Table of Content

09 April 2019, Volume 31 Issue 1

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Upholding Chinese spirit on schistosomiasis control in the new era to accelerate the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination in China

Li Shi-Zhu, Xu Jing, Wang Tian-Ping, Wen Li-Yong, Yang Kun, Wang Wei, Lü Shan, Cao Chun-Li, Zhou Xiao-Nong

2019, 31(1):  1-13. 

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China is one of the schistosomiasis?endemic countries with the highest burden of disease across the world. Following the control efforts for over 60 years, great successes have been achieved in schistosomiasis control in the country, and the control program is moving towards transmission interruption and elimination. To commemorate the 60th anniversary of publishing Chairman Mao Zedong’s two poems entitled “Farewell to the God of Plague”, a series of activities that disseminate schistosomiasis control achievements have been conducted in China throughout 2018, including the development of Chinese spirit on schistosomiasis control in the new era. After extensive discussion, collection and screening, and “Integration of all efforts, scientific control, willingness to dedication and swearing to wipe out the ‘God of Plague’” was proposed as Chinese spirit on schistosomiasis control in the new era. Integration of all efforts is a summary of administrative policy?making and population participation in Chinese schistosomiasis control programs; scientific control is the refinement of the Chinese national schistosmiasis control strategy that is developed and implemented tailoring to time and circumstances; willingness to dedication is a valuable spiritual wealth and inexhaustible source of power for Chinese schistosomiasis control professionals in the new era; and swearing to wipe out the “God of Plague” is a sacred mission assigned to Chinese professionals participating in the national schistosomiasis control program in the new era. Chinese spirit on schistosomiasis control in the new era will further strengthen our belief in achieving the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in China eventually.

A path analysis on China’s participation in global health governance: a case study of China Aid of Schistosomiasis Control in Zanzibar

YANG Kun, YANG Hai-Tao, LIANG You-Sheng, DAI Jian-Rong, LI Wei, ZHANG Jian-Feng, HE Jian

2019, 31(1):  14-18. 

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Recently, China’s participation in global health governance has been paid increasing global attention. This paper analyzed the current status and needs of African schistosomiasis control, the participation of China and international organizations in African schistosomiasis control and the progress of China Aid of Schistosomiasis Control in Zanzibar, with China Aid of Schistosomiasis Control in Zanzibar as an example. It is suggested that China may improve the capability of participation in global public health governance and international reputation through strengthening intergovernmental and international collaborations, providing successful disease control experiences and products and improving capability and team building.

Progress and challenges of global malaria elimination

ZHU Guo-Ding, CAO Jun

2019, 31(1):  19-22,23. 

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Recently, the global malaria control has achieved remarkable results, and the epidemic map of malaria has gradually shrinked. However, in the past two years, the number of malaria deaths remained at a high level, and the incidence of malaria has even risen, leading to the stagnant of malaria elimination. The main reasons include lacking of the well monitoring and response system, sensitivity declining of antimalarial drugs, the spread of insecticide resistance, and the reduction of financial support. This paper introduces the progress and challenges of global malaria elimination, summarizes the current strategies and major interventions, and provides the corresponding response.

Status and working principals of soil-transmitted nematodiasis during new period in China

CHEN Ying-Dan， ZHU Hui-Hui， HUANG Ji-Lei， ZHU Ting-Jun， ZHOU Chang-Hai， QIAN Men-Bao， LI Shi-Zhu， ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2019, 31(1):  23-25. 

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The current status of soil?transmitted nematodiasis in China is analyzed. The achievements in prevention and control of soil?transmitted nematodiasis are illustrated. Moreover, the challenges in condition of the decline of soil?transmitted nematodiasis in China are demonstrated. Finally, the working principals for prevention and control of soil?transmitted nematodiasis in the new period are proposed, combining with the health poverty alleviation project, focusing on the goals of control plan for important parasitic diseases, establishing monitoring system for soil?transmitted nematodiasis, and implementing the principles of precise prevention and control.

Current status and transmission risks of oversea imported schistosomiasis in China

ZHANG Jian-Feng, WEN Li-Yong, XU Jing, LIANG You-Sheng, YAN Xiao-Lan, Ren Guang-Hui, JIA Tie-Wu, WANG Wei, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2019, 31(1):  26-32. 

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With the acceleration of the process of global integration, China??s international exchanges and cooperation with other countries have been further increased. The personnel exchange has led to the frequent occurrence of imported schistosomiasis from abroad, which seriously endangers people??s health. This paper reviews the prevalence and transmission risks of oversea imported schistosomiasis, providing the reference for the entry and exit health quarantine and prevention and control of schistosomiasis in China.

