Table of Content

30 October 2017, Volume 29 Issue 5

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Precision control is essential to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in China. Summary of the Second Forum on Schistosomiasis Control in China

2017, 29(5):  537. 

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The Second Forum on Schistosomiasis Control in China was successfully held in Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases during the period between 21th and 23th， September， 2017. Based on the topic “Implementation of precision control to accelerate the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination”， the forum discussed three macro problems pertaining to how to improve the theory and policy of precision control during the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination in China， and six technical problems regarding how to achieve more precise management of the residual sources of infections and more precise monitoring of transmission risk. Finally， a consensus was achieved that precision control is essential to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in China.

Interpretation of Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis

CHEN Ying-Dan, CHU Ting-Jun, XU Long-Qi, ZHENG Bin, XIONG Yan-Hong, ZHOU Chang-Hai

2017, 29(5):  538-540. 

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Clonorchis sinensis infection is carcinogenic to human， which results in cholangiocarcinoma， confirmed by the World Health Organization. An investigation in 2005 indicated that the standardized C. sinensis infection rate was 0.58%， with 12 490 000 infected people estimated in the clonorchiasis endemic areas in China. In the world， 80% of C. sinensis infected people were distributed in China. Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis （WS309-2009） was compiled by the ex?Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China and it was issued and implemented in March 13， 2009. The Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis is composed of six chapters， including the Range of Application， Terms and Definitions， Diagnostic Basis， Diagnostic Principle， Diagnostic Standard， and Differential Diagnosis. Three informative appendices （etiology， epidemiology， clinical manifestation； enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay； differential diagnosis） and one normative appendix （laboratory examination） are appended. The Criteria provides the technical reference for diagnosis of clonorchiasis in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of clonorchiasis in China， this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Clonorchiasis （WS309-2009）， so as to promote its learning and implementing.

Interpretation of Diagnostic Criteria for Kala?azar

WANG Jun-Yun, GAO Chun-Hua

2017, 29(5):  541-543. 

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Kala?azar was once transmitted in the northern area of the Yangtze River in China， including 16 provinces （cities or autonomous regions）. Through the great continuing prevention and control effort， this disease has been effectively controlled in the most of endemic areas. However， because the epidemic factors of the disease are complex， this disease still transmits or sporadically occurs in the western part of China， including 60 counties of Xinjiang， Gansu， Sichuan， Inner Mongolia， Shanxi， and Shaanxi provinces （autonomous regions）. Following the Management Measures for Health Criteria， the Diagnostic Criteria for Kala?azar （WS 258-2006） was compiled by the ex?Ministry of Health of the People’s Republic of China and it was issued in April 7， 2006 and implemented in December 1， 2006. The Criteria consists of six parts， including the application range， terms and definitions， diagnostic principle， diagnostic standard， and differential diagnosis. Two informative appendices （epidemiology and differential diagnosis） and two normative appendices （immune?detection and etiological examination） are attached. The Criteria provides the technical reference for diagnosis of kala?azar in medical institutions and disease control institutions. Combined with the current epidemic situation of kala?azar in China， this paper interprets the main contents of the Diagnostic Criteria for Kala?azar （WS 258-2006）， so as to promote its learning and implementing.

Study on distribution status of Oncomelania hupensis-intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum in Jiangxi Province I Analysis of distribution of O. hupensis in Poyang Lake area

HU Fei, LV Shang-Biao, LI Yi-Feng, LI Zhao-Jun, GE Jun, YUAN Min, CHEN Zhe, LIU Yue-Min, LIN Dan-Dan

2017, 29(5):  544-549. 

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Objective To grasp the distribution status of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Poyang Lake area， so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting the schistosomiasis prevention and control strategy in lake areas. Methods The vector grid was created and sampled randomly by 200 m × 200 m in the spatial database of grassland， and the distribution of snails was investigated in the selected grid by using the method of mechanical sampling by 50 m × 50 m. At the same time， the elevation of investigation points was extracted based on the topographic map of Poyang Lake. Results Totally 949 and 210 investigation points were collected from the south and north of Poyang Lake areas， accounting for 3.04% and 3.21% of all the investigation points in the respective region. The number of investigation points， the appearance rate of snail frame， and the average density of alive snails were 15 231， 8.15%， and 0.463/0.1 m2， respectively. The elevation of snail distribution area of the south and north Poyang Lake areas were 11?16 m and 9?16 m respectively. The elevation of concentrated snail belts of the south Poyang Lake area were 12?13 m and 15?16 m， and the elevation of concentrated snail belts of the north Poyang Lake area was 12?14 m. Conclusions The distribution of snails is in the range of 9?16 m. The suitable habitats of snail breeding are moving from the south Poyang Lake area to the north Poyang Lake area， and from high elevation to low elevation. In the future， the schistosomiasis prevention and control measures could be formulated based on the geographical characteristics of current snail distribution in order to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis control.

Strategy and effect of Oncomelania hupensis snail control in inside-embankment areas in Junshan District, Hunan Province from 1998 to 2017

LI Sheng-Ming, LI Shi-Gui, REN Guang-Hui, ZHOU Jie, HU Ben-Jiao, TANG Ling, WANG Hui-Lan, LIU Hui-Xiang, HE Zhong

2017, 29(5):  550-553. 

