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    24 May 2019, Volume 31 Issue 2
    Strengthening the development and application of molecular diagnostic techniques, facilitating precision schistosomiasis control in China
    QIN Zhi-Qiang
    2019, 31(2):  105-106. 
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    Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, and S. japonicum?infected Oncomelania snail is one of the major risk factor of schistosomiasis transmission. Therefore, the detection of S. japonicum?infected Oncomelania snails plays a vital role in the national schistosomiasis control programmes of China. Recently, a florescent recombinase?aided amplification (RAA) assay, developed by Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, has shown rapid, sensitive and simple to detect S. japonicum?infected Oncomelania snails, which deserves expanded experiments.
    Strengthening the research on novel molluscicides to accelerate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis
    HUANG Yi-Xin
    2019, 31(2):  107-108. 
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    Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, and control of Oncomelania snails is an important measure to control and interrupt the transmission of schistosomiasis. Therefore, snail control plays a very critical role in the national schistosomiasis control programmes of China. Pyriclobenzuron, which was recently developed by National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, is the latest great advance in the research on molluscicides and is expected to solve the problem of toxicity to fish, which is worthy of expanding experiments.
    Rapid detection of Schistosoma japonicum-infected snails with recombinase-aided isothermal amplification assay
    LI Ting, LIU Yan-Hong, ZHAO Song, XIONG Chun-Rong, DONG Xuan, ZHANG Jian-Feng, LI Wei, YING Qing-Jie, YANG Kun
    2019, 31(2):  109-114,120. 
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    Objective To develop a florescent recombinase?aided amplification (RAA) assay for rapid detection of Schistosoma japonicum?infected Oncomelania snails and explore the optimal method for treatment of snail samples. Methods Snail samples were divided into 3 groups, and each group consisted of 7 subgroups. There were 50 uninfected snails mixed with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 infected snails in the 6 subgroups, respectively, and the remaining subgroup contained 100 uninfected snails mixed with 1 infected snails. DNA was extracted from snails in the three groups using a genomic DNA extraction kit following snail crushing and snail shells removal, crude nucleic acid extraction assay following snail crushing and snail shells removal, and crude nucleic acid extraction assay following direct snail crushing with snail shells preserved, and subjected to florescent RAA and PCR assays. The detection results were compared between the two assays. Results A florescent RAA assay was developed, which completed the detection of S. japonicum?infected snails at 39 ℃ within 30 min. Following DNA extraction from mass snail samples with a genomic DNA extraction kit following snail crushing and snail shells removal, the lowest detection limit of the florescent RAA assay was one infected snail mixed in 100 uninfected snails, while the lowest detection limit of PCR assay was one infected snail mixed in 50 uninfected snails. Following DNA extraction using crude nucleic acid extraction method following snail crushing and snail shells removal, the lowest detection limit of the florescent RAA assay was one infected snail mixed in 100 uninfected snails, while the lowest detection limit of PCR assay was 3 infected snails mixed in 50 uninfected snails. Following DNA extraction with a crude nucleic acid extraction assay following direct snail crushing with snail shells preserved, the lowest detection limit of the florescent RAA assay was 10 infected snails mixed in 50 uninfected snails, while the lowest detection limit of PCR assay was 10 infected snails mixed in 50 uninfected snails. Conclusions A fluorescent RAA assay that is rapid to detect S. japonicum?infected snails in mass snail samples is successfully developed, which is fast, sensitive and easy to perform. Crude nucleic acid extraction following snail crushing and snail shells removal is the optimal method for the treatment of snail samples.
    Molluscicidal activity of 25% wettable powder of pyriclobenzuron sulphate against Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni
    LUO Bing-Rong, WANG Wei-Si, YAO Jun-Min, LI Shi-Zhu, YANG Hua, YANG Jing, CHEN Shao-Rong, LIU Yu-Hua, DUAN Li-Ping
    2019, 31(2):  115-120. 
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    Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal activity of a novel molluscicide pyriclobenzuron against Oncomelania hupensis robertsoni in the mountain regions of Yunan Province, and test its toxicity to fish, so as to provide scientific evidence for the extensive application of this molluscicide in schistosomiasis?endemic foci of Yunan Province. Methods In the laboratory and snail?breeding field of Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, the molluscicidal activity of 5% wettable powder of pyriclobenzuron sulphate (25% PBU) against O. hupensis robertsoni was assessed by using the immersion and spraying method, and the acute toxicity of 25% PBU to carp fries was tested, while 25% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt (50% WPNES) served as a control. Results The 1?, 2? and 3?day 25% PBU LC50 and LC90 values were 0.47, 0.25 and 0.23 mg/L, and 1.54, 0.61 and 0.49 mg/L for O. h. robertsoni by using the immersion method in laboratory, and immersion with 25% PBU at 1.0 mg/L for 1 day achieved a comparable molluscicidal efficacy in relative to 50% WPNES at 1.0 mg/L. Spraying with 25% PBU at 4.0 g/m2 achieved 1?, 3? and 7?day snail mortalities of 64.23%, 96.67% and 100.00% in laboratory, respectively, which were not significantly different from those caused by treatment with 50% WPNES at 1.0 g/m2 (all P values > 0.05). One?day field immersion with 25% PBU at doses of 1, 2 and 4 g/m3 resulted in snail mortalities of 90.00%, 93.33% and 100.00%, respectively, which were not significantly different from those caused by treatment with 50% WPNES at 1.0 g/m3 (all P values > 0.05), and 3?day field spraying with 25% PBU at doses of 2.0 and 4.0 g/m2 caused snail mortalities of 86.36% and 87.72%, respectively, which were not significantly different from those caused by 50% WPNES treatment (both P values > 0.05). The 24?, 48? and 72?hour LC50 values of 25% PBU to carp fries were 29.38, 24.62 and 23.38 mg/L, respectively, and no fish death was observed within 72 hours of exposure to 25% PBU at a concentration of 17.5 mg/L and lower. Conclusion 25% PBU is a novel, highly potent and environment?friendly molluscicide that is feasible in fish ponds, and the recommended dose is 1 g/m3 for field immersion and 2 g/m2 for field spraying in schistosomiasis?endemic areas of Yunnan Province.
