Table of Content

22 February 2014, Volume 26 Issue 1

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Surveillance system after transmission control of schistosomiasis in P.R. China

XU Jing, YANG Kun, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2014, 26(1):  1. 

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Based on the review of status of schistosomiasis transmission and surveillance in P.R. China，this article analyzed the present challenges in the surveillance on schistosomiasis. The focus on schistosomiasis surveillance and the needs for improv? ing surveillance system after the achievement of transmission control of schistosomiasis were explored.

Analysis of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Yunnan Province from 2009 to 2012

ZHANG Yun, FENG Xi-Guang, DONG Yi, WU Ming-Shou, XIONG Meng-Tao, SHAO Zong-Ti, SUN Jia-Yu, SONG Jing

2014, 26(1):  6. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in Yunnan Province since achieving the transmission control standards，so as to provide the evidence for formulating the next prevention and control strategy. Methods The schistoso? miasis epidemic monitoring reports，annual reports，relevant information about Oncomelania hupensis snails，and schistosomiasis patient conditions were collected and analyzed for epidemic condition and characteristics of schistosomiasis in Yunnan Province from 2009 to 2012. Results The various epidemic monitoring indicators all decreased. In 2012，compared with 2009，the preva? lence reduced by 33.33% after correction；the number of villages with schistosomiasis patients reduced by 55.56%；the adjusted positive rate of livestock stool tests reduced by 45.45%；the number of villages with infected cow reduced by 42.25%；the actual area with snails reduced by 13.58%；the density of living snails reduced by 25.66%，and no schistosome infected snails were found in 2012. Conclusion There still exist schistosome infections in human and animals in some local areas of Yunnan Prov? ince，and it is difficult to achieve the standard of schistosomiasis transmission interrupted in a short period.

Classification and grading of environments with Oncomelania hupensis snails inside embankment of marshland and lake areas

PENG Xiao-Wu, RONG Xian-Bing, LI Ming-Yan, ZHANG Hua-Ming, LIU Heng-Wu, WANG Jia-Song, LIU Xiong, ZHANG Xia, CHEN Mei, CUI Cai-Xia, DONG Juan, GUO Shu

2014, 26(1):  9. 

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Objective To classify and grade the environments with Oncomelania hupensis snails inside embankment in marsh? land and lake areas，so as to improve the work efficiency and realize the systematic management. Methods The schistosomiasis endemic area Liaodi and Xiongdi villages in Jiangling County，Hubei Province were selected as the experiment villages，and the environments with snails in the two villages were divided into sections with a length of 500 m，then the snail situation were sur? veyed by the systematic sampling method with 10 m and 50 m a frame respectively. The environments were classified according to the discovery of infected snails and wild fecal contamination，and the numbers of sites with snails and their areas in different class? es were recorded. Meanwhile，the data of sites with infected snails in Jingzhou City during the recent 5 years were collected and graded according to the average density of snails，so as to discuss the correlativity between the grades of environments with snails and the numbers of sites with infected snails and the occurrence rate of frames with snails. Results There were 1 967 sites with in? fected snails in Jingzhou City during the recent 5 years，and there was a positive correlation between the grades of environments with snails and the occurrence rate of frames with snails（rs= 0.77，P＜0.01），when the grade was 5，the constituent ratio of num? bers of sites with infected snails was 3.1%，and when the grade was 2-3，the ratio raised to 56.3%. There were 39 sites with snails in the two villages，the Class 1，2 and 3 environments included 1， 18 and 20 sites，with the areas of 1 080， 51 640m2 and 41 220 m2 ， respectively. There were no statistically significant difference between the grades divided by snail survey with 10 m and 50 m a frame（χ2 ＝4.667，P＞0.05），but the time?consuming of the former was 3 times of the latter. Conclusions The classification and grading of the environments with snails inside embankment in marshland and lake areas can master the key point of the snail survey. The subsection and setting frames at a suitable distance can save time and manpower，improve work efficiency，as well as understand the distribution of snail status of the environment with snails，which can realize the sort management of the snail envi? ronments inside embankment.

Study on shell shape changes of filial generation Oncomelania hupensis snails inWeishan Lake region, Shandong Province

MIAO Feng, LIU Xin, WANG Li-Lei, DENG Xu-Li, CHEN Xi-Xin, FU Zhao-Yi, WANG Yong-Bin

2014, 26(1):  13. 

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Objective To explore the shape change characteristics of Oncomelania hupensis snail shell after the snails being passively migrated into Shandong intake area of the South?to?North Water Diversion Project. Methods The snails raised on the Dushan island in Weishan Lake region were captured，and 115 the first filial generation snails and 107 the second filial generation ones were selected. The length and width of shells and apertures，and the labial ridge thickness of those snails were measured，the longitudinal rib number of snail spiral was counted，and 107 parental snails were chosen as controls. Results The labial ridge thickness of the filial generation snail was significantly reduced with the increase of algebras，and the labial ridge thickness among the 3 generations had a significant difference（P < 0.01） . Both the length of snail shell and the width of snail apertures were de? creased，while the width of snail shell，the length of snail apertures，the multiplication product of snail aperture’ s length and width and the longitudinal rib number of snail spiral were all increased. Conclusion The body size of Oncomelania snails in Weishan Lake region becomes smaller，and their shells become thinner，which indicates that the environment of the lake region is not suitable for snail breeding，and the snails have natural decay tendency with the extension of time.

Analysis of highly cited schistosomiasis related papers from 2005 to 2012

MO Jin-Yu, DENG Yao, LI Jian

2014, 26(1):  16. 

