Table of Content

21 October 2015, Volume 27 Issue 5

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Appropriate technology: a driver to eliminate schistosomiasis in China. Insights gained from the First Forum on Schistosomiasis Control in China

HONG Qing-Biao, WEN Li-Yong, ZHONG Bo, YANG Hai-Tao, LI Shi-Zhu, LIANG You-Sheng, ZHANG Shi-Qing, REN Guang-Hui, LIN Dan-Dan, SUN Le-Ping, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2015, 27(5):  447.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015193

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This paper described the First Forum on Schistosomiasis Control in China. With“Appropriate technology is essen? tial to schistosomiasis prevention and control”as the topic，the forum shared the main interventions and experiences for schisto? somiasis control and elimination，exhibited the recent achievements gained from the development of appropriate technology for schistosomiasis control，showed the technical support of appropriate technology for schistosomiasis elimination，and proposed the priority for the future research and development of appropriate technology for schistosomiasis control and elimination in Chi? na. It is considered that the forum builds a bridge for communicating information between the administrative sectors and special? ized prevention and control institutions，between research institutions and manufactures，and between experts/professors and grassroots professional staff，and provides a platform to communicate the national schistosomiasis control knowledge of China.

Diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis japonica&mdash|—concensuses among experts in Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces

DENG Wei-Cheng, YANG Zhen, XIE Hui-Qun, LI Yong-Long, LIU Jia-Xin, DING Guo-Jian, ZHU Yong-Hui, JING Qun-Shan, KONG Guo-Qing, LIN Dan-Dan, LIU Jian-Bing, REN Guang-Hui

2015, 27(5):  451.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015154

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In order to further standardize the diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis japonica in China，on the basis of ev? idence?based medicine，the experts on schistosomiasis control from Hunan，Hubei and Jiangxi provinces summarized their con? sensuses on the disease after the discussion on the current situation and progress of clinical diagnosis and treatment of schistoso? miasis in China，with the reference to the Diagnostic Criteria for Schistosomiasis（WS261-2006），which aimed to establish the therapeutic standards or guideline of schistosomiasis in China.

Effect of mid- and long-term schistosomiasis control plan and discussion of consolidation strategy in marshland endemic regions

SHEN Xue-Hui, SUN Le-Ping, LI Ye-Fang, WANG Lin, CHEN Xiang-Ping, WANG He-Sheng, DAI Jian-Rong

2015, 27(5):  457.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015180

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of mid? and long?term schistosomiasis control plan and explore the con? solidation strategy in marshland endemic regions, so as to provide an effective approach for interrupting and eliminating schisto? somiasis in the regions. Methods Methods A prospective field study was designed. Dantu District of Zhenjiang City, a marshland schisto? somiasis endemic region, was selected, and the“key village, key environment, and key water regions”comprehensive control strategy was implemented according to the endemic level of schistosomiasis. The morbidity due to schistosomiasis in humans and domestic animals, and Oncomelania hupensis snails were surveyed, and the data of the implementation of control measures were collected. The schistosomiasis morbidity and snail status were compared before and after the implementation of the mid? and long? term plan for schistosomiasis prevention and control, and the changing trends of human, domestic animal and snail infections were plotted. Results Results During the implementation of the plan from 2005 to 2014, 16.84 km concrete and bank protection and 9 snail sinks were built, 10 culverts re?built, 3.85 hm2 fences were constructed, 29.5 thousand domestic animals were examined and treated, 170 cattle were eliminated, 4 930 hm2 fishing farms were built for snail control, 1 560.00 hm2 land were improved, and 376.00 hm2 forests were built for snail control. In addition, 19 364.80 hm2 snail areas were surveyed, 4 694.6 hm2 area re? ceived molluscicide, 207.9 thousand of people (person?times) received the examination and treatment, 69.1 thousand of harmless toilets were built, 282.2 thousand health education materials and protection materials were allocated, 958 warning signs were es? tablished, and 5 435 slogans were pasted or hung. After the implementation of the mid? and long?term plan, the percentages of hu? man, bovine and snail infections appeared decline tendencies year by year, and reduced from 0.08%, 1.28% and 0.13% in 2005 to 0 in 2014, respectively, while the areas with snails and infected snails reduced from 284.34 hm2 and 55.10 hm2 in 2005 to 73.60 hm2 and 0 hm2 in 2014, with reduction rates of 74.12% and 100%, respectively. The infection rate of sheep appeared a fluc? tuation between 2005 and 2014, with the rate of 1.13% in 2005, 0 in 2007 and 2008, rising in 2009 and then between 0.25% and 0.95% from 2009 to 2012, and reducing to 0 in 2013 and 2014. During the 10?year period, the number of cattle reduced year by year from 2005 to 2010, and slightly increased after 2011, showing an overall stable level, while the number of sheep increased year by year after 2006, peaked in 2010, and appeared a decline tendency since 2011, which was almost consistent with the fluc? tuation of schistosome infection rate in sheep. Conclusions Conclusions The sustainable comprehensive control strategy with the“key vil? lage, key environments, and key water regions”is an effective approach for schistosomiasis control in marshland endemic re? gions. However, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis is extremely easy to repeat. The prevention and control of the impact of sheep and wild animals on schistosomiasis transmission should be strengthened in order to consolidate the schistosomiasis con? trol achievements gained.

Analysis of schistosomiasis endemic status of national surveillance sites in Yunnan Province, 2014

SHEN Mei-Fen, HUANG Ning-Bo, FENG Xi-Guang, ZHANG Yun, WANG Li-Fang, XIONG Meng-Tao, LI Tian-Yun, YANG Wei-Gong, YANG Wei-Dong, CHEN Shao-Yun

2015, 27(5):  463.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015030

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Objective Objective To master the dynamic endemic status and influencing factors of schistosomiasis in Yunnan Prov? ince，so as to provide the evidence for making the control and prevention measures. Methods Methods Four villages of four schistosomi? asis heavy endemic counties were selected as survey sites. Then，the serological screening and etiological tests were carried out in the residents，and the basic situations of the survey sites were investigated. The infection status of the livestock and relevant information of Oncomelania hupensis snails were surveyed. All the results were analyzed statistically. Results Results Totally 4 310 res? idents were surveyed by the indirect hemagglutination assay with the examination rate of 79.68% and serum positive rate of 8.40%. The positive rate reached upwards 12.53% in Qiandian Village of Eryuan County. The serum positive rate of the female was higher than that of the male，and the positive rates of the 30 years and older age groups were higher than those of the other age groups. The serum positive rates of the peasants，migrant labourers and residents with the junior high school education level were higher. No positive feces were found. A total of 24 advanced cases were reported. No positive livestock and snails were found，and the average density of living snails was 0.023 3-0.056 6/0.1 m2 . Conclusion Conclusion Right now，the schistosomiasis is at a low prevalence status in Yunnan Province，and the endemic situation has been effectively controlled.

