Table of Content

25 October 2016, Volume 28 Issue 5

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Strengthening the control of goat schistosomiasis to facilitate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis in China

LIN Jiao-Jiao

2016, 28(5):  481. 

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Although great success has been achieved in schistosomiasis control，schistosomiasis japonica remains a public? health concern in China. Schistosoma japonicum is found to naturally infect over 40 mammalian animals. The implementation of the integrated schistosomiasis control strategy emphasizing infectious source control since 2004，which integrates replacement of bovines with machines，breeding domestic animals in fences，building safe pastures and chemotherapy of infected bovines，re? sults in a clear?cut reduction in the prevalence of S. japonicum infection in both humans and bovines，as well as the areas of in? fected snail habitats，and the national schistosomiasis control program is moving from transmission control towards transmission interruption and elimination. It has been found that goat is highly susceptible to S. japonicum infection，and previous epidemio? logical data have shown a high prevalence of infection in goat. However，the role of goat in the transmission of schistosomiasis ja? ponica has not been paid much attention，and there are few systematic surveys to evaluate the role of goat in schistosomiasis transmission in China to date. Professor Liang Yousheng’s group investigated S. japonicum development and reproduction（egg laying）in goat body，environmental contamination by goat feces，and the effect of temperature and humidity on the survival of S. japonicum eggs in goat feces. Their findings further demonstrate the role of goat in the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica. In addition，they proposed，based on their findings and previous reports，that the management of goat should be integrated into the national schistosomiasis control program in China，since goat is virtually one of the major infectious sources of schistosomia? sis japonica in China. Moreover，this group improved the fecal hatching test and optimized the parasitological technique for diag? nosis of S. japonicum infection in goats. These innovative studies fill in the gaps of goat schistosomiasis japonica research in Chi? na，and the research outcomes will enrich the currently implemented integrated schistosomiasis control strategy emphasizing in? fectious source control，and are believed to play a critical role in schistosomiasis elimination in China. Since schistosomiasis seri? ously affects goat husbandry development and local famer income，and goat has become a major infectious source of schistosomi? asis japonica in China，the control of goat schistosomiasis will facilitate the progress towards the elimination of schistosomiasis in China，and the following research priorities are suggested：（1）to emphasize the control of goat schistosomiasis，and to integrate the comprehensive management of goat into the national schistosomiasis control program in China；and（2）to develop new tech? niques，products and interventions for the control of goat schistosomiasis.

Role of goat in transmission of schistosomiasis japonica I Development of goat feces collector and optimization of fecal hatching technique

DAI Jian-Rong, SHEN Xue-Hui, QU Guo-Li, WANG Yi-An, XING Yun-Tian, WANG Wei, LIANG You-Sheng

2016, 28(5):  485. 

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Objective To develop a simple，feasible goat feces collector to improve the collection accuracy and integrity of goat fecal samples without pollution，and to modify the miracidium hatching test with a plastic tube to achieve simple，standard and comparative procedures，so as to provide technical support for pathogenic diagnosis and scientific research of goat schistoso? miasis japonica. Methods According to the body features of goat in marshland regions，a goat fecal collector，which was made of coarse fabric cottons，was devised，which was able to be fixed onto the goat buttocks and avoid urine pollution. Prior to mira? cidium hatching test，the goat fecal samples were pieced by using a mechanical method instead of the conventional artificial piecing method，and the effect of mechanical piecing treatment on miracidium hatching was evaluated. A filter membrane was added between the tube and rubbery ring to block the floater in fecal residues into the tube. The effects on miracidium hatching by us? ing thin fat?free cotton，thick fat?free cotton，nylon gauze at 100 pores/25.4 mm2 and 150 pores/25.4 mm2 were compared. Re? sults The goat feces collector was composed of foreleg fixing garment，hindleg fixing garment and stool bag. The functions of the fixing garment were as a fixed collector to allow non?shift and tolerance of weight during goat activity，while the major func? tion of stool bag was in storage of stool. The goat activity was not influenced by the use of collector，and all fecal samples were ex? creted to the bag. This collector was easy to perform and could avoid urine pollution，which was reusable after cleaning. Prior to miracidium hatching，the goat fecal samples，together with water，were pieced at 18 000 to 23 000 r/min for successive three times in a cooking machine，of 10 s each time at an interval of 5 s. Mechanical piecing had no clear?cut effect on miracidium hatching of eggs in fecal samples. A total of 541，620，344 and 211 miracidia were detected by using the miracidium hatching test with nylon gauze at 100 pores/25.4 mm2 and 150 pores/25.4 mm2，thin fat?free cotton and thick fat?free cotton respectively， indicating a better detection efficacy by using nylon gauze at 100 pores/25.4 mm2 and 150 pores/25.4 mm2. Conclusions The goat fecal collector is an easy?to?perform，accurate，unpolluted and reusable device to collect goat feces，which is suitable for pathogenic diagnosis of goat schistosomiasis. Mechanical piecing and use of nylon gauze at 150 pores/25.4 mm2 allow a simple， accurate and stable technique for parasitological diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica，which provides a reliable tool for schisto? somiasis control and research.

Role of goat in transmission of schistosomiasis japonica II Effect of temperature and humidity on survival of eggs in goat feces and egg survival in natural environments

QU Guo-Li, DAI Jian-Rong, WANG Yi-An, XING Yun-Tian, SHEN Hua-Hui, WANG Wei, LIANG You-Sheng

2016, 28(5):  490. 