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Objective To explore the strategy and countermeasures of Oncomelania hupensis snail control and evaluate the effect in inside?embankment areas of lake?type schistosomiasis endemic area， for providing the effective method for controlling and interrupting the schistosomiasis transmission. Methods The data of schistosomiasis epidemic and its control and prevention were collected in Junshan District， Hunan Province， and the effect of snail control countermeasures were evaluated and the trend of indexes of snails was drafted in the inside?embankment areas of Junshan District， Hunan Province from 1998 to 2007. Results The area with snails in the inside embankment areas of Junshan District decreased by 98.43%， from 1 496.66 hm2 in 1998 to 23.48 hm2 in 2017. The occurrence rate and average density of of living snails decreased from 20.61% and 0.45 snail/0.1 m2 in 2003 to 2.06% and 0.03 snail/0.1 m2 in 2017. The highest area with schistosome infected snails was found in 2001 and the total area was 79.36 hm2， however， no infected snails were found since 2007. The total fiscal investment for schistosomiasis prevention and control was 398.857 million RMB in Junshan District， including molluscicide （81.770 9 million RMB） and environment reform （213.5 million RMB） respectively. Conclusion The comprehensive measures， mainly including the combination of molluscicide and environment reform have gotten a significant effect in snail control and elimination in the inside?embankment areas， but the snail surveillance still need to be strengthened in the historic areas with snails.

MRI findings of cerebral schistosomiasis in acute stage: establishment of experimental model of acute cerebral schistosomiasis with rabbits

GE Yu-Xi, ZHANG Lian-He, YAN Gen, ZHANG Jian-Feng, PAN Yong-Ming, XUAN Ying-Hua

2017, 29(5):  554-558. 

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Objective To establish an experimental model of acute cerebral schistosomiasis japonica and explore the MRI manifestations of acute cerebral schistosomiasis. Methods Rabbits were divided into 3 groups with 10 rabbits in each group. The rabbits in the experimental group were directly injected with suspension fluid of Schistosoma japonicum eggs （0.9 mg， 1 ml） by the cranial drilling method， those in the negative control group were given saline （1 ml） by the same method above?mentioned， and those in the blank control group were not given any treatment. Antibiotic was given to the first two groups after the operation. The clinical manifestations of the 3 groups were observed， and the magnetic resonance imaging （MRI） was performed in 30 days post?operation， and then the brain tissues were taken for pathological examinations. Results All the rabbits in the experimental group exhibited inappetence， various neurological symptoms including hemiplegia， and weight loss after the operation； while those in the negative control group showed inappetence in 3 days after the operation， and 1 week later， the symptom disappeared； there were no adverse reactions in the blank control group. MRI of the experimental group showed nodular or patchy enhancement on T1WI enhancement， brain edema， abnormal ventricular dilatation， and needle augmentation. SWI displayed hypointense in the abnormal enhanced nodules and flaky hypointense on the operation brain. In the negative control group， 2 rabbits showed abnormal enhancement of the needle canal， and 1 showed mild dilatation of the ventricle. The blank control group showed normal manifestations. The pathological examinations showed abnormal appearances in 10 rabbits of the experimental group， including 6 with S. japonicum egg granuloma nodules， nonspecific granuloma nodules coexisted with perivascular inflammation； no granuloma nodules were found in the negative control group， but 2 rabbits showed vascular inflammation； the blank control group showed the normal brain tissue. Conclusions An experimental model of acute cerebral schistosomiasis is successfully established in rabbits by intracranial injection of schistosome eggs. The MRI examination combined with the clinical manifestations can improve the accuracy of early diagnosis of cerebral schistosomiasis.

Study on risk assessing indicator system after schistosomiasis transmission interruption in Wuxi City

MENG Xiao-Jun, ZONG Sheng-Hua, ZHANG Xuan, GAO Dong-Lin, QIAN Yan-Hua, LU Bing

2017, 29(5):  559-563. 

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Objective To establish a risk assessing indicator system after the transmission interruption of schistosomiasis in Wuxi City， so as to provide evidences for formulating strategies on schistosomiasis control and prevention. Methods A primary risk assessing indicator system was established based on the literature review. Alternative indicators were scored and screened to establish a final indicator system through two rounds of Delphy method and the related normalized weights and combined weights were also calculated. Results The risk assessing indicator system was established through two rounds of expert consultation including 3 first grade indicators and 15 second grade indicators. Among the first grade indicators， the normalized weights of natural environment， key populations and social environment were 0.370 6， 0.292 9 and 0.336 5， respectively. Among the second grade indicators， the migrant population accounted for the highest combined weight of 0.125 2 compared to domestic animal of 0.037 1. The authority degree among the first grade indicators was between 0.91 and 0.93， while the authority degree among the second grade indicators was between 0.79 and 0.92. Conclusion The scientific and authoritative risk assessing indicator system after the transmission interruption of schistosomiasis is established， which provides the evidences for risk assessment on schistosomiasis transmission in Wuxi City.

Study on interventions based on urban-rural integration system construction to consolidate achievements of schistosomiasis control in hilly schistosomiasis endemic areas

LI Rong-Zhi, LIU Yang, ZHANG Hui, ZHANG Yi, ZHONG Bo, WU Jian-Jun, YANG Chun-Xia

2017, 29(5):  564-568. 

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Objective To explore the effectiveness of comprehensive schistosomiasis control interventions based on urban?rural integration system construction to carry out the schistosomiasis control in hilly schistosomiasis endemic areas， so as to offer a new mode to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis control in the new situation. Methods Shouan Town and Changqiu Township in Pujiang County in hilly schistosomiasis endemic regions were selected as demonstration areas. The comprehensive schistosomiasis control interventions based on urban?rural integration system construction were implemented， including the land consolidation， centralized residence and so on. The effectiveness the interventions was evaluated. Results In Shouan Town and Changqiu Township， the transformed environments with Oncomelania hupensis snail habitats were 1 330.61 hm2 and 1 456.84 hm2， the areas with snails decreased from 94.31 hm2 and 83.00 hm2 in 2000 to both 0 in 2015， the positive rates of serological tests for schistosomiasis decreased from 11.8% and 7.53% in 2000 to 1.01% and 1.86% in 2015， and the positive rates of parasitological tests decreased from 0.18% and 0.15% in 2000 to both 0 in 2015 respectively. The numbers of cattle decreased from 358 and 368 in 2000 to 4 and 6 in 2015 respectively. In 2000， the schistosome infection rates of cattle were 3.63% and 6.51% in Shouan Town and Changqiu Township respectively， and from 2004， no infected cattle were found. Conclusion The comprehensive schistosomiasis control interventions based on urban?rural integration system construction can decrease the schistosome infection rate and area with snails effectively， providing a new mode for schistosomiasis elimination.