Preliminary study of toxicity of niclosamide ethanolamine salt on wetland creatures along lower reaches of Yangtze River in Nanjing City

HANG De-Rong, YOU Ben-Rong, HUANG Yi-Xin, MEI Qiao-Fang, JING Shi-Bao, HU Heng-Guang

2015, 27(5):  467.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015138

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Objective Objective To understand the impact of niclosamide ethanolamine salt on the Yangtze River wetland creatures， so as to provide an evidence for the environmental impact assessment of the Oncomelania hupensis control measures. Methods Methods Eriocheir sinensis，Procambarus clarkii，freshwater mysis and Bellamya aeruginosa were chosen as the test organisms from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Nanjing City，and they were immersed in the different concentrations of niclosamide etha? nolamine salt solution for 24-96 h. The mortality rates and LC50 values were calculated. Results Results There was only 1 death（with a mortality rate of 8.33%）of P. clarkia immersed in niclosamide ethanolamine salt with the concentration of 400 mg/L for 96 h. There was no death of the E. sinensis immersed in niclosamide ethanolamine salt with the concentration of 640 mg/L for 96 h. The LC50 values were 2.170 4，1.303 6，1.013 1 mg/L and 0.720 5 mg/L respectively when the freshwater mysis were immersed in the solution for 24，48，72 h and 96 h. The LC50 values were 1.173 5，0.642 1，0.477 3 mg/L respectively when the B. aeruginosa were immersed in the solution for 24，48，72，96 h. Conclusions Conclusions The impacts of niclosamide ethanolamine salt on the differ? ent wetland creatures are different. E. sinensis and P. clarkii have high resistance to niclosamide ethanolamine salt. However，ni? closamide ethanolamine salt shows heavy toxicity on the freshwater mysis and Bellamya aeruginosa.

Expression of Tim? 3 on peripheral blood CD4 +T cells and its correlation with liver function damage parameters in advanced schistosomiasis patients

WU Qi-Wen, ZHU Xiang, WANG Yu-Ping, FU Xia, YANG Jin-Sun, CAO Zhi-Guo

2015, 27(5):  470.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015082

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Objective Objective To explore the expression levels of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 3（Tim?3）on peripheral blood CD4+ T cells and its correlation with liver function damage parameters in advanced schistosomiasis patients. Method Method Totally 28 advanced schistosomiasis patients were selected as study subjects，and 20 chronic schistosomiasis patients and 30 healthy persons were selected as controls. The expression levels of Tim?3 on CD4+ T cell were detected by flow cytome? try，and the serum IFN?γ and IL?4 levels were detected by ELISA. Hitachi 7600 biochemical analyzer was used to analyze the liver function parameters（ALT，γ?GT and TBIL） . Results Results There was a significant difference in Tim?3 expression among the three groups（F = 4.578， P < 0.05） . Tim?3 expression level in advanced schistosomiasis patients was（8.33 ± 2.28） %，which was significantly higher than that of the healthy control group（6.57 ± 1.99） %（t = 3.015，P < 0.01） . The Spearman nonparamet? ric correlation analysis showed that the Tim?3 expression level on CD4+ T cells in advanced schistosomiasis patients was positive? ly correlated with the serum ALT （rs = 0.746，P < 0.01） ，γ?GT （rs = 0.656，P < 0.01）and IL?4 （rs = 0.672，P < 0.01）levels， but negatively correlated with the serum IFN?γ levels（rs = －0.404，P < 0.05） . Conclusion Conclusion The expression of Tim?3 on pe? ripheral CD4+ T cells is increased in advanced schistosomiasis patients，which may regulate the function of CD4+ T cells and then be involved in the liver damage process of advanced schistosomiasis.

Development of colloidal gold immunochromatography assay strip for schistosomiasis diagnosis in domestic animals

XU Rui, ZHAO Deng-Yun, LU Ke, HONG Yang, LI Hao, LIN Jiao-Jiao, LIU Jin-Ming, XU Yu-Mei, ZHU Chuan-Gang

2015, 27(5):  474.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015122

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Objective Objective To develop a quick and easy colloidal gold immunochromatography assay （GICA）strip for schistoso? miasis diagnosis in domestic animals. Methods Methods The reconstruction of Streptococcal Protein G（SPG）was designed and its gene was subcloned into plasmid pET?28a （+）to express in Escherichia coli. The recombinant SPG was purified and labeled with colloidal gold. The Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigen（SEA）and rSPG were blotted on the nitrocellulose membrane for the test line and control line respectively. The specificity，sensitivity and cross?reaction of the strip method were detected. Re Re? ? sults sults The rSPG was successfully expressed and purified to label with colloidal gold. The colloidal gold immunochromatography assay strips were assembled and they could detect the sera of S. japonicum infected BALB/c mice，New Zealand white rabbits， buffalo and sheep successfully. Besides，the sensitivity of GICA strip was 100% in the sera of mice and the serum of rabbits with S. japonicum infection. The specificity was 100% in the serum of mice and the sera of rabbits with free of infection. The sensitivi? ty was 100% in the sera of sheep with miracidia of S. japonicum hatching from the stool and the specificity was 88.46% in the se? ra of sheep without that. The sensitivity was 94.44% in the sera of buffalo with miracidia hatching from the stool and the specifici? ty was 100% in the sera of buffalo without that. The cross?reaction rate was 5.88% in Paramphistomum. Conclusion Conclusion The GICA strip can successfully detect a variety of S. japonicum infected domestic animals and may be a useful tool for screening on a large scale in the endemic areas.