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Objective To reveal the research focus of schistosomiasis in China through analyzing highly cited schistosomiasis related papers in journals from 2005 to 2012，so as to provide the information for formulating the plan of selecting topics of the edi? tors. Methods The published articles related to schistosomiasis in CNKI from 2005 to 2012 were collected，the citation frequen? cy of the papers was calculated according to formula，and the highly cited papers were selected according to the citation frequency. Then the information of highly cited papers including the published time，type，author and author affiliation，citation frequency， journal，grant and research item，research status and development tendency were analyzed. Results A total of 3 639 published papers related to schistosomiasis were searched and 343 papers（the citation frequency≥ 8）were selected as highly cited papers， and Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control shared 45.19% of them. Among these papers，original articles，reviews and special reports occupied 44.90%，12.54% and 6.12%，respectively. The first authors of these papers were mainly from centers for disease control and prevention（CDCs） （17.33%），research institutions（22.67%）and colleges/universities（36.00%） . Totally 50.44% of the articles received financial supports from research funds/foundations，and most of them were national or provincial funds. The research hotspots focused on epidemiology and prevention，epidemic situation analysis，vaccine，immunologic diagnosis，pharma? ceutical research，immunity and infection. Conclusions The highly cited papers related to schistosomiasis are mainly from CDCs，institutions and colleges/universities. The research hotspots mainly focus on epidemiology and prevention，vaccine，immu? nology and pharmaceutical study. The related journals can use this information to chose topic and solicit contributions to improve their influence.

Distribution of univalvia molluscs in area with natural decline of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Eastern Dongting Lake area

LI Lin-Han, ZHOU Yi-Biao, ZHENG Sheng-Bang, WU Jin-Yi, SONG Xiu-Xia, HE Zhong, YOU Jia-Bian, CAI Bin, ZHAO Gen-Ming, JIANG Qing-Wu

2014, 26(1):  22. 

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Objective To understand the distribution of univalvia molluscs in Eastern Dongting lake area where the Oncome? lania hupensis is extinct，so as to explore the causes of extinction and to provide the evidence for formulating schistosomiasis con? trol strategy. Methods The univalvia molluscs of the Qianliang Lake district，Jianxin District and Junshan Park were investigat? ed in August of 2013. All the collected snails were classified and identified. The data were analyzed by using the method of Shapiro? Wilk normality test and non?parametric test. The ecological biodiversity differences from each district were compared by the biodi? versity indexes. Results The univalvia molluscs collected were from 6 species in 3 families in Gastropoda class，namely Oncome? lania hupensis Gredler in Pomatiopsidae family，Parafossarulus striatulus，Alocinma longicornis，Parafossarulus sinensis，Bithynia fuchsisana in Bithyniidae family，and one genus provisionally named Radix in Lymaneidae family. In Junshan Park，a total of 4 553 snails were collected，among which 1 264 were Oncomelania snails. In Jianxin District，336 univalvia molluscs were collect? ed，and no Oncomelania snails were found. In Qianliang Lake district，there were only 7 Alocinma longicornis snails，2 Parafossa? rulus sinensis snails and 1 Parafossarulus striatulus snail collected. There were significant differences among the distributions of the samples from the three districts（χ2 =166.225，P＜0.01）.The Simpson’ s diversity indexes in Qianliang Lake area，Jianxin District and Junshan Park were 0.402 8，0.718 6 and 0.678 8，respectively，and the Shannon?Wiener indexes of the 3 areas were 0.721 5，1.431 3 and 1.199 9，respectively. Conclusions With the extinction of Oncomelania snails，the species and quanti? ties of other snails become rare in Qianliang Lake area. Whether their causes are relevant is worth further studying.

Establishment of malaria early warning system in Jiangsu Province III Effect of automatic early warning information system on the response of malaria elimination

WANG Wei-Ming, ZHOU Hua-Yun, LIU Yao-Bao, CAO Yuan-Yuan, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2014, 26(1):  27. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of automatic early warning information system on the response of malaria elimi? nation in Jiangsu Province through the operation of the national automatic early warning system of infectious diseases. Methods The malaria early warning information was collected from the automatic early warning information subsystem in the national infor? mation system for diseases control and prevention. Malaria early warning signals were analyzed from September 1 to December 31， 2012. The statistical analysis was conducted for the completion rates of case investigation within 3 days before and after the applica? tion of malaria early warning information system. Results Jiangsu Province received 85 mobile phone short messages（SMS）of malaria case from early warning system from September 1 to December 31，2012. After judgments，23 cases were deleted includ? ing 8 repeated cases and 15 cases that were excluded through the microscopy examination and epidemiological investigation by the confirmation of county CDC. From July to December in 2012，the monthly completion rates of case investigation within 3 days were 55.56%，78.57%，90.00%，100%，100% and 100%，respectively. The completion rates of case investigation within 3 days in Ju? ly，August，September and October were significantly different by χ2 test（χ2 = 10.66，P＜0.05） . The completion rates of foci in? vestigation and action within 7 days in Jiangsu Province were all 100% from July to December in 2012. Conclusions The comple? tion rates of case investigation within 3 days are associated with SMS from the early warning system. The malaria warning system from the national infectious diseases can effectively improve the response to malaria cases for primary CDC. It also plays an impor? tant role for the timely confirmation and diagnosis of malaria cases.

Malaria surveillance in Shanghai from 2005 to 2012

ZHU Min, CAI Li

2014, 26(1):  32. 