Knowledge, attitude and practice on schistosomiasis control of chronic schistosomiasis patients in Poyang Lake area, Nanchang City

PENG Guo-Hua, HU Zhu-Hua, HUA Wei, QIAN Ke, LI Xiao-Gang, ZHANG Zhi-Shu, CHEN Zhi-Gang, FENG Xiao-Wu

2017, 29(5):  569-573. 

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Objective To understand the present situation of the chronic schistosomiasis patients’ knowledge， attitude and practice on schistosomiasis control in Nanchang City. Methods The knowledge， attitude and values on schistosomiasis control of 523 chronic schistosomiasis patients in Nanchang County， Jinxian County and Xinjian District in the Poyang Lake District were investigated with questionnaires. And the accuracy rates of the knowledge， attitude and practice among the patient groups of different counties， genders， age groups， occupations and educational levels were analyzed. Results The accuracy rates of the knowledge， attitude and practice of patients on schistosomiasis control were 95.76%， 82.80%， and 81.73% in Nanchang County； 91.37%， 93.32%， and 76.48% in Jinxian County； 88.25%， 67.56%， and 49.40% in Xinjian District. In the accuracy rates of knowledge， attitude and practice， the differences among the three counties （districts） were statistically significant （[χ2]= 57.511-301.378， all P < 0.05）. Conclusions The accuracy rates of chronic schistosomiasis patients’ attitude and practice on schistosomiasis control in Nanchang City remain low. Therefore， the intensity of attitude and practice intervention should be strengthened in the Poyang Lake District in order to enhance the self?protection awareness of the patients.

Survey of schistosomiasis KAP and influencing factors of behaviors among residents in Jiangsu Province

HANG De-Rong, HUANG Yi-Xin, LIU Yao-Bao, ZHANG Xu, XIE Yi-Qing, YIN Wei-Gang, TANG Kai, ZHANG Lian-Heng, SUN Dao-Kuan

2017, 29(5):  574-578. 

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Objective To understand the schistosomiasis control knowledge， attitude， and practice （KAP）， and influencing factors of behaviors among residents in Jiangsu Province， so as to provide the evidence for making effective health education and health promotion models. Methods The probability proportionate to size sampling （PPS） and multi?stage sampling methods were adopted to sample the research objects. A questionnaire survey of schistosomiasis control KAP was conducted in the residents of 16 to 69 years old in schistosomiasis endemic areas of Jiangsu Province， and the results were statistically analyzed. Results The total awareness rate of the participants was 95.98% for schistosomiasis control knowledge. The correct rates of attitude and practice were 89.06% and 77.43%， respectively. The awareness/correct rates of knowledge， attitude and practice reduced in turns significantly （[χ2]=1 282.96， P < 0.01）. The knowledge awareness rate of fishermen and boatmen was 90.98%， but their attitude correct rate was only 53.81% （[χ2]=120.52， P < 0.01）. The unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that with the education level increasing， their practice correct rate rose， and the participants with the college degree or above had a higher correct rate compared to illeterate ones （OR = 6.411， 95% CI: 4.896-8.395）. The practice correct rate of the fishermen and boatmen was only 5.1% of the rate of the farmers （OR = 0.051， 95% CI: 0.029-0.091）. Conclusions The total awareness rate of basic knowledge of schistosomiasis prevention and control in the residents of Jiangsu Province has reached the requirements in the "National Schistosomiasis Control Long?term Planning Outline （2004-2015）"， but the correct rate of behaviors is low. The education level， occupation and residential areas affect the health behaviors of schistosomiasis prevention and control. Therefore， it is necessary to carry out targeted health promotion activities to promote the formation of healthy lifestyle and behaviors.

Survey of epidemic status of paragonimiasis in western mountainous areas in Hubei Province

DONG Xiao-Rong, ZHANG Hua-Xun, CAO Mu-Min, WU Dong-Ni, XIA Jing

2017, 29(5):  579-582,597. 

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Objective To understand the current status of paragonimiasis epidemic in western mountain areas in Hubei Province. Methods Four counties （cities） of Western Hubei Province （Xingshan， Enshi， Yunxi， Baokang） were selected as the investigation sites for active surveillance. Crabs were captured and the metacercariae of Paragonimus were detected. Meanwhile， the blood samples were collected from the residents in the surveillance sites and the unique IgG and IgM antibodies against Paragonimus in the sera were detected by ELISA. In addition， a questionnaire survey about knowledge and behavior of prevention and control of paragonimiasis was taken among the residents. Results A total of 1 143 residents were investigated in the active surveillance， the total positive rate of the serology test was 1.84% （21/1 143）， while the rates of the male and the female were 1.78% （10/562） and 1.89% （11/581）， respectively， with no statistical significance between them （[χ2]= 0.002， P > 0.05）. The average weight of 161 fresh?water crabs captured was 11.72 g， with the positive rate of 9.32% （15/161） and the infective density of 7.07 metacercariae per positive crab. The positive rates of the male and female crabs were 11.54% （9/78） and 7.23% （6/83）， respectively （[χ2]= 0.884， P > 0.05）， and the infective densities were 6.67 and 7.67 metacercariae per positive crab， respectively. Totally 1 143 residents were investigated by questionnaires， and 0.44% of them had the behavior of eating raw or half?done fresh?water crab， and 0.87% of them had the behavior of drinking un?boiled stream water. Conclusions The transmission chain of paragonimiasis still exists in the nature environment of mountain area in Western Hubei Province. The positive rate of the second intermediate host rebounds in some investigation sites. Therefore， the measures of continuous surveillance and health education should be taken to avoid the appearance of the prevalence or outbreak.