Interspecific hybridization of Schistosoma and its significance

SHI Feng, WANG Yi-An, LIANG You-Sheng

2019, 31(1):  33-39. 

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Schistosomiasis is one of zoonoses (diseases that are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and human), and it is widespread in tropical and sub?tropical regions. It is one of the important infectious diseases that the World Health Organization plans to eliminate. Hybridization within Genus Schistosoma is an emerging public health concern in our changing world. Schistosoma spp are dioecious trematode, in which there are lots of species infecting human and animals. Several schistosome species also overlap in their geographical and host range, which allows male and female schistosomes of different species to pair within their definitive hosts. The hybridization among different species and the production of dominant hybrid species and changes of their biological characteristics, such as host selectivity, fertility and infectivity, can lead to the evolution of schistosoma species, regional distribution of the population, the changes of epidemic patterns, and pathogenicity to human and animals, and all of them have an impact on the global schistosomiasis elimination plan.

Endemic status and control of animal schistosomiasis in China

LIN Jiao-Jiao

2019, 31(1):  47-46. 

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This paper describes the damages caused by animal schistosomiasis and the role of animals in the transmission of schistosomiasis in China and reviews the progress of animal schistosomiasis control and the endemic status of animal schistosomiasis at various stages. Although the endemic situation of animal schistosomiasis has been effectively controlled, there are still multiple factors that affect the transmission of schistosomiasis, and there are still risks leading to reemergence or rebounding of schistosomiasis in local areas. Strengthening of schistosomiasis surveillance as well as the prevention and control effects in key areas, consolidation of schistosomiasis control achievements, resolving of key technical problems in the elimination of animal schistosomiasis and development of precise technical measures and strategies are needed to accelerate the progress towards the elimination of schistosomiasis in China.

Ecological characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis and water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control

HUANG Yi-Xin

2019, 31(1):  47-52. 

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The control of water conservancy ecosystem for Oncomelania hupensis snails and water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control are an important part of the comprehensive control of schistosomiasis in China. It has played an important role in the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in a long?term. The technique regulation for water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention has nearly 30 years’ development gradually and formed a series of technical specification. Its theoretical basis is associated with the water ecology and hydraulics of snails. This paper mainly reviews the soil, grass, water, light and others related to ecological elements of the snails, and the water conservancy ecological control technique of snails and the current water conservancy measurements combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control in the field of schistosomiasis prevention and control, and puts forward the proposals for the water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control technology development in the future. The water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control should have further development in the new situation in order to play a more important role for schistosomiasis elimination in China.

Progress of spatial epidemiology applied to prevention and control of schistosomiasis

WANG Ying-Jian， LI Shi-Zhu， JIANG Qing-Wu， ZHOU Yi-Biao

2019, 31(1):  53-57. 

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Schistosomiasis is one of the key diseases of surveillance and prevention in China. The elimination of schistosomiasis is of great significance to people’s health and social economy. With the development of spatial epidemiology， progress has been made in the spatial distribution of schistosomiasis， the prediction of spatial and temporal trends， and analysis of the environmental factors. This paper reviews the application of spatial epidemiology in the control and prevention of schistosomiasis and introduces the spatio?temporal distribution methods， spatial model， and application of remote sensing technology.

Epidemic status and control of tick-borne parasitic diseases in China

LI Lan-Hua， ZHANG Yi

2019, 31(1):  58-62. 

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Recently, both of the species of tick?borne parasites and cases of tick?borne parasitic diseases in human beings are increasing in China. Tick?borne diseases are considered to be an important public health problem affecting the health of Chinese. In this paper, we summarize the epidemic status and control measures of tick?borne parasitic diseases in China, and put forward that the epidemic status of tick?borne parasitic diseases may be greatly underestimated in China, and the systematic surveillance of tick?borne parasitic diseases on population, vectors and animal hosts is urgently needed.

Epidemic and research progress of babesiosis

ZHOU Xia, WANG Hui, XUE Jing-Bo, XIA Shang, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2019, 31(1):  63-70. 