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Objective To understand the status of malaria prevalence in Shanghai，so as to provide the evidence for evaluat? ing and promoting malaria elimination. Methods The data of population，malaria endemic and monitoring in Shanghai from 2005 to 2012 were collected and analyzed. The malaria positive rates in febrile patients and normal population，the malaria antibody lev? els of the floating population and location pupils，and the species and density of mosquitoes were investigated and the results were analyzed. Results The blood examples from 400 177 febrile patients with 0.36% of the total population were examined for malar? ia， and the annual rates of blood examination varied from 0.15% to 0.83% in the period of 2005 to 2012. Before 2010，the annual blood examination rate was lower than 0.20%，but increased significantly since 2010 because of the implementation of the Action of Malaria Elimination in Shanghai from 2010 to 2020. Totally 604 malaria cases were found and the positive rate of blood examina? tion was 0.15%. During the period of 2006 to 2008，more than 100 malaria cases were found every year，but the number of malaria cases decreased since 2009，and only 26 cases was found in 2012. Since 2011，all the malaria cases have been found infected out of China according to the questionnaire investigation. The malaria positive rate of blood examinations decreased from 0.61% to 0.03% yearly. The proportion of local residents who had the blood examination was 79.02%，but that of the malaria positive in float? ing population was 83.44%. The active case detection was carried out in 15 759 persons and five cases were found in 2007 and 2008，respectively. The level of malaria antibody was tested in 1 239 440 floating population with the average positive rate of 0.04%. The level of malaria antibody was also tested in 7 065 local pupils but there was no positive for malaria. Only Anopheles si? nensis was found in Shanghai suburb，but no other Anopheles mosquitoes were found at the city or towns. The peak of Anopheles density was from the end of July to August. Conclusions Malaria surveillance is carried out efficiently in Shanghai，and the result shows Shanghai is in the phase of malaria elimination. The more attention should be paid to persons coming from malaria endemic areas for the malaria blood examination and the general and advanced hospital should maintain the ability of malaria blood exami? nations simultaneously.

Zoonotic trematode species identified in domestic animals from Huainan area

LI Chao-Pin, SUN En-Tao, ZHU Yu-Xia, TIAN Ye, SHEN Jing, ZHAN Xiao-Dong, ZHAO Jin-Hong

2014, 26(1):  38. 

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Objective To understand the zoonotic trematode species identified in domestic animals from Huainan area，An? hui Province，so as to supply the evidence for the prevention of zoonoses. Methods The livestock/definitive hosts were commer? cially available on category basis，and sacrificed for obtaining the parasitic samples via dissecting the viscera. The specimens were microscopically identified，with reference to the descriptions in the previous literature. Results By identification，sorting and classification，41 species of internal trematodes were found so far in the domestic animals fed in Huainan areas，in which 23 spe? cies were zoonotic trematodes and 18 were internally parasitic in livestock，belonging to 4 orders，12 families and 21 genera，and occurred in 9 definitive hosts including chicken，ducks，geese，pigs，cattle，buffaloes，sheep，goats and dogs，respectively. Con? clusion The findings suggest that the zoonotic trematodes belong to many kinds and prevalent in the domestic animals in Huainan areas，and such prevalence should call for high attention since it is urgent risk factors for zoonoses in this geographic area.

Establishment of A1E3 and B1C4 monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for detecting circulating antigen of Schistosoma japonicum and its preliminary application

CAI Yu-Chun, CHEN Shao-Hong, TIAN Li-Guang, CHU Yan-Hong, LU Yan, CHEN Mu-Xin, AI Lin, ZHOU Yang, CHEN Jia-Xu

2014, 26(1):  42. 

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Objective To establish A1E3 and B1C4 monoclonal antibody?based ELISA for detecting circulating antigen of Schistosoma japonicum and explore its application value in the field. Methods The characteristics of A1E3 and B1C4 monoclonal antibodies were analyzed by SDS?PAGE and Western blotting. The SEA?based ELISA was used to evaluate the titers of A1E3 and B1C4. The orthogonal test was used to determine the best concentration of coating antibody B1C4 and optimal working concentra? tion of A1E3?HRP. Under the optimal conditions，the serum samples of 20 acute schistosomiasis cases，46 chronic schistosomiasis cases，and 20 control sera were tested to evaluate its detection sensitivity and specificity. Seventy?two antibody positive serum sam? ples from Jiangling County of Hubei Province were detected and compared to a commercially available ELISA kit，to evaluate the detection effects of this method. Results The results of SDS?PAGE demonstrated that the purified A1E3 and B1C4 contained a clear heavy chain with molecular weight of 88 000 and 52 000 respectively and had the same light chain with molecular weight of 20 000；while Western blotting demonstrated that A1E3 and B1C4 could be recognized by SEA and serum samples of acute schis? tosomiasis cases. The SEA?based ELISA demonstrated the titers of B1C4 and A1E3 were 1 ∶105 and 1∶30 000，respectively. The serum samples from all the acute cases and 86.9% of the chronic cases showed a positive reaction. All of the control sera fromhealthy persons gave a negative response. The positive rates of the double monoclonal antibody ELISA and commercial ELISA for detecting the circulating antigen were 45.8% and 43.1% respectively，and there was no significant difference between the results of the two methods. Conclusion A1E3 and B1C4 monoclonal antibody?based ELISA is established successfully. It exhibits a high sensitivity and specificity in detecting circulating antigen of Schistosoma japonicum.

Construction and identification of pcDNA3-HBsAg-p30-ROP2 expression vector

WEI Qing-Kuan, WANG Ying-Ting, YAN Yun-Qin, XIAO Ting, LI Jin, XU Chao, LIU Gong-Zhen, LIU Juan-Mei, ZHONG Wei-Xia, YIN Kun, FU Bin, YAN Ge, HUANG Bing-Cheng

2014, 26(1):  46. 

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Objective To construct a multi?gene recombinant pcDNA3?HBsAg?p30?ROP2 expression vector and identify it preliminarily. Methods According to recombinant pcDNA3?p30?ROP2 restriction sites，HBV HBsAg gene sequences of primers were designed and synthesized to amplify target fragment，and then cloned into pcDNA3?HbsAg?p30?ROP2 expression vector. Af? ter sequencing，it was identified finally by restriction enzyme digestion and other molecular biology techniques. Results HBV HBsAg gene segment was amplified by PCR and the multi?gene recombinant pcDNA3?HBsAg?p30?ROP2 expression vector was constructed and identified to be correct as theoretical values. The PCR and restriction enzyme digestion results showed that HBsAg and p30?ROP2 gene in recombinant plasmid were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Conclusion The multi?gene recombinant pcD? NA3?HBsAg?p30?ROP2 expression vector is successfully constructed.

