Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control

Progress of pattern recognition receptors of molluscs

GAO Qian, ZHAO Qin-Ping, MA Xiao-Xue, DONG Hui-Fen

2015, 27(4): 26. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015105

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Molluscs have established complete innate immunity to defense against pathogens. The pattern recognition recep? tors（PRRs）are the sensory receptors of molluscs to resist outside invaders，as the first reactor to initiate the innate immune re? sponse. Some PRRs have been identified in several molluscs，including Toll?like receptors（TLRs），C?type lectins，galectins， lipopolysaccharide?β?1， 3?glucan binding protein（LGBP），C1q domain?containing protein（C1qDC），and peptidoglycan recog? nition protein（PGRP） . PRRs have various biological activities and play important roles in the defense system of molluscs. This paper reviews the research progress of PRRs in molluscs.

Evaluation on molluscicidal effect of chlorosalicylicamide on Oncomelania hupensis in schistosomiasis endemic areas of eight provinces in China

WEI Feng-Hua, XU Xin-Jian, YUAN Yi, XIA Jing, LI Gui-Ling, LIU Min, CHEN Ru-Juan, ZHOU Zheng-Ping, DONG Xin-Qi, FENG Xi-Guang, QIU Dong-Chuan, CHEN Lin, YI Ping, WEI Wang-Yuan, CHEN Hong-Gen, LIU Hong-Yun, WANG Tian-Ping, GUO Jian-Duo, LIANG You-Sheng, DAI Jian-Rong, WEN Li-Yong, YAN Xiao-Lan

2015, 27(4): 335. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015028

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effects of a novel molluscicide，the salt quinoid?2′，5?dichloro?4′?nitrosalicylanilide from niclosamide（LDS），with 10% wettable powder，in main schistosomiasis epidemic areas of China，including Hunan、 Ji? angxi、 Hubei、 Anhui、 Jiangsu、 Sichuan、 Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces. Methods Methods In the immersion test，6 effective concentra? tions of 10% LDS were tested respectively：0.1，0.2，0.4，0.6，0.8 and 1.0 g/m3 in the field；at the same time，50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt（WPN）with effective concentrations of 1.0 g/m3 was used as the molluscicide control， and the fresh water as the blank control，then the mortality rates of O. hupensis snails were recorded at 24 h，48 h and 72 h after the immersion. In the spraying test and powder ? spraying test，5 effective dosages of 10% LDS were tested respectively：0.2，0.4，0.6，0.8 and 1.0 g/m2 ，while 50% WPN 1.0 g/m2 was used as the molluscicide control，and the fresh water as the blank con? trol in the field for 1 d，3 d and 7 d，then the mortality rates of O. hupensis snails were recorded at 1 d，3 d and 7 d after the spraying and powder?spraying. Results Results The snail mortality rates of LDS using the immersion test for 72 h were more than 95% in the field of eight provinces（0.1 g/m3 in Sichuan，Jiangxi，Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces，0.2 g/m3 in Yunnan，Hunan and Hubei provinces，and 0.4 g/m3 in Anhui Province）；the snail mortality rates of LDS using the spraying test for 7 d were more than 85%（0.2 g/m2 in Hunan，Hubei，Jiangxi and Zhejiang provinces，0.4 g/m2 in Sichuan and Anhui provinces，0.6 g/m2 in Yunnan and Jiangsu provinces） . The snail mortality rates of LDS in the powder?spraying test for 7 d were more than 85%（0.6 g/ m2 in Yunnan，Sichuan，Hubei，Jiangxi，Anhui，Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces） . According to the standards of“Efficacy test methods and evaluation of molluscicide for pesticide registration（NY/T 1617?2008） ” ，LDS is a qualified molluscicide. Conclu Conclu? ? sions sions LDS has good molluscicidal effects through the immersion，spraying and powder?spraying test in the fields. It is suitable for a variety of environments to control O. hupensis snails of schistosomiasis endemic areas in China. The recommended dosages of LDS are 0.1?0.2 g/m3 by the immersion method，0.2?0.4 g/m2 by the spraying method，and 0.4?0.6 g/m2 by the powder?spray? ing method in the fields.

Integration and demonstration of key techniques in the surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province II Molluscicidal effect of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules in large-scale settings

ZHANG Zheng-Qiu, MA Yu-Cai, SUN Le-Ping, GAO Yang, LU Bin, WANG Fu-Biao, ZHANG Jin, CHEN Qian, HONG Qing-Biao, WANG Wei, YANG Kun, LIANG You-Sheng, DAI Jian-Rong