Monitoring results of soil?transmitted nematodiasis in national surveillance site of Huaiyang County in Henan Province, 2006-2015

CHEN Wei-Qi, ZHANG Ya-Lan, LI Su-Hua, DENG Yan, XU Bian-Li, ZHANG Hong-Wei

2017, 29(5):  583-586,618. 

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Objective To understand the epidemic situation of soil?transmitted nematodiasis in the national surveillance site in Henan Province. Methods Over 1 000 fecal samples from inhabitants in Huaiyang County of Henan Province， which was a national surveillance site， were collected each year from 2006 to 2015， the eggs of soil?transmitted nematodes and other intestinal helminths were examined by Kato?Kats technique. The cellophane swab method was used to detect Enterobius vermicularis eggs in children aged 3 to 12 years. In addition， the soil samples were collected from vegetable fields， lavatories， courtyards and kitchens of 10 families randomly selected in each year to examine Ascaris eggs by a modified saturated sodium nitrate floatation method. Results From 2006 to 2015， 10 419 persons were investigated， and the eggs of five species of intestinal helminths， Ascaris lumbricoides， Trichuris trichiura， hookworm， E. vermicularis， and Trichostrongylus orientalis， were detected， The average infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes in residents in Huaiyang County was 3.69%. The intensity of infection was mild and a family clustering was obvious. Both the infection rates of E. vermicularis in children and soil?transmitted nematodes in villagers had no significant differences between different genders （both P＞0.05）. The infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes， A. lumbricoides and E. vermicularis all reached the highest in the age group of 1-10 years. For different education background， the people with primary school education had the highest infection rate， and the infection rate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the educational level. The infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes in the national surveillance site in Henan Province showed a decreasing trend from 2006 to 2015. Unfertilized and fertilized A. lumbricoides eggs were detected in the soil samples， but the positive rate was very low. Conclusions In the recent 10 years， the infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes in the national surveillance site in Henan Province shows a decreasing trend and maintains at a low level. The infection shows a family clustering. The children， especially those aged 3-9 years are the main infected population， and E. vermicularis infection is the key point of prevention and control.

Study on natural population dynamics and spatial distribution pattern of Tyrophagus putrescentiae in stored flour

ZHAN Xiao-Dong, GUO Wei, CHAI Qiang, SUN En-Tao, LI Chao-Pin, XI Yi-Long

2017, 29(5):  587-591. 

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Objective To understand the natural population dynamics and spatial distribution of Tyrophagus putrescentiae in storage flour， so as to provide an evidence for its prevention and control. Methods The samples from five sampling points in Wuhu City were collected monthly from January to December， 2013， and examined and counted for T. putrescentiae. The dispersion pattern target， Iwao’s m*?[x] regression analysis and Taylor’s lgS2?lg[x] regression analysis were used for analyzing the spatial distribution pattern of T. putrescentiae in the storage flour. Results The peaks of population dynamics of T. putrescentiae were discovered in July and September. The indexes of dispersion were as follows： I > 0， CA > 0， m*/[x] > 1； and the linear regression equation of Iwao： m* = 3.740 3 + 1.017 5[x] （r = 0.995 8） and Taylor： lgS2 = 0.500 4 + 1.134 9 lg[x] （r =0.832 8） showed that the spatial distribution pattern of T. putrescentiae in the storage flour was assembled. Conclusion The peak of population dynamics of T. putrescentiae in the storage flour in Wuhu City is a double peak type， and the spatial distribution pattern of T. putrescentiae is assembled.

Analysis of projects of schistosomiasis sponsored by National Science Foundation of China

ZHOU Wen-Di, SHI Liang, KE Xue-Dan, WANG Jie

2017, 29(5):  592-597. 

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Objective To summarize the present development by analysis of projects in schistosomiasis funded by National Science Foundation of China （NSFC）. Methods Based on the ISIS database of NFSC， the projects in the studies of schistosomiasis from 2005 to 2016 were analyzed. The distributions of sponsored numbers， amounts， types， agencies， disciplines and changes in research topics by means of network profiles were described. Results During the study period， 198 projects were funded by NSFC totally with 76.05 million yuan in which the general and youth projects were main types. The main sponsored agencies were research institutes and medical colleges. The top three fields sponsored were medical pathogenic microbes and infection， veterinary and medical immunology. Conclusion The funding on schistosomiasis researches has a downward trend， but studies are continuing in depth. In this situation， innovative and interdisciplinary researches need to be encouraged to promote the development of schistosomiasis.

Genetic variation of Thelazia callipaeda among isolates collected from patients in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province

ZHENG Ming-Hui, YE Chang-Lin, JIANG Nan, LUO Bo, SHEN Yu-Juan, HE Li-Fang, LIU Hui

2017, 29(5):  598-601,614. 

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Objective To identify the genetic variation and possible sources of Thelazia callipaeda isolates collected from patients in Zunyi City， Guizhou Province. Methods Seven cases of T. callipaeda infection in Zunyi City， 2016 were verified， and DNA（s） were extracted from the T. callipaeda’s body collected from the thelaziasis patients. A mitochondrial COX1 fragment was amplified and sequenced. The sequence alignment and phylogenetical analysis were performed to compare the genetic variation of the gene sequence with the homologous sequences downloaded from Genebank. Results COX1 genes of T. callipaeda were differed among the samples from the seven cases， which had low variation. Conclusion Zunyi City is a new area with endemic of thelaziasis. The isolates from Zunyi City include either Asian origin or European origin of T. callipaeda. Moreover， at least four haplotypes are identified among the seven isolates.

