Table of Content

28 April 2014, Volume 26 Issue 2

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Epidemic situation of oversea imported schistosomiasis in China and thinking about its prevention and control

ZHU Rong, XU Jing

2014, 26(2):  111. 

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The imported schistosomiasis cases in the Chinese literature and reports from the infectious disease monitoring in? formation system from 1979 to 2013 were collected and compiled. Totally 365 cases were reported to be infected with outside schis? tosomiasis, including 239 cases of schistosomiasis haematobia (74.0%) and 71 cases of schistosomiasis mansoni (22.0%), and 42 foreigners (11.5%) and 323 Chinese (88.5%). The infection areas involved 15 countries and regions in Africa. Totally 74.92% of pa? tients worked in the construction or geological prospecting in the wild field. According to the analysis of these cases, we found that the management system of prevention and control of imported schistosomiasis cases was not perfect including the high missing re? port rate, high misdiagnosis rate, and no standard diagnostic criteria. We suggest that all the levels of CDC or health administrative authorities should adopt the following relevant control measures to strengthen the imported schistosomiasis prevention and control in order to reduce the damage to the public health and the risk of the spread of African schistosomiasis in China: 1. to establish and perfect the imported schistosomiasis monitoring and control system in China; 2. to integrate the dynamic information platform of la? bor export and establish the comprehensive prevention and control management system of infectious diseases; 3. to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of oversea imported schistosomiasis; 4. to strengthen the research on the transmission risk of imported schistosomiasis in the territory of China.

Studies on changes of vegetation and Oncomelania hupensis snails in Poyang Lake after impoundment of Three Gorges Project

LI Zhao-Jun, CHEN Hong-Gen, ZENG Xiao-Jun, LIU Yue-Min, CHEN Yi-Yang, DAI Kun-Jiao, LAN Wei-Ming, XIE Shu-Ying

2014, 26(2):  115. 

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Objective To explore the impact and change regularity of Oncomelania hupensis snails and vegetation in the marshlands of Poyang Lake caused by the impoundment of the Three Gorges Project. Methods By using the methods of stratified systematic sampling and pinpoint navigation，the succession of vegetation was observed and the distribution of O. hupensis snails was investigated in a period of 8 years on 4 typical marshlands in Poyang Lake. The regularity of changes in vegetation and O. hu? pensis snails was analyzed on the marshlands at high，medium and low elevations，respectively. Results After the impoundment of Three Gorges Project，the average flooding days of these 4 marshlands in 2004 and in 2008 were reduced of 74.8 and 65.8 days compared with those in 2002，the year just before the impoundment of the project，respectively. The change of spatial distribution pattern and the succession of dominant species of vegetation on the marshlands of Poyang Lake have taken place since 2005，and several vegetations showed a trend of moving toward the center of the lake. The hygrophilous vegetation has degenerated and gradu? ally been replaced by mesophily meadow in the marshland area above 14 m elevation. Carex，Phalaris arundinacea and Polygo? num appeared in large area and expanded slowly towards the center of the lake on the marshland below 14 m elevation. O. hupensis snails were mostly found under the Carex association. The tendency of decreasing in density of snails and of migration of snail habi? tats towards low terrain was observed. Conclusions The impoundment of Three Gorges Project has had a significant impact on hy? drological regimes，and a new succession of vegetation has taken place in the marshlands of Poyang Lake. O. hupensis snails and the mesophily vegetation show a trend of migrating slowly to the areas of low elevation in the marshlands.

Contrastive analysis of environmental factors between Oncomelania hupensis snail marshland and snail natural death marshland in Eastern Dongting Lake schistosomiasis endemic areas

ZHENG Sheng-Bang, LI Lin-Han, ZHOU Yi-Biao, WU Jin-Yi, SONG Xiu-Xia, HE Zhong, CAI Bin, YOU Jia-Bian, JIANG Qing-Wu

2014, 26(2):  121. 

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Objective To study the reasons of natural death of Oncomelania hupensis snails in marshland by comparing the differences of environmental factors between snail marshland and non?snail marshland in East Dongting Lake schistosomiasis en? demic areas. Methods Two adjoining marshlands were selected，one was a snail marshland and another was a non?snail marsh? land. The measuring points were set by grid of“20m×20m” . The soil moisture，elevation，soil pH and temperature of the points were measured，and the snails of the points were surveyed. Results The elevation，soil pH and temperature of the snail natural death marshland were all lower than those of the snail marshland （P < 0.01） . The soil moisture，elevation，soil pH and temperature of different snail densities in the snail marshland were different （P < 0.05） . The soil moisture of the non?snail group was higher than that of other four groups（P < 0.01） and the soil moisture of the group with 0-11 snails per frame was lower than that of other four groups（P < 0.01） . The elevation of the group with 0-11 snails per frame was lower than that of the group with 24-39 snails per frame and the group with more than 39 snails per frame（P < 0.05） . The soil pH of the group without snails was higher than that of other four groups（P < 0.01）and the soil temperature of the group with 0-11 snails per frame was lower than that of the group with 24-39 snails per frame. The differences of soil moisture and elevation of different death snail densities were not significant， while the differences of soil pH and temperature were significant. The soil pH of the non?snail died group was higher than that of the 2?died，3?died and more than 3?died groups（P < 0.05） . The soil temperature of the non?snail died group was higher than that of other four groups （P < 0.05） . Conclusion The elevation，soil pH and soil temperature within the range of the research may be the factors affecting the snail natural death and the soil moisture，elevation，soil pH and soil temperature may be the factors affect? ing the distribution of snails.

Relationship between Yangtze River floodplain micro ecological environment and distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails

ZHAO Jin-Song, WANG An-Yun, ZHOU Shu-Lin

2014, 26(2):  127. 