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Objective To investigate the survival of Schistosoma japonicum eggs in goat feces in natural marshlands and the factors affecting its survival，so as to provide evidences for understanding of the role of eggs in goat feces in the transmission of schistosomiasis and the development of the interventions pertaining to disease control and elimination. Methods The goat ani? mals of schistosomiasis japonica were modeled in laboratory，and the feces of infected goat were collected. In laboratory，the ef? fects of environmental temperature and water content in goat feces on egg hatching were evaluated，and in the field，the effect of duration of goat feces on marshland on egg hatching and the effect of direct sunshine on egg survival were evaluated. Results At 25 ℃ in laboratory，the hatching rate of eggs in goat feces was high?positively correlated with the water content in goat feces （r = 0.87）. If the water content reduced to 7.6% in goat feces，the eggs in goat feces lost the ability to hatch. Under the same wa? ter content in goat feces，the hatching rate of eggs gradually decreased with the extension of the duration of exposure of goat feces to -5 ℃，which reduced to 0 following 5 h exposure. At 5，15 and 25 ℃，the hatching rates of eggs gradually decreased with the extension of the duration of exposure of goat feces，and the miracidium hatching rates of eggs were 2.3%，5% and 0.9% respec? tively following the exposure for 52 d. At 35 ℃，the hatching rate of eggs gradually decreased with the extension of the duration of exposure，which reduced to 0 following 13 d exposure. In winter（-2?10 ℃），the hatching rate of eggs gradually decreased with the extension of the duration of exposure of goat feces on marshlands，which reduced to 0 after 21 d of exposure，and in spring（16?19 ℃），the hatching rate of eggs gradually decreased with the extension of the duration of exposure of goat feces on marshlands，which reduced to 0.9% after 5 d of exposure. At the same time point on the same marshland，the hatching rate of eggs in goat feces exposed to marshlands with direct sunshine was lower than that without direct sunshine. Conclusion The sur? vival of S. japonicum eggs in goat feces is associated with environmental temperature and water content（humidity）in goat feces， and the temperature and humidity are major natural factors affecting egg hatching.

Role of goat in transmission of schistosomiasis japonica III Environmental contamination by goat feces and prediction of environments at high risk of S. japonicum infection

LIANG You-Sheng, WANG Yi-An, SHEN Xue-Hui, WANG Wei, QU Guo-Li, XING Yun-Tian, DAI Jian-Rong

2016, 28(5):  497. 

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Objective To quantitatively estimate the range and area of environmental contamination by the feces of Schistoso? ma japonicum?infected that were freely grazed，so as to provide the theoretical evidence for the scientific assessment of the role of the freely grazed goat in the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica and development of control strategy. Methods All the fecal samples excreted by the infected goat at daytime（12 h）were collected by using a self?made goat fecal collector，weighed and counted. The quantity and dispersal of the feces excreted by the freely grazed goat at daytime under a natural condition were investigated，and the walking route and speed of the freely grazed goat at daytime were recorded with a multifunction GPS data logger. The maximum range and area of the environment contaminated by the feces of the freely grazed goat at daytime were esti? mated，and the maximum range and area of the Oncomelania hupensis snails that may be infected by the schistosome miracidium released from the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely graze goat at daytime were calculated. Results During the walking along the marshland at daytime（12 h），the quantity of the feces execrated by the freely grazed infected goat was（232.8 ± 39.8） g per goat，and the fecal samples were composed of（819.2 ± 152.1）pellets. The goat had a mean walking speed of（0.522 7 ± 0.099 7）km/h，and the longest distance，largest radius and largest range of walking activity were（6.272 4 ± 1.195 8）km， 3.136 2 km and（3 191.113 0 ± 1 189.709 4）hm2at daytime，respectively. The area of the snails that may be infected by the mi? racidium released from the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely graze goat（range of key regions for infected snails detection and control）at daytime was estimated to be（3 210.717 5 ± 1 190.907 3）hm2. Conclusions The intensity of environmental contamination by the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely grazed goat is linked to the number of infected goat. The contamina? tion range caused by the feces of the freely grazed goat with fixed fences is relatively stably kept within the walking range at day? time，and the range and area of goat fecal contamination is associated with the number of households that breed goat and the dis? tribution of goat fence. The area of the snails that may be infected by the miracidium released from the eggs in the fecal samples of the freely graze goat is larger than the area of setting contaminated by the eggs in the goat feces，indicating that the range of in? fected snail examination and control is larger than the range of goat feces detected.

Role of goat in transmission of schistosomiasis japonica |Ⅳ Schistosome development in goat and egg count and distribution in goat feces

SHEN Xue-Hui, DAI Jian-Rong, SUN Le-Peng, FU Zhong-Yu, LI Ye-Fang, QU Guo-Li, WANG Wei, XING Yun-Tian, WANG Yi-An, LIANG You-Sheng

2016, 28(5):  502. 

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Objective To describe the growth and development of Schistosoma japonicum in goat and the intensity and tem? poral distribution of eggs excreted by goat feces，so as to provide baseline data for the control and elimination of the role of goat in the transmission of schistosomiasis. Methods The goat animal models of schistosomiasis were established，and stool sam? ples were collected for parasitological examinations. The number of adult worms recovered，variation of schistosomes in goat at different time points post?infection，number of eggs in schistosomes，variation in number and temporal profiles of eggs excreted from goat feces were observed. Results Of the 6 schistosome?infected goat，415 adult worms were recovered，with a mean adult worm recovery of 34.58%（range，23.00% to 45.50%）. Among the 5 goat infected with 200 cercariae each，47，93，77，74 and 73 adult worms were recovered 2，5，8，11 and 14 months post?infection，respectively. There were（200.00±42.33）， （226.20±45.88），（168.20±25.85），（183.80±55.13）and（190.80±53.53）eggs detected in female schistosomes. The mean pre? patent period of eggs excreted by 10 infected goat was（37.7±3.02）d. From 2 to 14 months post?infection，7 batches of goat fe? ces were hatched，and there were 30，23，14，1 and 2 times for miracidium intensity of“++++”，“+++”，“++”，“+”and“-”， respectively，with 42.86%，32.86%，20.00%，1.43% and 2.86% constituent ratios of miracidium intensity. Conclusions Ap? proximately 1/3 S. japonicum cercariae may develop to adults in goats post?infection，and the prepatent period of eggs is（37.7± 3.02）d. There is no remarkable decrease seen in the number of adult worms，eggs in female schistosomes and eggs in goat feces within 14 months post?infection. Our findings suggest a long duration for infected goat in the transmission of schistosomiasis，and there is no evidence to prove the“self?cure”phenomenon in goat，indicating that goat is an important source of infection for schistosomiasis japonica.

Comparison study on sampling methods of Oncomelania hupensis snail survey in marshland schistosomiasis epidemic areas in China

ZHAO An, ZHANG Wen-Xin, YAO Zhong, MA Yu-Kuan, LIU Qing, DUAN Hou-Lang, SHANG Yi-Di

2016, 28(5):  507. 