Correlation between HLA?DB1 genes and susceptibility to echinococcosis in Tibetan population in Tibetan Plateau

GAO Shu-Feng, HAN Xiu-Min, ZHANG Xue-Fei, WANG Yong-Shun, WANG Wei, GUO Ya-Min, LI Yong-Shou

2017, 29(5):  602-606. 

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Objective To determine the susceptibility genes and resistance genes in HLA?DRB1 alleles in Tibetan patients with cystic and alveolar hydatid diseases， so as to provide the references for the research of the genetic characteristics and infection mechanism of Tibetan hydatid diseases. Methods The case control method was applied. The Tibetan patients with cystic and alveolar hydatid diseases （63 and 73 cases respectively） in Yushu and Guoluo Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture， and unrelated healthy people （60 cases） in this area were selected as the study subjects. The polymerase chain reaction?sequence based typing （PCR?SBT） technique was applied for genotyping of HLA?DRB1， and the comparison of the gene frequency. Results The frequency of HLA?DRB1*04 in the alveolar/cystic echinococcosis group was lower than that in the control group （[χ2]= 4.71， 4.31， both P < 0.05）. Conclusion HLA?DRB1*04 genotypes may be associated with the resistance of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis and its resistance genes.

Survey and analysis of epidemic status of principal human parasitosis in ecological region of Huaiyang hills of Henan Province in 2015

ZHANG Ya-Lan, ZHU Yan-Kun, CHEN Wei-Qi, DENG Yan, LIN Xi-Meng, LI Peng, ZHANG Hong-Wei

2017, 29(5):  607-611,668. 

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Objective To understand the epidemic status of principal human parasitosis in the ecological region of Huaiyang hills of Henan Province. Methods According to the scheme of The 3rd National Survey of Principal Human Parasites made by National Institute of Parasitic Diseases， the survey was performed based on the ecological regions. The stratified cluster sampling was made combined with the economic and geographical conditions. The infections of intestinal helminths and protozoans in permanent residents were respectively detected by Kato?Kats technique and iodine solution. Trichuris trichiura infection was detected by the cellophane swab method in children aged 3 to 6 years. Results Totally 6 710 residents in 26 survey spots from 9 counties were detected， in which 528 children aged 3 to 6 years were detected for T. trichiura infection. Eleven kinds of parasites were found in this survey， including 5 species of helminthes and 6 species of protozoans. The infection rates of overall parasites， helminthes and protozoans were respectively 1.65%， 1.07% and 0.61%. The infection rate of T. trichiura in the children aged 3 to 6 years was 3.79%. Only 0.10 percent of the infections were co?infection， and all were infected by 2 kinds of parasites. The principal parasites in this district were Ascaris lumbricoides （0.31%）， Blastocystis hominis （0.28%） and hookworm （0.27%）. The T. trichiura infection rate among children was 3.79% by the cellophane swab method. The infections of protozoans were found in all age groups. In the group aged 9 years and below， the maximum kinds of parasites were found. Conclusion The infection rates of principal human parasites in Huaiyang hilly ecological region of Henan have decreased sharply， but more efforts still should be paid on the prevention and control of parasitosis in children.

Gohieria fusca found in dust of air-conditioner filters

CHAI Qiang, ZHAN Xiao-Dong, GUO Wei, LI Chao-Pin

2017, 29(5):  612-614. 

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Objective To investigate the pollution status of Gohieria fusca in the air conditioner?filters of different places in Wuhu City. Methods The dust samples were collected from the filters of air?conditioners in dining rooms， shopping malls， hotels and households between June and September， 2013， and G. fusca was detected in the dust samples. Results There were 430 dust samples collected and 98 were G. fusca positive with the breeding rate of 22.79%. The difference of breeding rates of G. fusca were statistically significant among the different places （[χ2]=18.294， P < 0.05）. Among 510.5 g dust samples in total， 783 G. fusca mites were detected with an average breeding density of 1.53 mite/g. Conclusion G. fusca breeds in the dust of air?conditioner filters in Wuhu City gravely.

Application of electronic fence technology based on GIS in Oncomelania hupensis snail monitoring

CHEN Zhi-Hua, ZHU Yi-Sheng, XUE Zhi-Qiang, LI Xue-Bing, DING Yi-Min, BI Li-Jun, GAO Kai-Min, ZHANG You

2017, 29(5):  615-618. 

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Objective To study the application of Geographic Information System （GIS） electronic fence technique in Oncomelania hupensis snail monitoring. Methods The electronic fence was set around the history and existing snail environments in the electronic map， the information about snail monitoring and controlling was linked to the electronic fence， and the snail monitoring information system was established on these bases. The monitoring information was input through the computer and smart phone. Results The electronic fence around the history and existing snail environments was set in the electronic map （Baidu map）， and the snail monitoring information system and smart phone APP were established. The monitoring information was input and upload real?time， and the snail monitoring information was demonstrated in real time on Baidu map. Conclusion By using the electronic fence technology based on GIS， the unique "environment electronic archives" for each snail monitoring environment can be established in the electronic map， and real?time， dynamic monitoring and visual management can be realized.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis transmission risk in Jingmen City, Hubei Province

DING Zhao-Jun, MA Jun, WANG Dao-Fen, TIAN Rui-Ling

2017, 29(5):  619-621. 