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Objective To explore the relationship between the Yangtze River floodplain ecological environment（vegetation， soil，water and light intensity）and the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails，so as to provide the evidence for ecological snail control. Methods Three regions（the Lu?Gang Bridge，Dragon Nest Lake in the bund，and Dragon Nest lake beach）were selected to investigate the plant characteristics（species，height，coverage，frequency and strain of clusters），soil characteristics （temperature，humidity，light intensity）and pH value. All the results were analyzed statistically with SPSS 18 software. Results A total of 920 boxes were investigated. The vegetation coverage was 3.7%?63.5%，and the dominant population was Cyperusrotun? dus L. cluster on the marshland. The soil temperature was 19.0℃?24.0 ℃，pH 5.0?5.7，and humidity 53%?75%. There were statis? tical significants in average number of living snails and dead snails among 3 groups （P < 0.05） . As the light intensity was strong in summer and weak in winter，the snails were in the back surface in summer and front surface in winter respectively. The average number of living snails was the most near the water. The difference was statistical significant（P < 0.01）among three ranges（0-1 m，1-3 m and 3-5 m） . Conclusion The snail survival and distribution have close relations with micro ecological environment factors， such as vegetation， soil， water and light intensity.

Study on distribution and countermeasures of Oncomelania snails in beach wetlands of Runzhou section of lower reaches of Yangtze River

XIA Ai, HUANG Yi-Xin, JIANG Jun, ZHAO Ya-Min, HANG De-Rong, TAO Heng-Ye, ZHANG Lian-Heng

2014, 26(2):  132. 

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Objective To understand the distribution of the river beach wetlands and Oncomelania snails in the lower reach? es of the Yangtze River，and explore the countermeasures of snail control. Methods The river beach wetlands outside the Yang? tze River levee were investigated and classified according to the hierarchical and classification system of wetlands of China. The snail survey was carried out in the beach wetlands of Runzhou section of lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 2004 to 2013. The change trend of snail areas and the densities was analyzed in the wetlands. Results The river beach of Runzhou section of lower reaches of the Yangtze River belongs to the riverine wetland. There was Oncomelania snail breeding except the permanent wa? ter area. At present，there were natural wetlands of 1 303.0 hm2 ，human?made wetlands of 1 479.0 hm2 and wetland function chang? es of 1 059.0 hm2 in the river beach of Runzhou section. There was the snail area of 181.4 hm2 in the natural wetland in 2013. The area of snail control by the molluscicide and environmental modification was 4 624.55 hm2 from 2004 to 2013. The decline rates of snail areas and densities were 66.53% and 77.66% respectively. The existing Oncomelania snails were distributed in the natural wetlands. Conclusion The human?made wetland is helpful to snail control. The snail control in the river beach wetlands should attach a great importance to the protection of wetland ecology.

Study on spatio-temporal pattern of mountainous Oncomelania hupensis snails at village scale in Eryuan County, Yunnan Province

HUANG Ning-Bo, YANG Kun, SHI Xua-Wen, LI Hong-Jun, ZHOU Xiao-Nong, DONG Xin-Qi

2014, 26(2):  137. 

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Objective To develop a spatio?temporal model of mountainous Oncomelania hupensis snails based on the Bayes? ian model，and to analyze and identify the spatio?temporal pattern at a village scale. Methods The data including the intensity and spatial distribution of live and infected snails from 2000 to 2006 and the village boundary were collected. The independent and interactive spatio?temporal models were established，and then the best fitness model was selected to analyze the spatio?temporal pattern of live and infected snails. Results The interactive model of live snails and the independent model of infected snails were relative fitness models，and the models showed 95% CI（confidence interval）of the spatial and temporal coefficient included ze? ro，and indicated that the spatial and temporal correlation of live and infected snails was not significant at a village scale. Conclu? sion There is no significant spatial and temporal correlation of live and infected mountainous snails at a village scale，and the fur? thermore study should be carried out at a small scale.

GC/MS-based dynamic analysis of Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract on correlation of chromatography-activity against Oncomelania hupensis

YIN Meng, TAO Yi, ZHU Dan, ZHANG Hao-Bing

2014, 26(2):  141. 

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Objective To determine the contributions of main chemical compositions of extracts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis represented by GC/MS elute peaks to the molluscicidal activities，and explore a shortcut of looking for the effective components from natural products. Methods E. camaldulensis leaves were collected consecutively in 12 months at the same place，extracted with dichloromethane，analyzed by GC/MS，and their LC50 （s）of molluscicidal activities were tested according to the method rec? ommended by WHO. The correlation of the main components in 12 extracts and their molluscicidal activities were analyzed by the grey relative correlation analysis model with software GTMS 3.0. Result All the dichloromethane extracts of eucalyptus leaves showed excellent molluscicidal activities with the highest LC50 of 0.257mg/L and 0.242mg/L for the samples in June and July and the lowest LC50 of 6.802 mg/L and 5.406 mg/L in December and January respectively. The structures of 16 main chemical compo? nents were elucidated by GC/MS and NIST Mass Spectral Library，most of which were monoterpenes and sesquiterpenoids. The gray correlation coefficients with activity were all over 0.5，the first five over 0.9 were 4， 4， 8?Trimethyltricyclo ［6.3.1.0 （1， 5）］ do? decane?2， 9?diol， （?） ?Spathulenol，a structural isomer of（?） ?Spathulenol，Eucalyptol and Ledol. Conclusion The most main in? gredients in the dichloromethane extracts of E. camaldulensis leaves show good correlations with the molluscicidal activity，which suggests that the molluscicidal role is synergistically played by the multiple components together.

Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of advanced schistosomiasis in Hunan Province, 2012

LIU Zhao-Chun, XIAO Shui-Yuan, ZHOU Jie, YU Xin-Ling, HU Ben-Jiao, ZHU Jin-Hua, LI Yue-Sheng

2014, 26(2):  148. 