Effect of PvMSP1 on differentiation, maturation and function of dendritic cells

GAO Ying, TAO Zhi-Yong, XIA Hui, YANG Wen-Xuan, TAO Li, FANG Qiang, MAI Yue-Qin

2014, 26(1):  51. 

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Objective To investigate the effects of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1（PvMSP1）on differentia? tion，maturation and function of dendritic cells（DC）and the mechanisms of PvMSP1 on the activation of DC via toll like receptors （TLR） . Methods DCs were incubated with different doses of PvMSP1（1.0，10.0，100.0 μg/ml）in vitro. The changes of CD83， CD86，and HLA?DR on DC were detected by flow cytometry（FCM）；the expressions of cytokine IL?10 and IL?12 of DC were mea? sured by ELISA；the expressions of TLR4 and TLR9 mRNA of DC were measured by RT?PCR；the proliferation induction to autol? ogous lymphocytes of DC was measured by MTT. Meanwhile，the untreated DC and LPS inducing DC were as the negative control and positive control，respectively. All the data were analyzed statistically. Results Compared with the untreated DC，the propor? tions of CD83，CD86 and HLA?DR on DC induced by LPS and PvMSP1 increased significantly（all P < 0.05）；the expressions of IL?10 and IL?12 of DC induced by LPS increased significantly（P < 0.01），and those induced by PvMSP1 also increased signifi? cantly（all P < 0.05） . In the LPS inducing group，the TLR4 mRNA production increased（P < 0.05）and the TLR9 mRNA produc? tion had no significantly changes（P > 0.05） . In the PvMSP1?treated group，the DC TLR4 mRNA production increased（P < 0.01） and the TLR9 mRNA production had no significantly changes（P > 0.05）；DC stimulated the proliferation of autologous lympho? cytes. Conclusion PvMSP1 enhances DC differentiation and maturation，and the mature DC induced by PvMSP1 has the ability of antigen presenting. The route for PvMSP1 inducing DC maturation might be TLR4 pathway rather than TLR9 pathway.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis japonica in potential endemic areas in Hubei Province from 2008 to 2012

TU Zu-Wu, HUANG Xi-Bao, CAI Shun-Xiang, FAN Hong-Ping, WANG Kai-Yu, LIU Xian-Guo

2014, 26(1):  56. 

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Objective To explore the potential key risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission in potential endemic areas so as to provide the evidence for setting up the prediction and surveillance systems of schistosomiasis outbreak epidemic. Methods From 2008 to 2012，fixed and mobile surveillance sites in potential endemic areas of 2 counties in Hubei Province were selected. The immunological assays and stool examinations were carried out to investigate the schistosome infection situation of local people， mobile population and livestock. The distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails was investigated in risk areas and suspicious ar? eas，and spreading patterns of snails were observed in the rivers that directly connected with the Yangtze River. Results A total of 6 052 local people aged 6-65 years were screened by IHA immunological tests，and the positive rate of antibody was 1.19％ （72/6 052） . Totally 72 antibody positives were examined by Kato?Katz technique and there were no positives. A total of 5 004 mo? bile persons were tested by IHA immunological tests and the positive rate was 1.36％（68/5 004） . Totally 68 antibody positives were examined by Kato?Katz technique and there were no positives. Totally 287.07 hm2 potential endemic areas were investigated for Oncomelania snail detection，and no snails were found. The investigation on snail spreading patterns and the surveillance on suspicious circumstances were carried out，with no snails found. Conclusions In the schistosomiasis potential endemic areas， some positives of IHA immunological tests are found. Therefore，monitoring is still needed to be strengthened.

Effect of schistosomiasis control projects in Hexi Reservoir on Oncomelania snail control

XU Feng-Ming, ZHANG Liu-Hong, LIU Hong-Mei, QIN Jia-Sheng, CAO Wei-Min, XIE Guang-Bing

2014, 26(1):  59. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control projects in Hexi Reservoir on Oncomelania hupensis snail control. Methods The canal hardening + main water system widening + the overflow dam project，the concrete slope protec? tion，the banking and reclamation + concrete slope protection project，the environment reform project，and the comprehensive treatment were implemented in the tail area，the hydro? fluctuation belt，the rainwater harvesting zoon of the upstream area，the dam area，and the downstream area of the reservoir，respectively. The changes of the snail situation were investigated before and after the construction of the reservoir，and the snail control effects of the schistosomiasis control projects in different parts of the reservoir were analyzed. Results There were no Oncomelania snails found 3 years in the bottom area，dam area，hydro?fluctua? tion belt，tail region and downstream of the dam after the construction and storage of the reservoir and the implementation of the schistosomiasis control projects. In the rainwater harvesting zoon of the upstream area，the density of living snails decreased from 0.620 4 snails /0.1 m2 in 2009 to 0.113 2 snails/0.1 m2 in 2013，but the snail area still remained. Conclusions The schistosomia? sis control projects in Hexi Reservoir have effectively prevented the diffusion of Oncomelania snails from the rainwater harvesting zone of the upstream area to the dam area，and they are effective in the snail control.

Effects of molluscicides at different environments on Oncomelania hupensis snail control in Danyang City

JIANG Tao, ZHU Tao, WANG Zhi-Jian, WANG Yue-Jin, WANG Jian-Ming

2014, 26(1):  62. 

