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    02 January 2018, Volume 29 Issue 6
    Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People's Republic of China in 2016
    ZHANG Li-Juan, XU Zhi-Min, QIAN Ying-Jun, DANG Hui, LV Shan, XU Jing, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2017, 29(6):  669-677. 
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    This report presents the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China at national level in 2016, and analyzes the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and 454 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) of endemic of schistosomiasis japonica in P. R. China, 5 provinces (municipality and autonomous region), i.e., Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi, had achieved elimination, and 7 provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan had achieved transmission control by the end of 2016. There are 451 endemic counties (cities, districts) covering 257 million people, specifically including 29 692 endemic villages of 69.39 million people at risk. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 35.25 % (159/451), 42.35% (191/451) and 22.39% (101/451) reached the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control, respectively in 2016. By the end of 2016, it was estimated of 54 454 infections of schistosome, decreased by 29.46% compared with 77 194 in 2015. No acute schistosomiasis case was reported in 2016. There were 30 573 advanced schistosomiasis cases documented in 2016. A total of 8 500 710 individuals received schistosomiasis examinations and 600 individuals were parasitologically diagnosed, decreased by 83.36% compared with 3 606 in 2015. The Oncomelania hupensis snail survey was performed in 22 140 endemic villages and O. hupensis snails were found in 7 106 villages, accounting for 32.109% of the total villages, with 20 newly detected villages with snails. The snail survey covered area of 813 963.91 hm2 and snails were found in an area of 235 096.04 hm2, including a newly detected area of 1 346.48 hm2. No schistosome?infected snails were found in 2016. A total of 881 050 bovines were raised in the schistosomiasis endemic area. Of them, 510 468 bovines received examinations, resulting in 8 schistosome?infected bovines. There were 147 642 schistosomiasis cases receiving drug treatment in 2016, with 2 303 555 individuals undergoing expanded chemotherapy; there were 9 bovines with schistosomiasis receiving drug treatment, with 439 857 bovines undergoing expanded chemotherapy; a total of 139 483.84 hm2 area with snail control by using molluscicides, with actual molluscicide?treated area of 73 941.75 hm2; and 3 101.52 hm2 snail habitants were treated by environmental modification. Based on the data from the 454 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites, the mean Schistosoma japonicum infection rate was 0.02% and 0.0078% in humans and bovines, respectively. No schistosome?infected snails were found in all the surveillance sites. The results demonstrate a decline in the endemicity of schistosomiasis in P. R. China compared with the level of 2015. However, the distribution area of snails in China is still large and the infection source of schistosomiasis still exists to some extent in some endemic areas; in some regions, the task to reach the standard of transmission interruption is still arduous. There are still objective factors of epidemic and transmission and risk factors of endemic reversal and rebound for schistosomiasis. So, further control and effective surveillance as well as accurate prevention and control should be implemented to promote the elimination process on schistosomiasis in P. R. China.
    Studies on resistance of Schistosoma to praziquantel XⅥ Biological characteristics of praziquantel-resistant isolates of Schistomoma japonicum in Oncomelania hupensis snails
    QIAN Ke, LIANG You-Sheng, WANG Wei, QU Guo-Li, LI Hong-Jun, YANG Zhen-Kun, ZHAO Zheng-Yang, XING Yun-Tian, DAI Jian-Rong
    2017, 29(6):  678-682. 
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    Objective To investigate the difference of biological characteristics between the praziquantel?resistant and -susceptible isolates of Schistosoma japonicum in intermediate host Oncomelania hupensis snails. Methods Mice were infected with cercariae of praziquantel?resistant and ?susceptible isolates of S. japonicum, and the parasite eggs were collected 37 days post?infection to hatch miracidium. Then, the snails were infected with the miracidium of each parasite isolate. The snail infection, survival rate of infected snails, prepatent period of cercariae, and the total number of cercariae shed from each infected snail were observed and compared between the praziquantel?resistant and ?susceptible isolates of S. japonicum. Results If each snail was exposed to a single miracidium, there were significant differences between the praziquantel?resistant and ?susceptible Jiangsu isolates in the snail infection (8.99% vs. 19.74%; [χ2]= 3.948, P = 0.047) and the number of cercaria released from a single snail (1 460.2 vs. 1 039.3; t = 2.507, P = 0.02), and there were significant differences between the praziquantel?susceptible and ?resistant Hunan isolates in the snail infection (10.00% vs. 21.52%; [χ2] = 3.980, P = 0.046) and the number of cercaria releasefrom a single snail (1 319.4 vs. 1 003.5; t = 2.566, P = 0.017). However, there were no significant differences between the praziquantel?resistant and ?susceptible isolates of S. japonicum in the prepatent period of cercariae and the survival rate of infected snails (P > 0.05). Conclusion The praziquantel?resistant isolate of S. japonicum has a higher susceptibility to O. hupensis but less cercaria released from each infected snail than the susceptible isolate.
    Studies on resistance of Schistosoma to praziquantel XVII Biological characteristics of praziquantel-resistant isolates of Schistosoma japonicum in mice
    QIAN Ke, LIANG You-Sheng, WANG Wei, QU Guo-Li, LI Hong-Jun, YANG Zhen-Kun, ZHAO Zheng-Yang, XING Yun-Tian, DAI Jian-Rong
    2017, 29(6):  683-688. 