2015, 27(4): 343. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015088

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Objective Objective To evaluate the field molluscicidal effect of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules，so as to provide a novel Oncomelania hupensis snail control approach for emergency treatment of high?risk settings. Methods Methods Snail control tests with spraying of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules were conducted in two settings of 2 counties，and the dose?，time? and setting?specific field molluscicidal effects were tested. Results Results In the small?scale setting，spraying of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules at doses of 30，40 and 50 g/m2 resulted in 54.55%，68.41% and 73.45% 1?day snail mortality，57.27%，68.59% and 80.28% 3?day snail mortality，and 63.49%，77.58% and 85.55% 7?day snail mortality，respectively，and no significant dif? ferences were detected in 1? and 3?day snail mortality caused by spraying of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules at doses of 30 and 40 g/m2 （all P > 0.05），while significant difference was found in the 7?day snail mortality（χ2 = 4.549，P < 0.05） . In ad? dition，spraying of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules at doses of 40 and 50 g/m2 resulted in comparable 1?，3? and 7?day snail mortality（all P > 0.05） . In the large?scale setting，spraying of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules at a dose of 40 g/m2 resulted in 85.29% and 87.70% 3?day snail mortality，83.89% and 91.02% 7?day snail mortality，and 83.41% and 91.84% 15? day snail mortality in the environment ? cleaning group and non ? cleaning group，respectively. The overall snail mortality was 90.02% in the environment?cleaning group 3 to 15 days after spraying，which was significantly higher than that（84.28%）in the non?cleaning group（χ2 = 9.950，P < 0.05） . After 15 days of spraying with 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules at a dose of 40 g/m2 ，the densities of living snails reduced from 19.90 and 19.83 snails/0.1 m2 to 0.60 and 2.60 snails/0.1 m2 in the environ? ment?cleaning group and non?cleaning group，with 96.98% and 86.89% reductions，respectively. Conclusion Conclusion The appropriate dose of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules is 40 g/m2 for snail control in the field，and environment cleaning of vegetation with a height of more than 50 cm may improve the molluscicidal efficacy.

Current situation and effect of non-hazardous treatment of excrement of sanitary latrines in rural schistosomiasis endemic areas of Eryuan County, Yunnan Province

SHAO Zong-Ti, XIONG Meng-Tao, FENG Xi-Guang, DONG Yi, DONG Xin-Qi, LI Xiong-Bin, YANG Wen-Can, SHI Xue-Wen, YANG Wei-Dong, MAO Gui-Lin, LI Ru-Xiong, YANG Fu, YANG Yu-Lan

2015, 27(4): 348. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015021

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Objective Objective To understand the condition of the construction and management of sanitary latrines，and assess the effect of disposal of the excrement in rural schistosomiasis endemic areas in Yunnan Province. Methods Methods Three villages with schistosomiasis endemic were selected from Eryuan County and 30 households per village were sampled randomly for the field survey. The stool samples were sampled and tested according to the national standard. Results Results Totally 90 latrines were sur? veyed. The popularity rates of sanitary latrines in Yongle，Qiandian and Xinzhuang villages were 83.19%，83.12% and 81.63% respectively. In the 90 household latrines，only 32.22% located inside the courtyard，and 91.67% of sanitary latrines and 70.00% of non?sanitary latrines had integrated buildings. Maggots or pupae or adult flies were found in 33.33% of sanitary la? trines and all of non?sanitary latrines with the average amounts of 1.05 and 3.40 per latrine respectively. The removal rate of fecal coliform，the sedimentation rate of parasitic eggs and the mortality rate of Ascaris eggs were 90.00%，80.61% and 95.20% on av? erage respectively. The qualified rate of the fecal coliform of the outlet of the sanitary latrines was 41.67%，and the qualified rate of the mortality rate of Ascaris eggs was 78.13%. No living schistosome eggs were found at the outlets of latrines. For the effect of non?hazardous treatment，there was a statistically significant difference between the sanitary latrines and non?sanitary latrines. Conclusions Conclusions The latrine improvement has a good effect on non?hazardous treatment of the excrement in Yunnan Province，but the construction， application and management of sanitary latrines still need to be strengthened.

Research of freely grazing and wild feces behaviors in schistosomiasis endemic areas of plateau mountain area in Yunnan Province

LI Bing-Gui, CHEN Feng, LI Wen-Bao, YANG Hui, DUAN Yu-Chun, WANG Hai-Ying, MU Liang-Xian, TIAN Shu-Hui, LI Ping, CHEN Shao-Rong, LUO Jia-Jun

2015, 27(4): 353. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014259

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Objective Objective To understand the situation of the freely grazing and wild feces behaviors of residents in plateau mountain area of schistosomiasis endemic areas in Yunnan Province. Methods Methods Two villages of Xidian and Moguang in Heqing County，Yunnan Province were selected as the study area and the questionnaire surveys were performed to the randomly selected villagers aged 6 to 65 years with the sampling ratio of 30%. Then the respondents were tested for the infection of schistosomiasis by indirect hemagglutination assay（IHA） . Results Results Totally 412 residents were surveyed. In all the responds，the ratios of“cap? tive breed” ， “freely grazing” ， “unknown”and“no response”were 55.34%，4.85%，26.94% and 12.86% respectively；and the ratios of“no grazing” ， “less than 5/week”and“no less than 5/week”were 75.49%，16.02% and 8.50% respectively；and the ra? tios of“no wild feces” ， “less than 5/week” ， “no less than 5/week”and“no answer”were 68.45%，27.67%，2.91% and 0.97% respectively. Conclusions Conclusions Freely grazing and wild feces behaviors of residents in schistosomiasis endemic area of Heqing County are widespread，could heavily affect the control of schistosomiasis in Heqing County. The further work is to strengthen the management of human and animal feces and grazing and consolidate the results of the prevention and control of schistosomia? sis and finally achieve the aim of the transmission interruption.