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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of patients with advanced schistosomiasis in Hunan Province，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the advanced schistosomiasis prevention strategies and measures. Meth? ods The data of advanced schistosomiasis patients were collected and analyzed retrospectively with the cross section research method and description method in Hunan Province，2012. Results There were 5 722 advanced schistosomiasis patients in Hu? nan Province，and among them，4 112 patients were male（71.86%），and 1 610 were female（28.14%） . Totally 5 311 patients came from the schistosomiasis endemic areas（92.82%）and 411 patients from non?schistosomiasis endemic areas（7.18%） . The prevalence rate of advanced schistosomiasis was 8.46/10 000. The mean age of advanced schistosomiasis patients was 60.30 ± 11.63 years，and the youngest was 17 years old and the oldest 92 years old. In the age composition of advanced schistosomiasis pa? tients，the greatest number of cases was in the 60-70 years age group（32.72%） . There were 3 595 cases of ascites type （62.83%），2107 cases of splenomegaly type（36.82%），11 cases of dwarf type（0.16%），and 11 cases of colon proliferation type （0.35%） . Conclusion The prevalence rate of advanced schistosomiasis is relatively stable in Hunan Province，and the age of the patients showed an old aging trend. The salvation of advanced schistosomiasis patients in non?endemic areas should be strength? ened.

Cloning and function analysis of high mobility group box 1 |(HMGB1) protein of Schistosoma japonicum (Mainland strain)

YAO Yuan, YU Chuan-Xin, SONG Li-Jun, YIN Xu-Ren, WANG Jie, JIN Yi, SHEN Shuang, ZHANG Wei, GAO Hong, XU Yong-Liang, YANG Jing

2014, 26(2):  153. 

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Objective To clone and express a high mobility group box 1 （HMGB1）protein of Schistosoma japonicum（Main? land strain）and analyze its function. Methods The DNA fragment of open reading frame encoding Sj HMGB1 protein was ampli? fied by RT?PCR from the mRNA of S. japonicum worms，then it was subcloned into the expression vector pET28a （+）to form the recombinant expression plasmid SjHMGB1?pET28a. The recombinant expression plasmid was transformed into the component E. coli BL21 （DE3），and the tranformant containing recombinant expression plasmid was induced with IPTG to express the recombi? nant protein SjHMGB1. The recombinant SjHMGB1 protein was purified by affinity chromatography with nickel chelating affinity chromatography agarose gel. The Gel retard experiment and animal immunization were performed to analyze the DNA binding capacity and the immunologic property of recombinant SjHMGB1. The expression levels of HMGB1 in different life cycle stages of S. japonicum were analyzed by Western bloting and RT?PCR. Female ICR mice were immunized with the recombinant SjHMGB1 pro? tein and infected with 45±2 cercariae of S. japonicum after three immunizations. Forty?two days post?infection，the worms and eggs of S. japonicum were recovered from the portal vein and liver tissue，respectively. The worm and egg reduction rates were calculat? ed respectively. Results A 530 bp of specific DNA fragment was amplified from mRNA of S. japonicum by RT?PCR，which was the open reading frame（ORF）encoding SjHMGB1protein confirmed by DNA sequencing analysis. The recombinant expression plasmid SjHMGB1?pET28a was constructed by cloning the ORF of SjHMGB1 into a expression vector pET28a （+） . The bacterium transformants containing the recombinant plasmid expressed a soluble recombinant protein about 28 kDa after induced by IPTG， and the recombinant SjHMGB1 protein was purified by nickel chelating affinity chromatography. The gel retard experiment showed that the recombinant SjHMGB1 protein could bind to both supercoiled DNA and linear DNA，and the recombinant protein immu? nized mice produced high titers of antiserum IgG. Western bloting indicated that the recombinant SjHMGB1 protein was recognized specifically by the S. japonicum?infected mice serum. Above results showed that the recombinant SjHMGB1 protein possessed both functional activity and immunogenicity as the natural protein. RT?PCR and Western blot results showed that SjHMGB1 was abun? dantly expressed in the adult and egg stages whereas barely detectable in the cercaria stage. The immune protection experiment showed that the recombinant SjHMGB1 induced mice to produce high titers of specific antibody IgG but failed to conduct an effec? tive immune protection against S. japonicum. Conclusion The gene encoding HMGB1 from S. japonicum and the soluble recombi? nant SjHMGB1 protein with natural functional activity are obtained，and the recombinant SjHMGB1 has a high immunogenicity but is not able to induce an effective immune protection against S. japonicum.

Cloning and expression of Schistosoma japonicum VCP gene and its mRNA expression levels in different stages

WANG Fei, WANG Xiao-Ting, DAI Yang, XU Ying, XING Yun-Tian, QU Guo-Li, DAI Jian-Rong

2014, 26(2):  160. 

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Objective To prokaryotically express the valosin?containing protein（VCP）of Schistosoma japonicum，and ana? lyze its VCP mRNA expressions in the cercaria，schistosomulum，adult worm（female and male worms）and egg. Methods RNA of S. japonicum eggs were extracted，and reversely transcribed into cDNA. The VCP gene of S. japonicum was amplified by using polymerase chain reaction（PCR），and subcloned into the prokaryotically expressed vector pET15b. The recombined plasmid was transformed into BL21 cells，and the expression of the target gene was induced with isopropyl ? beta ?D? thiogalactopyranoside （IPTG） . The recombinant protein was yielded through the purification of inclusion body，and identified by using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（SDS ?PAGE） . The RNA（s）of cercaria，schistosomulum，female adult worm，male adult worm，and egg of S. japonicum were extracted，digested with DNase，purified，and reversely transcribed into cDNA. The mRNA expressions of the VCP gene in various developmental stages of S. japonicum were determined by using fluorescence?based quantitative real?time PCR. Results The VCP gene of S. japonicum was yielded by PCR amplification，and the recombinant pro? tein was obtained through recombinant plasmid expression and purification of inclusion body. The highest VCP mRNA expression in S. japonicum cercaria was detected by the fluorescence?based quantitative real?time PCR，while low expressions were found in the schistosomulum，egg，female and male adult worms. Conclusion The recombinant protein encoded by the VCP gene of S. ja? ponicum is successfully obtained，and the VCP mRNA expression is determined in various developmental stages of S. japonicum.

Expression characteristics of microRNA in mice with schistosomiasis and praziquantel treatment

WANG Cheng-Yun, ZHANG Fan, HOU Min, CHEN Lin, YANG Bing-Ya, JI Min-Jun

2014, 26(2):  165. 

