-Song, HUANG Yi-Xin, HANG De-Rong, TANG Hong-Ping, LI Wei, HUANG Yong-Jun, ZHU Xi-Guang, XI Wei-Ping, XIONG Chun-Rong

2012, 24(4):  420-423. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of sand buried and reed protection on Oncomelania snail control in the area of water source of the east route of South?to?North Water Diversion Project. Methods The Oncomelania snail eggs were counted af? ter the snails raised seven days in the sand of different contents in the spawning period. The survival of the snails was observed when the snails were raised on the sand surface in the laboratory. The change of the densities of living snails and reed growth were observed in the area of water source. Results The snails did not lay eggs in the pure sand environment. There was a negative cor? relation between the number of snail eggs and the content of sand（r＝-0.965，P＝0.008） . The mortality rates of the snails were in? creasing with the increase of the time in the sand environment. The mortality rates of the snails were 96.00% and 100% when the snails were raised 3 months and 6 months around 25 ℃ respectively. The field test showed that the snails were not discovered after the sand buried，the second spring，after the flood season，and the third spring. However，the density of living snails of the control group dropped by 93.65% 2 weeks after using molluscicide，but increased by 100% and kept in 0.37 snails/0.1 m2 after the flood season and the third year spring，respectively. The reed growth was good in the second spring after the sand buried. Conclusions The sand environment is unfavorable for laying eggs and survival of the snails. The sand buried method has the effects of snail con? trol and reed protection. In addition，the method could also prevent the snail spread in the flood season.

Relationship of schistosome infection with environment and behavioral characteristics of residents in Jingzhou area

PENG Xiao-Wu, LI Hua-Zhong, WANG Jia-Song, ZHU Rong, RONG Xian-Bing, HE Zheng-Wen, YANG Zhi-Qiang

2012, 24(4):  424-427. 

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Objective To understand the relationship of schistosome infection with environment and the behavioral character? istics of residents in Jingzhou area. Methods The schistosomiasis patients（positive in stool examinations）were investigated with the questionnaire at home. The content of questionnaire included the hygienic and environmental situation，the behavioral charac? teristics of the residents，and the treatment of schistosomiasis patients. Results A total of 1 552 schistosomiasis patients were in? vestigated，and the proportion of the patients aged from 45 to 60 years was 81.0% and the proportion of the patients aged more than 65 years was 9.7%. In Gong?? an County and Jianli County，in daily life，the water contact included ditch water（0.7%），running water（43.0%），and well water（56.3%） . In product activities，the water contact included farming（48.3%），fishing，and fighting flood. The peak period of water contact was from May to July. Totally 91.24% of the residents knew whether there were Oncomela? nia snails in their fields，and the snails could be detected in 18.6% of their fields or 10 meters around. There were 8.14% of schis? tosomiasis patients did not take the medicine last year，and 1 007 persons（64.88%）who took the medicine last year were re?in? fected in next year. Conclusions Productive activities are the main water contact ways in the 2 counties researched. It is the key measures to change the environment and the pattern of agricultural production in rural areas for schistosomiasis control.

Cloning|expression and immune function analysis of a gene encoding inositol monophosphate in Schistosoma japonicum

LV Li-Ting, HONG Yang, PENG Jin-Biao, ZHANG Juan, FU Zhi-Qiang, LIN Jiao-Jiao

2012, 24(4):  428-434. 

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Objective To clone and express a full?length cDNA encoding inositol monophosphate of Schistosoma japonicum （SjIM），and to access its immunoprotection in BALB/c mice for schistosomisis. Methods A full?length cDNA encoding the S. ja? ponicum inositol monophosphate was isolated from 42 d schistosomes cDNAs. The expression profiles in different developmental stages were detected by real?time quantitative RT?PCR. The open reading frame（ORF）was subcloned into a pET28a （+）vector and transformed into BL21 and the recombinant protein was induced by IPTG. The immune characters of the purified recombinant protein were analyzed by Western blotting and immunoprotection in BALB/c mice. Results Bioinformatics analysis indicated that SjIM had an ORF of 834 base pairs that encoded 278 amino acids. Real?time quantitative RT?PCR analysis revealed that SjIM was upregulated in 35?day?old schistosomes，while the expression level in females was higher than that in male worms in 42nd day. Western blotting showed that the recombinant SjIM was immunogenic. An immunoprotection experiment in BALB/c mice showed that vaccination with recombinant SjIM could induce 48.76% and 41.29% reductions in the numbers of worms and eggs in the liv? er，respectively. Conclusions The gene of SjIM is obtained from schistosomes cDNAs and the recombinant SjIM protein is in? duced successfully in E. coli. These aforementioned results demonstrate that the recombinant SjIM cand induce partial protection against schistosomiasis in BALB/c mice.