Establishment of malaria early warning system in Jiangsu Province Ⅵ Regular surveillance of eliminating malaria and its effect

WANG Wei-Ming, CAO Jun, ZHOU Hua-Yun, ZHU Guo-Ding, LIU Yao-Bao, CAO Yuan-Yuan, GU Ya-Ping, XU Sui, GAO Qi

2015, 27(5):  479.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015083

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Objective Objective To analyze the regular surveillance and evaluate its effect during the elimination stage of malaria in Ji? angsu Province from 2012 to 2014 and discuss the best way for surveillance and management，so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting the strategy and methods for malaria elimination. Method Method The data of network malaria reports， blood tests of feverish patients，epidemiology investigation forms of case study of malaria patients in the report system，and in? vestigation and disposition forms of epidemic regions were collected and analyzed statistically. Results Results From 2012 to 2014， there were 894 malaria cases in total. Totally 1 625 034 feverish patients had blood tests，and 892 of them showed positive and the positive rate was 0.05%. The epidemiological case study showed that all the patients were foreign infection import patients ex? cept one was foreign import cases by blood transfusion. These cases were mainly distributed in Nantong City（125 cases），Yang? zhou City（123 cases），Huai’ an City（112 cases），Lianyungang City（111 cases）and Taizhou City（88 cases），and the total cases of the five cities accounted for 62.53%（559/894） of total cases of entire province. These cases were mainly diagnosed in country level CDC and medical organizations，and city level medical organizations. These units accounted for 87.02% of all the diagnostic organizations（778/894） . Conclusions Conclusions From 2012 to 2014，there are no reports of local malaria infection cases in Jiangsu Province，meaning the preliminary realization of eliminating malaria. However，we still should strengthen the regular surveillance and treatment of import malaria cases.

Analysis of sensitization effect of chimeric allergen TAT-IhC-R8 derived from major allergen group 1 genes of dust mites

LI Chao-Pin, ZHAO Bei-Bei, JIANG Yu-Xin, DIAO Ji-Dong, LI Na, LU Wei

2015, 27(5):  485.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015071

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Objective Objective To explore the sensitization effect of allergen TAT? IhC?R8，derived from major allergen group 1 genes of dust mites. Methods Methods Forty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 4 groups，namely PBS group，ovalbumin （OVA）group，R8 group and TAT?IhC?R8（TIR8）group，10 mice each group. All the mice in OVA，R8 and TIR8 groups were treated with corresponding allergens（10 μg/ml）on the 0，7th and 14th day by intraperitoneal injection and nebulized inhalation on day 21 with the concentration of 30 min/d for 7 days. The mice in PBS group were treated with PBS. Twenty?four hours after the last challenge，all the mice were sacrificed，their bronchoalveolar lavage fluids（BALFs）and sera were collected and their spleen cells were cultured. ELISA was performed to detect the levels of IFN?γ and IL?13 in BALFs and supernatants of cultured splenocytes（SCSs）of the mice，as well as the levels of allergen?specific IgE（sIgE），IgG1 and IgG2a in their sera. The number of white blood cells and eosinophils in BALF were calculated. In addition，the airway inflammation and mucus secretion were ana? lyzed by haematoxylin and eosin（H&E）staining. Results Results Compared with the PBS group，the lung inflammations of mice in the OVA，R8 and TIR8 groups were observed obviously，including inflammatory infiltration，bronchial epithelial cell breakage and falling off，as well as vasculitis. The numbers of the total white blood cells and eosinophils in BALF of mice in the TIR8 group were significantly more than those in the OVA and R8 groups（all P < 0.01） . The IL?13 levels in BALFs and SCSs of mice in the TIR8 group were significantly higher than those in the OVA group and R8 group（all P < 0.01） . However，the level of IFN? γ of mice in the TIR8 group was lower than those in the latter 2 groups（all P < 0.01） . In addition，the levels of sera sIgE and IgG1 of mice from the TIR8 group were significantly higher than those in the OVA group and R8 group（all P < 0.01），but the level of IgG2a of the former was significantly lower than those of the latter groups（all P < 0.01） . Conclusions Conclusions TAT?IhC?R8 can effectively stimulate lung inflammations of mice， and its sensitization effect is better than R8’ s.

Immunotherapy effect of ploypeptide vaccine of allergen group 1 from Dermatophagoides farinae on asthma mice

SONG Hong-Yu, DUAN Bin-Bin, LI Chao-Pin

2015, 27(5):  490.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015070

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Objective Objective To investigate the enzymatic hydrolysates of ProDer f 1and their hydrolytic products for specific im? munotherapy. Methods Methods The asthma models of mice made by ProDer f 1 allergen were treated by using two kinds of hydroly? sates as vaccine for analyzing their effects of immunotherapy. Fifty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups（n = 10 for each），i.e.，a PBS group，an asthma group，an immunotherapy group by ProDer f 1 protein，an immunotherapy groups by papain hydrolysates and trypsin hydrolysates. On day 0，7 and 14，the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 10 μg of ProDer f 1 allergen，which was dissolved in 100 μl PBS containing 2%（W/V）Al（OH） 3 suspension. At day 21，the animals were caged in the airway challenge apparatus，and challenged by nebulized inhalation of allergen suspension（0.5 μg/ml）for 30 min for 7 successive days. The mice were undergone allergen specific immunotherapy（ASIT）by intraperitoneal injection and of the immunotherapy group by ProDer f 1 protein，immunotherapy groups by papain hydrolysates and trypsin hydrolysates（100 μg/ml）in a dose of 200 μl of reactive allergens，30 min prior to the inhalation treatment at day 25，26 and 27，respectively. The PBS group was managed with both intraperitoneal injection and aerosol of PBS. Twenty?four hours after the last challenge，all the mice were sacrificed. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid（BALF）and sera were collected，and the splenocytes were cultured. The levels of IL ?4，IL?10，IL?17 and IFN?γ in BALF and supernatant of splenocytes cultured（SSCC）were detected by ELISA，and the serum levels of specific IgE and IgG2a antibodies were also detected by ELISA. Results Results Compared with the asthma group，the histo? logic examination of the lungs taken from the mice in the immunotherapy group by ProDer f 1 protein，immunotherapy groups by papain hydrolysates and trypsin hydrolysates showed alleviated peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory infiltration，absent? ly of eosinophils. The normal lung architectures were also exhibited，particularly，the epithelium was of normal size and morphol? ogy，similar to that of the PBS?challenged group. The levels of IL?4 in BLAF of the ASIT groups and asthma group were（231.61± 11.73）， （206.20±14.33）， （200.44±9.34）， （299.68±12.46）pg/ml；the levels of IL? 10 in BLAF were（361.87±13.62）， （376.27±20.57）， （413.57±12.98）， （171.28±19.79）pg/ml；the levels of IL?17 in BLAF were（142.12±5.01）， （128.27± 5.34）， （130.79 ± 6.30）， （273.59 ± 11.56）pg/ml；the levels of IFN? γ in BLAF were（229.60 ± 11.32）， （269.13 ± 11.98）， （282.25±19.65）， （147.76±11.36）pg/ml. The levels of IL? 4 in SCCS of the ASIT groups and asthma group were（218.54± 12.62）， （220.21±10.73）， （201.59±18.54）， （256.86±15.53）pg/ml；the levels of IL?10 were（360.45±13.10）， （383.41± 19.81）， （413.51±13.14）， （173.50±20.25）pg/ml；the levels of IL?17 were（154.23±5.18）， （137.72±6.66）， （141.01±7.35）， （297.55±8.97）pg/ml，the levels of IFN?γ were（243.22±25.01）， （275.20±14.65）， （284.67±25.87）， （154.54±17.45）pg/ml. The levels of antigen? specific IgE antibody of the ASIT groups and asthma group were（309.66±13.56）， （256.61±40.64）， （248.83±10.51）， （359.60±29.48）μg/ml，and the antigen? specific IgG2a antibody levels were（8.87±0.82）， （9.15±0.83）， （10.56±1.68）， （7.04±0.42）μg/ml. The resulting serum antigen?specific IgE antibody levels suggested that the IgE levels in the immunotherapy group by ProDer f 1 protein，immunotherapy groups by papain hydrolysates and trypsin hydrolysates were signifi? cantly lower than that in the asthma group. Conversely，the level of antigen?specific IgG2a in sera was significantly higher in the immunotherapy group by ProDer f 1 protein，immunotherapy groups by papain hydrolysates and trypsin hydrolysates than that in the asthmatic group. The levels of IL?4，IL?17 in BALF and SCCS in the immunotherapy group by ProDer f 1 protein，immuno? therapy groups by papain hydrolysates and trypsin hydrolysates significantly decreased，compared with that in the asthma group. However，the levels of IL?10 and IFN?γ in BALF and SCCS in the immunotherapy group by ProDer f 1 protein，immunotherapy groups by papain hydrolysates and trypsin hydrolysates were increased dramatically in the immunotherapy group by ProDer f 1 protein，immunotherapy groups by papain hydrolysates and trypsin hydrolysates than that in the asthma group. Conclusion Conclusion The hydrolytic products above?mentioned can alleviate asthmatic symptoms effectively after the antigen?specific immunotherapy in murine asthma models.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Xixi National Wetland Park, 2012-2014