    Analysis of schistosomiasis cases report in National Notifiable Disease Report System in China, 2015-2017
    DAI Si-Min, XU Zhi-Min, ZHANG Li-Juan, XU Jing, Lü Shan
    2019, 31(2):  121-125,133. 
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    Objective To understand the reporting situation of schistosomiasis cases in National Notifiable Disease Report System (NNDRS) in China from 2015 to 2017, and to seek current deficiencies on case reporting as well as to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of schistosomiasis cases. Methods The data of schistosomiasis cases in China from 2015 to 2017 were collected from NNDRS, and the reporting situation and epidemiological characteristics of schistosomiasis cases were analyzed. Results From 2015 to 2017, totally 59 981 schistosomiasis cases were reported in China, among which, 1 460 cases were deleted, and 58 521 were censored cases. The statistics and analysis showed that a part of the case reporting had been carried out in nonstandard ways, mainly involving the random deletion of cases, reporting time not compliance with regulations, incorrect classification, and severe omission of cases. Among the 58 521 censored cases, the sex ratio of the male to the female was 1.83∶1, the average age of the cases was (51.91 ± 11.30) years, and farmers and fishermen accounted for 93.26% (54 577 cases) and 3.46% (2 022 cases), respectively. The reported cases mainly concentrated in Anhui, Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi provinces, accounting for 99.73% of the total number in China. During this period, Beijing, Zhejiang and other provinces (cities and regions) reported 11 imported schistosomiasis cases, all of them were schistosomiasis mansoni cases or schistosomiasis haematobia cases. Conclusions From 2015 to 2017, the reported cases of schistosomiasis are mainly clinically diagnosed cases. Compared with the annual report of the national schistosomiasis control, the number of confirmed cases in NNDRS is seriously missed. Therefore, the endemic provinces should strengthen the supervision on confirmed cases and reporting quality of schistosomiasis cases in accordance with the relevant law and regulation.
    Relationship between natural extinction of Oncomelania hupensis snails and water chemical properties in Eastern Dongting Lake areas
    YANG Yu, LI Wen-Bin, CHENG Wan-Ting, YANG Ya, DONG Shu-Rong, LI Lin-Han, JIANG Jie, WANG Ying-Jian, YANG Dong-Jian, CAI Bin, YOU Jia-Bian, JIANG Feng, JIANG Qing-Wu, ZHOU Yi-Biao
    2019, 31(2):  126-133. 
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    Objective To investigate the reasons of natural extinction of Oncomelania hupensis snails by comparing the difference of the water chemical properties between the snail?breeding marshland and non?snail marshland in Eastern Dongting Lake areas. Methods Three adjoining marshlands in Eastern Dongting Lake areas were selected, one was a snail?breeding marshland, the second was a non?snail marshland, and the third was a boundary zone between them. During the periods of water?rising season, wet season and water?falling season, the water samples from the bottom of 0.5 m were collected by the systematic random sampling method (200 m × 200 m grid method). In addition, the water samples below the surface of 0.5 m were also collected in the wet season. The physicochemical indexes of the sampling water were detected. Results According to the Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard (GB 3838–2002), the water quality indicators which were less than the detection limit were Cr, Cd, Zn, Hg, Cu, S? and CN? during the three sampling seasons. The pollutants which were slightly higher than Grade III but lower than Grade IV (Hg ≤ 1 μg/L, TP ≤ 0.1 mg/L) were Hg and TP. The pollutants below the Grade III included As and F?. The temperature and pH values were within the Grade III. The oxygen consumption indicators covering DO, COD and BOD in the water?rising season and wet season were within the Grade III, while the value of BOD was beyond the scope of Grade III but was between Grade Ⅳ (≤ 6 mg/L) and Grade V (≤ 10 mg/L) in the water?falling season. The differences of the water pollution indexes between the snail?breeding marshland and non?snail marshland were statistically significant, and these indexes included F?, As and pH in the water?rising season (P < 0.05); pH, BOD and F? at the surface layer in the wet season (P < 0.05); F? at the bottom in the wet season (P < 0.05); TP and F? in the water?falling season. Moreover, the above?mentioned indexes in the non?snail marshland of Qianliang Lake were higher than those in the snail?breeding marshland of Junshan Park. Thus, F? was the only index which had statistical differences in every sampling season, and the concentration of F? at the non?snail marshland was also higher than that at the snail?breeding marshland. In the water?rising season, the pH value at the non?snail marshland exceeded the suitable range for the growth of snails (6.8 to 7.8). Conclusion In the Eastern Dongting Lake area, the high concentration of F? and pH of water may be responsible for the natural extinction of O. hupensis snails.
    Study on kdr allele mutation of Culex pipiens pallens in Zichuan District, Zibo City, Shandong Province
    ZHANG Wei, FANG Yuan, ZHANG Yi, SHI Wen-Qi, LI Yuan-Yuan, YUE Zhi-Yuan
    2019, 31(2):  134-138. 
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    Objective To study the seasonal dynamics of Culex pipiens pallens and the distribution of knockdown resistance (kdr) gene related sodium channel gene polymorphism in Zichuan District, Zibo City, Shandong Province. Methods Cx. pipiens pallens mosquitoes were collected in Zichuan District during the peak period of mosquito vector activity from 2017 to 2018. The DNA from Cx. pipiens pallens was extracted, and the genotypes and frequencies of kdr allele mutation were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Results Totally 830 mosquitoes belonging to six species, including Cx. pipiens pallens, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes albopictus, Ae. vexans, Anopheles sinensis, and Cx. tritaeniorhchus were collected in this study. The number of Cx. pipiens pallens accounted for 83.13% in total, with the density of 12.32 per lamp per night. The annual density monitoring curve of Cx. pipiens pallens showed a bimodal trend, and the peaks were observed in June and September respectively. In this study, five kdr alleles were detected at the 1 014 locus of kdr gene, with TTA (75.71%), TTT (10.00%), CTA (5.71%), TCA (4.29%), and TTC (4.29%). Two nonsynonymous nucleotide mutations were detected at site 1 014 of kdr gene, namely leucine (L1014) mutated to phenylalanine (L1014F) and serine (L1014S). The kdr gene mutation frequency (%) of Cx. pipiens pallens in Luochun Town and Taihe Town was 10.53% and 40.63%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant ([χ2] = 8.559, P = 0.003). Conclusions  Cx. pipiens pallens is the dominant mosquito species in Zichuan District. In addition, two novel mutations, CTA and TTC, are identified in the voltage?dependent sodium channel gene of Cx. pipiens pallens. The kdr genotype of Cx. pipiens pallens in Zichuan area was polymorphic.
    Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica infection and its risk factors in Tengchong City, Yunnan Provine: a hospital-based study
    2019, 31(2):  139-142,147. 
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    Objective To understand the infection status and risk factors of Entamoeba histolytica in inpatients in Tengchong City, Yunnan Province. Methods A cross?sectional study was conducted in the inpatients in Tengchong People’s Hospital, Yunnan Province. After obtaining the informed consent from the subjects, the stool samples were collected from 2016?07?01 to 2017?03?31, and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect E. histolytica in the stool samples. Meanwhile, a structured questionnaire was used to record the demographic information and clinical symptoms for the patients. Results Totally 507 cases were recruited, and the detection rate of E. histolytica was 1.97% (10/507, 95% CI: 1.07%-3.59%) in all subjects. There were no significant differences between the inpatients with and without E. histolytica infection in the height (Z = -0.40, P = 0.69), weight (Z = -0.34, P = 0.73), body mass index (Z = -0.40, P = 0.69) and age (Z = -1.48, P = 0.14). Chronic diarrhea (OR = 21.43, 95% CI: 5.04-91.23) and daily drinking water (OR = 11.28, 95% CI: 2.79-45.56) were relevant to E. histolytica infection. No significant association was observed between E. histolytica infection and the clinical symptoms, such as abdominal distension (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.09-5.56), inappetence (OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.06-4.02), itchy skin (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.10-6.38), perianal pruritus (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 0.21-14.07), and constipation (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.13-7.33). Conclusion E. histolytica infection is high in inpatients in Tengchong City, Yunnan Province, and chronic diarrhea and drinking unboiled water were highly correlated with E. histolytica infection.
    Epidemiological analysis of new cases of cysticercosis in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province from 2014 to 2017
    ZANG Xin-Zhong, LI Huan-Zhang, LIU Hong-Kun, LIU Yu-Hua, ZHOU Chang-Hai, CHEN Ying-Dan, QIAN Men-Bao, LI Shi-Zhu
    2019, 31(2):  143-147. 
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    Objective To understand the basic information and epidemic characteristics of new cases of cysticercosis in Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategy of cysticercosis. Methods The data of inpatients in the Dali Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control Center from 2014 to 2017 were collected and the eligible data of new cases of cysticercosis were analyzed by the epidemiological method. Results There were 1 552 patients with cysticercosis, including 549 new cases of cysticercosis. Among the new cysticercosis patients, most were neurocysticercosis cases (484/549, 88.6%). The symptoms included epilepsy and headache (51.73%), headache (40.98%), and dizziness (18.76%). The new cysticercosis patients were mainly middle?aged male farmers of Bai nationality, and they were distributed in all counties (cities) of Dali Prefecture, especially in Dali City (26.78%), and Eryuan County (19.49%). The annual incidence rate was 4.423/105 in 2014, 3.837/105 in 2015, 3.765/105 in 2016, and 3.442/105 in 2017, and there was no significance among the different years’ incidence ([χ2] = 4.595, P > 0.05). Conclusion Dali Prefecture is still an endemic area of cysticercosis. Therefore, the monitoring, prevention and control of the disease should be strengthened.
    Investigation on human intestinal parasitic diseases in ecological regions of Qinba Mountains in Henan Province in 2015
    ZHOU Rui-Min, LI Su-Hua, ZHANG Ya-Lan, DENG Yan, CHEN Wei-Qi, YANG Cheng-Yun, LIU Ying, QIAN Dan, ZHAO Yu-Ling, LIN Xi-Meng, ZHANG Hong-Wei, XU Bian-Li
    2019, 31(2):  148-154. 
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    Objective To understand and analyze the epidemic status of human intestinal parasitic diseases in the ecological region of the Qinba Mountains in Henan Province, so as to provide the evidence for the control of the diseases in this region. Methods According to the methods of National Survey Scheme on Major Human Parasitic Diseases, 26 survey spots were selected in 8 counties (cities) in ecological regions of Qinba Mountains in Henan Province in 2015. After collecting the human fecal samples, the eggs of intestinal helminthes were detected with the modified Kato?Katz thick smear method, the species of Ancylostoma of the hookworm egg?positive samples were identified with the tube fecal culture method, the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis were detected by using the adhesive tape method in children aged 3 to 6 years, and the cyst and trophozoite of intestinal protozoa were examined by iodine staining. The infections of intestinal parasites in different populations and the related influencing factors were analyzed. Results Totally 6 706 residents were recruited in this study, 8 kinds of parasites were found including 3 species of helminthes and 5 species of protozoans. The overall infection rate of intestinal parasites was 3.39%, covering 2.29% for helminthes and 0.49% for protozoans. The infection rate of E. vermicularis in children aged 3 to 6 years was 3.93%. The 3 identified helminthes were Ascaris lumbricoides, E. vermicularis, and Dicrocoelium dendriticum, with the highest infection rate of E. vermicularis (2.68%, [χ2] = 306.362, P < 0.05). The 5 identified protozoans were Entamoeba hartmani, E. coli, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, and Blastocystis hominis, and the infection rate of E. nana was the highest ([χ2] = 23.842, P < 0.05). Among the 8 counties (cities), the highest infection rate of helminthes, mainly with Enterobius infection, existed in Ruyang County, and the infection rate of protozoans in Xin’an County was the highest, mainly with E. nana infection. There was a significant difference in the infection rates of helminthes and protozoans among the 8 counties (cities) (helminthes: [χ2] = 357.525, P < 0.05; protozoans: [χ2] = 38.795, P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the helminth infection rate between males and females ([χ2] = 0.034, P > 0.05), but the protozoan infection rate of the males was higher than that of the females ([χ2] = 12.946, P < 0.05). The helminth infection rate of the 0-9 years old group was the highest ([χ2] = 62.600, P < 0.05), up to 6.60%, mainly with E. vermicularis infection. There was no significant difference in the infection rate of intestinal parasites among nationalities ([χ2] = 0.212, P > 0.05). The helminth infection rate of preschool children was the highest and up to 8.43%, mainly with E. vermicularis infection. The infection of A. lumbricoides was mainly happened among farmers, with the infection rate of 0.31%. There was a significant difference in the helminth infection rate among different occupations ([χ2] = 84.333, P < 0.05). The intestinal parasites infection rate of the illiterate population was the highest and up to 7.63%, there was a significant difference among the populations with different educational levels ([χ2] = 72.013, P < 0.05). The helminth infection rate of plain areas was higher than that of valley and hill ([χ2] = 11.690, P < 0.05). The helminth infection rate of people with low?income was the highest and up to 10.32% ([χ2] = 244.999, P < 0.05). The protozoan infection rate of people with middle?income was the highest, who had the annual per capita net income of 6 000 to 7 999 Yuan ([χ2] = 24.749, P < 0.05). The helminth infection rate of people drinking well water was much higher than that of people drinking tap water ([χ2] = 62.255, P < 0.05). The protozoan infection rate of people without insect repellent was higher than that of people with insect repellent ([χ2] = 5.235, P < 0.05). Conclusions The infection rates of human intestinal parasites in the ecological region of the Qinba Mountains in Henan Province have decreased sharply. E. vermicularis infection in children should be the main point of prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases in the future.