Molecular identification of Anopheles hyrcanus complex by using single enzyme digestion PCR?RFLP method

XU Sui, ZHOU Hua-Yun, TANG Jian-Xia, LI Ju-Lin, ZHU Guo-Ding, SU Yun-Pu, HUANG Guang-Quan, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2012, 24(4):  435-439. 

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Objective To establish a novel molecular identification method for discrimination of members within Anopheles hyrcanus complex. Methods The sequences of the ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer（rDNA ITS2）region of An. hyrcanus complex，including An. anthropophagus，An. lesteri，An. sinesis and An. yatsushiroensisi were analyzed by using molecu? lar biology software Vector NTI 9.0，and a specificity restriction enzyme was selected based on the restriction fragment length poly? morphism. Thus the single enzyme digestion PCR?RFLP method was established for genetic identification of An. hyrcanus com? plex，and 452 anopheline mosquitoes captured in the field were tested，comparing with the results of the previously established double enzyme digestion PCR?RFLP method and traditional morphological classification. Results The molecular software analy? sis revealed that the restriction enzyme Dde I could digest rDNA ITS2 region of An. hyrcanus complex into different fragments， thus it could be used for single enzyme PCR?RFLP for An. hyrcanus complex identification，and the result was further confirmed by laboratory experiment. Furthermore，a total of 452 anopheline mosquitoes captured from 4 malaria endemic areas were tested by this single enzyme digestion PCR?RFLP method，and 20 of them were identified as An. anthropophagus，6 as An. lesteri，391 as An. sinesis，and 35 as An. yatsushiroensisi. The results were 100% accordant to the double enzyme digestion PCR?RFLP method， and 93.4% accordant to the traditional morphological classification. Conclusions The newly established single enzyme digestion PCR?RFLP method can be used for An. hyrcanus complex identification，and is more simple and reliable than the traditional mor? phological classification，and it is a suitable tool for field entomology surveillance.

Effect evaluation of comprehensive control of schistosomiasis in Dantu District| Zhenjiang City

JIANG Hui, SHEN Xue-Hui, XIA Xiao-Juan

2012, 24(4):  439. 

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Since the project of comprehensive control of schistosomiasis was carried out in Dantu District，Zhenjiang City，Ji? angsu Province，the infection rate of residents decreased from 0.083% in 2005 to 0 in 2010. After 2007，the number of acute schis? tosomiasis patients was 0，and the infection rate of livestock was 0. The areas with infected Oncomelania snails and average densi? ty of infected snails significantly decreased year by year，and none infected snail was discovered since 2010. In 2010，Dantu Dis? trict achieved the national criteria for schistosomiasis transmission control， and the epidemic situation was effectively controlled.

Identification and preliminary analysis of a novel full?length cDNA encoding retinoid X receptor 2 from Schistosoma japonicum

QIU Chun-Hui, LIU Sheng-Fa, HONG Yang, FU Zhi-Qiang, ZHANG Min, WEI Mei-Mei, AI De-Zhou, LIN Jiao-Jiao

2012, 24(4):  440-444. 