ZHANG Hua-Mi, HU Xiao-Wei, JIN Guo-Nong, ZHANG Cong-Xiao, LIU Ying-Na

2015, 27(5):  497.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015094

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Objective Objective To understand the endemic dynamic and situation of schistosomiasis in the Xixi National Wetland Park. Methods Methods The surveillances of Oncomelania hupensis snail situation and the schistosome infection status of the permanent residents and floating population in the Xixi National Wetland were conducted annually from 2012 to 2014 according to the Sur? veillance Programs of Schistosomiasis in Surveillance Sites of Zhejiang Province. Results Results From 2012 to 2014，accumulatively 12.31 hm2 of area，4 965 m2 of vegetation and 75 379 alien plants were surveyed in the Xixi National Wetland Park，and no On? comelania snails were found. The seropositive rates in the permanent residents and floating population were 0.71%（5/706）and 1.36%（25/1 834） ，respectively，and 1 imported chronic schistosomiasis case was found in 2014. Totally 3 006 floating person? nel were involved in the investigation of infection status and awareness on knowledge of schistosomiasis control in 2013，the sero? positive rate was 0.63%（19/3 006） ，and the rates of those from endemic and non?endemic areas were 1.00%（15/1 503）and 0.27%（4/1 503） ，respectively，and the difference was statistically significant（χ2 = 6.41，P < 0.05） . The results of the fecal examinations among the seropositive cases were all negative. The awareness rates on the Regulation of Schistosomiasis Control and Prevention as well as related knowledge about Oncomelania snails were low. The indoor survival experiment of Oncomelania snails showed the survival rates of Oncomelania snails were 58.33% and 1.25% after observing for 3 and 6 months respectively. Conclusions Conclusions The Xixi National Wetland Park is suitable for Oncomelania snails to inhabit and breed. The imported cases in floating population pose a serious threat to the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in local. In the future，the surveillance on snails and floating population as well as the health education should be strengthened.

Effect of schistosomiasis control in towns reached criteria of infection controlled in Nanchang City

PENG Guo-Hua, HU Zhu-Hua, FU Ren-Long, FENG Xiao-Wu, CHEN Hai-Ying, WAN Bao-Ping

2015, 27(5):  500.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015074

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in towns that had reached the criteria of infection con? trolled in Nanchang City. Methods Methods The residents and livestock of 14 towns that had reached the criteria of infection controlled in Nanchang，Xinjian and Jinxian counties of Nanchang City were sampled to investigate the schistosomiasis endemic situation， Oncomelania hupensis snail status，and data of schistosomiasis control work. Results Results The positive rate of serum tests of the res? idents was 2.58%，and no positive stool samples were found. No cattle or sheep were positive in stool tests. Totally 1 635 snails were caught，and 1 278 were alive with an average density of living snails of 0.051/0.1 m2 ，while no schistosome infected snails were found. All the surveyed administrative villages had the completed files of schistosomiasis control. Conclusion Conclusion All the 14 towns that had reached the criteria of infection controlled of schistosomiasis have already reached the criteria of transmis? sion controlled in Nanchang City.

Effect of integrated measures on schistosomiasis transmission-interruption in hilly areas

WU Xiao-Jun, JIANG Cheng-Gong, LI Shui-Ming, LIU Min, CHEN Shi-Jun

2015, 27(5):  503.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015139

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of control integrative measures which persist in snail eradication and chemo? therapy on schistosomiasis transmission?interruption in hilly areas. Methods Methods The data of integrated control and endemic situa? tion of schistosomiasis from 2004 to 2014 were collected，and the control effect of integrated measures was evaluated. Results Results From 2004 to 2014，both the Oncomelania hupensis snail area and density of living snails of Jurong City were reduced from 43.13 hm2 and 1.48 snails/0.1 m2 to 0；the residents’seropositive rate declined continuously；the residents’and students’ awareness rates on schistosomiasis control were increased from 88.43% and 82.04% to 92.56% and 95.74% respectively；the snail area was significantly negatively correlated with the coverage rate of snail control（r = -0.864，P＜0.05） . Conclusions Conclusions In the hilly areas，the schistosomiasis control integrated measures which persist in snail eradication and chemotherapy could con? trol the endemic situation rapidly and steadily，accelerating to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis transmission?interruption.