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    Objective To investigate the biological characteristics of the praziquantel?resistant isolate of Schistosoma japonicum in mice, so as to explore the pathogenicity to definitive hosts and transmission intensity of the praziquantel?resistant isolate of S. japonicum. Methods Mice were infected with the cercariae released from two praziquantel?resistant isolates and two praziquantel?susceptible isolates of S. japonicum. The mouse?Oncomelania hupensis snail?mouse cycle was established and maintained in the laboratory. The prepatent period of parasite eggs, egg production, egg distribution in mice, parasite susceptibility to mice and egg size were investigated in each parasite isolate. Results The prepatent period of parasite eggs, egg counts in mouse feces, adult worms recovered from each mouse, egg counts in mouse tissues, egg counts in the mouse liver, and egg counts in intestine tissues were 36.1 d and 36.8 d ([t=0.907, P = 0.372]), 14.6/100 mg and 21.2/100 mg ([t=2.946, P= 0.007]), 20.5 and 25.1 worms per mouse ([t=2.128, P = 0.042]), 31 303 and 38 594 per paired adult worm ([t=2.185, P = 0.04]), 14 810 and 19 715 per paired adult worm ([t=2.934, P = 0.007]), and 16 493 and 18 879 per paired adult worm ([t=1.044, P= 0.309]) in the mice infected with Jiangsu praziquantel?susceptible and ?resistant isolates of S. japonicum, respectively, and there were no significant differences between Jiangsu praziquantel?susceptible and ?resistant isolates of S. japonicum in the length of paired adult worms ([t=0.328, P= 0.744]), female adult worms ([t=0.386, P = 0.701]) or male adult worms ([t=0.332, P = 0.741]). The prepatent period of parasite eggs, egg counts in mouse feces, adult worms recovered from each mouse, egg counts in mouse tissues, egg counts in the mouse liver, and egg counts in intestine tissues were 35.5 d and 35.6 d ([t=0.169, P = 0.867]), 13.3/100 mg and 18.9/100 mg ([t=3.622, P = 0.001]), 17.6 and 25.1 worms per mouse ([t=3.153, P = 0.004]), 30 932 and 53 903 per paired adult worm ([t=3.865, P = 0.001]), 12 307 and 26 363 per paired adult worm ([t=4.388, P < 0.01]), and 18 625 and 27 541 per paired adult worm ([t=2.679, P = 0.012]) in the mice infected with Hunan praziquantel?susceptible and ?resistant isolates of S. japonicum, respectively, and there were no significant differences between Hunan praziquantel?susceptible and ?resistant isolates of S. japonicum in the length of paired adult worms ([t=0.853, P = 0.397]), female adult worms ([t=0.573, P = 0.569]) or male adult worms ([t=0.742, P = 0.461]). Conclusions The praziquantel?resistant isolate of S. japonicum has a higher parasite egg production and more eggs deposited in the mouse liver than drug?susceptible isolate, suggesting that the praziquantel?resistant isolate of S. japonicum exhibits a greater pathogenicity to definitive hosts. In addition, more parasite eggs are detected in the feces of mice infected with the praziquantel?resistant isolate of S. japonicum relative to the drug?susceptible isolate, indicating that the praziquantel?resistant isolate of S. japonicum exhibits a greater transmissibility than the drug?susceptible isolate.
    Role of new strategy in transmission control of schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake region
    LI Yi-Feng, HANG Chun-Qin, HU Fei, YUAN Min, GU Xiao-Nan, LV Shang-Biao, ZENG Xiao-Jun, LIN Dan-Dan
    2017, 29(6):  689-694,715. 
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    Objective To evaluate the role of new strategy in the transmission control of schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake region. Methods The information and epidemic data of schistosomiasis control were collected and analyzed in Poyang Lake region from 2005 to 2016. Results After eleven years of carrying out the new strategy, thirteen counties achieved the objective of transmission control in Poyang Lake region. In 2016, the number of schistosomiasis cases and human infection rate were 10 301 and 0.03%, decreased by 89.64% and 99.45% compared with those in 2005, respectively. The number of cattle and schistosome?infected cattle were 68 152 and 5, decreased by 50.84% and 99.83% compared with those in 2005, respectively. The average density of Oncomelania hupensis snails was decreased by 61.52%. No schistosome?infected snails were found since 2014. Conclusion The new strategy accurately locates the key points and targets of schistosomiasis transmission chain, which has controlled the human and animal’s fecal eggs from polluting grassland, and cut off the transmission chain, reduced both the infection rates of human and animal and the re?infection risk, and promoted to achieve the target of schistosomiasis transmission control in Poyang Lake region.

    Effect of water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects combined with molluscicide to control Oncomelania hupensis snails in rivers connecting with Yangtze River in Pukou District, Nanjing City
    ZHOU Qiang, WAN Li-Xin, HANG De-Rong, YOU Qi-Hui, YOU Jun, ZHANG Yu-Lin, ZHU Zhao-Feng, HUANG Yi-Xin
    2017, 29(6):  695-699. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of the water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects combined with molluscicide to control Oncomelania hupensis snails in the rivers connecting with the Yangtze River. Methods The water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects of Zhujiashan River, Qili River and Gaowang River were chosen as the study objects in Pukou District, Nanjing City. The data review method and field investigation were used to evaluate the effect of the water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects combined with molluscicide to control O. hupensis snails. Results After the projects of the water level control and concrete slope protection and mollusciciding were implemented, the snails in the project river sections were completely eliminated. The snail diffusion did not happen in the inland irrigation area too. In the outside of the river beach, though the snails still existed, the snail densities plunged below 1.0 snail per 1.0 m2. Conclusion The comprehensive measures of the combination of water level control, concrete slope protection and mollusciciding can effectively control and eliminate the snails, and prevent the snails from spreading.
    Risk analysis of imported schistosomiasis in Shanghai City from 2005 to 2015
    JIN Yan-Jun, CAI Li, ZHANG Yao-Guang, HE Yan-Yan, SUN Cai-Ying, YU Rui-Fang, FANG Wei, YU Xue-Qin, ZHANG Hai-Bing
    2017, 29(6):  700-703. 
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    Objective To understand the risk situation of imported schistosomiasis and its main influencing factors in Shanghai City from 2005 to 2015. Methods A retrospective survey was performed, and the database was established based on the data collection of imported schistosomiasis, Oncomelania hupensis snail situation and mobile population in Shanghai City from 2005 to 2015. Results From 2005 to 2015, the mobile population in Shanghai City increased by 123.92%, which reached about 9 816 500, and 54.70% of them were located in the inner suburban districts. The accumulated areas with snails of 7.13 hm2 were found in 16 towns of 4 outer suburbs (excluding Chongming District). A total of 23 cases of imported schistosomiasis were found in Shanghai City, and the number of the imported schistosomiasis cases was on the downward trend (rs = -0.782, P =0.004). From 2005 to 2009, 11 out of 13 imported schistosomiasis cases (84.62%) were distributed in the inner suburban districts where no O. hupensis snails were found at the same time. From 2010 to 2015, 9 out of 10 imported schistosomiasis cases (90%) were distributed in the outer suburban districts where O. hupensis snails were found at the same time. Conclusion The number of imported schistosomiasis cases in Shanghai is on the downward trend. However, the threat of imported schistosomiasis to the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in Shanghai City should not be ignored.
    Epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria and influencing factors of severe cases in Anhui Province
    ZHANG Tao, XU Xian, JIANG Jing-Jing, YU Chen, TIAN Cui-Cui, LI Wei-Dong
    2017, 29(6):  704-709. 
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    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases and investigate the influencing factors of severe cases in Anhui Province, so as to provide the evidence for improving the control strategy. Methods The epidemiological data of imported malaria cases in Anhui Province from January 1st, 2012 to April 18th, 2017 were collected and analyzed. Results The imported malaria cases in Anhui Province were mainly young men of migrant workers. There were imported malaria cases in 79% (83/105) of counties (districts) in Anhui Province. . Totally 686 imported malaria cases were recorded, in which there were 62 severe cases (9.04%), and four death cases with the mortality rate of 0.58%. The age, education, initial diagnosed departments, initial diagnosed results, time from onset to seeing a doctor, and time from seeing a doctor to diagnosis were the influencing factors for the severe cases. Conclusion The proportion of severe imported malaria cases is high in Anhui Province. The monitoring sensitivity, clinician's awareness of malaria diagnosis, and health education for migrant workers should be improved.
    Trends of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Jiangxi Province
    ZENG Xiao-Jun, JIANG Wei-Sheng, XIE Shu-Ying, GE Jun, LI Zhao-Jun, HANG Chun-Qin, LIU Yue-Min, YI Fang-Yu, CHEN Hong-Gen
    2017, 29(6):  710-715. 
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    Objective To analyze the status and trends of soil?transmitted nematode infections in Jiangxi Province from 1989 to 2014, so as to provide the evidence for generating the strategy of soil?transmitted nematode prevention and control. Methods The data of three epidemiological surveys on human parasitic diseases (in 1989, 2002 and 2014) were classified and analyzed. The stool examination by Kato?Katz’s thick smear method was adopted for the investigation of soil?transmitted nematode infections. Results The total infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes decreased by 91.89% from 77.67% in 1989 to 6.30% in 2014, in which the infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides decreased by 98.78% from 71.11% to 0.87%, the infection rate of Trichuris trichiura decreased by 96.80% from 29.67% to 0.95%, and the infection rate of hookworm declined by 73.57% from 17.63% to 4.66%. The infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes in the female were higher than those in the male in three surveys. In different ecological districts, the infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes in the female were also higher than those in the male, except in Zhe?Min Ecological District in 2002 and 2014. A declined trend of the infection was showed in all age?groups in the three surveys, but it slowed down by the growth of age, i.e., the reduction rate was 97.03% in the age group of < 10 years while 80.62% in the age group of >70 years. In 2014, the number of persons infected with soil?transmitted nematodes occupied 65.4% of the whole number of persons infected with intestinal parasites. Conclusions The mean infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes decrease obviously in human population in different ecological districts, but the soil?transmitted nematodes are still the main species in intestinal parasite infections. The sequence of dominant species changes from A. lumbricoides, hookworm and T. trichiura in 1989 to hookworm, T. trichiura and A. lumbricoides in 2014. The rural female and elder people are the key population, while hookworm is the key species for the prevention and control of soil?transmitted nematodes.
    Investigation on sanitation of freshwater aquaculture environments and Clonorchis sinensis intermediate host infection in a city of Pearl River Delta region, China
    WANG Man, LUO Le, CHEN Xue-Qin, LI Lei, FANG Yue-Yi
    2017, 29(6):  716-719. 
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    Objective To understand the current status of the sanitation of freshwater aquaculture environments , and Clonorchis sinensis infection of freshwater fish in the aquaculture and market in a city of Pearl River Delta region, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategy of clonorchiasis sinensis. Methods In 2016, based on the distribution of freshwater aquaculture, 36 freshwater fish ponds among 14 towns were selected for sampling and investigation, and 10?20 pieces were collected from each pond. Besides, 3 aquatic product wholesale markets were included, among which 3?6 stalls were selected from each market, and 20?30 pieces were collected from each stall. The metacercaria in the fish was examined by the digestion method. Results In the 36 fish ponds, there were no toilets with the stool being drained into fish ponds directly, and there was only one pond with duck sheds with the stool being drained into fish ponds directly. Totally 437 pieces of freshwater fish from ponds were detected, with a metacercaria positive rate of 4.35% (19/437). The metacercaria positive fish were distributed in 50% (7/14) of towns and 25% (9/36) ponds. The positive rates of crucian carp, grass carp, dace, aristichthysnobilis, and tilapia were 13.95% (6/43), 4.76% (9/189), 4.44 (2/45), 1.55% (2/129), and 0 (0/31) respectively, with statistically significant difference ([χ2]= 13.46, P = 0.01). Totally 307 pieces of freshwater fish were collected from the wholesale markets, with a total positive rate of 1.95% (6/307). The positive rate of grass carp and aristichthysnobilis were 3.20% (4/125) and 2.78% (2/72) respectively, and no positive samples were found in crucian carp, dace and tilapia, with no statistically significant difference among the different fish in the infection rate (Fisher exact P = 0.75). Conclusions The sanitation of freshwater aquaculture environments in a city of Pearl River Delta region is relative good. However, there are different degrees of Clonorchis sinensis infection of freshwater fish in some aquaculture environments and markets.
    Population structure and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes in different types of residential areas
    LI Chuan-Ming, TANG Jian-Xia, CAI Yang-Sheng, XU Bin, HAN Guang-Jie, LIU Qin, ZHAO Song, XU Jian
    2017, 29(6):  720-724,787. 
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    Objective To investigate the effect of the type of neighborhoods on the population structure and dynamics of mosquitoes. Methods The adult population dynamics and larvae breeding of mosquitoes in four different types of neighborhoods were investigated in Yangzhou City. Results The number of trapped mosquitoes was the largest in the urban villages, and more than 800 adult mosquitoes were trapped in each urban village, which was significantly higher than that of ordinary and high quality residences. Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens were dominant species (D> 10%) in the four types of residential areas, and Ae. albopictus was the most dominant species (D> 57%). The peak occurrence of Ae. albopictus in different areas occurred in early June, and it occurred again in the urban village in the middle of September. The occurrence quantity of Cx. pipiens pallens was stable in the ordinary residence and high quality residence, while in the urban village and resettlement residential area, the peak occurred in mid?October. The orders of positive rates, densities and the numbers of mosquitoes in the different types of residential areas were: the urban villages> the resettlement residence> the ordinary residence> the high quality residence. The water vat had the highest positive rate in all kinds of larval habitats, followed by tires and green belt with garbage water. Conclusions The main mosquito species in the four different types of residential areas are all Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens pallens, but the positive rate, density and the number of mosquitoes in the different types significantly change, especially in the urban villages, the number and the occurrence peak are significant different from those in the other types of residential areas.