    Soil-transmitted nematode infections and influencing factors of pupils in rural areas of Yi Ethnicity in Butuo County, Sichuan Province
    CAO Min, WU Yu-Ju, YE Rui-Xue, WANG Qing-Zhi, MENG Sha, SUN Chang, LI Tiao-Ying, ZHOU Huan
    2019, 31(2):  155-159,174. 
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    Objective To understand the current situation of soil?transmitted nematode infections and influencing factors of pupils in rural areas of Yi Ethnicity in Butuo County, Sichuan Province, so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of soil?transmitted nematode infections. Methods In 2016, the pupils of 2 villages in Butuo County were selected by the multi?stage random sampling method, and the relevant information was obtained by questionnaires, including social demographic information, diet and hygiene habits and acknowledge of parasitic disease prevention. The soil?transmitted nematode infections were examined by Kato?Katz technique. The results were statistically analyzed by the single factor analysis and multivariate logistic regression methods. Results A total of 160 pupils were investigated in this survey. The soil?transmitted nematodes included Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm. The overall infection rate was 89.38%, and the multi?infection rate was 54.55%. The infection rates of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were higher. The infection densities were mild (75.68%) or moderate (22.97%). The logistic regression analysis showed that the protective factor of soil?transmitted nematode infections was the knowledge about correct diet and health habits notified by teachers (OR = 0.67), but the risk factor was drinking unboiled water (OR = 19.26). Conclusions The infection rate of nematodes is still high in the pupils in rural areas of Yi Ethnicity in Butuo County, Sichuan Province. Therefore, we should strengthen the prevention and control of soil?transmitted nematode infections, especially A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections, and mostly develop the teachers’ function in health education.
    Study on the mechanisms underlying overwintering of Culex pipiens pallens using iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis
    ZHANG Qian, SHI Gui-Hong, GUO Xiu-Xia, WANG Hai-Fang, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Chong-Xing
    2019, 31(2):  160-164,168. 
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    Objective To compare the difference of protein expression between the post?overwintering stage and the diapauses preparation stage in Culex pipiens pallens, so as to reveal the mechanisms underlying the overwintering diapause of Cx. pipiens pallens. Methods A quantitative proteomic analysis was performed in Cx. pipiens pallens before and after overwintering diapause by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling. Results A total of 244 differentially expressed proteins were identified in Cx. pipiens pallens before and after overwintering diapause, including 126 up?regulated proteins and 118 down?regulated proteins. iTRAQ?based quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that these differentially expressed proteins were linked to function and energy production and conversion, lipid metabolism, remodeling of cytoskeleton, carbohydrate metabolism, protein transport, molecular chaperones, stress tolerance and metabolic enzymes. Conclusions This is the first study to identify the overwintering diapause?related proteins in Cx. pipiens pallens using proteomics tools, which reveals KEGG pathways and GO terms associated with the overwintering diapauses of Cx. pipiens pallens. Our findings provide additional understandings pertaining to the mechanisms underlying the overwintering diapauses of Cx. pipiens pallens.
    Comparison of efficiency of Kato-Katz technique and PCR assay for detecting Clonorchis sinensis infection
    XU Meng, YIN Jian-Hai,CAO Sheng-Kui, CAO Jian-Ping, ZHANG Xiao-Fan, SHEN Yu-Juan
    2019, 31(2):  165-168. 
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    Objective To compare the performance of modified Kato?Katz thick smear method (KK method) and PCR assay in field detection of Clonorchis sinensis in human fecal samples, which provides insight into the selection of tools for detecting C. sinensis. Methods Based on the epidemiological investigation of human C. sinensis infections in Tengxian County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2016, a total of 133 fecal samples were randomly selected and stored at -20 ℃. All fecal samples were detected for C. sinensis infection using KK method and PCR assay, and the detection rate was compared between the two techniques. In addition, Kappa test was used to evaluate the consistency between the two methods. Results Among all fecal samples, the overall detection rate of C. sinensis was 77.44% (103/133), and the detection rate was significantly higher by PCR assay (70.68%, 93/133) than by KK method (57.14%, 76/133) ([χ2] = 26.15, P < 0.01). There were 88.16% (67/76) of the microscopy?positive fecal samples positive for PCR assay, and 47.37% (27/57) of the microscopy?negative fecal samples positive for PCR assay. The detection rate of C. sinensis by PCR assay (94.74%, 18/19) was higher in fecal samples with EPG of > 1 000 than in samples with EPG of < 1 000 (85.96%, 49/57) ([χ2] = 1.05, P = 0.436). The consistency of the detection rate of C. sinensis was moderate between the KK method and PCR assay (Kappa value = 0.73). Conclusions The detection rate of C. sinensis by PCR assay is significantly higher than by KK method. In low?endemic areas of C. sinensis infections, the combination of KK method and PCR assay is suggested, so as to improve the detection rate.