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Objective To clone and preliminarily analyze the full?length cDNA encoding retinoid X receptor 2（RXR2）from Schistosoma japonicum. Methods The rapid amplification cDNA ends （RACE） was applied to get a full?length cDNA encoding ret? inoid X receptor 2 from S. japonicum（SjRXR2） . The transcription of SjRXR2 was detected by real?time PCR. By bioinformatical technology，the gene structure was analyzed and the antibody epitope was predicted. The polyclonal antibodies were raised in mice immunized with the synthesis peptide. Western blot was applied to detect its expression in the worm. Results The full?length cD? NA of SjRXR2 was 5 960 bp and contained an open reading frame encoding a 1 435 amino acid which had a predicted molecular weight 159 kDa. Bioinformatical analysis indicated that SjRXR2 had a highly conserved DNA binding domain（DBD）and a moder? ate conserved ligand binding domain（LBD） . The relative mRNA （s）of SjRXR2 with higher expressions at Day 21 and 42 were evaluated in five different S. japonicum developmental stages. The Western blot analysis showed that polyclonal antibodies were able to specifically recognize the protein with molecular around 150 kDa from the extract of S. japonicum. Conclusion A full ? length cDNA encoding retinoid X receptor 2（RXR2）from S. japonicum is obtained which provides preliminary information for fur? ther investigation of SjRXR2 functions in S. japonicum.

Detection of Plasmodium sporozoites in mosquitoes by using fluorescent quantitative PCR

LIU Yao-Bao, ZHOU Hua-Yun, WANG Sheng-Qiang, LI Ju-Lin, ZHU Han-Wu, ZHU Guo-Ding, GU Ya-Ping, WANG Wei-Ming, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2012, 24(4):  445-449. 

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Objective To establish a fluorescent quantitative PCR（FQ?PCR）method for quantitative detection and species identification of Plasmodium sporozoites in Anopheles mosquitoes. Methods One pair of human Plasmodium genus?specific prim? ers based on 18S rRNA genes were used and the reaction system and reaction condition of FQ?PCR were optimized by using the mixture of Plasmodium 18S rRNA gene recombinant plasmids and Anopheles DNA as a template. The specificity was verified by us? ing four Plasmodium spp. 18S rRNA gene plasmid DNA as well as mosquito DNA and the Plasmodium species was identified ac? cording to the value of melting temperature（Tm） . The standard curve was made by using P. vivax 18S rRNA gene recombinant plasmids which were serially diluted by negative Anopheles DNA as a template. The sensitivity was analysed by using plasmid DNA and laboratory infected sporozoite positive mosquito DNA，respectively. The different parts and different amounts of Anopheles DNA were added into the reaction system to investigate the influence of Anopheles DNA on the assessment. Results There was no specific amplification for mosquito DNA and human blood DNA. There was specific amplification for Plasmodium 18S RNA gene recombinant plasmids and the Tm （s）of P. malariae，P. falciparum，P. ovale and P. vivax were 71.0，72.7，73.9 ℃ and 75.9℃，respectively，which were easy to be identified. The standard curve indicated a good linear relationship between the cycle threshold （Ct）and template concentration（r = -0.99） . The sensitivity was 50 copies of plasmid DNA or one sporozoite positive mosquito DNA diluted by 32 times of mosquito DNA. Anopheles DNA could inhibite the FQ?PCR reaction. The Ct value of amplification showed a good reproducibility both within the same experiment and among different experiments. Conclusion The novel SYBR Green I based FQ?PCR method developed in this study shows a high sensitivity and specificity and it can be used for quantitative detection and species identification of sporozoites in mosquitoes.

Comparison between two expression ways on cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis

JIANG Wen-Cai, JIN Xiao-Lin, GAO Qi, SHEN Ming-Xue, XU Xiang-Zhen, CAO Han-Jun

2012, 24(4):  450-454. 

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Objective To compare the prokaryotic expression system and eukaryotic expression system for the expression of cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis，and the diagnostic efficiency of their objective products. Methods According to the se? quence of cysteine protease of C. sinensis，two pairs of primers were designed to amplify the genes from the total cDNA of C. sinen? sis. The genes were cloned into plasmid pET28a（+）and pPIC9K， respectively，and these recombinant plasmids were transformed into E. coli BL21 and GS115 separately after they were identified through double digests and sequencing. The cysteine protease of C. sinensis was expressed and purified，and then the sero?diagnostic effects of the purified proteins for clonorchiasis by ELISA were compared. Results The cysteine protease of C. sinensis was expressed as inclusion bodies in BL21，and its yield was 6.8 mg/L， while it was expressed as a kind of soluble protein in GS115，and its yield reached to 65.00 mg/L. Their sensitivities for serodiagno? sis of clonorchiasis were 95.00% and 93.30%，respectively，and their specifities were 91.67% and 94.10%，respectively，with no statistically significant differences between them（all P values were above 0.05） . Conclusion The application value on cysteine protease of C. sinensis expressed through eukaryotic expression system is higher than that expressed through prokaryotic expression system.