    Epidemiological characteristics of malaria prevalence in Danyang City from 2004 to 2015
    JIANG Tao, GUO Li-Liang, YANG Fan, YANG Ling, ZHU Tao, ZHANG Xiao-Zhong
    2017, 29(6):  725-729. 
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    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria prevalence in Danyang City from 2004 to 2015, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the strategy of prevention and control of malaria. Methods The data of malaria serum tests, the reported malaria cases from the Internet Reporting System, and the epidemiological case survey from 2004 to 2015 as well as the mosquito monitoring data from 2008 to 2015 were collected and analyzed. Results From 2004 to 2015, 58 malaria cases were reported in Danyang City, with an average annual incidence rate of 0.6/105. Among the cases reported, vivax malaria accounted for 65.52% (38/58), falciparum malaria accounted for 5.17% (3/58), oval malaria accounted for 1.72% (1/58), and unclassified subtype accounted for 27.59% (16/58). The local infection cases accounted for 31.03% (18/58), and the imported cases accounted for 68.97% (40/58). There were no local infections since 2011. Anopheles sinensis, the only malaria vector in Danyang City, was still prevalent, but its density was low. Conclusion Imported malaria poses a serious threat to the malaria elimination achievements in Danyang City, and the surveillance and disposal of imported malaria need to be strengthened.
    Preparation of recombinant retrovirus pRevTRE-E77.43 and its protective effect in a mouse model of Schistosoma japonicum infection
    ZENG Fan-Shing, LUO Sai-Qun, XIONG De-Hui, YU Yuan-Jing, QIAN Ying-Jun, QIN Zhi-Qiang
    2017, 29(6):  730-735. 
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    Objective To explore the biological functions of E77.43, a gene segment of Microtus fortis, in treating Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods Recombinant retroviral vectors of pRevTRE?E77.43 was constructed, and recombinant retroviral vectors were transfected into PA317 cells, and the stable cell lines were obtained by hygromycin screening, followed by the packaging, concentration and purification of recombinant retrovirus. The virus was transferred to the mice infected by S. japonicum via intravenous or intraperitoneal injection, through which the express of target gene and the treatment function in vivo were observed.? Results The experiment showed the recombinant virus injected mice could efficiently express E77.43 on the 7th day after the injection which lasted for forty?five days thereafter. A significant reduction in adult worms (31.0%) and a high reduction (35.0%) in liver eggs were induced by pRevTRE?E77.43, while the reduction in adult worms and that in liver eggs was 1.2% and 0.9% induced by pRevTRE respectively (t = 3.524, 9.485, both P<0.01). Conclusion pRevTRE?E77.43 could be used for the treatment of S. japonicum infection, indicating that E77.43 may involve in the natural resistance of M. fortis to S. japonicum infection.
    Analysis of schistosomiasis endemic status of national surveillance sites in Yunnan Province, 2016
    SHEN Mei-Fen, DONG Yi, ZHANG Yun, FENG Xi-Guang, WANG Li-Fang, WU Ming-Shou, XIONG Meng-Tao, SUN Jia-Yu
    2017, 29(6):  736-739,769. 
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    Objective To master the prevalence status of schistosomiasis in Yunnan Province in 2016, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the control strategy and intervention measures. Methods The schistosomiasis heavy?endemic villages were selected from each of 18 endemic counties as the survey sites. Then, the serological and etiological tests were carried out in the local residents and floating population, and the infection status of the livestock, field feces and Oncomelania hupensis snails were surveyed. Results The serum positive rate of schistosomiasis of local residents was 8.78% and the serum positive rate was 2.26% of floating population. No schistosome eggs were found in the stool examinations in the population. The area with snails was 80.054 6 hm2 in 2016 with an increasing rate of 45.47% compared to that in 2015. The average density of living snails was 0.031 7/0.1 m2. No schistosome?infected snails were found for the last four years and no new area with snails was found for the last three years. No positive livestock or feces were found. Conclusions The schistosomiasis epidemic situation is stabilized in Yunnan Province in 2016. However, the area with snails and the number of living snails are increasing, and therefore, the schistosomiasis epidemic risk still exists. So, the comprehensive control measures should be strengthened continuously.
    Clinical features of 14 cases of cerebral schistosomiasis in Jiangxi Province
    XU Yun, GONG Zhi-Hong, XIE Hui-Qun
    2017, 29(6):  740-742,760. 
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    Objective To discuss the clinical features of cerebral schistosomiasis. Methods The clinical data of fourteen patients with cerebral schistosomiasis from March 2010 to March 2016 were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Results The schistosomiasis immunological tests of sera and cerebrospinal fluids from the fourteen patients were all positive. Eosinophils increased in ten cases, and the proportion was 5.1%?60.3%. Schistosoma eggs were found in seven cases by the fecal Kato?Katz method. Fourteen cases were all infected with Schistosome japonicum. Twelve cases were diagnosed as chronic type, and two cases as acute type. Thirteen patients received medical treatment, of which twelve were cured, and one improved. One patient received the surgical resection of the lesion. Conclusion The clinical manifestations of cerebral schistosomiasis mainly include seizure, headache, dizziness and fever. In the enhanced head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the lesions are clustered and merged into lumps, which is the characteristic image of cerebral schistosomiasis japonica. The praziquantel treatment can achieve a good prognosis.
    Case analysis and control strategy of imported malaria in Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City from 2011 to 2016
    XIE Wei-Lin, LAN Zhi-Hui, LIN Yan-Feng, XU Guo-Hong, CHEN Yun-Hu, TANG Jia-Hui
    2017, 29(6):  743-745. 