Establishment of early warning system of malaria in Jiangsu Province Ⅴ Establishment of prevention and control system of imported falciparum malaria

WANG Wei-Ming, ZHOU Hua-Yun, LIU Yao-Bao, CAO Yuan-Yuan, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2015, 27(4): 359. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015017

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Objective Objective To establish a system of the prevention and control of imported falciparum malaria in Jiangsu Prov? ince and provide the new scientific basis for the prevention and control of imported falciparum malaria. Methods Methods The databas? es for overseas labor companies and labors in Jiangsu Province were built and the health education was conducted to the overseas labors. The "1?3?7" elimination strategy was established. A weekly reporting system for malaria case details was established. A system for screening accompanies of imported malaria patients was established. Results Results At the end of 2013，the database of companies engaged in labor export was built and 405 companies were incorporated into the database. The time interval between the symptom onset and the first health facility visit was reduced to 3.07 days in 2013. The time interval between the first health facility visit to malaria diagnosis was reduced to 1.57 days in 2013. The rate of laboratory confirmation was increased to 100% in 2013，and there was a statistically significant difference among the rates of laboratory confirmation from 2009 to 2013（χ2 = 36.35，P < 0.05） . The proportion of severe imported falciparum malaria cases was decreased to 3.15% in 2013 and there was a statistically significant difference among the proportions of severe cases from 2009 to 2013（χ2 = 301.16，P < 0.05） . No death malaria case was reported in the whole province in 2013. Conclusion Conclusion Jiangsu Province has built a preliminary system of the prevention and control of imported falciparum malaria，which plays an important role in the prevention and control of overseas imported falciparum malaria.

Laboratory analysis and diagnosis of one transfusion-transmitted quartan malaria case in Shanghai City

WANG Zhen-Yu, ZHANG Yao-Guang, JIANG Li, LI Mei, ZHU Min, CAI Li

2015, 27(4): 362. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014262

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Objective Objective To diagnose a case of quartan malaria with unknown origin by laboratory detection. Methods Methods The clinical data of the case were collected and the epidemiological survey was conducted. The blood samples of the patient and the blood donor were detected by microscopy，rapid diagnostic test（RDT）and nested PCR，and the positive results were se? quenced. Results Results The patient did not visit malaria endemic areas and have no history of malaria infection，but have history of massive blood transfusion in surgical operation. The patient was confirmed as quartan malaria by microscopy with peripheral blood smears. The patient was transfused from three donors whose peripheral blood was none of malaria infection by microscopy， RDT and nested PCR. But sequence analysis showed that the amplified band of one donor was 100% homology to the patient’ s with the improved nest ?multi PCR examination. Conclusion Conclusion This patient is confirmed of Plasmodium malariae infection via blood transfusion. Laboratory analysis and diagnosis of undefined malaria cases require multiple methods，and the improved nest? multi PCR could effectively detect the low parasitized malaria infection.

Study on immunologic function of thioredoxin glutathione reductase from Schistosoma japonicum

SONG Li-Jun, YU Chuan-Xin, YIN Xu-Ren, SHEN Shuang, GAO Hong, ZHANG Wei, JIN Yi, YAO Yuan, LIU Qian, WANG Jie, KE Xue-Dan, XU Yong-Liang, YANG Jing

2015, 27(4): 367. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015013

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Objective Objective To study the immunogenicity and the immuno ?protection of thioredoxin glutathione reductase from Schistosoma japonicum（SjTGR）against schistosome infection in mice. Methods Methods Seventy?five mice were randomly divided in? to 5 groups，namely，blank group，PBS group，CpG2 immunized group，TGR immunized group and TGR + CpG2 co? immu? nized group. Each mouse was immunized for 3 times. The mice were tail bled before the first immunization and 2 weeks after the third immunization. The serum antibody levels of total IgG，IgG1 and IgG2a against SjTGR were assayed by ELISA. Two weeks after the third immunization，each mouse was infected with 40±2 S. japonicum cercariae by abdominal skin penetration. Forty? two days later，all the mice were sacrificed to collect schistosome adult worms and liver eggs. The worm and egg reduction rates were calculated respectively. The single splenocyte of mouse was collected 2 weeks after the third immunization，and the expres? sions of CD44high ，CD4+ CD44high or CD8+ CD44high on splenocytes of mice were examined by flow cytometry. After 72 h incubation with recombinant SjTGR，the levels of IL?2，IL?4，IL?10，and IFN?γ in the single?cell supernatant were determined by using ELISA kit. Results Results Two weeks after the third immunization，the titers of serum IgG against SjTGR in mice immunized with SjT? GR and co?immunized with SjTGR and CpG2 were higher than 1： 200 000. The IgG2a ：IgG1 ratio（IgG2a/IgG1）increased slow? ly with time in both TGR immunized group and TGR + CpG2 co?immunized group. There were obviously higher levels of IFN?γ and IL?2 in the cell supernatant in the TGR immunized group and TGR + CpG2 co? immunized group compared to the blank， PBS and CpG2 groups（P < 0.05） . The increased subpopulations of CD44high ，CD8+ CD44high and CD4+ CD44high cells in the spleno? cytes from mice immunized by SjTGR and co ? immunized by SjTGR and CpG2 were found comparing to the blank，PBS and CpG2 groups（P < 0.05） . The TGR immunization and TGR + CpG2 co?immunization caused 9.4% and 10.5% reductions in the number of adult worms and 9.2% and 32.8% reductions in the number of eggs，respectively. Conclusions Conclusions SjTGR displays strong immunogenicity inducing Th1 type immune response in mice. However，it could not produce protective efficacy against S. japonicum infection. CpG2 ODN may be a broadly effective Th1 adjuvant.