    A comparative study of phenoloxidase activity between Cipangopaludina chinensis and Oncomelania hupensis
    ZHAO Jin-Song, TONG Cheng-Cheng, ZHOU Jia-Wei, WANG An-Yun, WANG Chao-Wang, ZHOU Shu-Lin
    2019, 31(2):  169-170,181. 
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    Objective To study the differences of the phenoloxidase (PO) relative activity among ribbed shelled Oncomelania hupensis, smooth shelled O. hupensis and Cipangopaludina chinensis. Methods The crude PO fluid was extracted from the soft tissue of the Oncomelania snail and C. chinensis by homogenation and centrifugation. The PO activity was detected with catechol as the substrate in the reaction systems. Results The PO relative activities in the ribbed shelled Oncomelania hupensis, smooth shelled O. hupensis and C. chinensis were (25.72 ± 2.27), (14.56 ± 1.24) U/mL and (13.72 ± 1.06) U/mL. The PO relative activity in the smooth shelled O. hupensis was higher than that in the ribbed shelled O. hupensis (q = 21.46, P < 0.05) and C. chinensis (q = 12.00, P < 0.05), while the difference between the PO relative activities of the latter two was not statistically significant (q = 1.62, P > 0.05). Conclusion There is a difference in the relative PO activity between O. hupensis and C. chinensis,which may be related to the living environment of snails.
    Final evaluation of health education on prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2015
    ZHANG Juan, XIAO Ying, CAI Shun-Xiang, LIU Jian-Bing
    2019, 31(2):  171-174. 
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    Objective To evaluate the health education effect of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province after implementing of the Outline of National Mid?Long?Term Plan for Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control (2004–2015). Methods Based on questionnaires and datum review, the data of health education for integrated prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2015 were collected to evaluate the effect of health education. Results A total of 16 662 499 schistosomiasis health education publicity materials were distributed, 28 712 times of media propaganda were conducted, 174 506 warning signs were established, 185 985 promotional slogans were issued, 1 212 810 pieces of personal protective equipment were distributed, 9 248 village officer training courses were organized, and 5 569 school teacher training courses in primary and secondary schools were conducted in 63 counties (cities, districts) of 13 cities in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2015. A total of 4 815 people were surveyed in 3 counties in 2015. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge was 91.62%, and the correct rates of beliefs and attitudes were 89.54% and 96.91% respectively. The overall rate of correct behavior of the population was 91.91%. The related indicators, such as schistosomiasis infection rate, acute infection cases, and others, declined year by year over the same period. Conclusions The schistosomiasis health education in Hubei Province has obvious effects on enhancing the knowledge and attitudes of schistosomiasis control in populations and promoting the formation of correct schistosomiasis control behavior among residents. It has played an active role and is an important mean in comprehensive prevention and control of schistosomiasis.
    Pilot study on comprehensive malaria control in Judong Village, Congjiang County, Guizhou Province
    LU Li-Dan, AN Dong, YAO Dan-Cheng, XU Jian-Jun, WU Guo-Yan, PAN Xiao-Yan, LI Qiong, ZHOU Le-Mei, YANG Zhong-Hao
    2019, 31(2):  175-177. 
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    Objective To explore the working mode of continuous malaria elimination. Methods Judong Village in Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, which had the highest record of malaria incidence in the history of Guizhou Province, was selected as a pilot, a comprehensive prevention and control intervention was carried out aiming at the malaria epidemic, transmission and influencing factors, and the effect was evaluated after the intervention. Results From 2015 to 2016, through those intensive measures of constructing system, improving environment and health education, the people’s awareness of malaria prevention was increased, the people’s enthusiasm and initiatives to participate in the prevention and control of malaria were improved in Judong Village. Meanwhile, the roads were hardened and beautified, the dispose of sewage, feces and garbage was centralized. The awareness rate of malaria prevention knowledge of residents increased to 85% to 95%, and the formation rate of anti?mosquito behavior increased to 89.66%. The density of media Anopheles reduced from 0.56 to 0.07 mosquitoes per hour each mosquito catching platform. Conclusion A long?term mechanism for malaria prevention and control has been almost constructed in Judong Village, which facilitates the consolidation of malaria control achievements, and the progress towards malaria elimination.
    Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Jiangsu Province in 2017
    WANG Wei-Ming, ZHOU Hua-Yun, CAO Yuan-Yuan, GU Ya-Ping, XU Sui, ZHU Guo-Ding, CAO Jun
    2019, 31(2):  178-181. 
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    Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2017, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the targeted strategy of malaria elimination. Methods The data of malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2016 were collected from China’s Routine Diseases Surveillance Information System (CRDSIS). Results Totally, 239 imported malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2017, and the cases decreased by 22.40% compared to 308 cases in 2015. Except 2 malaria case caused by blood transfusion, the rest patients were all imported. Among them, there were 163 falciparum malaria cases, 21 vivax malaria cases, 11 quartan malaria cases, 43 ovale malaria cases, and 1 mixed infection case (Plasmodium falciparum and P. ovale). The numbers of imported cases of Nantong (39 cases, 16.32%), Suzhou (26 cases, 10.88%), Taizhou (25 cases, 10.46%), Huai’an (24 cases, 10.04%), and Lianyungang (22 cases, 9.21%) ranked in the top 5 cities across Jiangsu Province, the malaria cases in the five cities accounted for 56.90% (136/239). The infection source areas of the imported malaria cases included Africa (225 cases), Asia (8 cases), Oceania (2 cases), and South America (2 cases). Conclusions Jiangsu Province has no local malaria cases for 6 consecutive years. Despite the imported cases in 2017 decreased somewhat compared to that in 2016, it is still necessary to strengthen the surveillance of imported malaria cases and improve malaria diagnosis and treatment in the whole province.
    Epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, from 2010 to 2017
    ZHU Han-Wu, WANG Yan-Qin, TAN Hui
    2019, 31(2):  182-184,196. 