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    Objective To understand the characteristics of imported malaria cases in Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City and explore the strategies and priorities in prevention and control, so as to provide the evidence for improving the diagnosis, treatment and management of imported malaria. Methods The data of imported malaria as well as the case epidemiological investigations were collected and retrospectively analyzed for the species composition, original countries, population distribution, regional distribution, onset situation, diagnosis, treatment, etc. in Qingcheng District from 2011 to 2016. Results The number of imported malaria cases was 13 from 2011 to 2016. All the patients were confirmed by laboratory, and of which, 9 patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum, 1 with P. vivax, 1 with P. ovale and 2 with mixed infections (P. vivax and P. falciparum). The yearly incidence of imported malaria presented an uptrend. The infection sources of all the patients were from African countries, and the exported labor workers and travelers for business from malaria endemic areas were the high risk population. The reported time was mainly January, February, November and December (11/13, 84.62%). All the patients were male, and the majority of them (12/13, 2.31%) were 21-60 years old. The median time from onset to seeing a doctor was 2.5 days and the median time from seeing a doctor to being diagnosed was 1.9 day. Six patients (46.15%) were diagnosed as other diseases at the first visit to a doctor, and one patient died of falciparum malaria because of delayed diagnosis. Conclusions The incidence of overseas imported malaria presents an uptrend in Qingcheng District. It is necessary to further strengthen the professional training in medical staff to improve the diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases. It is also necessary to strengthen the multisectoral cooperation, establish the surveillance in the high risk population, etc.
    Epidemiological analysis of imported malaria in Yancheng City from 2011 to 2015
    ZHANG Xue-Yan, SUN Bo-Chao
    2017, 29(6):  746-748. 
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    Objective To understand the epidemiological trend of imported malaria and its monitoring and control effect in Yancheng City from 2011 to 2015, so as to provide the evidence for adjusting the prevention and control strategy. Methods The data of malaria surveillance, epidemic, prevention and control were collected and analyzed in the districts and counties of Yancheng City from 2011 to 2015. Results From 2011 to 2015, there were 104 imported malaria cases reported, and the most cases (52 cases, 50%) were reported from Jianhu County. Most of the cases were males (only 2 females), the average age was 38.8 years, and the occupation was mainly labor service worker abroad (94 cases, 97%). The infection source of these cases mainly came from Africa. From 2011 to 2015, 151 980 fever patients received malaria blood tests, and the positive rate was 0.07%. Falciparum malaria cases were the most (90 cases, 86.5%). The confirmed diagnostic rate of malaria within 24 hours increased year by year. All the 104 patients received the standardized treatment. Conclusion There are no local malaria cases in Yancheng City from 2011 to2015, and in the next stage, the monitoring and prevention should be focused on imported malaria, including shortening the confirmed diagnostic time and improving the diagnostic efficiency.
    Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Yizheng City from 2000 to 2016
    ZHANG Jin, LU Bin, ZHANG Zheng-Qiu
    2017, 29(6):  749-751. 
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    Objective To explore the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Yizheng City, so as to provide a reference for formulating the control strategy in the future. Methods The data of malaria case reports and prevention and control work in Yizheng City were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Results Totally 55 malaria cases were found in Yizheng City from 2000 to 2016 with an average incidence of 0.56/105. The malaria cases were local cases from 2000 to 2010 and since 2011 they were all imported cases. Conclusion The endemic situation of malarial in Yizheng City is stable and no local infection cases occur in this place for six consecutive years. The imported cases should be paid more attention to in the future control work.
    Cryptosporidium infection in Nanjing City from 2015 to 2016
    YANG Pei-Cai, ZHANG Hong-Ying, ZHOU Wei, YIN Wei-Gang, WU Pei, ZHANG Ke, FU Hong-Sheng, YOU Ben-Rong, WAN Li-Xin, YOU Jun
    2017, 29(6):  752-755. 
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    Objective To investigate the status of Cryptosporidium infection in the population in Nanjing City so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of cryptosporidiosis. Methods A total of 100 fecal samples were collected from each of three districts (Liuhe, Qixia and Gaochun) and one hospital (Nanjing Zhongda Hospital) in 2015 and 2016 respectively. The fecal samples were detected for Cryptosporidium with microscopy (by using the gold amine phenol?modified acid?fast staining) and the positive samples were detected again for the molecular biology confirming by using the fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results During the two years, 581 cases of normal population who lived in the city were surveyed and no Cryptosporidium infection was found. Among 202 cases of outpatients with chronic diarrhea, there were 9 Cryptosporidium positive cases with the microscope scanning method (4.46%), and among the 9 cases, 7 cases showed obvious logarithmic amplification curves showing positive Cryptosporidium nucleic acid, but 2 cases without the obvious logarithmic amplification curves, and the Cryptosporidium nucleic acid positive rate was 3.47%. Conclusions Cryptosporidium infection is not found in the normal population of Nanjing City, but the Cryptosporidium infection is found in the chronic diarrhea patients. The results imply that we should strengthen the detection of Cryptosporidium in the chronic diarrhea patients, so as to provide the evidence for improving the diagnosis and treatment of cryptosporidiosis.
    A sero-epidemiological survey of Toxoplasma gondii infections in high-risk populations in Hangzhou City
    XU Ru-Jin, XIA Jian-Ping, HUANG Jian-Feng, QIAN Chun-Yan
    2017, 29(6):  756-760. 
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    Objective To understand the status of Toxoplasma gondii infections and the awareness of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge among high?risk populations in Hangzhou City. Methods The serum anti?T. gondii antibodies were detected in 100 HIV/AIDS patients, 100 cancer patients, 100 pregnant women and 100 healthy controls, and the awareness of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge was investigated using a questionnaire. Results The sero?prevalence of T. gondii infection was 31%, 30% and 21% in HIV/AIDS patients, cancer patients and pregnant women, which was all significantly higher than in healthy controls ([χ2] = 14.68, 13.96 and 7.56, all P values < 0.01). The pregnant women had a high awareness rate of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge, and the healthy controls had a low awareness rate. In addition, the subjects had a low awareness rate regarding the questions including “Do you know the damages of Toxoplasma gondii infections?”, “Do you know that consumption of raw or uncooked meat may cause Toxoplasma gondii infections?”, and “Do you know that contact with contaminated soil may cause Toxoplasma gondii infections?”. Conclusions The sero?prevalence of T. gondii infection is high among the high?risk populations in Hangzhou City, including the HIV/AIDS patients, cancer patients and pregnant women, and these high?risk populations have a low awareness rate of some toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge. Therefore, it is essential to improve the health education of toxoplasmosis prevention and control knowledge among the high?risk populations, so as to effectively prevent and control human T. gondii infections.
    Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of foodborne parasitic diseases among middle school students in Xuzhou City
    ZHOU Qi, LIU Ya-Peng, LI Li
    2017, 29(6):  761-764. 
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    Objective To investigate the status of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of foodborne parasitic diseases among middle school students in Xuzhou City, so as to provide a reference to the health education. Methods A total of four middle schools were selected and their students were investigated with the basic information questionnaire and questions of foodborne parasitic diseases. Results The awareness rates of parasitic diseases, hazards and transmission were 56.50%, 66.33% and 70.50% respectively. The awareness rates of transmission of the diseases in the senior high school students and urban students were higher than those in the junior middle school students and rural students ([χ2] = 8.684, 8.470, both P < 0.05). The formation rates of not drinking raw water and not eating raw food were higher among the female students than those among the male students ([χ2] = 7.675, 15.230, both P < 0.05). The formation rate of not eating raw food was higher among the senior high school students than that among the junior middle school students ([χ2] = 49.276, P < 0.001), and the formation rates of washing hands before meals and not keeping pets were higher among the urban students than those among the rural students ([χ2] = 5.833, 13.443, both P < 0.05). Totally 64.83% of the students would not eat food that might be infected with foodborne parasites, and the proportion of girls was higher than that of the boys ([χ2] = 11.690, P < 0.05), and 20.5% of the students would suggest others not eating food that might be infected with foodborne parasites, and 81% of the students would plan to get rid of bad habits. Conclusion The cognition of foodborne parasitic diseases is poor among the middle school students in Xuzhou City. The health education work on foodborne parasitic diseases should be strengthened.

    Effects and cost of four formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt in Oncomelania hupensis snail control in field
    HE Liang-Cai, WANG Jia-Song, RONG Xian-Bing, YUAN Mei-Zhi, LI Tian-Yan, LIAO Qiang, TAN Xian-Yu, HU He-Hua, TIAN Ke-Qing, LIU Xiong, ZHANG Xia, SU Wen, CUI Cai-Xia, TIAN Rong
    2017, 29(6):  765-769. 
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    Objective To investigate the effects and cost of four formulations of niclosamide ethanolamine salt in Oncomelania hupensis snail control in the field in marshland and lake regions, so as to provide the evidence for drawing up the plan of molluscicide using in schistosomiasis endemic areas. Methods One drainage channel and one channel without water in the same area with snails in Jiangling County, Jingzhou City were selected as the research fields. The drainage channel was divided into 9 sections, except one section as a blank control group where the natural death rate of snails was observed only, and the remaining 8 sections were taken as the observation groups, where different dosages of 4% niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder, 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules, 25% niclosamide ethanolamine salt suspending agent, 26% metaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt suspending agent, and 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder were used respectively. The channel without water were divided into 4 sections, except one section as a blank control group, the other 3 segments were taken as the observation groups, where 4% niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder, 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules, and 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder were used respectively. Before and after spraying molluscicide for 7 days and 15 days, the system sampling method was used to observe the effects of snail control. Meanwhile, the unit cost method was used to calculate the costs of the different mulluscicide formulations abovementioned in unit area (1 m2). Results In the field at the drainage channel, the snail mortality rates of the groups spraying 4% niclosamide ethanolamine salt powder (50 g/m2), 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules (40 g/m2), 25% niclosamide ethanolamine suspending agent, 26% metaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt suspending agent, and 50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder (2 g/m2 and 4 g/m2) for 7 days were 79.52%?97.87%, while the rates after spraying for 15 days were 71.00%?96.30%, and compared with those before spraying, the differences were statistically significant (all [P< 0.01]). For the groups spraying with 2 g/m2 or 4 g/m2 suspending agent as well as wettable powder for 7 days, the snail mortality rates were significantly different (both [P<0.05]). In the field at the channel without water, the snail mortality rates of the 3 observation groups after spraying molluscicide for 7 days were 97.14%-100%, while for 15 days were 94.32 %-100%, and compared with the rates before spraying, all the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.01). The unit costs per 1 m2 of the molluscicide abovementioned were ranged from 0.280 Yuan to 0.416 Yuan. Conclusions In marshland area inside embankment, the molluscicide formulations of the powder and granule are suitable for the environments without water or with instability water level, while the molluscicide formulations of the suspended agents and wettable powder are suitable for the water environment. Though the unit cost of powder is the lowest, the molluscicide in this formulation flies away seriously.
    Measures and effects of schistosomiasis elimination in Wujin District, Changzhou City
    LU Yi-Li, WANG Yun-Hua, XUAN Xiao-Ju, XU Li
    2017, 29(6):  770-772. 
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    Objective To understand the measures and effects of schistosomiasis elimination in Wujin District, Changzhou City, so as to provide the reference for other similar areas. Methods The data of schistosomiasis prevention and control were collected and analyzed in Wujin District, Changzhou City from 1995 to 2015. Results From 1995 to 2015, the accumulated area for investigating Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats was 15 934.01 hm2 in Wujin District, and the accumulated area with snail habitats was 34.61 hm2, but no schistosome?infected snails were found. The area of snail control by molluscicides was 234.59 hm2, and the area of snail control by environmental reform was 84.48 hm2 in 18 key points. There were 259.3 thousand person?times receiving the examinations for schistosomiasis, and there were 17 314 head of livestock receiving the examinations for schistosomiasis, but no schistosome?infected cases were found. There were 204 2 person?times receiving the extensive chemotherapy. The popularizing rate of sanitary toilets was 99.25% in the whole district. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge was 98.08% and the formation rate of proper behaviors was 97.82% in the population. Conclusions In Wujin District, the aim of schistosomiasis elimination has been performed through the active control measures. However, there are still social and natural risk factors of re?endemic of schistosomiasis, and therefore, the schistosomiasis monitoring work still should be strengthened.
    Carpoglyphus lactis infestation in stored traditional Chinese medicine Arillus longan
    HONG Yong, CHAI Qiang, ZHAN Xiao-Dong, LI Chao-Pin
    2017, 29(6):  773-775. 
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    Objective To investigate the breeding of Carpoglyphus lactis in the storage Arillus longan, so as to provide the evidence for preventing the harm of C. lactis to traditional Chinese medicine. Methods Chinese herbal medicine warehouses were chosen as survey sites according to the breeding habits of mites, and the A. longan samples were stored more than 6 months. The mites were isolated and identified under a microscope. Result The C. lactis breeding rate was 20.0% (4/20) and the breeding density was 184.95 per sample. The constitute rates of adult, larva, dormancy body and egg were 58.39%, 30.41%, 0.06%, and 11.14% respectively. Conclusion The breeding density of C. lactis is high in the stored A. longan, so the control and prevention of human intestinal acariasis should be strengthened.