Effect of ICOS signaling on CD154/CD40 expressions in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum

WANG Yu, CAI Ru, XIA Chao-Ming

2015, 27(4): 372. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015001

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Objective Objective To explore the effect of ICOS signaling on the CD154/CD40 expressions and immunopathology in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Methods Methods ICOS transgenic（ICOS?Tg）mice and wildtype FVB/NJ mice were used as experimental schistosomiasis models. The expressions of CD154 and CD40 on splenocytes and on inflammatory cells around granulomatous infiltration of the liver in the mice infected with S. japonicum were detected by flow cytometry and immunohisto? chemical staining. HE staining was applied to observe the changes on the granulomatous of the mice liver. Results Results Compared with the wildtype FVB/NJ mice，the expressions of CD154 on CD4+ T splenocytes and of CD40 on CD19+ B splenocytes in the ICOS?Tg mice significantly increased in 12 and 16 weeks post?infection（all P < 0.05） . Moreover，the expressions of CD40 and CD154 on inflammatory cells around granulomatous infiltration in the liver of the ICOS?Tg mice were significantly higher than those of the wildtype FVB/NJ mice in 7，12，16 and 20 weeks post?infection（all P < 0.05） . The volumes of liver egg granulomas of the ICOS?Tg mice were significantly bigger than those of the wildtype mice（P < 0.05 or P < 0.01） . Conclusions Conclusions In ICOS?Tg mice infected with S. japonicum，the ICOS signaling has a regulatory effect on CD154/CD40 expressions，and may play an im? portant role in the hepatic egg granuloma formation of schistosomiasis.

Cloning, expression and bioinformatics analysis of pyruvate dehydrogenase of Echinococcus granulosus

CHEN Ying, AO Wu-Li-Ji, ZHANG Ting, WU Qun-Feng, DANG Zhi-Sheng, CHEN Jun-Hu, HU Wei

2015, 27(4): 376. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.201508

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Objective Objective To clone and express Echinococcus granulosus pyruvate dehydrogenase（EgPDH）gene and analyze EgPDH protein with bioinformatics tools and online database. Methods Methods The total RNAs of E. granulosus was extracted and re? versely transcribed into cDNA. The EgPDH gene was cloned into pET28b to construct the recombinant vector and expressed in E. coli BL21（DE3）system subsequently. The signal peptide，transmembrane helices and subcellular location in EgPDH se? quence were analyzed by the online software SignalP4.1，TMHMM sever v.2.0 and TargetP1.1，respectively. Subsequently，the structure of EgPDH was predicted by SMART. Finally，the homologue sequence and conserved sites were aligned by using BLASTP and GeneDoc among the homologous sequences of EgPDH. Based on the alignment of PDH sequence，an evolutionary tree of E. granulosus and other species were constructed by the neighbor joining method of MEGA6 software. Results Results The EgP? DH gene was successfully amplified from cDNA of E. granulosus and expressed in the soluble fractions. The bioinformatics anal? ysis revealed that EgPDH was a classical secreted protein and contained transketolase domain. The homology analysis revealed that the amino acid sequence of EgPDH was highly conserved in catalytic sites Glu57 ，Leu72 ，Ile86 and Phe114 . The phylogenetic tree analysis of PDH proteins showed the closest relationship between E. granulosus and E. multilocularis. Conclusion Conclusion An Eg? PDH gene is cloned and expressed successfully，and the recombinant protein is analyzed by the bioinformatics approaches and structure predication. The study provides useful information for further functional study of the EgPDH protein.

Surveillance results of paragonimiasis endemic in regular surveillance sites in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2013

CHEN Lin, LU Ding, XU Liang, ZHONG Bo

2015, 27(4): 381. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015092

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Objective Objective To understand the endemic situation and impact factors of paragonimiasis in Sichuan Province，so as to provide the evidence for its control work. Methods Methods Four administrative villages from Xuanhan County，Kaijiang County， Pengzhou City and Yucheng District of Ya’ an City were selected as regular surveillance sites. In the surveillance sites，ELISA was applied to test the infection situation of residents，questionnaire surveys were performed simultaneously；and water crabs were collected to detect the metacercariae of Paragonimus. Results Results From 2011 to 2013，totally 3 666 residents were tested by serum test and 104 of them were positive with a positive rate of 2.8%. Totally 3 671 residents underwent the questionnaire survey and 24.8% of them had heard about paragonimiasis，36.3% had eaten undercooked water crabs，56.4% had played with water crabs，and 84.6% had drunk stream water. Totally 2 463 water crabs were dissected，and metacercariae of Paragonimus were found in 620 of them with the infection rate of 25.2% and infectiosity of 4.53 per crab，respectively. Conclusions Conclusions The endemic situation of paragonimiasis in natural environments is serious in Sichuan Province. The residents in endemic area practice un? healthy diet behavior， and there is an urgent risk of the breakout of paragonimiasis.

Effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis（Bti）on detoxification enzyme activity of larvae of Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes aegypti

HAN Guang-Jie, LI Chuan-Ming, SUN Jun, LIU Qin, ZHAO Song, QI Jian-Hang, XU Jian

2015, 27(4): 385. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015090

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Objective Objective To investigate the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis（Bti）on the activities of three de? toxification enzymes of Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes aegypti larvae. Methods Methods The activities of glutathione transferase，ace? tyl cholinesterase and carboxyl esterase，were detected after two kinds of mosquito larvae were treated by Bti at different time and concentrations. Results Results The activities of three detoxification enzymes of the two kinds of mosquito larvae were influenced by Bti treatment. The activity of glutathione transferase was increased after the Bti treatment，but declined significantly and in? hibited at a low level sustainably. The activity of carboxyl esterase was increased after the Bti treatment，but recovered to normal level quickly. Acetyl cholinesterase was affected slightly by the Bti treatment，shortly inhibited in the first time and then recov? ered. The active effects of the three detoxification enzymes were positively related to the concentration of Bti. Conclusion Conclusion The enzyme activities of glutathione transferase，acetyl cholinesterase and carboxyl esterase could be affected by Bti significantly.