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    Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Chenzhou City, Hunan Province, so as to provide the reference for consolidating the malaria elimination and formulating the prevention and control strategies of imported malaria. Methods The epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria were statistically analyzed in Chenzhou City from 2010 to 2017. Results Totally 46 malaria cases, which were all imported, were reported in Chenzhou City from 2010 to 2017, with an average annual incidence of 0.12/105. The reported malaria cases were mainly falciparum malaria, accounting for 60.87% of the total number of cases. There was no obvious seasonal distribution of malaria cases, but the top of reported cases were in June. Totally 73.91% of malaria cases were concentrated in Beihu District, Suxian District, Guiyang County and Zixing City. These cases were mainly the young and middle?aged and 69.57% of the cases were from 36 to 60 years old. There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of malaria patients among the age groups ([χ2] = 47.80, P < 0.01). The median time from onset to diagnosis was 6 days, and the case confirmed institutions were dominated by municipal and above medical institutions, accounting for 52.17% of the total number of cases. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of confirmed cases among medical and health institutions at all levels ([χ2] = 41.96, P < 0.01). Conclusions The importation of malaria in Chenzhou City is still severe. The awareness of malaria diagnosis and treatment in primary medical institutions, malaria patients' serum tests, and the health education of malaria control and prevention knowledge should be strengthened to consolidate the malaria elimination results.
    Surveillance of Anopheles populations in different periods in Suizhou City
    ZHANG Zhi-Bao, LI Kai-Jie, WU Dong-Ni, ZHAO Hua
    2019, 31(2):  185-187. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of malaria vector control measures so as to provide the evidence for consolidating the control effectiveness of malaria and carrying out the vector surveillance in Suizhou City. Methods The distributions of Anopheles sinensis and An. anthropophagus were investigated by the combination of retrospective review and field survey. The changes of density and population of mosquito vectors were investigated and compared among various years. Results From 1985 to 1996, both An. sinensis and An. anthropophagus were found in 18 towns, and An. anthropophagus mosquitoes accounted for 52.3% of the total Anopheles mosquitoes. Only An. sinensis mosquitoes were found in other 26 towns. In 2003 and 2004, An. anthropophagus mosquitoes were found in the original 18 towns, and they accounted for 47.0% and 38.1% respectively, but in 2005, An. anthropophagus mosquitoes were not found in this city. However, the density of An. sinensis presented an upward trend. Conclusions An. anthropophagus population has gradually disappeared in Suizhou City, and currently, An. sinensis is the main Anopheles population, which might be the malaria vector in suitable conditions. Therefore, the surveillance and control of Anopheles vector should be strengthened in order to consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination.
    Epidemic situation of malaria in Dalian City from 2005 to 2016
    MAO Li-Cui, ZHANG Bin, CHEN Yu-Feng, YU Peng
    2019, 31(2):  188-191. 
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    Objective To describe and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Dalian City, so as to provide the evidence for adjusting and formulating malaria control strategy and measures, being in accordance with the practical situation in Dalian City. Methods The data of malaria cases in Dalian City from 2005 to 2016 were collected from China Diseases Surveillance Information Reporting Management System (DSIRMS), to describe and analyze the epidemiologic characteristics of malaria in Dalian City. Results A total of 143 malaria cases were reported in Dalian from 2005 to 2016, including 115 laboratory diagnosed cases, 27 clinically diagnosed cases, and 1 suspected diagnosed case. Among the 115 laboratory diagnosed patients, 65 patients were infected with Plasmodium falciparum, 19 were infected with P. vivax, and 15 had mixed infection, 4 were infected with P. ovale, 3 were infected with P. malariae, and 9 were unclassified. All the cases were imported, 127 were imported from Africa, accounting for 88.81%, mainly were imported from Equatorial Guinea, Liberia, Ghana and Nigeria. Most of the cases were imported from May to October, accounting for 58.74% (84/143), and the imported cases emerged a small peak in August. The ratio of males to females was 10∶1, and the median age was 42 years. Among the total cases, fishermen, migrant workers, and workman accounted for 55.24% (79/143). Seventy?five patients lived in rural districts, and 68 patients lived in urban districts. The median interval from backing to China to disease onset was 8 days. The proportion of disease onset within one month after backing to China was 76.27% (90/118). The median interval from disease onset to diagnosis was 4 days, and the longest interval was 71 days. Totally 141 patients were cured and 2 died. Conclusion In order to avoid malaria death, we should strengthen the malaria prevention and control, especially in rural districts, enhance the training for professionals in the county health facilities, and the surveillance and health education for those who are returned from malaria?endemic areas.
    Investigation on capacity of provincial parasitic diseases control institutions in main clonorchiasis-endemic areas of China
    QIAN Men-Bao, CHEN Jin, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2019, 31(2):  192-196. 
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    Objective To understand the status and capability of professionals at provincial parasitic diseases control institutions in main clonorchiasis?endemic areas of China. Methods The status and capacity of professionals at four provincial parasitic diseases control institutions were collected using questionnaire surveys, including Guangdong, Guangxi, Heilongjiang and Jilin, and the data were analyzed. Results There were totally 37 professionals working on parasitic diseases control in the four provincial institutions in 2018, including 33 full?time and 4 part?time professionals, and there were 12, 16, 3 and 6 professionals working at Guangdong, Guangxi, Heilongjiang and Jilin provincial institutions, respectively. Of the 37 professionals, there were 24.32%, 37.84% and 37.84% at ages of 35 years and lower, 35 to 45 years, and greater than 45 years. Men consisted of 54.05% of all professionals, and 86.49% had an education of bachelor and above, while 78.38% had a title of moderate or above. Among all professionals, there were 29 responsible for clonorchiasis prevention and control; however, they all participated in the prevention and control of other parasitic diseases; 33 professionals were able to prepare Kato?Katz smears and 34 read the smears; 30 professionals were able to detect metacercaria in fishes, and 24 and 16 professionals were able to perform immunological and molecular tests. In addition, 26 professionals participated in provincial projects, 19 in national projects; however, few professionals participated in international projects or undertook provincial, national or international projects. Furthermore, there were 34 professionals (91.89%) participating in national trainings on parasitic diseases; however, only 12 (32.43%) completed a training for more than one week. Conclusions There are few professionals at provincial parasitic diseases control institutions in main clonorchiasis?endemic areas of China, and they have a relative high capability in parasitic disease control; however, their research capacity is relative weak.
    Investigation on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of foodborne parasitic diseases among medical students
    YANG Xing-Da, LI Shuang, ZHANG Ren-Fan, ZHANG Xiao-Xue, DONG Chun-Nan
    2019, 31(2):  197-199,203. 