Application of clinical nursing pathway in fast-track program of splenomegaly advanced schistosomiasis patients

ZHOU Rui-Hong, LIU Jia-Xin, PAN Jie, ZHOU Lu, LIU Ling, LI Qin

2015, 27(5):  506.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015063

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of clinical nursing pathway in fast?track program（FTS?CNP） in splenomegaly advanced schistosomiasis patients during the perioperative period. Methods Methods A total of 80 patients with splenomegaly advanced schistosomiasis who were treated with selective operation in the Affiliated Xiangyue Hospital of Hunan Institute of Parasitic Dis? eases from January，2012 to December，2014 were divided into an observation group（n = 40）and a control group（n = 40） . FTS?CNP was implemented in the observation group，while the routine nursing was used in the control group. Then the physical rehabilitation and psychological health levels of the patients in the two groups post?operation were observed and compared. Re Re? ? sults sults After the operation，the duration of first taking food［（14.67 ± 2.90）h］，first anus exhausting［（25.30 ± 3.46）h］，first off?bed activity［（29.40 ± 5.57）h］，as well as the duration of hospital stays［（19.00 ± 2.82）d］of patients in the observation group were all shorter than those of the patients in the control group［（44.50 ± 6.71）h， （52.80 ± 6.95）h， （35.05 ± 10.37）h， （25.08 ± 2.39）d，respectively］，and the incidence rate of postoperative complications（7.50%）of the former was lower than that of the latter（25.00%）， and all the differences were statistically significant（all P＜0.05） . Both the scores of SAS（41.22 ±5.60） and SDS（40.28 ± 6.67） of the patients in the observation group were lower than those of the patients in the control group （46.89 ± 8.92， 47.06 ± 10.29）， both differences were statistically significant（both P＜0.01） . Conclusion Conclusion FTS?CNP can promote the physical and psychological recovery of the splenomegaly advanced schistosomiasis patients post?operation，and also can shorten the hospitals stays and reduce the complications.

Effect of soil-transmitted helminthes control through mass deworming and latrine improvement

ZHU Tao, JIANG Tao, CHAO Nong, ZHANG Xiao-Zhong, FEI Hao-Jun

2015, 27(5):  510.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015096

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of soil?transmitted helminthes control through mass deworming and latrine im? provement in rural areas. Methods Methods The data including mass deworming（1998-2000）and latrine improvement（2001-2010） were collected，summarized and analyzed in Danyang City. The infection rate of the soil?transmitted helminthes was monitored annually by using Kato?Katz method from 2001 to 2010. In addition，2 villages with the improved latrines strategy and one vil? lage without the strategy were selected for hygienic evaluation. Results Results Totally 1 130 000 person? times of mass deworming were carried out in Danyang City from 1998 to 2000，and the infection rate of soil transmitted helminthes of human was de? creased from 40.82% to 1.10%. The infection rate（2.49%-4.81%）was bounced in the first five years（from 2001 to 2005）after mass deworming，while it gradually declined in the following five years（from 2006 to 2010）and maintained at a low level （0.07%-0.52%），and there was a significant difference between the average infection rates during the above two stages（χ2 = 353.83，P < 0.01） . There was a negative correlation between the coverage rate of harmless latrine and the infection rate（r = - 0.83，P < 0.01） . Conclusion Conclusion The mass deworming and latrine improvement are effective measures for the control of soil?trans? mitted helminthes infection in rural areas.

Imaging characteristics of different types of cerebral cysticercosis

MAO De-Hua, GAO Sheng, LI Yu-Min

2015, 27(5):  513.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015076

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Objective Objective To study the imaging characteristics of different types of cerebral cysticercosis. Methods Methods The CT and MRI findings of 166 patients with clinical diagnostic cerebral cysticercosis were reviewed retrospectively. Results Results Among the 166 cerebral cysticercosis patients, there were 108 cerebral parenchyma type cases, 15 ventricles type cases, 3 meningeal type cases, and 40 mixed type cases according to the cysticerci being in the parts of the brain. The CT and MRI imaging charac? teristics of various types were as the following. ① Brain parenchyma type included the cystoid subtype, encephalitis subtype, nodular or multiple ring enhancement subtype, and chronic calcification subtype. The cystoid subtype: CT showed single or multi? ple cystic shadow (s) with clear boundary, and the sac with a high density of scolex; MRI showed round long T1 and long T2 sig? nals, eccentric punctate shadows inside the sac, cystic wall and scolex signals, but no significant enhancement. The encephalitis subtype: CT showed scattered low density lesions and MRI showed patchy slightly long T1 and long T2 signals, but no enhance? ment or irregular enhancement in the majority. The nodular or multiple ring enhancement subtype: CT scan showed low density lesions in multiple nodules, or CT enhancement scan showed multiple nodules or ring enhancement. The chronic calcification subtype: CT showed single or multiple dot?like high density single (s), and MRI showed equal or long T1 and short T2 signals. ② Ventricular type: The lesions were often in the third and fourth ventricles complicated with obstructive hydrocephalus. ③ Menin? geal type: there were expand and asymmetric cerebrospinal space limitations, communicating hydrocephalus，and the enhanced scan showed leptomeningeal enhancement. ④ Mixed type: The performance was mixed as two or more types above mentioned， and there existed mixed acute and chronic phases. Conclusions Conclusions The imaging findings of the different types of cerebral cysticer? cosis are differ from one another. The analysis of the imaging characteristics of the different types of cerebral cysticercosis has a significance for the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognostic judgment of cerebral cysticercosis patients.

Clinical application of diagnostic therapy of praziquantel for suspected cerebral cysticercosis

LI Yan, SUN Li, CHEN Chuang, YANG Chun-Mei

2015, 27(5):  517.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015081

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Objective Objective To explore the clinical application value of diagnostic therapy of praziquantel for suspected cerebral cysticercosis. Methods Methods The suspected cerebral cysticercosis patients were collected and treated with the diagnostic therapy ［praziquantel，50 mg/（kg·d）］，and followed up for 1-2 years. Results Results Totally 94 suspected cerebral cysticercosis patients were collected. After the diagnostic therapy，78（82.98%）cases were confirmed as cerebral cysticercosis，13（13.83%）were di? agnosed as other diseases，and 3（3.19%）were not definitely diagnosed. Conclusion Conclusion The diagnostic therapy for suspected ce? rebral cysticercosis can reduce or avoid the missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis in some atypical cerebral cysticercosis patients.