Relationship between levels of antibody to schistosome of armed police officers and soldiers and their camp environment

LIU Tao, LUO Jun-Qing, LI Gang, JIAN Ming, WANG Li-Man, TANG Zhi-Qiang, LIU Xiao-Li

2012, 24(4):  455-458. 

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Objective To understand the schistosome infection status of armed police officers and soldiers in endemic areas of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the impact caused by the camp environment. Methods The inside and outside environments of camps were investigated and they were classified as Grade A，B and C according to scores. The levels of antibody to schistosome of the armed police officers and soldiers were tested with ELISA. Results A total of 23 780 officers and soldiers in 201 camps were investigated. The positive rates of antibody to schistosome of officers and soldiers stationed in the inner embankment areas，river beach areas and island areas were 1.88%，3.89% and 4.73%，respectively. In the aforementioned three types areas，the positive rates of antibody to schistosome of soldiers and officers in the camp environment scored as Grade A were 1.23%，3.28% and 3.33%，respectively，while the positive rates in the environment scored as Grade B were 2.03%，3.81% and 4.24%，respectively，and the positive rates in the environment scored as Grade C were 3.17%，5.79% and 5.83%，respectively. Conclusions There are certain correlation between the prevalence of schistosomiasis in armed police forces and the internal and external environments of their camps. The comprehensive environment management is one of the key measures of schistosomiasis control for armed police forces.

Effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control in Bianmin River of Jurong City from 2000 to 2011

CHEN Shi-Jun, LI Shui-Ming, JIANG Cheng-Gong

2012, 24(4):  459-460. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive control of schistosomiasis in the Biamin River water system. Methods The distribution of Oncomelania snails and schistosome infections of residents and cattle were investigated longitudinal? ly in Biamin River system from 2000 to 2011. Results After the comprehensive control of schistosomiasis，the average densities of infected snails decreased from 0.013 snails/0.1 m2 to 0，the average densities of living snails decreased from 7.43 snails/0.1 m2 to 0.38 snails/0.1m2 ，the infected snail area decreased from 0.08 hm2 to 0，the snail area decreased from 17.84 hm2 to 10.57 hm2 ， and the crowd serological positive rate decreased from 6.90% to 0.96%. Conclusions The snail habitats have been eliminated ob? viously by the comprehensive measures including concrete banks of rivers connecting with the Yangtze River. Thus the schistosomi? asis situation has been controlled effectively. However，the snail spread from other schistosomiasis endemic places could not avoid? ed，so we still need to strengthen the snail surveillance and snail control of the rivers connecting with the Yangtze River.

Investigation on spread and hazards of human parasites in Qushui Village| Suixi County|Zhanjiang City

SHEN Hao-Xian, CHEN Kai, PAN Shao-Heng, HUANG Liu-Tao, WANG Chi, LU Yu-Yun, MA Chang-Ling, CHEN Dai-Xiong, CHEN Xin-Yu, LI Xiao-Min, ZHU Wei-Yun, REN Wen-Feng

2012, 24(4):  461-463. 

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Objective To understand the transmission of human parasites in Qushui Village，Yangqing Town，Suixi County， Zhanjing City，Guangdong Province. Methods The direct stool smear，floatation，Kato?Katz technique，and hookworm larva cul? ture were used for the parasite infections. The questionnaire survey was applied for the hazards of parasites. The dissections on rats and snails were used for Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Results Five parasites were found and the total infection rate was 10.75%. The infection rates of hookworm（Necator americanus），Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were 6.07%，1.87% and 1.87%，respectively，and the infection rates of Enterobius vermicularis and Tyroglyrhus farinae were both 0.47%. The infec? tions were not correlated with the career and age but preferred to males. The densities of infections were slight. The rate of dermati? tis caused by hookworm larvae was 69.23% . The infection rates of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were 16.66%，13.04% and 10.00%，respectively in rats，Achatina fulica and Ampularum crossean. Conclusion The main species of human parasites are nematodes，with hookworm predominately，in Qushui Village，Suixi County. This area is the natural foci of Angiostrongylus canto? nensis.