Investigation on endemic situation of schistosomiasis in infection-controlled regions in Anhui Province

HE Jia-Chang, ZHANG Shi-Qing, WANG Tian-Ping, ZHU Liang-Qiang, ZHANG Gong-Hua, WANG Hao, GAO Feng-Hua, YANG Wei-Ping, CAO Jin-Rong, YIN Xiao-Mei, LIU Yi-Ping, ZHOU Li, ZHANG Le-Sheng, WANG Feng-Feng, Hu Ming-Chuang, SI Wu-Min, DING Song-Jun, XU Xiao-Juan

2015, 27(4): 390. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015027

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Objective Objective To understand the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in 27 counties （cities，districts） that reached the criteria of schistosomiasis infection controlled in Anhui province. Methods Methods According to the requirement of The National Assessment Scheme of Schistosomiasis，81 administrative villages where the schistosomiasis epidemic situation was relatively heaver in above?mentioned 27 counties（1 village per town，3 towns per county）were sampled and investigated. Results Results From 2012 to 2014，81 villages were investigated，and 34 293 residents received the serum examinations，and 1 086 were positive with a positive rate of 3.17% （0.65%-9.58%），and the positives received stool examinations and the average stool positive rate was 0.37%（0-4.0%） . The calculated prevalence of human infection was 0.01%. A total of 3057 domestic animals were investi? gated including 438 cattle，2 550 sheep，and 69 other animals，and no infections were detected. A total of 11 261 living Onco? melania hupensis snails were collected and detected，but no schistosome infected snails were found. Before this investigation， no infected snails were detected for more than 2 years［average 2.3（2?6）years］，and no acute schistosome infection cases were found for more than 2 years［average 4.9（2-9）years］ . Conclusion Conclusion The infection rates of schistosomiasis in residents and do? mestic animals are relatively low，and no schistosome infected snails are found in the regions.

Survey of infection situation of intestinal parasites of rural residents in plain area of Shandong Province

MIAO Feng, ZHANG Ben-Guang, WANG Yong-Bin, BU Xiu-Qin, ZHANG Dian-Bo, KONG Xiang-Li, ZHAO Chang-Lei, CHEN Xi-Xin, XU Yan, LIU Xin

2015, 27(4): 395. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2014261

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Objective Objective To understand the current situation of infections of intestinal parasites of rural residents in four cities namely Dongying，Weifang，Jining and Heze of Shandong Province. Methods Methods Twenty?four villages were randomly selected as study areas. The Kato?Katz technique was applied to test the stool samples of adult residents and the cellophane tape anus meth? od was applied to test the infection of Enterobius vermicularis of children aged 12 years or below. Fifty families were randomly selected from each village and surveyed with questionnaires for the general situation of the family，and the knowledge of preven? tion and control of parasites，and healthy behaviors of the family members. Results Results Totally 8 227 adult residents and 1 313 children were investigated and the total infection rate of intestinal parasites was 0.55%（45 cases） . The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides，hookworm，Trichuris trichura，E. vermicularis and Clonorchis sinensis were 0.15%（12 cases），0.06%（5 cas? es），0.09%（7 cases），1.37%（18 cases）and 0.04%（3 cases），respectively. Totally 3 767 residents were surveyed with ques? tionnaires，and the awareness rate of the knowledge of prevention and control of parasites was 28.72%（1 082 cases），the forma? tion rates of washing hands before meal，washing hands after toilet，washing fruit and vegetables before eating，and never drink? ing unboiled water were 60.66%（2 285 cases），50.17%（1 890 cases），48.71%（1 835 cases），and 87.07%（3 280 cases）， respectively. Conclusion Conclusion In the plain area of Shandong Province, the infection rates of A. lumbricoides，hookworm，T. trichu? ra and C. sinensis are low but the infection rate of E. vermicularis of children is relatively high; the awareness rates of the knowl? edge of parasites as well as the formation rates of healthy behaviors are low. Therefore，the health education and promotion should be strengthened.

Epidemiological investigation on fascioliasis and its risk factors in population of Binchuan County, Yunnan Province

CHEN Feng, LIU Yu-Hua, YANG Hui, DUAN Yu-Chun, YANG Jing, ZHAO Yin-Jiao, HAO Ming-Ming, PAN Li-Juan, DENG Yin-Ju, SHI Ya-Nan, CHEN Fu-Ling, ZHANG Jian-Guo, LUO Jia-Jun