Malaria surveillance in Tengchong County of Yunnan Province in 2013

LI Sheng-Guo, WANG Jia-Zhi, YIN Shou-Qin, LI Xi-Shang, FENG Xin-Yu

2015, 27(5):  520.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015077

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Objective Objective To analyze the surveillance data of malaria in Tengchong County of Yunnan Province in 2013，so as to provide the evidence for carrying out the malaria elimination in the future. Methods Methods The data of epidemic situation and sur? veillance of malaria in Tengchong County in 2013 were collected and analyzed for the prevalence state as well as and the monitor? ing indicators including the blood examination of fever patients of unknown origin，initiative detection of cases，under?reporting survey，sentinel surveillance and species and density investigation of Anopheles mosquitoes. Results Results Totally 138 malaria cases were reported in Tengchong County in 2013，among which 118 cases were infected with Plasmodium vivax and 20 cases with P. falciparum，and all the reported cases were imported. The completion rates of blood examinations，case reports and case investi? gations all reached 100%. A total of 57 cases were involved in initiative detection，but no positive cases were found. The twice under?reporting of malaria case surveys were conducted and 1 case had been under?reported. The sentinel surveillance was car? ried out both in the domestic and overseas sites at the same time to detect the suspected malaria cases，172 cases were screened totally，and 15 ones were detected as positives. Totally 528 returnees were screened，and there were no positive case found. A. sinensis and A. liangshanensis were the dominant species，followed by A. minimus，A. maculatus and others. Conclusions Conclusions The malaria epidemic situation is stable in Tengchong County in 2013，and all the work in surveillance has been conducted success? fully，but there still exist some difficulties in the process of malaria elimination. The local health departments should further strengthen the surveillance on imported cases and the management on migrant population as well as the capability building for health workers in malaria control in the future.

Preservation of live eggs of Schistosoma japonicum

LAN Wei-Ming, XIE Shu-Ying, WANG Qin, JIANG Wei-Sheng, HU Ren-Mei, GE Jun, ZENG Xiao-Jun

2015, 27(5):  523.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015097

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Objective Objective To observe the preservation time and activity of miracidium hatching from schistosome eggs preserved in different solutions，so as to obtain the optimal preservation conditions and then provide quality control products for field appli? cation. Methods Methods The rectum stool of rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum was collected and the coarse fecal residue was removed with a series of sample sieves of 80，100，160 and 200 meshes respectively，and then the schistosome eggs were concentrated with the sample sieve of 260 meshes. The concentrated eggs were preserved in 0.9% sodium chloride solution， 1.2% sodium chloride solution，phosphate buffered saline solution（PBS，PH 7.2），1.0% sucrose solution，and Mili?Q water， respectively，and then were conserved in a 4 ℃ refrigerator and 15 ℃ constant temperature incubator，respectively. The pre? served eggs were hatched in different time（7?day interval），the vitality and quantity of the miracidia were observed，and the hatching rates were calculated. Results Results Under the condition of 4 ℃，the hatching rates of eggs dropped to 0 in 1.0% sucrose so? lution and 1.2% sodium chloride solution at the 49th and 126th day，respectively，and the hatching rates of eggs in the 0.9% so? dium chloride solution and PBS solution dropped to 10% at the 112th day，and the activity of miracidium was weakened since 140th. In the Mili?Q water，the hatching rate dropped less than 10% at the 196th day and the activity of miracidia was weakened since the 280th day. Under the condition of 15 ℃，the hatching rate of eggs in different solutions gradually dropped to 0 from the 49th day to 105th day. Conclusion Conclusion The eggs preserved in Mili?Q water at the temperature of 4 ℃ can be used as the positive reference for hatching tests within 196 days.

Investigation of natural foci of Metorchis taiwanensis in Wuhu area

DUAN Bin-Bin, SONG Hong-Yu, TAO Ning, LI Chao-Pin

2015, 27(5):  526.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015091

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Objective Objective To explore the existence of natural foci of Metorchis taiwanensis in Wuhu area. Methods Methods The eco? logical environment and daily living habits of residents were investigated；the eggs of M. taiwanensis in the dung of ducks in lo? cal region were collected by the sedimentation method；the Parafossarulus striatulus were disposed by the tabletting method and examined with a microscope to isolate the rediae and cercariae；the metacercariae in Pseudorasbora parve were isolated by using the homogenation. The duckling were fed directively by metacercaria of M. taiwanensis or by P. parve infected with metacercaria of M. taiwanensis for artificial infection，and M. taiwanensis were separated from ducks by dissecting the gallbladder and bile ducts. Results Results The survey revealed that there were staggered lake river，rich vegetation，overgrown shrubs， aquatic plants， rich variety of freshwater snails and fish resources in Wuhu area，and it was home to a variety of waterfowl and duck. The aver? age detection rate of eggs of M. tanwanensis in stool of ducks was 33.33% （10/30）； that of rediae and cercarriae in P. striatulus was 1.17% （7/600）； and that of encysted metacercaria in P. parve was 13.33% （8/60）；the number of M. taiwanensis detected in the infected ducklings in 3 groups were 31， 8 and 0, respectively, the natural M. tanwanensis infection rate of ducks was 23.33% （7/30） . Conclusion Conclusion We have confirmed the existence of natural foci of M. tanwanensis in Wuhu area.

Analysis of capability of examining helminthes: National technique competi? tion of parasitic disease diagnosis in 2013

ZHU Ting-Jun, ZANG Wei, WANG Qiang, WANG Li-Ying, FU Qing, LI Shi-Zhu, CHEN Ying-Dan, ZHOU Chang-Hai, WANG Ju-Jun, WANG Li-Ying, XIAO Ning, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2015, 27(5):  529.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015102

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Objectives Objectives To understand the ability of worm detection of staff of centers for disease control and prevention （CDC）in China，so as to promote the ability construction. Methods Methods In each province，four competitors were selected from the institutions of parasitic diseases control to attend the National Technique Competition for Parasitic Disease Diagnosis and the re? sults of competition were collected and analyzed. Results Results The average scores of microscopic identification and slide prepara? tion of all the 124 competitors were 27.3 and 7.6 respectively and the scores were increased significantly（t = 3.169，5.009，both P < 0.05）compared to those in 2012. The average detection rate of helminthes was 62.7%，and it was increased significantly （c2 = 28.630，P < 0.05）compared to that in 2012. The scores of competitors of different genders，ages，and profession titles were significantly different（t = 1.400，2.080，F = 2.366-3.864，all P < 0.05） . The scores of competitors of provinces with the control task of parasites were higher than those without any control task（t = 6.650，4.630，both P < 0.01） . Conclusions Conclusions The competition has enhanced the ability of staff of CDCs，especially for the young staff. However，the ability of detection for soil transmitted helminth eggs should be intensified. Monitoring sites should be established in low endemic areas of parasites and provinces without the prevention and control task and the training for the professional staff should be strengthened.