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Objective To evaluate the effects of continuous application of niclosamide ethanolamine salt on Oncomelania hu? pensis snail control in a marshland，river and channel. Methods The Beiwei marshland in Houxiang Town，the Xiaoliang River in Lingkou Town and Laomiao channel in Yunyang Town in Danyang City were selected as study sites，and 4% niclosamide etha? nolamine salt and 26% niclosamide powder were used to kill the snails. Based on the historical records and field investigations， the effects of continuous application of niclosamide ethanolamine salt on snail control were evaluated. Results Compared with the first time of snail repetition，the snail areas decreased by 82.80%，63.14% and 70.00% in the Beiwei marshland，Xiaoliang River and Laomiao channel，respectively，in 2013. There was a positive correlation between the area and density of snails（r = 0.931， 0.975 and 0.916，respectively；all P values < 0.05） . The average densities of living snails decreased significantly by 92.34%， 87.91% and 97.66%，respectively. There was a negative correlation between the corrected mortality of snails and the average densi? ty of living snails in the following year，and a negative correlation between the reduction rate of living snail density and the average density of living snails in the following year. Conclusion Molluscicides plays an important role in compressing the snail area，re? ducing the snail density，and controlling the schistosomiasis transmission.

Correlation between levels of liver fibrosis and liver fibrosis biochemical parameters of advanced schistosomiasis patients

WU Yi-Ming, XU Xiao-Fei, WU Wen-Lin, WU Wan-Xin, GAO Shu-Xin, ZHU Wen-Jun

2014, 26(1):  65. 

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Objective To explore the correlation between the levels of liver fibrosis and liver fibrosis biochemical parameters of advanced schistosomiasis patients. Methods A total of 48 advanced schistosomiasis patients were investigated and they were examined by the liver biopsy and B ultrasound imaging. At the same time，the liver fibrosis biochemical parameters，including glu? tamine transpeptidase（GGT），alkaline phosphatase（AKP），procollagen Ⅲ（PC?Ⅲ），collagen type Ⅳ（Ⅳ?C），hyaluronic acid （HA）and laminin（LN），were detected. The liver fibrosis levels were classified by the liver biopsy and B ultrasound imaging，re? spectively，and the correlation between the levels of liver fibrosis and liver fibrosis biochemical parameters were analyzed statisti? cally. Results There was no correlation between the liver fibrosis levels classified by the liver biopsy and all the liver fibrosis bio? chemical parameters；there was a weak correlation between the liver fibrosis levels classified by the B ultrasound imaging and GGT，AKP，LN and PC?Ⅲ，respectively；there was a significant correlation between the liver fibrosis levels classified by the B ul? trasound imaging and HA and Ⅳ?C，respectively. Conclusions B ultrasound examination is a better，noninvasive fibrosis in? spection method. Liver fibrosis biochemical parameters combined with the B ultrasound examination may better reflect the overall condition of liver fibrosis.

Experimental observation of toxic effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis against Aedes, Culex and Anopheles larvae

LI Ju-Lin, ZHU Guo-Ding, ZHOU Hua-Yun, TANG Jian-Xia, CAO Jun

2014, 26(1):  67. 

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Objective To evaluate the toxic effect of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis（Bti）wettable powder against Ae? des，Culex and Anopheles larvae. Methods The biological assay was applied to test the lethal concentration of 50%（LC50 ）of Bti wettable powder against Aedes，Culex and Anopheles larvae. Results The LC50 （s）of Bti wettable powder against Aedes albopictus， Culex pipiens pallens and Anopheles sinensis larvae were 0.104，0.160 μg/ml and 0.324 μg/ml，respectively；its biological poten? cies against them were 0.125，0.192 IU/ml and 0.389 IU/ml，respectively. The LC50 （s）of continuous contact of Bti wettable powder with An. sinensis stage Ⅲ larvae for 1，2 d and 3 d were 0.324，0.092 μg/ml and 0.032 μg/ml，respectively，and its biological po? tencies were 0.389，0.110 IU/ml and 0.038 IU/ml，respectively. The LC50 （s）of the bacteria against An. sinensis stageⅠ， Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ were 0.024，0.137，0.324 μg/ml and 0.450 μg/ml，respectively，and the biological potencies were 0.029，0.164，0.389 IU/ml and 0.540 IU/ml，respectively. Conclusion Bti wettable powder has a good toxicity to Aedes，Culex and Anopheles larvae，espe? cially for the latter two. It is better to apply the bacteria at the early stage of mosquito larvae.

Evaluation of integrated control measures for soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Jinhu County, Jiangsu Province

SUN Dao-Kuan, ZHANG Cui-Ping, CHEN De-Zhen, LI Shu-Mei, LI Qian, WANG Quan-Feng

2014, 26(1):  69. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of integrated control measures on soil?transmitted nematodiasis so as to provide the evidence for formulating the appropriate control strategies and measures in Jinhu County，Jiangsu Province. Methods Since 1995，the comprehensive control measures were carried out for soil?transmitted nematodiasis，and the measures included deworm? ing，health education，safe water，sanitation and environmental remediation. The effects of the comprehensive control measures were evaluated by the investigations of the prevalence of soil?transmitted nematodiasis，awareness of health knowledge，and behav? iors of residents. Results From 1995 to 2012，646 437 person ? times were administrated in deworming medication with 2.48 times per capita；the benefit rate of safe water was 97.90%；the popularity rate of harmless toilets was 86.89%. The awareness rate of health knowledge increased from 54.05% in 1996 to 95.60% in 2012， the difference between them were statistically significant （χ2 ＝230.92， P＜0.01）；the rate of correct health behaviors increased from 59.07% in 1996 to 96.40% in 2012， the difference between them had statistical significance （χ2 ＝202.69， P＜0.01） . The prevalence of soil?transmitted nematodiasis decreased from 62.57% in 1989 to 1.21% in 2012， the difference had statistical significance （χ2 ＝1 016.92， P＜0.01） . The infection rates of Asca? ris lumbricodes，hookworm and Trichuris trichiura were 0.58%，1.12% and 0，respectively in 2012，and compared with the rates of those infections in 1989，the decline rates were 94.96%，97.28% and 100% respectively， the differences between them were sta? tistically significant （χ2 A sc aris ＝129.50，χ2 hookworm ＝544.62，χ2 Tri ch uris ＝254.19， all P＜0.01） . Conclusion The comprehensive control strategies and measures are effective and soil?transmitted nematodiasis has been controlled in Jinhu County.