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    Objective To understand the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of foodborne parasitic diseases among medical college students, so as to provide the evidence for the development of strategies on health education. Methods A total of 929 premed students from a medical college were selected in Hebei Province using the stratified sampling method from October to December, 2017, and investigated by questionnaires to understand their KAP on foodborne parasitic diseases. Results The understanding and concern degree on foodborne parasitic diseases among the college students from different majors were statistically different (all P < 0.05), the awareness rate and the degree of concern of the non?medical students were lower than those of the medical students, and the awareness rate and the degree of concern of the students who had received medical parasitology education were higher than those who had not received. For the formation rate of not prefer seeking novelty, there was a statistically significant difference among the college students in different majors (P < 0.05), and the rate of health behavior formation in non?medical students was relatively low. There were statistically significant differences among the students from different majors in the attitude on "would suggest others not to eat the foods that might be infected with the foodborne parasites", "would not eat the foods that might be infected with the foodborne parasites", and "would give up special preferences or bad habits" (all P< 0.05), and the formation rate of correct attitude of medical students was relatively high. Conclusion The awareness rate and the formation rates of correct attitude and behavior of the college students who have received medical parasitology education are relatively higher, so it is necessary to set up a course on foodborne parasitic diseases in colleges and universities.
    Clinical and imaging features of thirty cases of paragonimiasis westermani
    SHENG Li-Ping, KONG Xian-Bing, DENG You-Song, WANG Jing-Bo, BI Xiao-Kai, LI Cheng
    2019, 31(2):  200-203. 
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    Objective To analyze the clinical manifestations and imaging characteristics of pulmonary and extra pulmonary paragonimiasis westermani. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of 30 patients diagnosed by clinical features, laboratory serological tests and surgical pathology. Results The symptoms of the lung included mainly chest distress, fever, chest pain, cough and expectoration, and dyspnea. The extra pulmonary symptoms included abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, poor appetite, emaciation, both lower extremities asthenia, headache, dizziness, epileptic seizures, and subcutaneous migratory masses. The laboratory examination showed that the eosinophil numbers of serum and pleural effusion of all the thirty patients were increased, and the eggs of Paragonimus westermani were found by the stool tests in four cases. The chest CT tests found abnormal nodules, ground glass changes, insect damages, pleural effusion, "tunnel" signs, and "halo" signs. Cranial CT and MRI showed intracranial hemorrhage foci, and extensive "finger?like" edema. Abdominal CT showed serpentine deformation and “tunnel” signs in the hepatic and spleen capsules. Conclusions Paragonimiasis westermani is a multiple organ system involved infection, and it has complex and varied clinical manifestations. The "tunnel" sign and serpentine deformations in the intracranial part, lung, liver and spleen are important imaging manifestations of the disease.
    Clinical characteristics of 175 cases with advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis
    FU Shi-Qiang, WANG Zhi-Xin,WANG Hai-Jiu, REN Li, FAN Hai-ning
    2019, 31(2):  204-206,209. 
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    Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, so as to provide more evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis. Methods The clinical records of 175 cases with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University from 2012 to 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Results Among the 175 cases with hepatic alveolar echinococcosis, the male to female ratio was 1∶1.6, and the mean age was (38.6 ± 12.9) years (range, 11 to 69 years). 93.7% of the patients (164 cases) were Tibetan, and 79.4% (139 cases) were from Guoluo Prefecture. 73.7% (129 cases) were herdsmen, and 58.3% (102 cases) were illiterate. The major clinical symptoms included upper abdominal pain, yellowing of skin and mucosa, and scleral icterus. 69.1% of the lesions were located in bilateral livers, and 63.4% of the cases have 2 and more lesions. 53.7% of the cases have their inferior vena cava involved by the lesions. In addition, the most affected neighboring organ was diaphragmatic muscle (21.7%), and lung was the most affected distant metastatic site (40.6%). Conclusions Advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis is highly prevalent in Guoluo Prefecture, Qinghai Province. Screening of this disease is required in this region and rational treatment scheme should be developed.
    Interpretation of Diagnosis of Ascariasis (WS/565-2017)
    ZANG Wei, CHEN Ying-Dan, ZHU Hui-Hui, ZHENG Bin, ZHOU Chang-Hai
    2019, 31(2):  207-209. 
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    Ascariasis once was a common disease in rural areas of China. It is showed that the average infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides in China was 1.36% according to the results of the national survey of important human parasitic diseases in 2015. Although the prevalence of ascariasis has been greatly reduced as compared with that at the beginning of this century, ascariasis is still widespread in China. The Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565–2017) was promulgated and implemented by the former National Health and Family Planning Commission on August 1st, 2017. This Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis is composed of six chapters, including the Range of Application, Terms and Definitions, Diagnostic Basis, Diagnostic Principle, Diagnostic Standard, and Differential Diagnosis. Four informative appendixes (etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and differential diagnosis) and one normative appendix (laboratory examination)are appended. The criteria provide the technical reference for diagnosis of ascariasis in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of ascariasis in China, this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Ascariasis (WS/565–2017), so as to promote its learning and implementation.
    Surveillance of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site of Jurong City, 2015–2017
    JIANG Cheng-Gong, LIU Min, CHEN Shi-Jun, LI Shui-Ming, WANG Xiao-Lei
    2019, 31(2):  210-211,215. 
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    Objective To understand the endemic situation and control effect of schistosomiasis through the surveillance in a national surveillance site of Jurong City, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control measures. Methods According to the National Schistosomiasis Monitoring Scheme (2014 Edition), the surveillance of schistosome infection in Oncomelania hupensis snails, residents and livestock was performed in the Kongqing Village, a national surveillance site of Jurong City, from 2015 to 2017. Results The areas with snails were 0, 0, and 0.63 hm2 in 2015, 2016, and 2017 respectively; the average densities of living snails were 0, 0, and 0.19 snails/0.1 m2 in 2015, 2016, and 2017 respectively. No schistosome?infected snails were found. The positive rates of blood tests for schistosomiasis in the local residents were 7.72%, 7.45% and 3.45%, and the positive rates of blood tests in the floating population were 4.90%, 3.47% and 0.97% in 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. No positives were found in the schistosome etiology detection in the crowd and livestock. Conclusions The effect of schistosomiasis prevention and control is obvious in Jurong City, but O. hupensis snails are still of recurrence. Therefore, the monitoring and control efforts should be strengthened to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis prevention and control.