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Objective To optimize and simplify the survey method of Oncomelania hupensis snail in marshland endemic re? gion of schistosomiasis and increase the precision，efficiency and economy of the snail survey. Methods A quadrate experimen? tal field was selected as the subject of 50 m×50 m size in Chayegang marshland near Henghu farm in the Poyang Lake region and a whole?covered method was adopted to survey the snails. The simple random sampling，systematic sampling and stratified ran? dom sampling methods were applied to calculate the minimum sample size，relative sampling error and absolute sampling error. Results The minimum sample sizes of the simple random sampling，systematic sampling and stratified random sampling meth? ods were 300，300 and 225，respectively. The relative sampling errors of three methods were all less than 15%. The absolute sampling errors were 0.221 7，0.302 4 and 0.047 8，respectively. Conclusion The spatial stratified sampling with altitude as the stratum variable is an efficient approach of lower cost and higher precision for the snail survey.

Evaluation of transmission control of schistosomiasis in 19 counties (cities, districts) of Hubei Province in 2013

XIAO Ying, ZHANG Juan, CHEN Yan-Yan, ZHOU Xiao-Rong, TANG Li, HE Hui, LIU Jian-Bing, ZHU Zong, CAI Shun-Xiang

2016, 28(5):  513. 

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Objective To evaluate the schistosomiasis transmission control in 19 counties（cities，districts）of Hubei Prov? ince in 2013. Methods The epidemic villages from different counties were randomly sampled by the cluster sampling method as the evaluation villages. The schistosome infection status of human and livestock，the Oncomelania hupensis snail status，the documents and data of schistosomiasis control，acute infection control and health education were investigated in the field. Re? sults The serum examination of schistosome infection was performed to 29 631 residents，and 2 068 were positive，with a posi? tive rate of 6.98%（0.78% -16.47%）. The stool examination was performed to 2 021 sero?positive persons，and 47 cases were stool?positive，with an infection rate of 0.16%（0 - 0.82%）. The cattle was the main domestic animals in 19 counties（cities， districts），and the measures of replacing cattle with machine for cultivation were done in 17 counties（cities，districts）. Totally 105 cattle in Caidian District and Huangpi District received stool examinations and no positives were detected. A total of 1 579.37 hm2 and 31 829 frames in 154 environments were surveyed，and 4 857 snails were collected. Of the 1 935 living snails dissected，no infected snails were detected. The files regarding the schistosomiasis morbidity and snail status have been estab? lished in 19 counties（cities，districts）since 2009. Conclusion The transmission of schistosomiasis in 19 counties（cities， districts）of Hubei Province has reached the standard of transmission controlled.

Construction and operation status of management system of laboratories of schistosomiasis control institutions in Hubei Province

ZHENG Zhao-Hui, QIN Jun, CHEN Li, ZHU Hong, TANG Li, TU Zu-Wu, ZENG Ming-Xing, SUN Qian, CAi Shun-Xiang

2016, 28(5):  519. 

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Objective To analyze the construction and operation status of management system of laboratories of schistosomi? asis control institutions in Hubei Province，so as to provide the reference for the standardized detection and management of schis? tosomiasis laboratories. Methods According to the laboratory standard of schistosomiasis at provincial，municipal and county levels，the management system construction and operation status of 60 schistosomiasis control institutions was assessed by the acceptance examination method from 2013 to 2015. Results The management system was already occupied over all the labora? tories of schistosomiasis control institutions and was officially running. There were 588 non?conformities and the inconsistency rate was 19.60%. The non?conformity rate of the management system of laboratory quality control was 38.10%（224 cases）and the non?conformity rate of requirements of instrument and equipment was 23.81%（140 cases）. Conclusion The management system has played an important role in the standardized management of schistosomiasis laboratories.

Correlation between malaria epidemic incidence and some natural and social factors in high incidence areas of Shandong Province

ZHANG Ben-Guang, LIU Xin, ZHAO Chang-Lei, BU Xiu-Qin, XU Yan, KONG Xiang-Li, WANG Yong-Bin, WEI Qing-Kuan, CHEN Xi-Xin

2016, 28(5):  523. 

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Objective To explore the association between malaria epidemic situation and some natural and social factors in high?incidence areas of Shandong Province，so as to provide evidences for malaria elimination in these areas. Methods Twenty towns of 10 counties（cities，districts，）in the high incidence areas of malaria in Shandong Province were selected as the study sites，and the residents in the study sites were investigated by questionnaires with one household as a unit，so as to understand the related natural and social factors. In addition，the malaria epidemic data in the study sites from 2006 to 2010 were collected， and the correlation between these factors and the epidemic situation of malaria was analyzed by Spearman rank correlation and multiple stepwise regression. Results The square root of malaria incidence rate（Y）was negatively related to the rate of house? holds using insecticide（X3），and the rate of households using screen doors and windows（X4）（both P ＜0.05），but was positive? ly related to the rate of housing surrounding water environment and exposure ratio（X6）（both P ＜ 0.05）. The regression equa? tion established was Y = 0.032X5 + 0.048X6-0.495，R2 = 0.973. Conclusions Malaria incidence is obviously associated with some natural and social factors. The measures such as clearing the breeding place of mosquito，protecting the exposure popula? tion at nightfall，as well as using door?window screen and repellents correctly，can effectively control malaria.

Changes and significance of inflammatory cytokines in sera of mice chronically infected with larvae of Echinococcus granulosus

PAN Wei, LI Xiang-Yang, SUN Fen-Fen, HAO Wen-Ting, QIN Su-Ping, YAN Chao, TANG Ren-Xian, SHEN Yu-Juan, ZHENG Kui-Yang

2016, 28(5):  527. 

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Objective To investigate the levels of cytokines in the sera of mice chronically infected with the larvae of Echi? nococcus granulosus，and explore the mechanisms of immune regulation against parasite infection. Methods The protoscole? ces were isolated from the livers and lungs of sheep infected with E. granulosus，and then inoculated intraperitoneally to BALB/ c mice（2 000 for each mouse），to establish the mouse model of E. granulosus infection. The mice in the control group were in? jected intraperitoneally with an equal volume of PBS. The sera of both control and infected mice were collected to test the levels of multiple cytokines by using the Cytometric Bead Array（CBA）5 months post?infection. Results In contrast to the control group，the multiple cysts were found in the abdominal cavity，livers and lungs of the infected mice. Moreover，the levels of in? flammatory cytokines such as IL?17A，IL?6，IFN?γ，MCP?1，IL?12P70 and TNF?α in the sera of the infected mice were signifi? cantly higher than those in the control group（t = 2.713-9.255，all P < 0.05）while the levels of anti?inflammatory cytokine IL? 10 were elevated post?infection（t = 3.936，P < 0.001）. Conclusion Higher inflammatory cytokines in the mice chronically in? fected with the larvae of E. granulosus，may benefit for the limitation of parasite growth.