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Objective To investigate the expression characteristics of miR?155 and miR?146a in mice with schistosomiasis and praziquantel（PZQ）treatment. Methods Totally 40 BABL/c mice were divided into 4 groups：a normal group，a 6W infect? ed group that were infected cutaneously with 10 Schistosoma japonicum cercariae for 6 weeks，a 12W infected group that were in? fected cutaneously with 10 Schistosoma japonicum cercariae for 12 weeks，and a praziquantel treated group that were infected cuta? neously with 10 Schistosoma japonicum cercariae and intragastrically administered with PZQ（300 mg/kg/day）for 1 day in 6 weeks post?infection and continuing surviving 6 weeks. The animals were sacrificed in 6 weeks and 12 weeks post?infection respectively. The left front lobe of each liver was stained with hematoxylin?eosin（HE）to detect pathological lesions. The levels of mRNA ex? pressions of miR?155，miR?146a and pro?inflammatory cytokines（TNF?α，IL?1β and IL?6）in the liver tissue were determined by using quantitative real?time PCR. Results The levels of mRNA expressions of miR?155，miR?146a and pro?inflammatory cyto? kines（TNF?α，IL?1β and IL?6）in the 6W infected mice were significantly higher than those of the normal mice and of the 12W in? fected mice. Compared with the 12W infected mice，the inflammation response of liver egg granuloma in the PZQ?treated mice was ameliorated. Furthermore，there was a marked increase in the levels of mRNA expressions of miR?155，miR?146a and three pro?in? flammatory cytokines in the PZQ? treated mice compared to the 12W infected mice. Conclusion miR?155 and miR?146a may play a role in schistosomiasis liver inflammation response and the inflammation regulation of praziquantel treatment.

Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes of Angiostrongylus cantonensis

LV Shan, ZHANG Yi, GUO Yun-Hai, LIU He-Xiang, ZHOU Zheng-Bin, JIANG Ming, GU Wen-Biao

2014, 26(2):  169. 

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Objective To compare the diversity of mitochondrial genomes of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the mainland of China. Methods According to the population genetic of A. cantonensis，seven female worms were selected to characterize the mi? tochondrial（MT）genomes. Twelve primer pairs based on known MT genome（GQ398121）were used for PCR. The target frag? ments were sequenced and aligned. The gene localization，genome structure，composition of nucleotide，distribution of variable sites，and phylogeny were analyzed by employing multiple softwares. Results Five distinct types were identified from seven com? plete MT genomes. They were similar in size and structure，i.e.，ranging 13 491?13 502 bp，including 12 protein?coding genes，2 ribosomal genes，22 tRNA genes，and 2 major non?coding regions. All the genes were localized at the same strand and had the same transcription direction. A total of 745 variable sites were identified，accounting for 5.5%. Among the variable sites，59 were deletion/insert mutations，105 transversions，and 581 transitions. The variable sites distributed evenly at the complete genome. Conclusion The study reveals the mutation profile in the whole MT genome of A. cantonensis and thus will facilitate the develop? ment of intraspecific differential diagnosis.

Dynamic expressions of IL-22 and hepatic stellate cells senescence in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum

LI Lan, SUN Ying, WANG Hong-Wu, HUANG Yu, HUANG Jia-Quan, NING Qin

2014, 26(2):  175. 

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Objective To investigate the dynamic expressions of interleukin?22（IL?22），Interleukin?22 receptor 1（IL? 22R1），and hepatic stellate cells（HSC）senescence in mice with Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods A murine model of S. japonicum infection was established and the serum samples and liver tissues were collected 4，6，8，12 weeks post?infection. The serum samples were detected for the levels of alanine aminotransferase（ALT）and aspartate aminotransferase（AST） . The pathological changes and proliferation of hepatic collagen fibers in the liver tissue were observed after HE staining and Masson staining. The HSC senescence in fibrotic livers was determined by the detection of senescence?associated β?galactosidase（SA?β? Gal） . Sandwich ELISA was used to measure the expressions of IL?22，and Real?time PCR was used to test the mRNA levels of IL? 22 and IL?22R1. The control group without S. japonicum infection was set up. Results The serum levels of ALT and AST signifi? cantly increased 8 weeks and 12 weeks after the infection（vs. 0 week，all P＜0.05） . The level of IL?22 increased 4 weeks and 6 weeks after the infection（vs. 0 week，both P＜0.05），but reduced 8 weeks post?infection，and was even lower 12 weeks post?in? fection（vs. 4 weeks and 6 weeks，both P＜0.01） . Being consistent with the dynamic expression of IL?22 protein，the mRNA ex? pression of IL?22 began to increase 4 weeks and reached the peak 6 weeks after the infection（vs. 0 week，both P＜0.05），and continuously declined 8 weeks and 12 weeks post?infections（vs. 6 weeks，both P＜0.05） . The increase of the expression of IL? 22R1 mRNA was correlated with the progression of fibrosis，and the peak was in 12 weeks post ? infections（vs. 0 week and 6 weeks，both P＜0.05） . The number of senescence?associated beta?galactosidase?positive HSCs was reduced with the decreasing expression of IL?22 in the advanced liver fibrosis. Conclusion IL?22 and IL?22R1 are involved in the pathogenesis of schistoso? miasis liver fibrosis. As an inflammation factor，IL?22 significantly increases in the early stage of fibrosis. The expression of IL?22 decreases in the late stage of fibrosis，which may contribute to HSC senescence and restrict liver fibrosis.

A case of fasciolasis hepatic in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province

WANG Rui-Feng, TANG Ling-Jing, ZHOU Ai-Ming

2014, 26(2):  179. 

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Four adults of Fasciola hepatica were found from the bile ducts of a patient diagnosed as biliary calculi during a surgi? cal operation. We investigated retrospectively the infection source and concluded that the patient may be infected by eating raw or half?cooked Zizania latifolia， an aquatic plant，which was contaminated with metacercariae of F. hepatica.

Cluster analysis of cystic echinococcosis in Non Tibetan Plateau regions

ZENG Xiang-Man, WANG Li-Ying, WU Wei-Ping, GUAN Ya-Yi, FANG Qi

2014, 26(2):  180. 