Investigation on awareness status of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school students in Shandong Province

KONG Xiang-Li, WANG Yong-Bin, ZHAO Chang-Lei, ZHANG Ben-Guang, XU Yan, BU Xiu-Qin, CHEN Xi-Xin, LIU Xin

2014, 26(1):  72. 

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Objective To understand the awareness status of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school stu? dents in malaria endemic areas of Shandong Province，so as to provide the baseline information for formulating the malaria control strategy. Methods A cross?sectional survey was conducted in 5 Type Ⅱ malaria?endemic counties in Shandong Province. A struc? tured questionnaire survey was administrated to students in primary and secondary schools. Results A total of 1 884 students were completed with the questionnaires and all were effective. The total awareness rate of malaria control knowledge was 65.9%， and 54.7% of the students knew the transmission route of malaria and only 31.5% of the students were aware of the preventive methods of malaria. There were significant differences of the awareness scores of malaria control knowledge among different malar? ia endemic areas but there were no significant differences between the awareness rates of male and female students and between two different education levels. Conclusions The awareness of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school stu? dents in Shandong Province is poor；therefore，the health education of malaria control knowledge for primary and secondary school students should be strengthened.

Investigation of prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode infections among Lahu Ethnic residents in Xiaojie Township, Jinghong City, Yunnan Province

DU Zun-Wei, JIANG Jin-Yong, LI Hong-Bin, CHEN Ran, WANG Xue-Zhong, DAO Tian-You

2014, 26(1):  75. 

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Objective To understand the prevalence of human intestinal parasite infections in Lahu Ethnic residents so as to provide the evidence for effective control. Methods The prevalence of soil?transmitted nematode infections in local people was determined by Kato?Katz technique and individual sanitary behaviors and habits were requested by a standardized questionnaire in 3 villages of Xiaojie Township，Jinghong City，Yunnan Province. The relationship between intestinal parasite infections and behav? ioral characteristics was analyzed. Results Of 289 subjects，255 individuals were infected with soil?transmitted nematodes；the prevalence was 88.24%. Among the infected individuals，210 were found infected with hookworm and the infection rate was 72.66%；154 subjects were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides and the infection rate was 53.29%；13 were infected with Trichuris trichura，and the infection rate was 4.50%；16 were infected with other parasites and the infection rate was 5.54%. The percentag? es of people with light infection of hookworm，A. lumbricoides and T. trichura were 90.48%，97.40% and 100%，respectively. Con? clusions There is high prevalence of soil?transmitted nematode infections in Lahu Ethnic residents in Jinghong City，but the in? fection intensity was generally low. The control and monitoring of soil?transmitted parasite infections should be strengthened in this area.

Measures of infection source control of schistosomiasis and their effects in Four-lake regions of Hubei Province

YUE Mei, LIU Xing-Yuan

2014, 26(1):  78. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of a new schistosomiasis control strategy based on the infection source control in four?lake regions of Hubei Province. Methods The new strategy based on the infection source control included the safe water sup? ply，feces harmless treatment，replacing cattle with machine，captive livestock，chemotherapy，Oncomelania hupensis snail con? trol in susceptible areas，hardening ditches，etc，and the new control strategy was implemented for 7 years in 9 counties（cities or districts）of the four?lake regions. The schistosomiasis situations were investigated before and after the intervention of the new strat? egy. Results The coverage rates of feces harmless toilets（three format toilets），biogas digesters，and safe water supply were 42.00%，23.16% and 93.76%，respectively. The number of ditch hardening was 1 960；the area of eliminating snails was 1 378.42 hm2 ；the number of persons who received the health education was 3 524 818 accounting for 92.17% of the total popula? tion；the number of person?time of taking active protection measures was 516 636 963. The average annual decline rates of schisto? some infection were 24.42% and 38.38% in residents and cattle，respectively. The endemic villages decreased by 4.77%，the vil? lages with snails decreased by 7.05%，and the villages with snails accounted between 63.19% and 66.21% of the total endemic vil? lages. The area with snails decreased by 90.35%，and the advance schistosomiasis patients decreased by 5.55%，and the fatality rate of advanced schistosomiasis patients decreased by 1.24%. No acute schistosomiasis patients occurred. Type One and Two en? demic（heavy endemic）villages decreased to zero；Type Three endemic（moderate endemic）villages decreased by 10.22%；but Type Four endemic（mild endemic）villages increased by 66.38%；and Type Five endemic （no endemic for 5 years）villages de? creased by 0.22%. The standards of schistosomiasis transmission controlled have achieved on schedule. Conclusion The imple? mentation of the new schistosomiasis control strategy based on the infection source control in four?lake regions of Hubei Province can effectively control schistosomiasis.

Survey on status of staff for Plasmodium microscopy examinations in Changzhou City

XIE Yi-Qing, HE Ming-Zhen, ZHU Shi-Ying, ZOU Yong-Gen, CHEN Hong

2014, 26(1):  81. 