    Investigation and morphological observation of Histiostoma feroniarum breeding in Chinese herbal medicine Rhizoma Zingiberis
    CHAI Qiang, GUO Jiao-Jiao, TAO Ning, LI Chao-Pin
    2017, 29(6):  776-777,818. 
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    Objective To understand the breeding situation of Histiostoma feroniarum in Chinese herbal medicine Rhizoma Zingiberis. Methods The Rhizoma Zingiberis sold on the market was selected and brushed. The dust from Rhizoma Zingiberis was screened under a microscope to search the mites. The mites were made into specimens to identify the species. Results The mites were H. feroniarum. Totally 14 mites were found in 100 g dust sample, with the density of breeding of 0.14/g. Conclusion H. feroniarum could breed in Chinese herbal medicine Rhizoma Zingiberis, and the prevention and control measures should be adopted.
    Acarus farris hypopus found in stored wheat
    TAO Ning, GUO Jiao-Jiao, LI Chao-Pin
    2017, 29(6):  778-779. 
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    Objective To observe the morphological characteristics of Acarus farris hypopus. Methods The breeding mites from stored wheat samples were separated by a shake sieve and direct microscope. The isolations were used for slide preparation, and then the slide was observed under a light microscope for mite identification. Results The A. farris hypopus was found in the collected wheat samples. Under the microscope the boundary between the propodosoma and hysterosoma of the hypopus was obvious. The bristles on the hysterosoma were short, and the abdomen had a sucker plate. Conclusion There is A. farris hypopus breeding in the storage wheat, and its morphological characteristics is similar with the characteristics of A. siro hypopus.
    Preliminary research on prokaryotic expression and immune protection of triosephosphate isomerase of Toxoplasma gondii
    SHEN Shuang, YIN Xu-Ren, SONG Li-Jun, WANG Jie, KE Xue-Dan, ZHOU Wei, YU Chuan-Xin
    2017, 29(6):  780-783. 
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    Objective To study the prokaryotic expression and immune protection of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) of Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Methods Total RNA was extracted from toxoplasma tachyzoites, and TPI fragment was amplified by PCR and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET?28a (+). The target protein was induced with IPTG and purified by Ni?NTA affinity chromatography. The mice were immunized 4 times by emulsified TPI with adjuvant, and the last time was the strengthen immunization. At the same time, an adjuvant group and a normal group were set as controls. The blood samples were got from the tail vein of the mice, and the serum antibody titres were detected. All the mice were challenged with 400 toxoplasma tachyzoites to observe the survival time. Results The TPI gene was amplified from T. gondii cDNA by PCR. The recombinant vector TPI/pET?28a (+) was usefully constructed, and the TPI protein was expressed and purified. The serum antibody titre could be more than 100 thousand. After infected with toxoplasma tachyzoites, the survival time of the mice in the experimental group was longer than that of the mice in the control groups. Conclusion The TPI protein of T. gondii could trigger the immunoprotection against T. gondii challenge in the mice.
    Study on Oncomelania hupensis snails infected with Schistosoma japonicum miracidia under different conditions in snail-existent non-endemic areas of schistosomiasis in Nantong City
    DING Gui-Sheng, XIONG Chun-Rong, CAO Cai-Qun, HANG De-Rong, MIAO Ping, CHEN Ya-Fei, SUN Bo-Chao, HUANG Yi-Xin
    2017, 29(6):  784-787. 
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    Objective To understand the forming cause of the Oncomelania hupensis snail?existent non?endemic areas of schistosomiasis (SENEAS), and to verify the conclusion of previous studies, so as to provide the evidence for schistosomiasis monitoring in such areas in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province. Methods The controlled field tests were carried out to observe the O. hupensis snails artificially infected by schistosome miracidia in SENEAS. The influence of the soil from SENEAS and the endemic areas on O. hupensis snails artificially infected by miracidia were observed. Results All the experimental snails could be infected by schistosome miracidia except the smooth?shell snails from Tangyuan Village in the controlled field test environment of SENEAS or the endemic areas. The infection rates of the smooth?shell snails were lower than those of the ribbed?shell snails, but there were no statistically significant differences. The mortality rates of the smooth?shell snails were higher than those of the ribbed?shell snails, which were statistically significant ([χ2Xindian] = 135.118, [χ2Shuangdian] = 122.836, [χ2Baipu] =154.436,[χ2Dingyan] = 138.288, [χ2Control] = 151.923, all P < 0.01). There were no significant differences in the infection rates of snails between each test group of the soil from SENEAS and the endemic areas ([χ2Rugao] = 0.071, [χ2Rudong] = 0.216, both P > 0.05). Also there was no significant difference between each test group and the control group without soil ([χ2] = 7.148, P > 0.05). Conclusion It is likely to form the spread of schistosomiasis in SENEAS in Nantong City with sufficient amount of infection source of schistosomiasis imported. It is still necessary to implement the surveillance of schistosomiasis and O. hupensis snails in Nantong City.
    Expression profiles of circulatingmicroRNAs in newly-developed advanced schistosomiasis patients
    CHEN Wei, DONG Chen, YOU Lu, TANG Feng, HUA Hai-Yong
    2017, 29(6):  788-790,806. 
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    Objective To study the expression profiles of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in newly?developed advanced schistosomiasis patients. Methods Ten healthy controls (Group 1),ten patients with schistosomiasis history (without advanced schistosomiasis, Group 2) and ten patients with newly?developed advanced schistosomiasis(Group 3) were randomly selected from Jiangsu Province. The expression profiles of 570 human related circulatingmiRNAs were measured and analyzed with the Agilent Human microRNAs microarray Rel 12.0. Results Compared to the healthy controls, four miRNAs were up?regulated, while 16 miRNAs were down?regulated in the patients with newly?developed advanced schistosomiasis. Moreover, six miRNAs were up?regulated, while 21 miRNAs were down?regulated in the patients in Group 2. Among of them, the expression level of miR?383 was significantly decreased by 4.23 and 11.82 folds in Group 2 and Group 3, respectively. Conclusions There are significant differences among the healthy controls, patients with schistosomiasis history (without advanced schistosomiasis) and the patients with newly?developed advanced schistosomiasisin the expression profiles of circulatingmiRNAs. Moreover, circulating miR?383 might be involved in the development of newly?developed advanced schistosomiasis.