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Objective To investigate the risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission in Jingmen City. Methods The Oncomelania hupensis snails， the wild animal feces， and infection source were selected as the monitoring objects to carry out the schistosomiasis risk monitoring. I?III levels of risk environments were treated with appropriate measures. Results A total of 52 environments and three water systems were monitored and 1 542 snails were dissected but no Schistosoma infected snails were found. Nine fecal samples were collected from the areas with snails， and no eggs of Schistosoma were found. Eighty?nine samples of cattle/sheep faces， and mice and dogs were collected， and three samples of cattle feces were found with Schistosoma eggs. Five environments were assessed as Grade II， and 48 environments were assessed as Grade III， and 2 environments were assessed as no risk of schistosomiasis transmission. Conclusions In Jingmen City， the mollusciciding work from May to June could decrease the density of snails and the risk of schistosomiasis transmission efficiently. The schistosome?infected cattle were the main infection source， and therefore， the cattle and snails should be administrated simultaneously.

Effect of schistosomiasis control in Yangxin County, Hubei Province, 2004-2015

YUAN Xiu-Bai, LI Xiang-Wen, LIANG Xun-Fa, ZHANG De-Bo, CAO Zhe, HU Qian-Qing

2017, 29(5):  622-625. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control and prevention in Yangxin County from 2004 to 2015， so as to provide the evidence for improving the work of schistosomiasis transmission interrupted and elimination in the future. Methods According to the endemic types and endemic regularity of schistosomiasis in Yangxin County， the comprehensive control strategies were adopted， and the programs related to sanitation， water conservancy， forestry， and agriculture were implemented continuously. The schistosomiasis control effects in this county from 2004 to 2015 were analyzed and compared. Results After the implementation of the schistosomiasis comprehensive control strategies in Yangxin County， the calculated number of patients reduced from 22 240 in 2004 to 1 471 in 2015， the infection rate of residents reduced from 8.57% in 2004 to 0.16% in 2015， the number of patients with acute schistosome infection reduced from 64 in 2004 to 0， and no cases of acute schistosomiasis found since 2009. The infection rate of cattle decreased from 8.87% in 2004 to 0. The area with Oncomelania hupensis snails and the area of susceptible zone reduced from 3 446.21 hm2 and 1 111.59 hm2 in 2004 to 2 285.75 hm2 and 41.28 hm2 in 2015 respectively， and the schistosome?infection rate of snails reduced from 0.76% in 2004 to 0. Conclusions Since the comprehensive control strategy implemented from 2004， the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Yangxin County has decreased significantly. However， the harness force of the Fu River as well as the control of infection source of livestock still should be strengthened to consolidate the control achievement.

Malaria focus investigation and disposal in Tengchong City between 2015 and 2016

WANG Jia-Zhi, YIN Shou-Qin, LI Xi-Chang, TANG Zong-Yan, YAN He

2017, 29(5):  626-628. 

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Objective To analyze the results of malaria focus investigation and disposal in Tengchong City， Yunnan Province between 2015 and 2016， so as to provide evidences for interrupting potential malaria transmission. Methods The malaria foci were investigated and disposed according to the malaria cases reported from “China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention” in Tengchong City between 2015 and 2016. The mosquitoes were captured by mosquito?lured lamp overnight to investigate the malaria vector in local. The peripheral blood samples were collected from the local residents with a febrile history in the foci within two weeks and the accompanists of the cases， and then the rapid malaria diagnosis tests were used to screen the malaria carriers. Results Totally 145 imported malaria cases were reported in Tengchong City between 2015 and 2016， and the focus investigation and disposal rate within 7 d was 100% （145/145）. A total of 16 186 mosquitoes of 12 species of Anopheles were captured， among which An. sinensis was the predominant， accounting for 64.31% （10 410/16 186），followed by An. kunmingensis and An. minimus， with the constituent ratios of 14.15% （2 291/16 186） and 11.66% （1 887/16 186）， respectively. One person （1.96%， 1/51） in the 51 accompanists of the cases was positive in the malaria rapid diagnosis test. Conclusions The malaria transmission vectors such as An. sinensis， An. kunmingensis， An. minimus etc. are still distributed in Tengchong City， and An. sinensis is the predominant species. Therefore， the relevant authorities should continue to strengthen the focus investigation and disposal to interrupt the potential introduced malaria transmission by imported cases in the future.

Epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Leshan City, 1950-2015

QIN Li-Ping, XU Rong-Fang, LI Zhi-Bin, LUO Yao, WANG Jia, JIANG Dun-Tao, LEI Xiao

2017, 29(5):  629-631. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Leshan City， so as to provide the evidence for formulating the strategy and measures for consolidating the achievements of malaria elimination. Methods The data of epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Leshan City from 1950 to 2015 were collected and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiology method. Results There were four larger scale epidemics of malaria in Leshan City from 1950 to 2015. The order of malaria in infectious diseases dropped from the first to the twentieth. The peak season for malaria epidemics ceased. The Plasmodium species， patient age， occupation and sex distribution of malaria were different in the different periods. In November 2016， the whole city achieved the national standard for malaria elimination. Conclusions After years of prevention and control， the epidemiological characteristics of malaria have changed significantly in Leshan City， and the effect of anti?malarial measures is significant. In the future， we should strengthen the monitoring， and prevention and control of imported malaria.

Epidemic characteristics of imported falciparum malaria in Huai'an City

GIA Cong-Ying, WANG Wei-Ming, YANG Wen-Zhou, GAO Hong-Xia

2017, 29(5):  632-634,665. 

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Objective To understand the situation and epidemic characteristics of imported falciparum malaria in Huai’an City from 2010 to 2016， so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control strategies of imported falciparum malaria in the city. Methods The epidemic data of imported falciparum malaria in Huai’an City from 2010 to 2016 were analyzed by using the descriptive epidemiological method. Results A total of 308 malaria cases were reported in Huai’an City from 2010 to 2016 with the average annual incidence of 0.88/105. A total of 240 imported falciparum malaria cases were reported， of which 18 cases （7.50%） developed into severe illness， and 2 severe patients died. The cases were reported in every county （district）， and the incidence rates of Qingpu District and Huai’an District were higher than the city average level. The cases occurred every month， so there was no significant seasonal variation in the reporting time of the cases. Most of the patients were young men and aged 30-49 years. The occupational distribution revealed that the patients were mainly farmers， workers and migrant workers. The main source of infection was from African countries. The median interval from symptom appearing to definite diagnosis was 1 day， and the longest interval was 236 days. Twenty?nine cases were diagnosed within 24 hours， accounting for 12.08%. Conclusions The epidemic situation of imported falciparum malaria in Huai’an City is grim. In order to consolidate the achievements of malaria eradication， it is necessary to further improve the multi?sectoral cooperation mechanism， strengthen the management of floating population and take effective measures to reduce the risk of imported falciparum malaria.