Risk assessment of schistosomiasis transmission on rescue workers involved in“Oriental Star shipwreck event”

YING Zhao-Yu, TAN Xiao-Dong, GAO Xu-Dong, NI Zi-Ling, LIU Bei

2015, 27(5):  533.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015111

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Objective Objective To assess the impact of the“Oriental Star shipwreck event”on the risk of schistosomiasis transmis? sion in Jianli County，Hubei Province，so as to provide the evidence for formulating appropriate measures of schistosomiasis pre? vention and control. Methods Methods Based on the field observation and investigation，the data of the on?the?spot rescue and the his? torical endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jianli County were collected and analyzed. Meanwhile，the focus group discussion and risk matrix were conducted to assess the risk of schistosome infection of the rescuers. Results Results Over 10 000 rescuers partici? pated in the search operation，including the armed police forces，local people，reservists and so on. The armed police forces were the major components，which accounted for 39%. Jianli country was schistosomiasis endemic area with a high infection lev? el in history，but the endemic situation had been mitigated significantly after years of positive prevention and treatment；the schistosome infection rate of population was 0.44% in 2014 and the Oncomelania hupensis snail area was only 6.6 hm2 around the rescue areas in the upstream and downstream. In addition，the snail density was not high，and no infected snails had been found for 11 years. The risk of schistosome infection was in the medium level. Conclusions Conclusions Though there exists the schistosome infec? tion risk in the water area where the accident happened，the probability of occurrence is not high. In order to prevent the out? break and endemic of schistosomiasis，the protection measures and health education to the rescuers as well as snail control and monitoring， and early?warning should be strengthened.

Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Tongling County of Anhui Province from 2009 to 2014

WANG Qing-Shan, TIAN Xue-Gen, CHEN De-Yin, KE Zhao-Ming

2015, 27(5):  536.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015040

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Objective Objective To understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Tongling County of Anhui Province，so as to provide the evidence for summarizing the“Twelfth Five?Year Plan”and formulating the“Thirteenth Five?Year Plan” . Meth Meth? ? ods ods The data of schistosomiasis control reports and other information about Oncomelania hupensis status and schistosomiasis situation of population and livestock were collected and analyzed statistically in Tongling County from 2009 to 2014. Results Results From 2009 to 2014，the schistosome infection rate and blood positive rate of the population decreased significantly，and only one case of acute schistosome infection was found in 2009. The schistosome infection rate of livestock decreased significantly， and the decreasing rate was 91.10% from 2009 to 2010. From 2009 to 2014，the snail area and average density of living snails presented decreasing trends but the densities of living snails increased in 2011 and 2012. After 2011，no schistosome infected snails were found. Conclusions Conclusions The schistosome infection rate of population has been controlled at a low level in Tongling County，but the snail area is still large in the marshland and lake regions，and the density of living snails is relatively high in the inland. Therefore， the schistosomiasis control work， especially snail control，still should be strengthened.

Analysis of schistosomiasis situation at a surveillance site in Kaihua County, Zhejiang Province from 2008 to 2014

LU Mei, ZHANG Jian-Feng, WANG Min, ZHENG Can-Jie

2015, 27(5):  538.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015089

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Objective Objective To master the dynamics of schistosomiasis situation in Kaihua County，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control scheme. Methods Methods According to the“Schistosomiasis Monitoring Work Program in Zhejiang Province” ，the Oncomelania hupensis snail status，schistosome infections of residents and livestock，and the influenc? ing factors were investigated. Results Results Totally 62 snail sites were discovered, the area with snails was 2.30 hm2 ，the snail densi? ty was 0.023 snail/0.1 m2 ，and the snail status declined with time. No schistosome infected snails，local residents，mobile peo? ple or livestock were found. Conclusion Conclusion The endemic situation of schistosomiasis is stable in Kaihua County，but the surveil? lance of snail situation and mobile population is still needed.

Schistosomiasis surveillance in mobile population of Xiuzhou District, Jiaxing City, 2013-2014

XU Hui-Qing, ZHU Pei-Hua, NI Chun-Miao, SHEN Ying, LUO Tian-Bin

2015, 27(5):  541.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015107

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Objective Objective To understand the schistosome infection situation of mobile population in Xiuzhou District. Meth Meth? ? ods ods The data about the distribution of mobile population from the counties not reaching schistosomiasis transmission controlled in Xiuzhou District were collected，then the questionnaire survey combined with laboratory detection were used to investigate the situation of imported schistosomiasis in this district. In addition，the average infection rate and the estimated number of schisto? somiasis patients were calculated. Results Results From 2013 to 2014，there were 15 940 people from the counties not reaching schis? tosomiasis transmission controlled in Xiuzhou District，among which，4 405 were investigated，and 124 of them had schistosomi? asis and treatment history. Thirty?eight people were positive in serological tests，and 3 cases were positive in the etiological de? tection. The average infection rate of schistosome of the mobile population in Xiuzhou District was 0.068%，the calculated num? ber of schistosomiasis patients was 11. Conclusions Conclusions The imported sources of infection are the main risk for the consolidation of the results of schistosomiasis control，which may result to the rebound of the endemic situation. So the management and surveil? lance of mobile population should be strengthened.

Effect of health education intervention on schistosomiasis control in Mianyang City

SHI Ying-Hong, LIU Chang-Di, WANG Bao-Dong

2015, 27(5):  544.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015048

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of health education on schistosomiasis control in Mianyang City. Methods Methods The population aged 6－65 years in 12 moderately and heavy schistosomiasis endemic villages of 6 endemic counties in Mianyang City were selected as the investigation objects，among which，the health education on schistosomiasis control were implemented. The questionnaire surveys were carried out to understand the knowledge，attitude and behavior on schistosomiasis control of the target population， and the scores before and after the intervention were compared to evaluate the effect. Results Results Totally 600 peo? ple were investigated，including 298 villagers and 302 students. After the health education intervention，the average scores of knowledge，attitude and behavior on schistosomiasis control of the villagers improved from（77.17 ± 5.04）， （77.83 ±5.74）， （72.17 ± 2.48）to（89.12 ± 3.18），100，100，respectively，while those of the students improved from（79.50 ± 5.82）， （84.33 ± 2.66）， （82.17 ± 4.71）to（87.00 ± 3.59）， 100， 100， respectively， all the differences were statistically significant（all P＜0.01） . Conclusions Conclusions The health education of schistosomiasis control in Mianyang City achieves a good effect. How to consolidate the re? sults and enhance the consciousness of the mass to participate in schistosomiasis control is still the primary mission at present.