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Objective To understand the current state of staff for Plasmodium microscopy examinations in Changzhou City in the early stage of eliminating malaria action，so as to provide the evidence for achieving the target of malaria elimination. Methods The staff for Plasmodium microscopy examinations from medical institutions and centers for disease control and prevention at differ? ent levels were investigated by questionnaires and tests of the malaria related theory and microscopic operation. Results Totally 95 people were investigated，and among them，40.0% had college degree and 45.3% were university educated. There were 18.9% of them working on Plasmodium microscopy examinations for less than 1 year，40.0% for 2-5 years，18.9% for 6-10 years and 22.1% for more than 10 years. The numbers of person?time of provincial and municipal level training，district?level training，and unit?level training in the last year were 0.57，0.59，and 0.14，respectively. Totally 18.9% of them had the experience of finding Plasmodium at work，and 97.9% of them considered it was necessary or very necessary to do Plasmodium microscopy examina? tions. However，57.9% and 8.4% of them considered Plasmodium microscopy examinations increased their work load and work dif? ficulty，respectively. The average correct rates of knowledge tests on malaria before and after training were 72.5% and 91.6% re? spectively（P < 0.05） . The average mark of Plasmodium microscopic tests was 25.3 points（full mark being 50 points），and the passing rate（≥30 points）was 58.9%. Conclusion The working experience of staff for Plasmodium microscopy examinations in Changzhou City is relatively poor，and the related training should be enhanced.

Progress of research on parasitic adaptability of schistosome and its application value

CHEN Bing, WEN Jian-Fan

2014, 26(1):  84. 

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The larval and adult schistosomes can effectively establish the stable parasitic relationship with their final hosts and then maintain the parasitism for a long time，due to the successful adaptation to their parasitic lifestyle. This paper reviews the progress of research on parasitic adaptability of schistosomes in several respects，and demonstrates the application value of schisto? somal genes related to parasitic adaptability in schistosomiasis control and exploitation of natural active molecules.

Research progress of molecular genetic analysis in Schistosoma variation

ZHENG Su-Yue, LI Fei

2014, 26(1):  90. 

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The development of molecular biology techniques makes important contributions to the researches of heritable varia? tion of Schistosoma. In recent years，the molecular genetic analysis in the Schistosoma variation researches mainly includes the re? striction fragment length polymorphism（RFLP），random amplified polymorphism technology（RAPD），microsatellite anchored PCR（SSR?PCR），and polymerase reaction single?strand conformation polymorphism（PCR?SSCP） . This article reviews the re? search progress of molecular genetic analysis in Schistosoma variation in recent years.

Assessment of risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission control in Jingzhou City

HE Liang-Cai, WANG Jia-Song, RONG Xian-Bing, LU Xian-Hui, ZHAO Yao-Sheng, BIE Wen-Tao, PENG You-Xin, GONG Shao-Xiong

2014, 26(1):  92. 

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Objective To understand the key risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission in Jingzhou City，so as to provide the evidence for improving the treatment of these risk factors. Methods Each village of six counties was investigated and 3 envi? ronments were surveyed each village for the distribution of Oncomelania snails and animal stools in the field. The results were ana? lyzed and the risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission were assessed. Results The density of living snails was 0.43 snails per 0.1 m2 ，the frequency of the frames with snails was 9.12%，and no schistosome infected snails were found. All of the animal stools collected from the field were from bovines. The schistosome positive rate of animal stools was 37.50%（3/8）among the environ? ments，and the schistosome infection rate of stools was 8.11%（3/37） . The schistosome infection rate of animal stools was 0 near the residence living sites，and the positive rates were 12.50% and 8.33% in the ditches and slopes，respectively（χ2 = 0.07，P ＞ 0.05） . Conclusions Bovine is still the main infectious source of schistosomiasis，i.e. the main risk factor of the disease transmis? sion. Therefore， the strategy of controlling bovine should be strengthened.

Analysis of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Yugan County of Jiangxi Province in 2012

HUANG Xin-Hua, JIANG Hai-Hong, ZHAN Zhi-Wei, FANG Zhu-Jun

2014, 26(1):  94. 

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Objective To master the epidemic situation and control effect of schistosomiasis in Yugan County，Jiangxi Prov? ince. Methods The data of the schistosomiasis prevalence in human and cattle as well as Oncomelania hupensis snail status were collected and the change trends were analyzed in Yugan County from 2008 to 2012. Results The schistosome infection rates of residents in Yugan County have declined every year since 2008，and currently，the prevalence of schistosomiasis was at a low lev? el. No acute schistosomiasis case was found during the past 5 years. In 2012，the infection rate of bovine was above 1% in 88 en? demic villages，and the area with schistosome infected snails was 10 hm2 . Conclusion In order to achieve the goal of schistosomi? asis transmission control in the whole county in 2015，the comprehensive control measures based on infection source control should be strengthened.

A manufacture method of schistosomiasis epidemic maps based on Google Earth

WANG Wei-Chun, ZHAN Ti, ZHU Ying-Fu

2014, 26(1):  96. 

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Objective To make various schistosomiasis epidemic maps based on Google Earth. Methods The various ele? ments for schistosomiasis epidemic maps were marked in the Google Earth platform by adding the place mark，path，polygon， overlay and so on. Results Various schistosomiasis epidemic maps were produced and saved，such as the schistosomiasis epi? demic area map of the city，the map of Oncomelania hupensis snail distribution in the town，and the schematic map of snail envi? ronments. Conclusion The schistosomiasis epidemic maps based on Google Earth are clear and visual. The production process is very simple and easy to learn. It is suitable for the use in the grass?root schistosomiasis control stations.

Effects of adjusting doses of diuretics at different time in treatment of advanced schistosomiasis ascites

LIU Lie-Quan, ZHANG Jun, TIAN Yue-Xiao

2014, 26(1):  99. 