Surveillance of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Wuyi Village of Dongting Lake region|Hunan Province from 2002 to 2010

LIU Su-Nian, ZHOU Ying-Cai, GUO Zhi-Zhong, LIU Ke-Jian, YAO Xiao-Ming, XU Wei-Ze, ZHAO Zheng-Yuan

2012, 24(4):  464-467. 

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Objective To understand the epidemic trends of schistosomiasis in Wuyi Village of Muping Lake，so as to pro? vide the references for making control strategy of schistosomiasis in embankment subtype in Dongting Lake region. Methods The data relating to the morbidity of schistosomiasis among human and domestic animals，the status of Oncomelania snails，the param? eters of demographic and social economic development，and intervention measures were collected in Wuyi Village from 2002-2010. Based on this information，the changing trends of schistosomiasis were dynamically analyzed. Results The infection rate of schistosomiasis among human reduced from 11.44% in 2002 to 1.12% in 2010. The infection rate among male residents was higher than that of female ones. The fishermen had the highest infection rate among all the occupational groups. The positive rate of stool examination in cattle was stable at 10%. The density of snails outside embankment greatly decreased from 10.49 snails/0.1 m2 in Autumn of 2003 to 0.68 snails/0.1 m2 in Autumn of 2010. The mean density of infected snails outside embankment reached the peak of 0.026 snails/0.1 m2 in Spring of 2003，yet the figure reduced to zero from 2006 to now. Conclusion The endemic situa? tion of schistosomiasis in Wuyi Village has been greatly reduced，yet cattle and fishermen are still the targets of schistosomiasis control in the future.

Comparison of collagen fiber staining between Van?Gieson staining and Masson trichrome staining of hepatic specimens in mice with Schistosoma japonicum infection

HUANG Da-Ke, ZHANG Yu-Xia, MAN Su-Qin, YU Fa-Zhi, SHEN Ji-Jia

2012, 24(4):  468-470. 

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Objective To compare the effects of collagen fiber staining between Van?Gieson staining and Masson trichrome staining of hepatic specimens in mice with Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods A model of hepatic granuloma and fibrosis was established by infecting mice with S. japonicum cercariae，then the hepatic specimens were taken and Van?Gieson staining and Masson trichrome staining were performed. Eventually，the area of granuloma and fibrosis were measured by imaging analysis software. Results When the time of staining was 3-7 min，there was no significant difference of the fibrosis areas between the two methods（P > 0.05）；when the time of staining was more than 10 min，the staining area showed by Masson?? s staining was sig? nificantly larger than that showed by Van?Gieson staining，and the difference was statistically significant（P < 0.05） . Conclu? sion The operation procedures of Van?Gieson staining are simpler and easier to master than those of Masson trichrome staining， therefore Van?Gieson staining is a better method to display collagen.

Cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in advanced schistosomiasis patients

NIE Yong-Xin, XU Tian-Liang

2012, 24(4):  471-473. 

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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in advanced schistosomiasis pa? tients. Methods A total of 60 advanced schistosomiasis patients with major depressive disorder were divided into a combination therapy group（30 cases）who received sertraline plus cognitive behavior therapy and a monotherapy group（30 cases）who re? ceived sertraline only. Before the treatment and at the 1st，2nd，4th，8th week after the treatment，the efficacy and safety were as? sessed with the HAMD17 item score and the related factor points and TESS. The effective rate，side effect rate and relapse rate in six months were calculated and compared between the two groups. Results At the end of 8th week after the treatment，the total scores of HAMD，factor scores of cognitive impairment，retardation factor scores and sleep disturbance factor scores in the 2 groups were statistically decreased compared with those before the treatment（P < 0.05 or P < 0.01） . The factor scores in the com? bined therapy group were lower than those in the monotherapy group. The effective rate in the combination therapy group was 86.7%（26/30），and it was significantly higher than that in the monotherapy group（56.7%，17/30）， （χ2 = 6.65，P < 0.05） . The doses of the drug were lower in the combination therapy group than those in the monotherapy group（t = 2.25，P < 0.05） . Within six months，the relapse rate was 13.3% in the combination therapy group，and it was significantly lower than that in the monothera? py group（46.7%） （χ2 =7.937，P < 0.025） . The side effect rate was 23.3% in the combination therapy group and that was 26.7% in the monotherapy group，and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups（P > 0.05） . Conclusion The combination therapy（drug combined with cognitive behavioral therapy）is effective in advanced schistosomiasis patients with depression， and it also can reduce the amount of medication and the relapse.