Effect of prevention and control system for malaria eliminating in Huai'an City

GIA Cong-Ying, WANG Wei-Ming, YANG Wen-Zhou

2016, 28(5):  530. 

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Objective To investigate the execution and effect of the prevention and control system for malaria eliminating in Huai’an City from 2010 to 2015，so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting the strategy and measures for malar? ia elimination. Methods The data of network malaria reports，blood tests of feverish patients，epidemiology investigation forms of case study of malaria patients in the report system，and the investigation and disposition forms of epidemic foci were collected and analyzed statistically. Results From 2010 to 2015，there were 267 malaria cases in total in Huai’an City. Totally 303 016 feverish patients had blood tests，and 231 of them showed positive and the positive rate was 0.08%. The epidemiological case studies showed that all the patients were foreign imported cases except 22 local infected vivax malaria cases in 2010 and 2011. All the malaria cases were reported after diagnosis within 24 hours through the directly reported network，and the implementa? tion rate was 100%. All the malaria cases had an epidemiological investigation within 3 days with 100% implementation rate，in which 261（97.95%）cases were investigated within 2 days. All the cases had an epidemical investigation and disposition within 7 days with 100% implementation rate，in which 252（94.38%）cases were completed within 5 days. Conclusion The imple? mentation rate of malaria elimination work mode has reached 100% in Huai’an City from 2010 to 2015，and there are no local infected cases in recent four years.

Investigation on Aspidogastrea infection in freshwater mussels in Anhui Province

LI Chao-Pin, WANG Shao-Sheng, ZHAN Xiao-Dong

2016, 28(5):  536. 

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Objective To investigate the prevalence of trematode Aspidogastrea in freshwater mussels in Anhui Province， China. Methods The freshwater mussels living in different water areas within Anhui territory were harvested and dissected from April to May，2015. Then the flukes were collected from the pericardial cavities of the clams into a petri dish containing small amount of saline. After rinsing，the flukes were transferred into a bottle containing 70% ethanol for following identification by staining of the specimens prepared as previous protocol. Results A total of 3 007 calms in 12 species，including Unio doug? lasiae（603），Acuticosta chinensis（90），Lamprotula caveat（150），Lamprotula leai（250），Lanceolaria grayana（47），An? odonta pacifica（60），Anodonta woodiana（350），Cuneopsis heudei（100），Solenaia oleivora（150），Cristaria plicata （567），Hyriopsis cumingii（550）and Arconaia lanceolata（90）were dissected，in which 1 467 mussels were infected with the trematode Aspidogastrea，with an infection rate of 48.79%（1 467/3 007）. Totally，7 306 flukes belonging to 3 genera under the subclass of Aspidogastrea were isolated. These trematodes were genera of Aspidogaster，Lophotaspis and Cotylaspis. The in? fection density was from 1 to 128 capita for individual positive clam，with a mean infectiosity of 4.98（7306/1467）for each mus? sel. Conclusion The freshwater bivalves living in different water areas in Anhui Province are infected with the trematode Aspi? dogastrea. These flukes were identified as Aspidogaster sp. Lophotaspis sp. and Cotylaspis sp. belonging to subclass Aspidogas? tridae of family Aspidogastrea.

Cloning, expression and serological evaluation of H3 protein from Echinococcus granulosus

ZHU Hui-Hui, GAO Chun-Hua, WANG Jun-Yun, YANG Yue-Tao, SHI Feng

2016, 28(5):  541. 

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Objective To clone and express the basement membrane specific heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein （H3），and to evaluate its effect in detection of human cystic echinococcosis（CE）. Methods The H3 gene immunoscreened from the cDNA library was cloned into pGEX?4T vector. The recombinant plasmid pGEX?3X?AgB8/3 was transformed into Esche? richia coli BL21 strains and induced by isopropyl?β?D?thiogalactopyranoside（IPTG）. Then the expressed recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography and its effect in the detection of CE was evaluated by ELISA. Meanwhile，the effects of H3 and two antigens that the research group prepared before（purified HCF and rAgB8/2）in CE detection were compared. Re? sults The plasmid pGEX?4T?H3 was successfully constructed and H3 was successfully expressed in prokaryotic cells. The sen? sitivities of the recombinant H3，purified HCF and rAgB8/2 in CE detection were 84.0%（68/81），90.1%（73/81）and 77.8% （63/81）respectively，and there was no statistical difference among them（ χ2 = 4.58，P > 0.05）. The cross reactions of recombi? nant H3 with the sera of the patients with CE，cysticercosis and schistosomiasis were 63.3%（19/30），16.7%（5/30）and 5.0% （1/20）respectively，and the cross reaction was 0 with the sera of healthy people. The specificities of recombinant H3，purified HCF，and rAgB8/2 were 80.8%（105/130），71.5%（93/130）and 82.3%（107/130）respectively，and there were no statistical difference among them（χ2 = 5.71，P > 0.05）. Conclusion The recombinant H3 is a potential diagnostic antigen for CE detecting.

Investigation on human Toxoplasma gondii infections in Nanchang City in 2014

PENG Guo-Hua, HU Zhu-Hua, GE Jun, HANG Chun-Qin, FU Ren-Long, FENG Xiao-Wu

2016, 28(5):  545. 

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Objective To investigate the endemic situation of human Toxoplasma gondii infection in Nanchang City in 2014 and analyze the influencing factors，so as to provide the evidence for control measures. Methods The high?risk population of T. gondii infection in Nanchang City was collected as an experiment group，and a control group was settled with the ratio of 1∶1. The serum tests and epidemiology surveys were conducted simultaneously，and the influencing factors were analyzed. Results The total positive rate of human T. gondii was 5.17%（124/2 400）among the whole population in Nanchang City in 2014. The positive rate was 7.50%（90/1 200）in the experiment group and 2.18%（34/1 200）in the control group，and the difference was significant（ χ2 =26.668，P＜0.05）. The results of univariate analysis indicated that different dietary habits and health habits were closely related to the infection of T. gondii（ χ2 =16.522，64.954，both P＜0.05）. The result of Logistic analysis showed that the risk factors of T. gondii infection were occupation，educational levels，raising cats，contacting animals or raw meat，and eating raw or uncooked beef. Conclusion The high risk population of T. gondii infection is the key population of the toxoplas? mosis control. Unhealthy dietary and living habits are key influencing factors of toxoplasmosis，and the related health education and surveillance work should be strengthened.