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Babesiosis is an emerging parasitic disease, distributed globally in Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, and Australia, and the United States is still the country with the largest number of babesiosis cases reported. Babesiosis in China is mainly distributed in the northeast, followed by the southwest and other regions. As a new vector?borne infectious disease, babesiosis poses a serious threat to human health, and its research foundation is relatively weak, so it requires more attention and recognition. The research hot spots on babesiosis are screening of diagnostic antigens, and the mechanisms of Babesia and the hosts, co?infections between Babesia and other pathogens. The epidemic distribution, screening of diagnostic antigens, host immune response mechanism and co?infection of babesiosis in our country and abroad are reviewed in this paper.

Prevalence and fundamental researches of prevention and treatment of toxoplasmosis in China: an overview

SHEN Ji-Long, YU Li

2019, 31(1):  71-76. 

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Toxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic pathogen and its infection has a significant impact on human health and animal husbandry. This review presents the research progresses in the epidemic, genotype, pathogenicity, diagnosis, treatment and vaccine development of Toxoplasma and toxoplasmosis in China, so as to provide the reference for the study of the pathogen and the disease in the country.

Progress of research on the interplay between helminth and intestinal protozoa and gut microbiota

Xu Meng, Shen Yu-Juan

2019, 31(1):  77-85,93. 

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As the largest and most complex ecosystem in humans, gut microbiota resides in human or animal gastrointestinal tract with intestinal viruses and parasites. Previous studies have demonstrated that gut microbiota dysbiosis is strongly correlated with the development, progression and prognosis of multiple diseases. The parasites that are colonized in the host, may directly or indirectly affect gut microbiota and the gut microbiota?host homeostasis, and changes in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota may also affect parasitic infections and the development, progression and prognosis of parasitic diseases. This paper reviews the progress of research on the interplay between helminth and intestinal protozoa and gut microbiota.

Advances in etiology, epidemiology and genetic diversity of Thelaziacallipaeda

ZHANG Xi， JIANG Peng，LIU Ruo-Dan，LONG Shao-Rong，CUI Jing，WANG Zhong-Quan

2019, 31(1):  86-93. 

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Thelaziacallipaeda, T. californiensis and T. gulosa are three causative agents of human thelaziasis. Most of the reported cases were caused by T. callipaeda, occurring in the old world, particularly in Asian and European countries. T. californiensis and T. gulosa have rarely been reported infecting humans in North America. T. callipaeda has long been called the oriental eye worm, referring to its traditional distribution across eastern and southeastern Asia (i.e., China, Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Thailand, and India) where infection is endemic in animals and humans, usually in poorer rural areas and mainly among children and the elderly. The identification of the parasite was mainly based on the characteristics of oral and genital organs. In Asia and Europe, vectors for this nematode are male Phorticaokadai and P. variegata drosophilids respectively, which feed on ocular secretions of hosts and transmit infective stage larvae to domestic and wild carnivores, lagomorphs, and humans. China probably has the largest number of cases with thelaziasis in the world, and lots of cases have been existed in other Asian countries such as Japan and Korea. Although a few of human cases have been reported, there were high infection rates of wild animals and domesticated dogs and cats in most of European countries. Based on the cox1 gene, a total of 21 haplotypes were identified in the samples from worldwide, in which, one circulated only in European countries (h1), while the other 20 haplotypes were distributed in Korea, Japan and China. In general, the Chinese clinical isolates of T. callipaeda expressed high genetic diversity. The population differences between Europe and Asian countries were greater than those among China, Korea and Japan. The T. callipaeda populations from Europe and Asia should be divided into two separate sub?populations. These two groups started to diverge during the middle Pleistocene. 　

Discussion on strategies of health literacy promotion for echinococcosis control in China

YU Qing, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2019, 31(1):  94-97. 

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This article analyzes recent progresses on health education and health promotion targeting echinococcosis control in the major endemic foci of China, and describes the problems, including lack of human echinococcosis control knowledge, low human health literacy levels, incomplete establishment of health promotion mode, and urgent efforts to achieve the goal of Health for All. In addition, the feasible measures and strategies on health literacy promotion for echinococcosis control are discussed in combination with the national health literacy promotion strategy according to Healthy China 2030.

Advances in pathogenic mechanisms of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection

LIAO Yao, SUN Xi, WU Zhong-Dao

2019, 31(1):  98-102. 

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Angiostrongylosis, a food?borne parasitic disease, is caused by the migration of larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis to the host’s central nervous system after it is infected. It is a serious disease with eosinophilic encephalitis and meningoencephalitis as the main clinical manifestations. Understanding of its pathogenic mechanism is important for the prevention and treatment of angiostrongylosis. This paper reviews the mechanism of eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis caused by A. cantonensis infection.