2015, 27(4): 399. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015032

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Objective Objective To understand the infection status of Fasciola and related risk factors in population of Binchuan County，Yunnan Province. Methods Methods In February and March，2014，6 natural villages from 2 administrative villages in Zhoucheng Town were selected as investigated sites，and the permanent residents aged ≥ 5 years were examined by ELISA for the serum antibody detection，and then the positive ones were examined by Kato ?Katz technique and the hatching method for Fasciola egg detection. Meanwhile，the fascioliasis cases that checked out by the above methods were further surveyed，and the residents who with the same gender，similar age and negative results in the blood examination were selected as the controls， then the risk factors were explored through a case control study. Results Results Totally 1 207 people were included in the blood exami? nation，and 36 positives were found with a positive rate of 2.98%. Though the differences between the positive rates of the serum antibody in people with different genders and age were not statistically significant （χ2 = 1.686，7.106，both P > 0.05），those be? tween the rates of people in different administrative villages and natural villages were statistically significant（ χ2 = 4.103， 13.181，both P < 0.05） . Two cases were determined as positives in fecal examinations with a positive rate of 6.45%（2/31）， among which，1 case was newly discovered. The case control study showed that OR values of eating out ?purchased cold dish （4.30），raw mint（1.22），raw leek（4.30）and drinking unboiled water（3.75）were relatively higher，but all of them were not statistically significant（χ2 = 0.524，0.046，0.524，1.571， all P > 0.05） . Conclusions Conclusions There is still sporadic Fasciola infec? tion in Binchuan County. Eating raw vegetables and drinking unboiled water which are contaminated by Fasciola metacercariae may be the infection routes of local people，and to find out the exact entrance way is the key points for the infection control.

Effect of strategy of control and prevention of intestinal nematodiasis in Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province

JIANG Huai-Yu, YANG Chang-Lin, ZHOU Xin-Jun

2015, 27(4): 403. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015002

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Objective Objective To explore the strategy of intestinal nematodiasis control in Dongtai City，Jiangsu Province. Meth Meth- - ods ods The strategy of mass drug administration assisted with health education was applied in Dongtai City，which was a high en? demic area of intestinal nematodiasis，and then the health education and promotion assisted with drug administration of focus population and other integrated control measures，such as the improvement of drinking water，lavatories，and environment，was applied to consolidate the achievement. Results Results The infection rate of intestinal nematodes reduced from 79.97% in 1989 to 6.30% in 1999，and the infection rates of hookworm，Ascaris lumgricoides and Trichuris trichura reduced to 3.31%，0.60% and 2.57%，respectively，achieving the standard of intestinal nematodiasis control. In 2002，the infection rate of intestinal nem? atodes reduced to 3.73%，and the infection rates of hookworm，Ascaris lumgricoides and Trichuris trichura reduced to 2.46%， 0.20% and 1.08%，respectively，achieving the standard of effective intestinal nematodiasis control. The infection rate of intesti? nal nematodes was kept less than 1% after 2004. Conclusion Conclusion The integrated strategy of intestinal nematodiasis control in Dong? tai City is effective and valuable for promotion in high endemic areas of intestinal nematodiasis.

Oncomelania hupensis snail situation in wetlands surrounding reservoirs in hilly areas in Danling County

TANG Meng, ZHU Hui-Bin, HU You-Ping, FAN Jian-Ru, XU Liang, LUO Feng, HUANG Yi, WU Zi-Song

2015, 27(4): 406. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015039

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Objective Objective To master the Oncomelania hupensis snail situation in wetlands surrounding reservoirs in hilly areas in Danling County，Sichuan Province，so as to provide the reference for improving the snail control in these areas. Methods Methods A medium?sized reservoir（Meiwan Reservoir）and a small?sized reservoir（Zhulinkan Reservoir）were chosen respectively，and the snail situation of the environments surrounding the reservoirs were investigated，the indexes such as the occurrence rate of frames with snails and the density of living snails at the upstream and downstream of the reservoirs as well as the surrounding en? vironments were calculated and compared. Meanwhile，the data of the snail situation of the adjacent villages in the irrigation dis? trict at the downstream of the reservoirs year by year were collected to analyze the variation trend. Results Results The Meiwan Reser? voir was located in the deep hill，the occurrence rate of frames with snails was 4.29%，the highest and average densities of living snails were 28.00 snails/0.1 m2 and 0.38 snails/0.1 m2 ，respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the occurrence rates of frames with snails at the upstream and downstream，which were 0.17% and 22.16%，respectively（ χ2 = 1 267.40，P < 0.05），and the rate of spillway was the highest（51.69%） . The highest and average densities of living snails in the downstream were 7.00 and 656.10 times higher than those in the upstream respectively. The Zhulinkan Reservoir was located in the shallow hill，the occurrence rate of frames with snails was 17.29%，and the highest and average densities of the living snails were 38.00 snails/0.1 m2 and 0.61 snails/0.1 m2 ，respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the occurrence rates of frames with snails at the upstream and the downstream，which were 12.95% and 50.92% respectively （χ2 = 194.68，P < 0.05），and the rate of spillway was the highest （65.74%） . The highest and average densities of living snails in the downstream were 5.43 and 10.00 times higher than those in the upstream respectively. After the construction of the two reser? voirs，the snail area in the irrigation districts of the adjacent villages at the downstream was 57.26% of that before and after the construction（398 030 m2 /695 160 m2 ） . The snail area showed a downward tendency with repeatedly rebound since the 1990s. Conclusions Conclusions The wetland surrounding the reservoir in hilly region is suitable for snail breeding，and the snail situation in the shallow hill is more serious than that in the deep hill. There exists a risk for the repeatability of snail situation in this type of area where the snails can easily diffuse.