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Objective To understand the endemic characteristics and regularity of cystic echinococcosis by evaluating and classifying its endemic situation in Non Tibetan Plateau regions，so as to provide the evidence for formulating effective preventive and control measures. Methods The prevalence data of cystic echinococcosis in 174 counties（cities，districts，banners）in Non Tibetan Plateau regions from a national survey were collected and analyzed by the sample cluster method in 2012. Results The 174 counties（cities，districts，banners）could be classified into 4 clusters by spatial distribution. The first cluster with human high prevalence rate，low infection rate of livestock，and positive rate of dog stool antigen included 3 counties. The second cluster with high infection rate of livestock，low prevalence rate of human，and positive rate of dog stool antigen included 20 counties（cit? ies） . The third cluster with high positive rate of dog stool antigen，low prevalence rate of human，and low infection rate of livestock included 39 counties（cities，districts，banners） . The fourth cluster with low rates of the above 3 indices included the rest 112 counties. Conclusions The results of the cluster analysis conform to the current epidemiological status of cystic echinococcosis in the Non Tibetan Plateau regions. The epidemiological characteristics and geographical distributions of the four area types will pro? vide a basis for the classified management and guidance of cystic echinococcosis control in these areas.

Longitudinal observations on effect of schistosomiasis control in Gongan County, Hubei Province

WANG You-Bin, XU Zhao-Gang, HE Zheng-Wen, CAO Chun-Li

2014, 26(2):  184. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in Gongan County，Hubei Province by longitudinal ob? servations so as to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis control strategy in lake and marshland regions. Meth? ods The schistosomiasis epidemic data in Gongan County from 2000?2013 were collected by the retrospective research method， and analyzed about the changing tendency of human and cattle infection rates，and Oncomelania hupensis snail situation. Re? sults The tendency of schistosomiasis epidemic situation was descended from 2000 to 2013. The human infection rate declined from 12.62% in 2000 to 0.69% in 2013. The decline scope of human infection rate was 24.1% in the first stage，64.4% in the sec? ond stage，and 73.0% in the third stage. Eight acute schistosomiasis cases were reported in the first stage，15 cases in the second stage，and none in the third stage. The cattle infection rate declined from 6.50% in 2000 to 0.30% in 2013. The rise scope of cattle infection rate was 74.2% in the first stage，but the decline scope was 75.0% in the second stage and 87.6% in the third stage. All the cattle were disposal at the end of 2013. The infection rate of snails，area with infected snails，and average density of living snails in the first stage increased by 18.1%，46.0% and 7.6%，respectively. The 3 indexes above?mentioned in the second stage de? creased by 76.8%，97.8% and 37.9%，respectively. In the third stage，the infection rate of snails and area with infected snails de? creased by both 100%，but the average density of living snails increased by 2.7%. The infected snails were found from 2000 to 2011，but none in 2012 and 2013. The infection rate of snails and area with infected snails dropped yearly，the infection rate of snails declined from 0.0007% in 2000 to 0.0002% in 2011，and the area with infected snails declined from 267.8 hm2 in 2000 to 6.37 hm2 in 2011. Conclusions After the implementation of the integrated schistosomiasis prevention and control strategy with the emphasis on infectious source control，the human and cattle schistosome infection rates decline significantly. Hereafter，it is necessary to prevent the schistosomiasis epidemic outbreak or rebound.

Jatropha seed oils extracted by different methods and their effect on killing cercaria of Schistosoma japonicum

YI Ping, YU Qi-Zhi, QU Wen, XIA Ying, CHENG Wen-Hua, LI Shuang, LIU Qin-Qi, TONG Yao, TANG Li-Jun

2014, 26(2):  187. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of Jatropha seed oils extracted by different methods on killing cercaria of Schisto? soma japonicum so as to screen the optimum process and formulations. Methods The cercaria directly contacting tests with Jatro? pha seed oils extracted by 6 different extraction processes were carried out，and the mouse immediate contacting cercaria infection trials with different formulations of Jatropha seed oil and various additives were performed. Results With 95% ethanol，the ratio of material to liquid being 1∶8，and 2 h extraction，the oil extraction rate was 30.7%. The cercaria directly contacting tests showed that 6 kinds of Jatropha seed oil killed all cercaria within 30 min. In the mouse immediate contacting cercaria infection trials，the worm declined rate of Jatropha seed oil liquid was 70.97%，and the worm declined rate of the sample added with benzyl benzoate was 58.87%，and the worm declined rate of the sample added with laurocapram was 77.42%. The worm declined rate of the sam? ples added with benzyl benzoate，dibutyl phthalate and laurocapram was 100%. Conclusion The process with 95% ethanol，the ratio of material to liquid being 1∶8，and 2 h extraction is the optimum，and the Jatropha seed oil has a good killing schistosome cercaria effect.

Cost-benefit analysis of netting cultivation to block the spread of Oncomelania snails in lake regions

LI Qian, SUN Dao-Kuan, WANG Quan-Feng, CAI Shou-Ren, GIA Cong-Ying

2014, 26(2):  189. 

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Objective To evaluate the cost?benefit of netting cultivation to block the spread of Oncomelania snails in lake re? gions. Methods The cost ?benefit of netting cultivation was investigated by interviewing in the field，the cost of Oncomelania snail survey and control was investigated by retrospective review in Gaoyou Lake regions of Jinhu County from 2009 to 2011. The benefit of netting cultivation to block the spread of snails in lake regions was calculated by the benefit?cost ratio（BCR），and then the cost?benefit of them was calculated. Results The area of netting cultivation in Gaoyou Lake regions was 70.77 hm2 ，the aver? age cost of netting cultivation was 495 595 yuan every year，the average income was 962 000 yuan every year，and the average ben? efit of netting cultivation was 466 405 yuan. The average cost of Oncomelania snail survey and control from 2009 to 2011 was 85 047.87 yuan in Gaoyou Lake regions. The ratio of cost ?benefit was 1.11∶1. The benefit was more than the cost. Conclusion There is a well benefit in lake regions during blocking the spread of snails by netting cultivation.