Preliminary study on infection status and gene types of Cryptosporidium among HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi

WANG Zun-Fu, JIANG Zhi-Hua, XU Bing-Xue, ZHOU Dong-Sheng, LIN Yuan, TANG Wen-Qian

2016, 28(5):  550. 

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Objective To understand the infection status and gene types of Cryptosporidium among HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Methods The fecal samples were collected from 285 HIV/AIDS cases in Nanning，Gui? lin，Qinzhou，Baise，Hechi cities of Guangxi and 150 HIV negative persons in Nanning City. The modified acid?fast staining and nested?PCR based on 18S rRNA were employed to detect the infection status of Cryptosporidium. The nested PCR products were sequenced，and the homology searches and identification for the gene types of Cryptosporidium were done by DNAStar soft? ware. Results The infection rate of Cryptosporidium in HIV/AIDS patients was 0.70%（2/285），and the rate of those with chronic diarrhea was 6.67%（2/30），the latter was significantly higher than that of the HIV negative persons（0，0/150）（P = 0.002）. Both the two HIV/AIDS patients infected with Cryptosporidium were from Guilin City. By molecular identification，the Cryptosporidium strains which the above 2 patients were infected with were Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium hominis respectively. Conclusions Cryptosporidium co?infection can be found in HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi. The geno? types of the infection strains include Cryptosporidium andersoni and Cryptosporidium hominis.

Prokaryotic expression and identification of rhoptry protein 38 of Toxoplasma gondii

CUI Yong, LI Jin, WANG Hong-Fa, ZHONG Wei-Xia, SUN Hui, ZHAO Gui-Hua, YIN Kun, XU Chao, XIAO Ting, ZHANG Xiao-Yu, YU Hong, LIU Xue-Feng, LIU Gong-Zhen

2016, 28(5):  554. 

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Objective To explore the biological function of rhoptry protein 38（ROP38）of Toxoplasma gondii，and to iden? tify the reactogenicity of the recombinant protein（rROP38）. Methods The ROP38 was amplified by RT?PCR from T. gondii RH strain，and was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET?28a（+）. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E. co? li BL21（DE3）competent cells. Then the rROP38 was analyzed by SDS?PAGE and identified by Western blot. Results SDS? PAGE showed that rROP38 was efficient expression with a molecular weight of about 43 kD. Western blot showed that rROP38 reacted with antibody of His tag or human positive antibody，which indicated that ROP38 had good reactogenicity and could be a serological diagnostic antigen. Conclusion The study successfully obtains the rROP38 of T. gondii with good reactogenicity.

Investigation on soil-transmitted nematode infections in national surveillance sites in Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2015

SHEN Ming-Xue, JIN Xiao-Lin, DAI Yang, XU Xiang-Zhen, WEI Liang-Xiang, LI Yu-Bao, LIU Jian-Feng

2016, 28(5):  558. 

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Objective To understand the status of soil?transmitted nematode infections in rural residents so as to provide the evidence for formulating the guidance for prevention and control of the diseases. Methods The national surveillance sites of soil ?transmitted nematode infections were established in Shuyang County，Suqian City，Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2015. At least 1 000 fecal samples of residents aged 3 years or above were collected in every autumn，and the intestinal helminth eggs were detected with the Kato?Katz technique and the Enterubius vermicularis eggs were detected by the cellophane tape method for children aged 3-12 years. The soil samples were collected from vegetable fields，lavatories，courtyards and kitchens to exam? ine Ascaris lumbricoides eggs and larvae of hookworm. Results The infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes in residents and E. vermicularis in children reduced from 1.81%（19/1 049）and 4.72%（5/106）in 2006 to 0.25%（3/1 180）and 0（0/263） in 2015，respectively，in the surveillance sites. The infection intensity was mild in all the infected cases. The soil samples were negative for detecting A. lumbricoides eggs and hookworm larvae. Conclusion The infection rates of soil?transmitted nema? todes in the residents and E. vermicularis in the children show a decreasing trend and keep at a low level of prevalence in Shuy? ang County.

Epidemic situation of malaria and progress of malaria elimination in Nantong City from 2008 to 2014

CAO Cai-Qun, WANG Wei-Ming

2016, 28(5):  563. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemic status and progress of malaria elimination in Nantong City，so as to provide evidences for adjusting the control measures and guiding the work of malaria elimination. Methods The data about the epidem? ic situation of malaria and malaria elimination in Nantong City from 2008 to 2014 were collected and analyzed by the method of descriptive epidemiology. Results From 2008 to 2014，a total of 305 malaria cases were reported in Nantong City，with an an? nual average incidence of 0.57/100 000. Among all the cases，26（8.52%）were local tertian malaria cases and 279（91.48%） were imported cases；276 cases（90.49%）were male and most of them were young adults，and those aged in 20-59 accounted for 91.48%（279/305）. There were cases reported in each month，with no obvious seasonality. The imported cases were mainly distributed in Hai’an County（80 cases），Haimen City（71 cases）and Tongzhou District（41 cases），and the total percentage of them was 68.82% among all the imported malaria cases in Nantong City. There were no local malaria cases reported in Nan? tong City since 2011. Qidong City，Rudong County，Chongchuan District，Development Zone and Gangzha District have reached the criteria of malaria elimination in Jiangsu Province. Conclusions From 2008 to 2014，the malaria cases in Nantong City are mainly imported cases，the number of local cases has decreased significantly，and there has been no local infected cas? es reported in the continuous 4 years of 2011-2014. Totally 5 counties（cities，districts）among the 9 have reached the criteria of malaria elimination in Jiangsu City. In the future，the control of imported malaria should still be strengthened，and the work of malaria elimination should still be promoted.

Malaria epidemiological analysis in Tengchong City from 2010 to 2015

WANG Jia-Zhi, LI Sheng-Guo, LI Xi-Shang, TANG Zong-Yan

2016, 28(5):  566. 

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Objective To analyze the malaria epidemiological characteristics in Tengchong City from 2010 to 2015，so as to provide the evidence for adjusting and formulating measures in the elimination stage. Methods The malaria data were collected and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2010 in Tengchong City from 2010 to 2015. Results There were 1 408 malaria cases re? ported in Tengchong City from 2010 to 2015，including 1 091 cases of Plasmodium vivax infection，256 cases of P. falciparum infection，5 cases of P. malariae infection，1 case of P. ovale infection，1 case of mixed infections，and 54 unclassified cases. Totally 1 390 imported cases were recorded and 98.06% of them（1 363/1 390）were imported from Myanmar. Most of the pa? tients（n = 908）were aged from 21 to 40 years，and the male to female ratio was 11.03∶1. The highest?risk populations were farmers and migrant workers. The most cases were observed in April and June，and at that time，most of the floating workers re? turned. Conclusion Imported malaria is severe in Tengchong City，and there is a great challenge to malaria elimination.