Investigation on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of college students on food-borne parasitic diseases

SHE Guo-Lin, LU Xing-Fu, MA Yu-Cai

2015, 27(4): 410. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015043

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Objective Objective To understand the status of knowledge，attitude，practice（KAP）on food?borne parasitic diseases of college students，so as to provide the basis for the development of strategies on health education. Methods Methods A total of 1 114 col? lege students in Yangzhou Polytechnic College were selected through the randomly stratified cluster sampling method，and then were investigated by questionnaires to understand their KAP on food?borne parasitic diseases. Results Results The awareness rates on food?borne parasitic diseases and their harms were 42.2% and 41.7% respectively in these investigated students. The awareness rates of the students with different genders，ages，regions（in Jiangsu Province）and majors were significantly different（all P < 0.01），and those of the male，17～≤ 19 years age group，being born in south Jiangsu and students with mechanical engineering major were relatively low. Except the 3 items namely not keeping pets at home （32.0%），cutting raw and cooked food separately （28.6%），and washing hands before meals（67.1%），the formation rates of health behaviors of the other 9 items were all ≥ 80.0%. In the formation rates of not eating drunken shrimps and crabs，not eating barbecued foods，not eating half?cooked food， not prefer seeking novelty，there were statistically significant differences among the students with different genders，ages，re? gions and majors（all P < 0.05），and the rates of the male，21～≤ 23 years age group，being born in south Jiangsu and students with mechanical engineering were relatively low. The formation rate of right attitude of the students were ≥ 84.8%，and in the rates of right attitude on“would not eat the foods that might be infected with the food?borne parasites” ， “would suggest others not to eat the foods that might be infected with the food?borne parasites” ，and“would give up special preferences or bad hab? its” ，there were statistically significant differences among the students with different genders and majors（all P < 0.01），and the rates of the male and students with mechanical engineering major were relatively low. Conclusions Conclusions The awareness rate of foodborne parasitic diseases of college students is relatively low，while the formation rates of health behaviors and right attitude are relatively high. So，the targeted，differentiated health education should be taken to improve their awareness of disease preven? tion and self?protection.

Morphology observation of Histiostoma feroniarum hypopus

DUAN Bin-Bin, ZHAN Xiao-Dong, SONG Hong-Yu, TAO Ning, LI Chao-Pin

2015, 27(4): 414. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015065

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Objective Objective To observe the external morphology of Histiostoma feroniarum hypopus under light microscope. Methods Methods The samples were collected in a mushroom cultivation base，and the Histiostoma feroniarum hypopus was isolated and purified. The slide samples were prepared and observed under an optical microscope. Results Results The back body of the His? tiostoma feroniarum hypopus was flat with tiny bristles，the epidermis was of significant ossification，the ventral had four pairs of slender feet stretched，the sucker plate was prosperous in the end of the body，and the sucker plate had eight suckers. The gnathosoma was thin，long and highly specialized. Conclusion Conclusion The light microscopy shows the morphological characteristics of Histiostoma feroniarum hypopus，providing the basis for identifying the hypopus.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis epidemic situation after its transmission interrupted in Lufeng County, Yunnan Province

HUA Ming-Gui, JIN Hua-Zhong, LIU Jian-Hua, DUAN Hong-Mei, XU Xin-Ming

2015, 27(4): 416. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015020

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Objective Objective To investigate the schistosomiasis epidemic situation changes after its transmission interrupted in Lufeng County in 1986，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the interventions for schistosomiasis elimination. Meth Meth? ? ods ods The surveillance of Oncomelania hupensis snail was performed by the systematic sampling，environmental sampling and special environmental comprehensive survey methods. The surveillance of human population was carried out by the serological screening method，and the positives were re ? examined with the stool hatching method. The surveillance of livestock was per? formed by the plastic cup of pipe jacking hatching method. Results Results The living snails were detected in Lufeng County from 1987 to 2007 except in 1988 and 1994. The two import buffalo infected with schistosomes were detected in 2001 and no local infected livestock were found. Since 2004，the comprehensive measures，including the social control strategy and survival snail elimina? tion，were carried out，and no snails were detected and no schistosome infected persons or livestock were found for 7 consecu? tive years since 2008. Conclusions Conclusions The achievement of schistosomiasis transmission interrupted has been consolidated in Lufeng County，but most of the historical snail environments have not been modified and there are still snail breeding conditions. Therefore，we should continue to carry out the snail surveillance.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria situation in Shuyang County, Jiangsu Province from 2004 to 2013

HU Dao-Jun, HUANG Yan

2015, 27(4): 419. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015005

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Objective Objective To understand the epidemic situation and prevalent characteristics of malaria in Shuyang County，Ji? angsu Province from 2004 to 2013，so as to provide the references for formulating effective strategies and measures of malaria control. Methods Methods The reported epidemic situation and epidemiological data of malaria were collected and analyzed in Shuyang County from 2004 to 2013. Results Results Totally 31 malaria cases were reported with an incidence rate of 0.18/100 000 in Shuyang County，from 2004 to 2013，of which 22 were local cases and 9 were imported cases. The peak season of local infection cases were during August and October. The infectors were mainly men and the sex ratio was 2.87： 1. The age group from 10 to 39 years had the highest incidence. Conclusion Conclusion The focus of infection situation of malaria in Shuyang County is changing from local cas? es to imported cases. The management of floating population and training and publicity concerned with imported malaria should be strengthened.