Investigation on field feces in schistosomiasis endemic areas in Jingzhou City

TIAN Ke-Qing, WANG Jia-Song, HE Liang-Cai, PENG You-Xin

2014, 26(2):  192. 

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Objective To understand the status of field feces in Jingzhou City, so as to provide the evidence for improving the control measures to interrupt the transmission routes of schistosomiasis. Methods The distribution of field feces was investigated in 27 schistosomiasis endemic villages in Gong’ an，Jianli，Jiangling，Honghu and Shishou counties（cities）from 2010 to 2012. The schistosome positive status of the field feces was surveyed with the hatching method. Results There were 1 366 field feces and the average density was 0.089 2 feces per 100 square meters in this survey. The cattle feces，human feces，dog feces and elk feces respectively accounted for 99.71%，0.07%，0.15% and 0.07% in the survey. The infection rates of the field feces were 1.46% and 2.42% in the channels and bottomlands，respectively（P > 0.05） . The average rate of infected field feces was 3.21% in 2010，0.36% in 2011，and 1.60% in 2012，and the difference between 2010 and 2012 was not statistically significant（P > 0.05） . Conclusions The main field feces come from cattle，and the main distribution of infected field feces is in channels and bottom? lands. Therefore， the management of cattle and treatment of field feces should be strengthened.

Influencing factors in elderly patients with schistosomiasis liver disease combined with gallbladder diseases

YANG Dong-Ming

2014, 26(2):  194. 

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Objective To understand the status of elderly patients with schistosomiasis liver diseases combined with gallblad? der diseases，and explore the influencing factors. Methods A total of 280 elderly patients with schistosomiasis liver disease were divided into two groups，198 cases of chronic liver fibrosis and 82 cases of liver cirrhosis，and the results of their gallbladder ultra? sound and liver function examinations were analyzed statistically. Results Among the 280 cases，157 patients were combined with gallbladder diseases（56.1%），including gallbladder wall thickening（28.2%，79/280），cholecystolithiasis（13.6%，38/ 280），cholecystitis（11.1%，31/280），and gallbladder polyp（3.2%，9/280） . The incidence rates of gallbladder wall thickening， cholecystitis and cholecystolithiasis in the schistosomiasis patients with cirrhosis were significantly higher than those in the schisto? somiasis patients with liver fibrosis（χ2 =4.568， P < 0.05） . Conclusion The main influencing factors of schistosomiasis liver dis? ease combined with gallbladder diseases are the age， the course of the disease，liver cirrhosis and the portal hypertension degree.

Curative effect of Ruangan pills in treatment of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis

GE Hua-Jie, BAI Ding-Hua, XIA Xiao-Ling, XU Sha-Ting, LUO Fu-Jun, REN Guang-Hui

2014, 26(2):  197. 

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Objective To explore the efficacy，mechanism and safety of silibinin combined with Ruangan pills（a Chinese herbal preparation）in the treatment of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis. Methods A total of 200 patients with schistosomiasis liver fibrosis were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group，and 100 patients in each group were respectively admin? istered with oral silibinin alone and oral silibinin combined with Ruangan pills，respectively. The curative effects in the two groups were evaluated in 3 months，6 months，9 months and 12 months respectively. Results The common five clinical symptoms of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis patients significantly relieved in the treatment group 12 months after the therapy，and the total effi? ciency reached more than 75%，which were significantly higher than that in the control group. In the treatment group and the con? trol group，there was no improvement in the liver B ultrasonic classification 3 months and 6 months after the therapy（P > 0.05）； however，in 9 months and 12 months，the liver B ultrasonic classification in the treatment group was better than that in the control group（P < 0.05，P < 0.01，respectively） . For the four serum indexes of liver fibrosis，there was no significant differences between the two groups in 3 months，however，in 6 months，9 months，and 12 months，there was a significant improvement in the treat? ment group compared with the control group. There were no obviously adverse effects in two groups. Conclusion Silibinin com? bined with Ruangan pills has a better curative effect in the treatment of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis.

Prevalence of malaria in Liaoning Province, 2008 to 2013

TENG Cong, LEI Lu, SUN Ying-Wei, TIAN Jiang

2014, 26(2):  200. 

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Objective To understand the trend and epidemiologic characteristics of malaria prevalence so as to provide the evidence for further control of the disease in Liaoning Province. Methods The data of registered cases of malaria in Liaoning Province from 2008 to 2013 were collected and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological methods. Results A total of 202 ma? laria cases were reported from 2008 to 2013. There was no epidemic outbreak，and the average annual incidence was 0.08/ 100 000. Totally 17 P. v. cases of local infection were reported，and 185 imported malaria cases were reported（P.v. 33 cases，P.f. 113 cases，P.v. & P.f. 13 cases，P.o. 3 cases，and unspecified 23 cases） . The ratio of male to female was 5.91： 1，the populations aged 31?45 years were the most（47.52%），and the main occupation was exported labors（46.04%） . The 179 imported cases were infected in Africa and Southeast Asia，6 imported cases were infected in Anhui Province，Yunnan Province and Hongkong，and 16 local cases were infected in the border area of Dandong City. Conclusions Although the annual incidence of malaria in Liaon? ing Province is lower than 1/10 000，the incidence shows an increasing trend because the exported labors are increased. There? fore， the epidemic monitoring and health education should be strengthened， especially for the exported labors who have returned.

Analysis of results of Technique Competition for Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases in Shandong Province

XU Yan, WANG Yong-Bin, KONG Xiang-Li, ZHANG Ben-Guang, BU Xiu-Qin, ZHANG Dian-Bo, MIAO Feng, ZHAO Chang-Lei, CHEN Xi-Xin, LIU Xin

2014, 26(2):  203. 