Malaria awareness among residents and students during malaria elimination phase in Jinshan District, Shanghai City

SHEN Li, ZHANG Ya-Ning, GAO Xia, ZHU Jian-Ming, HE Zhang-Fei

2016, 28(5):  569. 

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Objective To understand the awareness status of knowledge on malaria control among residents and students，so as to evaluate the effectiveness of health education during the elimination phase of malaria in Jinshan District，Shanghai City. Methods In 2010 and 2014，the stratified sampling and cluster sampling methods were taken to select the investigation sites， including 3 villages，1 middle schools，1 primary school，then the residents above 15 years old and the students in the above se? lected sites were investigated by questionnaires to understand their awareness status on malaria control. Results In 2010，the general awareness rates of malaria control knowledge of the study objects were 74.22%，and those of the residents，middle school students，and primary school students were 75.68%，61.86% and 72.20%，respectively. There was no significant differ? ence between the awareness rates of objects with different gender（ χ2 = 1.755，P ＞ 0.05）. The rate of the residents was higher than that of the students（ χ2 = 59.838，P ＜0.01）. From 2010 to 2014，a series of health education on malaria control was car? ried out. In 2014，the general awareness rate of knowledge on malaria control was 96.03%，and those of the residents，middle school student，and primary school students were 92.28%，98.59% and 99.49%，respectively. The awareness rate of the stu? dents was higher than that of the residents（χ2 = 275.794，P < 0.01）. Conclusion Through the health education and communi? ty advocacy，the awareness rates of knowledge on malaria control among residents and students have improved and met the quali? fication of malaria elimination in Jinshan District.

Analysis of surveillance results of schistosomiasis in Hexi reservoir area from 2012 to 2015

QIN Jia-Sheng, ZHANG Liu-Hong, XU Feng-Ming, LU Hong-Mei, WANG Xiao-Kang, CAO Wei-Min, JIANG Ya-Juan

2016, 28(5):  572. 

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Objective To understand the changes of schistosomiasis epidemic situation，so as to provide the evidence for for? mulating schistosomiasis control strategy in the Hexi reservoir area. Methods From 2012 to 2015，Xinyuan Village，Meishan Town in the north entrance of Hexi reservoir was selected as a monitoring site. According to the requirements of the monitoring program of schistosomiasis surveillance in Zhejiang Province，the Schistosoma japonicum infection was investigated by using the serological screening（IHA），and the basic situation of the surveillance site was also investigated. Results From 2012 to 2015，167 environments（21.68 hm2）were surveyed，and 2 slices（0.1 hm2）were found with Oncomelania hupensis snails. The detection rate of frames with snails was 0.12%，and the living snail density was 0.0192 snails per 0.1 m2. Totally 374 snails were dissected and no schistosome infected snails were found. A total of 970 local residents and 8 748 mobile people were investigated with the serological tests，and no schistosome infected people were found. In addition，3 085 cattle were investigated and no in? fected ones were found. Conclusion The schistosomiasis epidemic situation is stable in the Hexi reservoir area，but we still should strengthen the monitoring of imported source of infection and snail status，and increase the efforts of environmental trans? formation.

Malaria endemic situation and comprehensive prevention and control measures in Caoxian County

LIANG Zhan-Ju, MEN Feng-Min, ZHANG Xue-Mei, ZHU Yu-Jie, WANG Chun-Yun, DONG Dan-Dan

2016, 28(5):  575. 

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Objective To understand the malaria endemic characteristics and control measures in Caoxian County，Shan? dong Province，so as to summarize the experiences of malaria elimination. Methods The data of malaria endemic situation and control measures in Caoxian County from 1953 to 2014 were collected and descriptively analyzed，and the control effectiveness was evaluated. Results The incidence of malaria reduced from 13.25% in 1970 to 0.33% in 1983，and no malaria case was found in 1986. The goal of basic malaria elimination was achieved. The sporadic malaria infections were found from 2006 to 2010，and three imported malaria cases were found in Caoxian County from 2011 to 2014. Conclusion The effect of compre? hensive prevention and control measures taken in Caoxian County is significant，and the goal of malaria elimination has been reached. The imported malaria and secondary cases are future focuses of malaria control work.

Prevention and control knowledge of echinococcosis in students in Qinghai Province

ZHANG Jing-Ni, HAN Xiu-Min, LEI Wen, WANG Yong-Shun, WANG Wei

2016, 28(5):  578. 

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Objective To understand the situation of prevention and control knowledge of echinococcosis in students in Qin? ghai Province，so as to provide an evidence for effective prevention and control of echinococcosis. Methods The students of Grade Four or above were randomly selected with the multi?stage stratified cluster sampling method and investigated with the questionnaire about echinococcosis in Qinghai Province. Results Totally 23 600 students were selected and surveyed，with the pass rate of 66.0%（15 566 cases）. The pass rates of the male and female students were 65.1%（7 947 cases）and 66.9%（7 619 cases）respectively，and the difference was significant（ χ2 = 8.454，P < 0.01）. The difference of pass rates among different dis? tricts of Qinghai Province was statistically significant（χ2 = 3 848.619，P < 0.01）. Conclusion The general aware rate of echino? coccosis knowledge in students is not high in Qinghai Province，and therefore，it is necessary to enhance the health education， especially for students in pasturing areas.

Oncomelania hupensis snail distribution in working areas of Yangtze River hydrologic agencies located in middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River in 2016

XU Min, HUANG Suo-Xin, ZHAO Zheng-Yuan, HU Ben-Jiao, FU Jun, DAI Si-Ming, WEN Li-Hong

2016, 28(5):  581. 