Hypopus of Acarus siro found in stored wheat

HONG Yong, GUO Jiao-Jiao, CHAI Qiang, LI Chao-Pin

2017, 29(5):  635-636. 

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Objective To observe the morphological characteristics of hypopus of Acarus siro in the stored wheat in Linquan County， Anhui Province. Methods The wheat samples were collected from the wheat which had been stored for more than six months. The hypopodes of A. siro were isolated from the stored wheat， and were made into the glass specimens， and then were identified under an optical microscope. Results The structural features of the hypopus were found under the microscope， such as the setae of tibia and setae of genu， and the foot claws were well?developed， and the genital seta bases and the pair of sucker were almost at the same baseline. Conclusion The hypopodes of A. siro are found in the stored wheat， and therefore， the effective measures should be taken to control the hazard to the stored grain.

Analysis of human intestinal nematode infections in Nanjing City from 2006 to 2015

HE Yi-Sha, LI Yan-Jing, XIE Chao-Yong

2017, 29(5):  637-639,643. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological situation of human intestinal nematode infections in Nanjing City from 2006 to 2015， so as to provide the reference for formulating prevention and control measures. Methods The surveillance data of human intestinal nematode infections in Nanjing City from 2006 to 2015 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results From 2006 to 2015， 98 804 person?times of residents were surveyed in Nanjing City， and 465 person?times of residents were detected with intestinal nematode infections. The highest infection rate was in 2006 （1.97%）， and the lowest in 2013 and 2015 （both 0.05%）. Moreover， the positive rate of human intestinal nematode infections showed a significantly declining trend in total （[χ2]= 552.19， P < 0.001）. Meanwhile， the numbers of Ascaris lumbricoides， hookworm and Trichuris trichura cases were 329， 98 and 25 respectively， and the infection rates were 0.33%， 0.10% and 0.03% respectively. Among them， 443 cases had mild infection intensity （98.66%）. There were 462 cases of single?infection （99.35%）， and 3 of co?infection of two parasites （0.65%）. From 2006 to 2015， 92 539 person?times of children under 12 years old were surveyed for Enterobius vermicularis infection and 352 cases were detected with E. vermicularis infection. Moreover， the positive rate showed a significantly decreasing trend in total （[χ2]= 147.94， P <0.001）. Conclusions The control effect of human intestinal nematode infections in Nanjing City is remarkable. However， the surveillance and health education in key groups still should be strengthened， and the prevention and control programs should be adjusted promptly to further consolidating the effectiveness of intestinal nematode disease prevention and control.

Survey of human major parasitic diseases in Shixing County from 2002 to 2016

DENG Yue-Jiao, XIE Lun-Geng, HUANG Chun-Yan, ZHANG Shi-Wu

2017, 29(5):  640-643. 

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Objective To analyze the results of 3 investigations （2002-2004， 2008-2009， and 2016） of major parasitic diseases in Shixing County， so as to provide the evidence for formulating further control strategies. Methods With the stratified cluster sampling method， 5 administrative villages were investigated. A total of 200 residents aged above 3 years were sampled in each village to investigate the eggs of soil?transmitted nematodes with Kato?Katz technique， and the swab method was applied for detecting the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis in children aged 3?9 years. [χ2] test was used for statistical analysis. Results Totally 3 857 individuals were surveyed for intestinal parasites， and 5 species of parasites were found and the total infection rates were 28.37%， 4.32% and 0.50% in the 3 investigations respectively， and there were statistically significant differences between any two investigations （[χ2]= 287.64， 327.60 and 31.89 respectively， and all P＜0.01）. The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides， hookworm， Trichuris trichiura and Clonorchis sinensis significantly decreased in the third investigation compared with those in the first investigation （[χ2] = 424.55， 55.45， 43.40 and 26.12 respectively， all P＜0.01）. However， there was no significant difference between the E. vermicularis infection rates of the first investigation and the third investigation （[χ2]=0.16， P＞0.05）. Conclusions Compared with the status in the first investigation， the infection rates of A. lumbricoides， hookworm， T. trichiura and C. sinensis are significantly decreased by 90% or more in the third investigation. However， the children’s infection rate of E. vermicularis is still very high. Therefore， we should focus on the comprehensive control measures of E. vermicularis infection while formulating further control strategies of parasitic diseases.