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Objective To understand the capacity of Plasmodium detection and helminth detection and the mastery degree of basic knowledge of parasitic diseases. Methods Three professionals from each city were selected as contestants. The content of the competition contained three parts. The first part included making blood slides and Giemsa staining of Plasmodium，and identifi? cation of species and number with microscopy，the second part included making stool slides with Kato?Katz technique and identifi? cation of common helminth eggs with microscopy，and the third part was basic knowledge of parasitic diseases. Results Totally 51 contestants took part in the competition. The average score of the test of making blood slides was 14.8±3.3，and the passing rate was 82.4%. The average score of the identification of species and number of Plasmodium with microscopy was 19.2±9.3，and the passing rate was 29.4%. The average score of the test of making stool slides was 9.3±0.7，and the passing rate was 100%. The aver? age score of the identification of common helminth eggs with microscopy was 28.0±2.6，and the passing rate was 100%. The aver? age score of basic knowledge of parasitic diseases was 76.3±11.9，and the passing rate was 88.2%. The average score of the test of making blood slides in the female was higher than that in the male（15.7vs.13.5，P < 0.05），and the average score of the test of making blood slides in the intermediate title contestants was higher than that in the junior title contestants（16.1vs.14.1，P < 0.05） . The average score of the basic knowledge of parasitic diseases in the contestants from cities was higher than that in the con? testants from towns（83.2vs.72.6，P < 0.05），and the average score of basic knowledge of parasitic diseases in the contestants from high economic level cities was higher than that in the contestants from low economic level cities（82.4vs.71.5，P < 0.01） . Conclu? sions For professionals in Shandong Province，the capacity of helminth detection was strong and the basic knowledge of parasitic diseases was mastered well，while the capacity of Plasmodium detection was weak.

Schistosomiasis status and control strategy in Hubei Province from 2008 to 2012

CAI Shun-Xiang, TU Zu-Wu, ZHU Hui-Guo, WU Jia-Li

2014, 26(2):  206. 

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Objective To evaluate the effects of the schistosomiasis control mode（“Hubei mode”）that includes“compre? hensive measures in a whole endemic county”， “co?action of Health Ministry and Province”and“replacing cattle with machine” in Hubei Province. Methods The data of schistosomiasis control in Hubei Province from 2008 to 2012 were collected and a data? base including the annual schistosome infections of human and cattle，acute schistosome infection，outbreak of schistosomiasis en? demic，schistosome infected Oncomelania hupensis snails，and other prevention indicators was established and analyzed by using SPSS. Results Compared with 2008，in 2012，the infection rates declined by 64.91% and 88.63% in human and cattle respec? tively. The area with snails decreased from 5 423.85 hm2 in 2008 to zero. There were no acute schistosomiasis patients and out? break of schistosomiasis endemic. Conclusion The schistosomiasis control mode（“Hubei mode”）is effective significantly.

Epidemic situation and prevention strategy of schistosomiasis in Ya'an City after Lushan Earthquake on April 20, 2013

XU Bao-Hua, ZHOU Qi-Fu, WU Zi-Song, YANG Ya-Kang, XIAO Zhi-Yong, WANG Cheng-Xiang, XIE Ming-Kang, WANG Yan-Xia, ZHANG Yi-Mei, XU Liang, ZHONG Bo

2014, 26(2):  209. 

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This paper analyzes the recently epidemic status of schistosomiasis，the change of natural and social factors，and field survey and evaluation data of schistosomiasis in Ya’ an City after Lushan Earthquake on April 20，2013，and proposes that it is necessary to strengthen the conventional schistosomiasis control measures，the control of exogenous infection sources，the con? trol of Oncomelania hupensis snails and health education for ensuring no major epidemics after the disaster. This paper also recom? mends the direction and suggestions for future schistosomiasis control in Ya’ an City.

SWOT analysis of laboratory certification and accreditation on detection of parasitic diseases

XIONG Yan-Hong, ZHENG Bin

2014, 26(2):  211. 

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This study analyzes the strength，weakness，opportunity and threat（SWOT）of laboratory certification and accredi? tation on detection of parasitic diseases by SWOT analysis comprehensively，and it puts forward some development strategies spe? cifically，in order to provide some indicative references for the further development.

Discovery and biology of Schistosoma haematobium

WANG Wei, HONG Qing-Biao, LIANG You-Sheng

2014, 26(2):  215. 

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Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease that severely threatens human health and affects the socioeconomic development. The causative agent that parasitizes in humans mainly involves Schistosoma japonicum，S. mansoni，S. haematobi? um，S. intercalatum and S. mekongi. As the firstly identified schistosome，S. haematobium infection is found to strongly correlate with bladder cancer. This paper mainly reviews the discovery， morphology and life cycle of S. haematobium.

Analysis of schistosomiasis epidemic situation in Xinjiangkou Township, Sonzi City, from 2004 to 2013

HUANG Ya

2014, 26(2):  219. 

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Objective To master the status of schistosomiasis transmission in Xinjiangkou Township，Sonzi City，from 2004 to 2013. Methods The data of schistosomiasis epidemic situation were collected and analyzed statistically in Xinjiangkou Town? ship，Sonzi City，from 2004 to 2013. Results From 2004 to 2013，the areas with Oncomelania hupensis snails were 193.2-185.3 hm2 ，and the highest density of infected living snails was 0.000 70 snail/0.1 m2 in 2007. However，after 2011，no infected living snails were found. The positive rate of blood tests was 9.46% and schistosomiasis infection rate was 7.36% in 2005，and the posi? tive rate of blood tests was 3.27% and schistosomiasis infection rate was 0.57% in 2013. There were 7 cases of acute schistosomia? sis in 2004 and 2005，respectively，and there were no acute schistosomiasis patients after 2006. The schistosome infection rate of cattle was 18.27% in 2004，and after 2007，the infection rate decreased below 5%. In 2013，all the cattle were obsoleted. Conclu? sion The schistosomiasis transmission has reduced to a low level in Xinjiangkou Township. However，to realize the aim of schisto? somiasis transmission controlled，the comprehensive control measures mainly based on infectious source control should still be strengthened.

Investigation on pregnancy outcomes and risk factors in pregnant women infected with Toxoplasma gondii

ZHANG Yan-Ping, SONG Ren-Hao

2014, 26(2):  221. 