Cloning|expression and identification of Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein region II of central China isolate

LIU Dan, XIA Hui, TAO Zhi-Yong, CHEN Yong, FANG Qiang, WANG Xue-Mei, SUN Xin, GAO Ying, MAI Yue-Qin

2012, 24(4):  474-477. 

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Objective To clone a Plasmodium vivax Duffy binding protein critical functional region II（PvDBPII）gene of central China isolate，and to express and identify the recombinant PvDBPII protein in vitro. Methods PCR was performed to am? plify PvDBPII from P. vivax DNA of a central China isolate and the PCR product was inserted into pET28a （+）vector. pET28a? PvDBPII recombinant plasmid was constructed and transformed into E. coli host BL21 （DE3+） . IPTG was used to induce the recom? binant PvDBPII protein fused with His tag，and the protein was purified by His?NTA affinity chromatography. The recombinant pro? tein was identified by SDS?PAGE and Western blot. Results The PCR product of PvDBPII gene was about 1.1 kb，meeting the expectation of predicted fragment size. The recombinant pET28a?PvDBPII plasmid was verified by sequencing that the insertion was correct both in direction and in frame，but with 4 non?synonymous mutations compared to reference P. vivax strain Sal?I. SDS? PAGE，and Western blot analysis showed that the recombinant PvDBPII protein was about 44 kDa，and could be recognized by pooled sera from vivax malaria patients. Conclusion The PvDBPII gene of central China isolate is successfully cloned，and re? combinant PvDBPII is expressed， thereby providing opportunity for further study on PvDBPII.

Effect of gold labeling immunoassay on field screening for Toxoplasma gondii infection of blood donors

SONG Ren-Hao, WEI Chen-Ling

2012, 24(4):  478-479. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of gold labeling immunoassay（GLIA）on field screening for Toxoplasma gondii infection of blood donors. Methods A total of 1 056 specimens from the blood donors were examined by using GLIA and ELISA. Results The Toxoplasma IgG positive rates of GLIA and ELISA were 5.46%（49/898），and 4.90%（44/898），respectively，and there was no significant difference（ χ2 = 0.610，P > 0.05） . Those with positive results in both the two methods accounted for 4.45%（40/898），and those with negative results in both the two medhods accounted for 94.1%（845/898） . The corresponding rate was 98.6%（885/898） . Kappa index was 0.843，and the detection results of the two methods were consistent. Conclusion The de? tection efficiency of GLIA is proved to be of good agreement with ELISA，and GLIA has superior features，including easy imple? mentation and quick efficiency， so it could be used for field screening for Toxoplasma gondii infection of blood donors.

Discussion on abilities for a leader of station of schistosomiasis prevention and control at primary level

TAO Bo, ZHANG Zhi-Jie

2012, 24(4):  480-482. 

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Based on the actual situation of schistosomiasis prevention and control at the primary level and from the point of a leader of the local station of schistosomiasis prevention and control，we put forward the practical problems existed in the process of schistosomiasis?related work and the corresponding solutions. What responsibilities and abilities that a leader of the station of schis? tosomiasis prevention and control should have are discussed and some suggestions are also given for serving the work of schistoso? miasis prevention and control.

River beach contamination index in monitoring of schistosomiasis

ZHOU Yi-Sheng, GUO Jia-Gang

2012, 24(4):  483-485. 

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Diseased animals are the main source of infection of schistosomiasis. River beach wild fecal contamination is the di? rect risk factor for schistosomiasis transmission，and the river beach contamination index has important significance in the schisto? somiasis monitoring. This paper reviews the river beach wild fecal contamination to the identification and evaluation of the risk of schistosomiasis transmission.

Progress of research on taxonomy of Oncomelania hupensis

GIA Yue, DAI Jian-Rong

2012, 24(4):  486-490. 