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Objective To understand the Oncomelania hupensis snail distribution in the working areas of Yangtze River hy? drologic agencies located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2016，so as to provide the evidence for assess? ing the risk of schistosome infection of hydrological workers and establishing the control strategies. Methods The suspicious en? vironments with O. hupensis snails in the above working areas were selected as study areas，and the snail situation was surveyed by the system sampling method combined with the environmental sampling method. The survey data were collected and analyzed statistically. Results Totally 19 working areas from 17 hydrological agencies were selected as the investigation sites，among which，10 working areas from 9 agencies were found with O. hupensis snail distribution. The constituent ratio of the areas with snails reached to 38.81% of the investigation areas，the occurrence rate of frames with snails was 3.08%，and the average densi? ty of living snails was 0.07 /0.1 m2. By comparison，the average density of living snails and occurrence rate of frames with snails in hydrological agencies under the jurisdiction of the Middle Reaches Administrative Bureau were the most serious among three administrative bureaus of the Yangtze River Water Resources Commission. Conclusions There are various degrees of O. hupen? sis breeding in the working areas of hydrological agencies located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，and the hydrological workers are facing with the risk of schistosome infection.

Acarophenax tribalii found in stored grains

TAO Ning, ZHU Yu-Xia, LI Chao-Pin

2016, 28(5):  584. 

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Objective To observe and understand the morphology and structure of Acarophenax tribalii in order to create a new record of this mite in China. Methods The stored grain samples（rice and brown rice）were collected from the storage of lo? cal dwellers，and mites breeding in the products were isolated. Then mite samples were prepared and identified as the previous protocols，and the species was classified in accordance with Hughes. Results A. tribalii was detected in the grain samples. The light microscopic examination exhibited ovally shaped idiosoma of this species，and the abdomen of the male was more inflated than that of the female. By general view，the propodosomatal plate appeared triangle?like，and its anterior margin was covered by the gnathosoma. Leg I consisted of four segments，and its tibia and tarsus healing were fused into a stubby tibiotarsus. A tarsulus occurred at the end of leg Ⅱ，Ⅲ and Ⅳ，with a claw born at each leg. Conclusion The morphology and structure of A. tribalii are characterized. This may lay a basis for following study on this species.

Size changes of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium malariae in thin peripheral blood smears

HUANG Fei-Fan, TIAN Bin

2016, 28(5):  586. 

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Objective To explore the size changes of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium malariae，so as to improve the basic?level experimenters’microscopy capabilities for P. malariae identification in thin blood smears. Methods The micro? scopic features of erythrocytes infected with P. malariae in thin peripheral blood smears were observed，and a microscope image processing software was used to measure and analyze the diameter changes of the erythrocytes infected with P. malariae. Re? sults The diameter of erythrocytes infected with P. malariae decreased significantly compared with that of the normal erythro? cytes. The three parameters in this study：the diameter of erythrocytes，the value of diameter variation，and the ratio of diameter variation varied at different developmental stages of P. malariae，and the differences were statistically significant（all P < 0.01）. The variances of the three parameters grouped by different cases or different developmental stages in different cases were ana? lyzed，all showing statistically significant differences（all P< 0.01）. Conclusion All the developmental stages of P. malariae will cause the decrease of the diameters of infected erythrocytes in peripheral blood smears，but the influence on the diameter of erythrocytes，valueofdiametervariation，and ratio of diameter variation varies at different developmental stages in different cases.

Assessment and authentication of malaria elimination in Changzhou City

ZHU Shi-Ying, XIE Yi-Qing, HE Ming-Zhen, WANG Wei-Ming

2016, 28(5):  589. 

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Objective To analyze the results of assessment and authentication of malaria elimination of 7 county?level cities and districts in Changzhou City，Jiangsu Province，and explore the suitable monitoring methods for malaria after the elimination in this region，so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting the malaria elimination strategies and measures. Meth? ods The data from the network reports of malaria epidemic situation，blood examinations of febrile patients，epidemiological questionnaires of malaria cases，investigation of epidemic focuses and disposal tables were collected and analyzed in Changzhou City from 2009 to 2014. The clinicians were assessed with the closed?book written examinations for their ability of the diagnosis and treatment of malaria. The inspection personnel were assessed by the microscopical examinations of Plasmodium. Totally 30 negative blood slides were reviewed. In the natural village where the last local case of malaria was located，200 blood filter pa? pers were collected for gene detection of Plasmodium. Results From 2009 to 2014，145 malaria cases were reported in Chang? zhou City. Totally 170 638 febrile patients received blood detections for malaria，of which 137 cases were positive and the posi? tive rate was 0.08%. The majority of malaria cases were imported except 8 local malaria infection cases in 2009 and 2 local ma? laria infection cases in 2010. Four of seven county?level cities（districts）gained an average score of 20 points on the microscopi? cal examinations of Plasmodium. Liyang City got a minimum average score of 18.8 points. In capacity assessment of malaria diag? nosis and treatment，Liyang City gained the highest average score of 19.8 points，and Qishuyan District got the lowest average score of 18.0 points. The malaria elimination assessment scores of the 7 county?level cities（districts）were all above 93 points. Four county?level cities（districts）（Xinbei District，Wujin District，Liyang City，and Jintan City）carried out the active case detections. A total of 731 cases were detected and the results were all negative. Liyang City in 2012，Zhonglou District and Jin? tan City in 2013，Tianning District，Qishuyan District，Xinbei District and Wujin District in 2014，passed the malaria elimina? tion assessment at county（district）level，respectively. Conclusions All the 7 county?level cities（districts）of Changzhou City have passed the malaria elimination assessment at a high score. After the malaria elimination，the monitoring should contin? ue to consolidate the achievements.

Management strategy and technology of medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Hunan Province

DENG Wei-Cheng, BAI Ding-Hua, LI Zhi-Jian, HE Yong, DENG Yi, ZHU Yong-Hui, LIU Jia-Xin, ZHANG Yue-Yun, DING Guo-Jian, REN Guang-Hui, LUO Zhi-Hong, LI Xin-Biao

2016, 28(5):  594. 

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The medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients established by the Chinese government is a major public facility for patients with advanced schistosomiasis. Since the medical assistance to advance schistosomiasis patients in Hu? nan Province started ten years ago，a set of mature and operable programs with whole program management and related technolo? gies has been developed. The author investigated the data on medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Hunan Province during the last 10 years（from 2006 to 2015）retrospectively，and found that the program had high therapeutic effect and high satisfaction degree of both patients and the society. In order to improve the management of the medical assistance to ad? vanced schistosomiasis patients and share our experiences of the whole program management and related technologies with the colleagues of other provinces，this paper mainly illustrates the experiences of the program，as well as the existing problems and related strategies.

Observation on serum γ?glutamyl transpeptidase levels of patients with subclinical schistosomiasis before and after pathogen treatment

LIAO Shi-Ye, LI Jun-Jun, XIONG Li-Juan

2016, 28(5):  596. 