Analysis of malaria situation and discussion of control strategies in Huai&rsquo|an City, 2014

GIA Cong-Ying, YANG Wen-Zhou, GAO Hong-Xia, YU Chao

2015, 27(5):  546.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015051

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Objective Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation in Huai’ an City in 2014，so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting effective strategies and measures to eliminate malaria. Methods Methods The reported malaria cases from the Internet Reporting System and the epidemiological data of malaria of Huai’ an City in 2014 were collected and analyzed statis? tically. Results Results A total of 56 malaria cases were reported in Huai’ an City in 2014 with the incidence of 0.12/10 000，and 43.59%of increasing rate compared with the previous year（39 cases） . All these cases were imported from African countries. There were 50 cases of falciparum malaria，4 cases of ovale malaria， 1 case of quartan malaria and 1 case of mixed infections. All the patients were male and aged 24-59 years. Totally 96.43% of the patients（54 cases）were peasants and 69.64% of them （39 cases）only received junior high school education. The malaria cases were mainly distributed in Huai’ an District（32 cas? es），Xuyi County（8 cases）and Huaiyin District（6 cases），totally accounting for 82.14%. There was no significant seasonal variation in the reporting time of the cases. The median time from onset to seeing a doctor was 2 days and the median time from seeing a doctor to being diagnosed was 1 day. Totally 16.67% of the patients（8 cases）were misdiagnosed when they first visited a doctor. All the patients were laboratory confirmed and all of them received the standard treatment after diagnosis. Conclu Conclu? ? sions sions There have been no local malaria cases reported from Huai’ an City in the last three years. However，the situation of im? ported malaria is more serious and the species of infected Plasmodium are more diverse. Therefore，to accomplish the aim of ma? laria elimination in the whole city，it is necessary to further strengthen the multi?sectoral cooperation，health education，malaria screening and professional training to control the imported malaria.

Quality analysis of malaria blood smear preparations of febrile patients in Chenzhou Prefecture, 2014

WANG Yan-Qin, ZHU Han-Wu

2015, 27(5):  549.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015112

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Objective Objective To standardize the malaria smear preparations of febrile patients in Chenzhou Prefecture，Hunan Province，so as to provide the technical support for malaria elimination. Methods Methods According to the Technical Solutions to Eliminate Malaria（2011 edition），the blood smear preparations of febrile patients from each county，included more than 3% negatives and all positives，were reviewed monthly in 2014. The quality of blood smear manufacture，dyeing，cleanliness and re? sults was reviewed by malaria microscopic examination experts. The data were analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological methods. Results Results Totally 231 blood smears were reviewed in 2014 with a reviewed rate of 6.91%. The blood smear production qualified rate was 80.52%，the dyeing pass rate was 84.42%，the cleanliness pass rate was 86.58%，and there were no false de? tections and no leak detections. The highest blood smear production qualified rate，dyeing pass rate and cleanliness pass rate were found in Guiyang County and Linwu County，with all the rates of 100% respectively. The lowest blood smear production qualified rate and cleanliness pass rate were found in Yizhang County，with the rates of 52.94 % and 70.59% respectively. The lowest blood smear dyeing pass rate was found in Yongxing County with the rate of 63.64%. There were statistically significant differences between Guiyang County and Yizhang County in the production qualified rates and cleanliness pass rates（ χ2 = 18.60，9.73，both P < 0.01） . There was a statistically significant difference between Guiyang County and Yongxing County in the dyeing pass rates（χ2 = 11.43，P < 0.01） . Conclusion Conclusion Through the review of blood smears，the problems will be timely discovered. Therefore， the blood smear quality should improve， which is helpful for achieving the goal of malaria elimination.

Application of high resolution remote sensing technology in research of schistosomiasis surveillance

XUE Jing-Bo, ZHANG Li-Juan, WANG Qiang, LU Yan-Xin, LI Shi-Zhu

2015, 27(5):  551.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015072

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Schistosomiasis is closely related to environmental factors，the changes of environmental factors，such as vegeta? tion，temperature，hydrology and soil，could impact the transmission of the disease. The environmental factors associated with schistosomiasis could be extracted by remote sensing technology quickly and precisely，and be applied to monitor the schistoso? miasis transmission. The studies on high resolution remote sensing technology applied in the research of schistosomiasis are re? viewed in this paper.

Advances in researches on mechanism of anti-Toxoplasma Chinese herbal medicine

XU Zhao-Yun, ZHANG Bao-De, NING Jun-Ya, WANG Yuan-Yuan, YUAN Wen-Ying

2015, 27(5):  555.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015109

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Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunity cellular parasite，related to the infection of various animals and human be? ings and severely impairing agriculture and human health. Because of the complexity of T. gondii life cycle，its different biologi? cal characteristics，and multifarious pathogenesis，there are no specific treatment and preventive medicines at present. Chinese herbal medicine can balance“yin?yang”and regulate the immunity and its side?effect is slight. Now，it has been a hot topic of the research on effective and secure medicines in anti?toxoplasmosis. This paper summarizes and analyzes the curative effect and mechanism of anti?Toxoplasma Chinese herbal medicine，such as Scutellaria baicalensis，Inontus obliquus polysaccharide，Ra? dix glycyrrhizae， pumpkin seeds，and Semen arecae.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding induced by hookworm infection: one case report

LAN Qiu-Li, LIU Qiong

2015, 27(5):  558.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015127

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This paper reports a case of upper gastrointestinal bleeding induced by hookworm infection，which was misdiag? nosed at the beginning， and analyzes the causes of misdiagnosis.

First report of one imported case of schistosomiasis haematobia in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

JIANG Zhi-Hua, TANG Wen-Qian, LIN Yuan, YANG Yi-Chao

2015, 27(5):  560.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015093

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The first case of imported schistosomiasis haematobia in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region is reported in this paper， so as to improve the doctors’ understanding of the common tropic diseases abroad.