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Objective To understand the pregnancy outcomes and risk factors in pregnant women infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Methods Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies in sera from 2 740 cases of pregnant women were detected by using enzyme ?linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）in Zhuozhou Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Center from 2010 to 2013，and the pregnancy outcomes were followed up. The risk factors for Toxoplasma infection were investigated with questionnaires. Results Among the 2 740 cases of pregnant women，195 cases were found with antibodies to T. gondii（7.12%），and among them，44 cas? es were IgM positive（22.56%），and 151 cases were IgG positive（77.44%） . There were 41 cases with adverse pregnancy out? comes among the 195 cases（21.02%），including 32 cases of IgM positive（78.05%）and 9 cases of IgG positive（21.95%） . There were 6 cases of adverse pregnancy outcomes in uninfected pregnant women（2.86%） . The difference between the two groups was statistically significant（P < 0.05） . The close contact with animals，eating raw meat，eating chafing dish or barbeque，and eating raw meat stuffing were important risk factors in pregnant women infected with T. gondii（compared with the uninfected group，P < 0.01） . Conclusion The Toxoplasma infection may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes，therefore，to develop good habits of life and health is an effective way to avoid adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Clinical efficacy of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate in treatment of advanced schistosomiasis

XUAN Ai-Lin, YOU Lu, JIANG Wei-Dong

2014, 26(2):  224. 

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Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate（STS）in the treatment of ad? vanced schistosomiasis. Methods Fifty cases with advanced schistosomiasis admitted to the Touzao Township Hospital of Dong? tai City during the period from November 2012 to November 2013 were treated with STS for 10 days，and the internal diameter of the portal vein，levels of ALT，AST，γ?GT，PIIIP，CIV，HA and LN were measured and compared before and after the adminis? tration of STS. Results The mean levels of all serological parameters except HA were within the normal range before STS treat? ment，while the highest positive rate was detected in γ?GT（26.0%）and HA（54.0%） . Following the STS treatment，the mean lev? els of all parameters and the positive rates reduced，with the greatest reduction observed in γ?GT（36.7%）and HA（37.8%）；how? ever，the mean HA level was still higher than the normal range. The mean internal diameter of the portal vein reduced from（10.5± 1.7）mm before the STS treatment to（9.8±1.3）mm after the STS administration，with a significant diffrtence（P < 0.05） . Conclu? sion STS appears effective in the treatment of advanced schistosomiasis.

Risk factors of schistosomiasis cirrhosis esophageal varices bleeding

WANG Qin, CHEN Peng, XU Bang-He, ZHU Hong-Xia

2014, 26(2):  226. 

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Objective To explore the risk factors of schistosomiasis cirrhosis esophageal varices hemorrhage. Methods A total of 113 cases of schistosomiasis cirrhosis esophageal varices hemorrhage and 128 schistosomiasis cirrhosis esophageal varices patients without hemorrhage were selected and their relevant factors were analyzed statistically. Results There were significant differences between the two groups in the prothrombin time，portal vein diameter，degree of esophageal varices，and varicose vein tumor ? like lesions（P < 0.01） . Conclusion The risk factors of schistosomiasis cirrhosis esophageal varices hemorrhage are the prothrombin time，portal vein diameter，degree of esophageal varices，and varicose vein tumor?like lesions.

Investigation on common human soil-transmitted nematode infections in Quanzhou City in 2012

CHEN Hai-Yan

2014, 26(2):  228. 

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Objective To understand the epidemic situation of common human soil?transmitted nematode infections in Quan? zhou City in 2012，so as to provide the evidence for improving the prevention and control measures. Methods The residents aged above 3 years from 5 townships in 2 counties were investigated to detect the parasite eggs（hookworm，Ascaris lumbricoides，Trich? uris trichura）by Kato?Katz technique. One kindergarten of each county was randomly selected and 228 children were investigated to detect Enterubius vermicularis eggs by the cellophane tape anus test. Results The total hookworm infection rate was 3.60%（69/ 1919） . For the hookworm infection rates，there was no significant difference among different areas and between different genders， but there were significant differences among different age groups and different careers. No Enterubius vermicularis eggs were detect? ed. Conclusion The effect of the prevention and control of Ascaris lumbricoides，Trichuris trichura and Enterubius vermicularis in? fections is remarkable. However，the infection rate of hookworm has a rising trend and the prevention and control of hookworm in? fection should be strengthened.

Laparoscopic surgical treatment for schistosomiasis liver fibrosis portal hypertension combined with calculous cholecystitis

ZHANG Lan, LIU Xiong, ZHANG Hua-Ming, WANG Qing-Shan

2014, 26(2):  230. 

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Objective To evaluate the curative effect of laparoscopic cholecystectomy（LC）in the treatment of schistosomia? sis liver fibrosis portal hypertension combined with calculous cholecystitis. Methods The clinical data of 196 cases of schistoso? miasis liver fibrosis portal hypertension combined with calculous cholecystitis（Child A 160 cases，Child B 36 cases）treated with LC were collected and analyzed from June 2006 to June 2013. Results Among the 196 cases，there were 154 cases of schistoso? miasis liver fibrosis portal hypertension combined with chronic calculous cholecystitis，and 42 cases of schistosomiasis liver fibro? sis portal hypertension combined with acute calculous cholecystitis. Totally 189 patients underwent LC successfully，but 7 were transited to the general operation because of LC failure，including 3 cases of adhesion around gallbladder and ambiguous dissec? tion of gallbladder triangle，and 4 cases of intraoperative bleeding and the bleeding was difficult to stop under the laparoscopy. All the 196 patients were cured. Conclusion LC is effective and safe in the treatment of schistosomiasis liver fibrosis portal hyperten? sion combined with calculous cholecystitis.

Two cases of African imported Plasmodium malariae malaria

WEI Feng, WAN Zheng, HAN Mo, WU Kai, ZHOU Shui-Mao, WANG Chong-Xin

2014, 26(2):  232. 

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The process of diagnosis，epidemiological survey and treatment of two cases of African imported quartan malaria is reported in this paper.

A cecum hookworm patient with main symptom of cough

CHENG Bin-Bin

2014, 26(2):  234. 

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This paper reports a cecal hookworm patient whose main symptoms are dry cough， dyspnea and eosinophilia.