Effect of schistosomiasis control in Jingzhou City from 2009 to 2013

YUAN Mei-Zhi, WANG Jia-Song, HE Liang-Cai, TIAN Ke-Qing, PENG Xiao-Wu

2015, 27(4): 422. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015008

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in Jingzhou City of Hubei Province from 2009 to 2013，so as to provide the reference for the establishment of control strategy in the future. Methods Methods The annual reports on schistosomiasis control from 2009 to 2013 in nine counties（cities，districts）in Jingzhou City were collected and analyzed statis? tically. Results Results The estimated number of schistosomiasis patients in Jingzhou City dropped from 78 903 in 2009 to 28 034 in 2013，with a reduction rate of 63.37%. The schistosome infection rate of residents dropped from 2.21% in 2009 to 0.65% in 2013，which showed an exponential decline trend（y = 3.196e-0.317x ） . The number of cattle with schistosomiasis decreased from 2 132 in 2009 to 0 in 2013，and the infection rate of cattle dropped from 1.87% in 2009 to 0% in 2013. Only 2 cases with acute infection of schistosome were found in 2009，and no schistosome infected snails were found out in 2 consecutive years，2012 and 2013. Conclusions Conclusions The endemic level of schistosomiasis in Jingzhou City has decreased significantly. In order to consoli? date the achievement of control，the comprehensive strategy including infection source control，snail control with molluscicides and snail surveillance should be implemented.

Treatment and assistance for advanced schistosomiasis patients in Changshu City from 2006 to 2014

ZHOU Wei-En, YIN An-Hua, PU Yong-Yuan, FENG Jun-Yuan

2015, 27(4): 425. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015041

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Objective Objective To understand the status of treatment and assistance for advanced schistosomiasis patients in Changshu City from 2006 to 2014. Methods Methods According to The Parasitic Disease Prevention Information Management System， the data of treatment and assistance for advanced schistosomiasis patients were collected and analyzed statistically in Changshu City from 2006 to 2014. Results Results A total of 269 advanced schistosomiasis patients were assisted. The sex ratio of men： women was 0.56： 1 with an average age of 71.71 years. The ascites?type patients accounted for 78.25%，splenomegaly?type 21.20%， and colon proliferation?type 0.55%. The clinical cure rate was 12.29%，improvement rate 62.81%，and no?change 8.67%，and the total effective rate was 75.10% . Conclusion Conclusion The treatment and assistance for advanced schistosomiasis patients has achieved the basic target of improving the symptoms，relieving pains and improving the living quality.

Effectiveness of integrated schistosomiasis control strategy in marshlands of Qixia District, Nanjing City

ZHANG Ke, LIU Ning, HOU Kai, HOU Ning, GONG Yun-Hua, ZHANG Qiu-Ping, YE Jia-Ming, WANG Biao, SUN Ji-Jiang

2015, 27(4): 428. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015042

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Objective Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of integrated schistosomiasis control strategy in marshlands of Qixia Dis? trict from 2004 to 2013. Methods Methods The endemic situation and integrated control data of schistosomiasis in Qixia District from 2004 to 2013 were collected，and the morbidity and Oncomelania hupensis snail status before and after the implementation of in? tegrated schistosomiasis control strategy were compared. Results Results Following 10?year integrated schistosomiasis control，the hu? man schistosome infection rate gradually decreased in Qixia District，and no infection was detected since 2007. A gradual reduc? tion was observed in the infection rate of domestic animals，and all bovine was eliminated from the regions along the Yangtze Riv? er since 2006. In addition，the snail area and the density of living snails in 2013 reduced by 42.25% and 82.56% as compared to those in 2004，and no infected snails were found since 2009. In 2010，the district achieved schistosomiasis transmission control. Conclusion Conclusion The integrated schistosomiasis control strategy is effective to accelerate schistosomiasis control process and achieve the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission control rapidly.

Research progress in soil?transmitted helminth infection control among children at home and abroad

ZHOU Qi, LIU Cheng-Fang, ZHANG Lin-Xiu, ZHOU Huan, CHEN Ying-Dan

2015, 27(4): 431. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015014

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Children are the vulnerable group for soil ? transmitted helminth（STH）infections. Being infected with STHs for long term would affect the children’ s nutritious status，health development and cognitive ability. This paper reviews the preva? lence and influencing factors of the infections of STHs（Ascaris lumbricoides，Trichuris trichuria and hookworm）for children at home and abroad，as well as the impact of STH infections on children’ s health，cognitive ability and school performance，and the related interventions and their effects.

Epidemic characteristics and security implications of Africa schistosomiasis on people who go to Africa

PAN Xiang, ZHOU Yi-Biao, YANG Ya, SONG Xiu-Xia, JIANG Qing-Wu

2015, 27(4): 436. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015031

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With the economic globalization，and the economic and trade cooperation and cultural communication between China and African countries，more and more Chinese people go to Africa for work or travel. However，there is a quick increase of imported schistosomiasis patients who return from Africa. This paper analyzes the security implications of epidemic character? istics of Africa schistosomiasis on the people who go to Africa，and put forward several suggestions to help them to prevent from schistosomiasis.

A case of neonatal congenital malaria accompanied with severe thrombocytopenia

LIN Kang-Ming, YU Hai-Piao, LU Gui-Ji, LI Jun, HUANG Ya-Ming, ZHANG Wei-Wei, YANG Yi-Chao

2015, 27(4): 444. DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.201501

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This article reports the process of diagnosis and treatment of one case of neonatal congenital malaria accompanied with severe thrombocytopenia.

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