    Effect of cutting beach group on Oncomelania hupensis snail control in south of Shaobo Lake, Jiangsu Province
    SHE Guang-Song, MA Yu-Cai, TANG Hong-Ping, WANG Fu-Biao, HUANG Yong-Jun, HUANG Yi-Xin
    2019, 31(2):  212-215. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of Oncomelania hupensis snail control of cutting the beach group in the south of Shaobo Lake. Methods The general situation of the project of cutting the beach was surveyed, and the snail distribution was surveyed and the results were compared before and after cutting the beach in the beach group. Results The area of cutting beach was 928.33 hm2, the cubic meter of earthwork was 1 717.00 m3, the area of dumping ground was 425.76 hm2, the beach surface elevation was 3.2 m after cutting the beach, and the beach surface was fallen to 1.0 m under the ordinary water level. The area with snails was 44.69 hm2 before cutting the beach in 2011 but the area with snails was 1.78 hm2 after cutting the beach in 2018. The area with remaining snails was declined by 96.02% in 2018 as compared with that in 2011, and surviving snails were distributed on the uncut beach face. Conclusion In Shaobo Lake, the O. hupensis snail breeding environment is eliminated by raising or lowering the beach, so it is an effective measure of snail control in lake regions.
    Seroepidemiologic investigation of human Toxoplasma gondii infections in border areas of Yunnan Province, China
    LI Hai-Long, XIA Bin-Bin, LI Qian, ZHANG Li
    2019, 31(2):  216-217,221. 
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    Objective To ascertain the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in different genders, ages, and ethnic populations of three border regions in Yunnan Province, China, in order to provide the basic data for prevention and control of toxoplasmosis in these areas. Methods A total of 561 serum samples were collected from the local hospitals of three border regions of Yunnan Province (222 serum samples from China?Vietnam border region, 170 serum samples from China?Laos border region, and 169 serum samples from China?Myanmar border region) from November 2015 to May 2016. The detection of IgG antibodies of T. gondii was performed by ELISA. Results In total, 44 (7.84%) of the 561 serum samples were anti?Toxoplasma IgG positive. The positive rates were 8.56% (19/222), 8.82% (15/170) and 5.92% (10/169) in China?Vietnam, China?Laos, and China?Myanmar border regions, respectively. The anti?Toxoplasma IgG positive rates were 5.63%(16/284) in Han, 10.96% (8/73) in Hani, 13.70% (10/73) in Dai, 4.17% (2/48) in Miao, 11.11% (1/9) in Lahu, 7.69% (1/13) in Jinuo, 12.00% (3/25) in Yao, and 11.11% (3/27) in Yi, respectively. The anti?Toxoplasma IgG positive rate in minorities was 10.11%, which was higher than that in Han significantly ([χ2] = 3.884, P < 0.05), and the positive rate in Dai was higher than that in Han significantly ([χ2] = 5.594, P < 0.05). The anti?Toxoplasma IgG positive rate in the 11-20?year age group was 23.53% (4/17), which was higher than that in the 0-10 [4.23% (3/71)] ([χ2] = 4.593, P < 0.05) and 31-40?year groups [4.00% (3/75)] ([χ2] = 4.997, P < 0.05). Conclusions There are different degrees of T. gondii infection in the human population in the border areas in Yunnan Province, and the risk of infection in ethnic minorities is higher than that in Han nationality. The prevention and control of toxoplasmosis should focus on the minority population.
    Knowledge of schistosomiasis in traditional Chinese medicine
    YANG Dong-Jian,LI Lin-Han,CHENG Wan-Ting,YANG Yu,YANG Ya,WANG Ying-Jian,DONG Shu-Rong,ZHOU Yi-Biao,JIANG Qing-Wu
    2019, 31(2):  218-221. 
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    Schistosomiasis is a modern disease name, but it has been widespread in ancient China and exists in a specific form in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). The purpose of the paper is to make clear the existing form of schistosomiasis in TCM and infer the prevalence of schistosomiasis in ancient China. The paper focuses on the period when great progress was made on schistosomiasis by TCM, and sums up the understanding of TCM toward schistosomiasis in this period. By studying and analyzing the literature of schistosomiasis in this period, the paper tries to find out the representative Chinese medicine symptom description and TCM "other name" of schistosomiasis, so as to accurately judge whether the relevant description in ancient TCM books and historical documents can provide scientific basis for schistosomiasis. It is important to understand the prevalence and cognition of schistosomiasis in ancient China.
    A case report of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Leshan City
    LIU Xin-Liang, XU Yu-Juan, MOU Huai-De, LI Na, WU Wei, ZHANG Tao
    2019, 31(2):  222-223. 
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    This paper reports one case of gastric antral ulcer due to Strongyloides stercoralis infection in Leshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital.
    Human thelaziasis callipaeda in Tongren area of Guizhou Province: a case report
    JIANG Nan, LIU Hui,CAO Jian-Ping, ZHENG Ming-Hui
    2019, 31(2):  224-225. 
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    This paper reports a case of human thelaziasis callipaeda in Tongren area of Guizhou Province.
    Imported Plasmodium ovale malaria in Hefei City: a case report
    WANG Lin, LI Ting-Ting, WANG Qing, LI Zhong-Liang, LIU Yi
    2019, 31(2):  226-228. 
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    Objective To perform epidemiological survey and laboratory diagnosis of a Plasmodium ovale malaria case imported into Hefei City, so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of imported malaria in the future. Method The epidemiological history and clinical data of the imported malaria case were collected and analyzed. Results The patient returned to China from Mozambique, and was admitted to the hospital due to repeated fever several months after returning to China. Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) suggested non?P. falciparum infection, and microscopy displayed normal or slightly swelled malaria parasite?infected erythrocytes, unapparent serrated changes, increased cytoplasm in large trophozoite with irregular morphology, and almost no vacuoles. qPCR assay revealed P. ovale infection. Conclusions Clinical medical professionals should improve their awareness of malaria diagnosis in people with a history of living or working in overseas malaria?epidemic areas, and early and rational administration of antimalarials should be given promptly to prevent the spread of malaria epidemics.