    Design and development of an online system of parasite's images for training and evaluation
    MAO Yuan-Chun, XU Sui, WANG Jie, ZHOU Hua-Yun, CAO Jun
    2017, 29(6):  791-794. 
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    Objective To design and develop an online training and evaluation system for parasitic pathogen recognition. Methods The system was based on a Parasitic Diseases Specimen Image Digitization Construction Database by using MYSQL 5.0 as the system of database development software, and PHP 5 as the interface development language. It was mainly used for online training and evaluation of parasitic pathology diagnostic techniques. Results The system interface was designed simple, flexible, and easy to operate for medical staff. It enabled full day and 24 hours accessible to online training study and evaluation. Thus, the system broke the time and space constraints of the traditional training models. Conclusion The system provides a shared platform for the professional training of parasitic diseases, and a reference for other training tasks.
    Implementation of Oncomelania hupensis monitoring system based on Baidu Map
    CHEN Zhi-Hua, ZHU Yi-Sheng, XUE Zhi-Qiang, LI Xue-Bing, DING Yi-Min, BI Li-Jun, GAO Kai-Min, ZHANG You
    2017, 29(6):  795-797. 
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    Objective To construct the Oncomelania hupensis snail monitoring system based on the Baidu Map. Methods The environmental basic information about historical snail environment and existing snail environment, etc. was collected with the monitoring data about different kinds of O. hupensis snails, and then the O. hupensis snail monitoring system was built. Geographic Information System (GIS) and the electronic fence technology and Application Program Interface (API) were applied to set up the electronic fence of the snail surveillance environments, and the electronic fence was connected to the database of the snail surveillance. Results The O. hupensis snail monitoring system based on the Baidu Map were built up, including three modules of O. hupensis Snail Monitoring Environmental Database, Dynamic Monitoring Platform and Electronic Map. The information about monitoring O. hupensis snails could be obtained through the computer and smartphone simultaneously. Conclusion The O. hupensis snail monitoring system, which is based on Baidu Map, is a visible platform to follow the process of snail?searching and molluscaciding.
    Progress of molecular detection of Schistosoma
    ZHANG Yan, DONG Hui-Fen, JIANG Ming-Sen, ZHAO Qin-Ping
    2017, 29(6):  798-801. 
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    Schistosomiasis diagnosis plays an important role in the schistosomiasis control. The early detection of schistosomiasis can help to find the infectious source and prevent advanced schistosomiasis effectively. Up to now, serodiagnosis and parasitological diagnosis are used commonly to detect the infection of Schistosoma. As the schistosomiasis control program continues in China, the infection rate and infection intensity of Schistosoma japonicum are decreased significantly, which makes the serodiagnosis and parasitological diagnosis limited for lacking of sensitivity and timeliness. The molecular diagnosis has been developed greatly because of its timeliness, high specificity and sensitivity, which promotes the development and improvement of schistosomiasis diagnosis. In the endemic areas where schistosomiasis is limited and the infection rate is low, the molecular diagnosis provides a potential platform for the early detection and micro detection efficiently. Here, we provide a review that mainly emphasizes the progress of molecular detection of schistosomiasis.
    Spatio-temporal variations of origin, distribution and diffusion of Oncomelania hupensis in Yangtze River Basin
    CHEN Deng, WEN Li-Yong
    2017, 29(6):  802-806. 
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    As the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum, Oncomelania hupensis in China is mainly distributed in the Yangtze River Basin. The origin of the O. hupensis and the spatio?temporal variations of its distribution and diffusion in the Yangtze River Basin and the influencing factors, as well as significances in schistosomiasis elimination in China are reviewed in this paper.
    Role of Rho GTPases in the immune regulation of infection and inflammation
    ZHOU Wei, YANG Jun-Qi
    2017, 29(6):  807-813. 
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    The Rho subfamily of GTPase belongs to the Ras superfamily of small GTP binding protein, it is a nucleotide dependent protein, which plays a "molecular switch" function in the signal transduction process and control of numerous signaling pathways. Rho protein has many biological effects on cytoskeleton or target proteins as a signal converter in signal transduction, such as the regulation of membrane transport function, cell migration, cell adhesion, and cell proliferation. It also plays a very important role in the infection and immune inflammation of the body. Rho protein is widely distributed in related immune cells, such as T cells, B cells, NK cells and so on. When the body is infected by microorganism, the immune inflammatory reaction will be regulated through a series of signal transduction mechanism, and Rho GTPases signal transduction mechanism is one of the important signal pathways. In this paper, we conclude that Rho GTPases how to regulate the body's immune response through its signal pathway, and ultimately affect the body's immune response.
    Clinical analysis of 12 cases of paragonimiasis
    SHI Ying-Hong, LONG Bo
    2017, 29(6):  814-815. 
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    Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of paragonimiasis and improve the level of diagnosis and treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was made of 12 cases of paragonimiasis. Results All the paragonimiasis patients had the epidemiological history, 83.33% of them had the obvious blood eosinophil increase, and 83.33% of them had the positive antibody against Paragonimus. Praziquantel oral treatment had a curative effect and little adverse reaction. Conclusion The clinical symptoms and signs of paragonimiasis are complex and diverse, and the doctors should pay attention to the inquiry of epidemiological history, blood eosinophil increase and positive antibody against Paragonimus.
    Report of three death cases of imported falciparum malaria in Wenzhou City
    WANG Ke, NI Qing-Xiang, YU Xiang-Hua, CHEN Yi, WEI Jing-Jiao, ZHU Shan-Bing
    2017, 29(6):  816-818. 
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    The three death cases of falciparum malaria in Wenzhou City were all imported from Africa. One patient died on 10 January 2007 because of severe clinical symptoms after hospitalization. The second case was initially misdiagnosed as influenza in primary health and medical institution. The patient's condition quickly worsened and died of Plasmodium falciparum infection on 5 March 2011. The third patient belonged to "non?identity" person, and there were no detailed information and epidemiological history on admission, which resulted in the delayed diagnosis, disease exacerbation and death. In conclusion, the health education should be provided to the people who return from Africa and also to medical workers in order to reduce the mortality of falciparum malaria.