Analysis of effect of prevention and control technique training of human important parasitic diseases in Jiangsu Province in 2017

NI Bi-Xian, XU Xiang-Zhen, WANG Xiao-Ting, SHEN Ming-Xue, DAI Yang, JIN Xiao-Lin

2017, 29(5):  644-646,650. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of the prevention and control technique training of human important parasitic diseases for basic professional and technical personnel in Jiangsu Province in 2017. Methods A workshop including theory courses and practical operations was carried out for the basic professional and technical personnel. At the end of the workshop， the effects were evaluated through the theoretical and microscopic examinations. Results There were 132 trainees from 13 cities， and all of them took part in the final examinations. The average score of total was 118.36. There were significant differences among different regions （[χ2]= 13.38， P < 0.01）. The pass rate of the theory test was 92.4% with the average score of 79.05. There were significant differences of theory scores among different regions （[χ2]=14.51， P < 0.01）. The theory score of Northern Jiangsu Province was significantly higher than the scores of Southern and Central Jiangsu Province （P < 0.001， P = 0.009）. The pass rate of microscopic examinations was 89.4% with the average score of 39.32. There was no significant difference of microscopic examination scores among different regions （F = 2.37， P = 0.09）. Among the total 7 species， the detection rate of Paragonimus westermani was the highest （75％） and the rates of Schistosoma japonicum and Fasciolopsis buski were only 51.5％ and 54.5% respectively. The detection rates of eggs of Trichuris trichiura， unfertilized Ascaris lumbricoides， Clonorchis sinensis and Taenia solium were 71.2%， 65.9%， 72.7% and 72.0% respectively. Conclusions The training course has promoted the capability of prevention and control of parasitic diseases for basic technical personnel. Also it provides the technical supports for parasitic disease monitoring， control and risk assessment in the next step.

Ixodes ovatus found in Huainan area in Anhui Province

TAO Ning, CHAI Qiang, LI Chao-Pin

2017, 29(5):  647-659. 

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Objective To study the morphological characteristics of Ixodes ovatus in order to provide the evidence for future research. Methods A group of goats were randomly selected and checked one by one， and the ticks were collected. Results A hard tick was found on the surface of a goat， and it was identified as Ixodes ovatus. Conclusions Ixodes ovatus has been found in Huainan area in Anhui Province， confirming that Huainan area is a new breeding place of Ixodes ovatus. This finding may contribute to the epidemiological research of tick?borne diseases.

Therapeutic effect of BILT combined with praziquantel in treatment of chronic schistosomiasis

LAI Ru-Yi, ZHENG Na, PENG Ni-Na, LI Li-Le, HE Yu, MEI Yan, WANG Hong-Bo

2017, 29(5):  648-650. 

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Objective To investigate the clinical therapeutic effect of biological information infrared liver therapeutic apparatus （BILT） combined with praziquantel in the treatment of patients with chronic schistosomiasis. Methods A case?control study was conducted. A total of 142 chronic schistosomiasis patients were divided into an experimental group （BILT combined with praziquantel） with 64 cases and a control group （routine treatment with praziquantel alone） with 78 cases on the basis of the age， gender， disease duration and liver function as paired condition. Fatigue， diarrhea， abdominal distension， liver function， hyaluronic acid （HA） and laminin （LN） were as observation indexes and the observation results were compared between two groups. Results Before the treatment， there were no significant differences between the two groups in the indexes above?mentioned （P > 0.05）. After the treatment， the incidence rates of fatigue， diarrhea， abdominal distension， abnormal liver function， and the levels of HA and LN in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group （P < 0.01）. Conclusion BILT combined with praziquantel can significantly alleviate the short?term clinical symptoms， restore liver function and also alleviate hepatic fibrosis of the patients with chronic schistosomiasis.

A review of spatial epidemiology with malaria surveillance and control in China

ZHENG Jin-Xin, LIU Lu, FENG Yun, YANG Guo-Jing

2017, 29(5):  651-655. 

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The monitoring and control of malaria depends largely on the spatial analysis technology and mathematical models. Visualization of malaria situation is the most popular way to present how malaria transmits. In this paper， the malaria epidemic situation and the application of spatial epidemiology of malaria in China are summarized， so as to provide the systematic epidemiological information for malaria elimination in China.

Imaging findings and progress of schistosomal hepatopathy

LI Hang, LU Zhi-Yan

2017, 29(5):  656-659. 

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Schistosomal hepatopathy is widespread in China， and there were more than 30 000 schistosomiasis patients with serious liver fibrosis in 2015. This article reviews the pathological manifestations， clinical presentations， imaging findings as well as imaging diagnosis value of schistosomal hepatopathy， and mainly reviews the progress of the typical imaging manifestations of schistosomal hepatopathy and new imaging methods for evaluating the liver fibrosis.

Epidemic situation and control strategy of major food-borne parasitic diseases in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

WU Yang-Yang, LIAO Lin, LIN Fa-Quan

2017, 29(5):  660-663. 

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Food?borne parasitic diseases have become a public health problem for social economy and health care. In this paper， the epidemic situation of major food?borne parasitic diseases in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region， such as toxoplasmosis and clonorchiasis， are reviewed， and the countermeasures of prevention and control are put forward.

One case report of ectopic schistosomiasis in fallopian tube in Jingmen City

DING Chang-E, DING Zhao-Jun

2017, 29(5):  664-665. 

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One cases of ectopic schistosomiasis in fallopian tube was found by the histopathological examination in Jingmen City. After surgery and anthelmintic treatment with praziquantel， the curative effect was satisfactory. This case suggests that in schistosomiasis endemic area， the imaging technology and tissue pathological examination should be used sufficiently for the differential diagnosis of ectopic schistosomiasis， so as to reduce misdiagnosis.

Investigation of a case of foreign imported falciparum malaria in Xilin County, Baise City

LU Xia-Yu, DENG Ji-Guang, YU Shui-Lan, HUANG Xiu-Li, HUANG Yu-Mei

2017, 29(5):  666-668. 

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bjective To investigate the epidemiology， diagnosis and treatment of an imported falciparum malaria patient in Xilin County， Baise City， so as to provide the reference for improving the diagnosis and treatment of falciparum malaria patients in the future. Methods The epidemiological and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Results The patient had lived in Africa where the malaria was epidemic. The disease attacked him after his coming back home from abroad. The blood test for Plasmodium falciparum was positive. In Xilin County， no local Plasmodium infection was found from 2004 to 2016， and therefore， we concluded that this case was overseas imported. Conclusion The monitoring of overseas returnees in Xilin County should be strengthened to timely diagnose and treat the imported cases of malaria.