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Objective To observe the changes of serum γ?glutamyl transpeptidase（GGT）levels before and after the patho? gen treatment in patients with subclinical schistosomiasis，and explore its clinical value in the diagnosis and treatment of sub? clinical schistosomiasis. Methods Totally 109 patients with subclinical schistosomiasis，who were found in the endemic inves? tigation of schistosomiasis in Ezhou City，were selected as the investigation subjects，and then they were treated with praziquan? tel. The serum GGT levels of the subjects before and after the treatment were detected and compared. Results Before the treat? ment，the average value of the GGT levels of the 109 patients was（48.1 ± 45.9）IU/L，among which，the GGT levels of 69 cases （63.3%）were normal，and the levels of 40 cases（36.7%）were increased. After the treatment，the average GGT level of the pa? tients was（32.1 ± 23.4）IU/L，which decreased by 33.3% comparing with that before the treatment，and the difference had a statistical significance（U＝2.17，P = 0.01）. The GGT levels of 65 patients decreased in different degrees. Among the 40 pa? tients whose GGT levels had increased before the treatment，the GGT levels of 31 ones returned to the normal. Conclusion The GGT level detection can accurately reflect the liver function in the patients with subclinical schistosomiasis，and also it has certain clinical application value to judge the liver function damage and recovery of the patients before and after the pathogen treatment.

Surveillance of imported schistosomiasis in non?endemic areas in Changshu City from 2006 to 2015

ZHOU Wei-En, YIN An-Hua, PU Yong-Yuan

2016, 28(5):  598. 

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Objective To understand the situation of imported schistosomiasis in non?endemic areas along the Yangtze Riv? er in Changshu City，so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting control measures. Methods The data of Onco? melania hupensis snails and schistosomiasis patients in Changshu City from 2006 to 2015 were collected and analyzed. Re? sults Totally 1 650 residents of Changshu City were tested by serum tests from 2006 to 2015，and 35 cases were positive，with a positive rate of 2.12%. No positive cases were found in etiological tests. No O. hupensis snails were found. Conclusion No im? ported schistosomiasis cases are found in the areas along the Yangtze River in Changshu City，but the infection source is still possible to be imported，and the surveillance work should be strengthened.

Effect of wild feces detection in Oncomelania hupensis environments on surveillance of infection source of schistosomiasis

TU Zu-Wu, LI Bo, SHAN Xiao-Wei, ZHU Hong, CAI Shun-Xiang

2016, 28(5):  601. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of wild feces detection in Oncomelania hupensis environments on the surveil? lance of infection source of schistosomiasis，and find the weakness in schistosomiasis control in Hubei Province，so as to put for? ward the targeted strategies and measures. Methods Four environments with O. hupensis snails in endemic areas of Hubei Provinces，where human and livestock often haunted，were selected according to the river systems，namely the Juzhanghe River beach in Jingzhou City，Changjiang River beach in Jiayu County，Hanbei River beach in Tianmen City，and Changshou River beach in Zhongxiang City，then the snail survey and wild feces detection were implemented in the selected environments. Re? sults There were O. hupensis snails，livestock，wild feces of cattle or sheep as well as positive cattle feces found in all the 4 environments，and the positive rate of schistosome miracidium incubation was 47.62%. Conclusion The schistosome miracidi? um positive rate of wild feces of cattle is high in the environments with snails in endemic areas of Hubei Province，which has high risk for schistosomiasis transmission.

Examination and evaluation on malaria elimination in Baise City

DENG Ji-Guang, YU Shui-Lan, NONG Zhi

2016, 28(5):  603. 

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Objective To analyze the assessment results and summary the work experience of malaria elimination in Baise City. Methods According to The malaria elimination evaluation schemes of Guangxi（2014 edition），the examination and evaluation of malaria elimination were carried out and all the results were analyzed in 12 counties（county?level city or district） of Baise City from 2014 to 2015. Results Since 2009，there were no local malaria cases and imported secondary cases in Baise City for the 6 consecutive years，and the detailed data were collected and the self?assessment reports of malaria elimination were written in all the counties. There was no omission or delay of malaria case reports in the 12 counties. The highest score of the ex? amination and evaluation was 96.58 points，the lowest was 90.76 points，and the average was 93.77 points. The biggest impact on the evaluation scores was“on?site examination”. Conclusion All the 12 counties（county?level city or district）of Baise City have passed the municipal examination and evaluation of malaria elimination，and the key of next work is malaria monitoring， timely finding and treating the imported malaria patients，and to guarantee no imported secondary cases.

Role of goat in transmission of schistosomiasis japonica V Goat breeding in endemic regions and role of goat in schistosomiasis transmission

WANG Yi-An, WANG Wei, LIANG You-Sheng

2016, 28(5):  606. 

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This review describes the major species，number，breeding pattern，ratio of fenced to freely grazed goat，suscepti? bility to Schistosoma japonicum，pattern of S. japonicum infection，infection rate，intensity of infection，fecal contamination of goat that were bred in 5 marshland and lake provinces of Hunan，Hubei，Jiangxi，Anhui and Jiangsu，and two mountainous provinces of Yunnan and Sichuan，and demonstrates the associations of infected goat distribution with the distribution of infect? ed Oncomelania hupensis snails and humans. Considering the huge number of goat which were predominantly grazed freely in marshland and lake endemic regions of China，the high infection rate，numerous environmental pollution by goat feces，as well as the close correlation between the infected goat distribution and infected snail distribution，goat is considered as a major infec? tious source for schistosomiasis japonica in China，and to play a critical role in the transmission of the disease. Since the control of schistosomiasis in animals is critical to schistosomiasis interruption and elimination，it is suggested that the integrated man? agement of goat schistosomiasis should be included in the national schistosomiasis control program of China.

A domestic cat infected with a large number of Clonorchis sinensis

CHAI Qiang, ZHAN Xiao-Dong, LI Chao-Pin

2016, 28(5):  609. 

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Adult Clonorchis sinensis not only occurs in human hepatic duct，but also in the liver，gallbladder and bile ducts of animals，including dogs and cats，thus causing clonorchiasis—one of important parasitic zoonoses. In present study，we dis? sected a domestic cat in which a total of 736 pieces of trematodes，identified as Clonorchis sinensis，were detected in the liver and cholecyst. The findings indicate that Clonorchis sinensis may be endemic in domestic animals in Wuhu area，and observe our awareness in prevention of the parasites in house pets.