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In the early periods，the research on taxonomy of Oncomelania hupensis mainly focused on the traditional meth? ods—morphology and anatomy，and then numerical taxonomy，cytogenetics，and population genetics are used in this discipline. With the advance of the molecular biology techniques，emerging technologies，such as restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP），random amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD），microsatellite，and amplified fragment length polymorphism（AFLP）， are used to study the taxonomy of Oncomelania hupensis. This paper mainly reviews the advances in the research on taxonomy of Oncomelania hupensis.

Progress of technology of pumping water at middle level of water body to prevent Oncomelania snail spreading

JIANG Tao, WANG Jian-Ming

2012, 24(4):  491-494. 

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Oncomelania hupensis snail is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. Blocking the spread of the snails can effectively prevent and control the transmission of schistosomiasis. Based on the survival conditions and migration char? acteristics of the snails in the water，the technology of pumping water at the middle level of water body can effectively prevent the spreading of snails. This paper reviews the current researches on the spreading trend of snails in China，characteristics of snail mi? gration，and the theoretical basis of the technology of pumping water at the middle level of water body as well as its application.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Yiling District of Yichang City where schistosomiasis transmission has been interrupted for 24 years

WANG Kai-Yu, ZHANG Xin-Hua, HUANG Wei-Dong, SUN Bing

2012, 24(4):  494-495. 

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The data of schistosomiasis surveillance were collected and analyzed from 1988 in Yiling District of Yichang City where schistosomiasis transmission has been interrupted for 24 years. There were 24 foci with Oncomelania snails in 2 vil? lages and the snail area was 5.52 hm2 ，but no infected snails were found. Totally 71 353 people received blood tests for schisto? somiasis and 814 persons were positive（1.1%） . A total of 817 people received pathologic examinations and the positive rate was 0. Totally 9 353 head of cattle received blood tests and 24 head of cattle were positive（0.25%），but the positive rate of pathologic examinations was 0. In conclusion，the achievement of schistosomiasis transmission interrupted is consolidation，but the risk of endemic still exists. Therefore， the surveillance should be strengthened.

Survey of intestinal nematode infections in Yangzhong City from 2003 to 2011

WURong-Feng, XIAO Min

2012, 24(4):  496. 

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From 2003 to 2011，fecal specimens from 29 473 individuals were tested；of those，52 were found to be infected with intestinal nematodes. The total infection rate was 0.18%，and the infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides，hookworm，and Trichuris trichura were 0.08%，0.01%，and 0.09%，respectively. Totally 10 954 children were surveyed for Enterobius vermicu? laris infection，and the infection rate was 0.29%. In conclusion，the prevalence of intestinal nematodes of population is low in Yangzhong City. However， we still need strengthen health education and regular monitoring

Longitudinal surveillance of intestinal nematodiasis in Yinghu Village of Wu-jiang City

LI Ming-Chuan, WU Xiu-Zhen, MEI Huo-Gen, XU An-Qiang, TANG Jue-Ping, WU Jing-Zhi, WANG Shu-Ming, GAO Jian-Hong

2012, 24(4):  497-498. 

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Objective To understand the epidemic dynamics of intestinal nematodiasis in Wujiang City. Method The resi? dents of Yinghu Village of Wujiang City were investigated with Kato?Katz technique for the infections of intestinal nematodes，and the persons with the infections were administered with anthelmintics and they also received the health education. Results Of the 5 757 residents，147 persons were infected with intestinal nematodes，with the average infection rate of 2.55%. The infection rates of hookworm，Ascaris lumbricoides and Tricuris trichiura were 1.96%，0.49% and 0.24%，respectively. The repeated infec? tion rate was 20.30%， that was 10.36 times higher than the new infection rate（1.96%） . Conclusions There are still regions and populations with high infection rates of intestinal nematodes in Wujiang City where the intestinal nematodiasis has been controlled. Therefore，it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring， prevention and control work.

Elephantiasis of bilateral lower limbs and scrotum：one case report

ZHUANG Jian-Lin, LI Ying, CAI Li

2012, 24(4):  499-500. 

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This paper reports the process of diagnosis and treatment of a patient with elephantiasis of bilateral lower limbs and scrotum and the result of epidemiological investigation.