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Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of adjusting the doses of diuretics of different time in the treat? ment of advanced schistosomiasis ascites. Methods A total of 80 advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group（40 cases each） . The patients in the observation group received spironolac? tone and furosemide，and the first doses were 100 mg/d and 40 mg/d，respectively. If the efficacy was poor，according to the first doses of the standard increments once every four days，the doses gradually increased to the maximum doses of spironolactone 400 mg/d and furosemide 160 mg/d，respectively. The patients in the control group received spironolactone and furosemide，and the first doses were the same as those of the observation group. If the efficacy was poor，according to the first doses of the standard in? crements once every seven days，the doses gradually increased to the maximum doses as those of the observation group. Other con? ventional treatments were the same in both groups. Results In both groups，the reductions of the total amount of the weight were （5.62±1.28）kg and（5.42±1.37）kg respectively；the time of efficacy beginning was（3.84±2.36）days and（4.65±2.86）days re? spectively；the average daily amounts of weight loss were（0.41±0.16）kg and（0.35±0.11）kg respectively；the efficient rates were 95% and 92.5% respectively；and there were no significant differences between the two group （all P > 0.05） . However，the time of reduction from moderate ascites to mild ascites was（10.70±3.01）days（6-20 days）in the observation group and the time was（14.75±5.62）days（7-30 days）in the control group（u = 3.876，P ＜0.01） . Conclusion The therapy of diuretic doses ad? justed by a four?day cycle is more useful for advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites.

Operation for postoperative re?hemorrhage after splenectomy with periesophagogastric devascularization for advanced schistosomiasis

WANG Qing-Shan, WANG Jia-Feng, ZHANG Guang-Yan

2014, 26(1):  101. 

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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the operation in the treatment of postoperative re?hemorrhage after splenec? tomy with periesophagogastric devascularization for advanced schistosomiasis. Methods Forty?three re?hemorrhage patients，who received varicose ligation combined with pericardial devascularization through left thoracic cavity with esophageal incision from Oc? tober 2002 to October 2011，after splenectomy with periesophagogastric devascularization due to portal vein hypertension，were in? vestigated retrospectively and followed up for 1 to 9 years. Results Forty?three re?hemorrhage patients operated included 27 cas? es of selective operation and 16 cases of emergency operation. The mean follow?up time was 6.8 years. The hemostasis rate was 100%. 0ne died after the operation because of engaging in heavy labor，two had melena and were completely relived with the con? servative treatment，and all the rest had a good recovery. Conclusion The operation of varicose ligation combined with pericardi? al devascularization through left thoracic cavity with esophageal incision in the treatment of postoperative re?hemorrhage after sple? nectomy with periesophagogastric devascularization for advanced schistosomiasis has a satisfied efficacy.

Long -term therapeutic effect of Ruangan Pills on advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites

LUO Fu-Jun, YAO Zuo-Ping, YANG Su

2014, 26(1):  103. 

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Objective To evaluate the long?term therapeutic effect of Ruangan pills on advanced schistosomiasis combined with ascites. Methods The data of 54 advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites were collected，and the patients were divid? ed into two groups namely a treatment group and a control group according to whether taking Ruangan pills. The effective rates，im? provement status of symptoms and levels of serum albumin（ALB）and hyaluronic acid（HA）of the two groups were compared. Re? sults The effective rates of the treatment group and control group were 92.59% and 44.44%，respectively，and the difference be? tween them was statistically significant（P < 0.05） . After the treatment for 9 and 12 months，the percentages of patients without as? cites and patients with symptom improvement in the treatment group were 77.78% and 92.59%，92.59% and 96.30%，respective? ly，while those in the control group were 29.63% and 37.00%，48.15% and 51.85%，respectively，and the differences between the two groups by different time were all statistical significant（all P < 0.05） . After the treatment for 9 months，the percentages of patients with the normal levels of ALB and HA were 88.89% and 59.26%，while those in the control group were 40.74% and 14.81%，respectively，and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant（both P < 0.05） . Conclusion The long?term treatment of Ruangan pills can not only improve clinical symptoms but also control the ascites recurrence，however， the therapeutic effect and the recurrence rate of ascites in longer?term still need further observation.

Comparison between albendazole and triclabendazole against Fasciola gigantica in human

FANG Wen, CHEN Feng, LIU Hong-Kun, YANG Qiong, YANG Lin

2014, 26(1):  106. 

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Objective To compare the anthelmintic effect of albendazole with that of triclabendazole against Fasciola giganti? ca. Methods Two patients infected with Fasciola gigantica were investigated，and one was administered with albendazole orally （200 mg，twice per day for 5 days）and another was administered with triclabendazole［10 mg/ （kg ? d）for 2 days］ . Their total fe? ces were collected daily during the period of whole therapy，and the eggs of the parasite were collected by using the nylon bag method，and incubated at 28 ℃. Results The parasite eggs were detected from the first patient’ s dejecta on the 1st，2nd and 5th day after the end of the treatment，and no miracidiums hatched out as well as no eggs developed during the period of 25 days of the incubation. Meanwhile，her body temperature fluctuated between 37.4 ℃ and 38.3 ℃，and she still complained bellyache. For the other invalid，the eggs were not detected on the 2nd and 5th day after the end of the treatment. However，the eggs before and dur? ing the treatment developed the miracidiums of Fasciola gigantica on the 13th day after the incubation，but the eggs collected from the 1st day after the termination of the therapy did not develop and no miracidiums hatched out. At the same time，the signs and symptoms of the patient vanished after the 4th day of the end of the therapy. Conclusions Albendazole has no obvious insecticid? al activity on adult Fasciola gigantica in the short term，but may affect the development of eggs. Triclabendazole has the anthelmin? tic effect on the adults as well as eggs of Fasciola gigantica. In addition，triclabendazole has the characteristics of well curative ef? fect， short course of treatment，and no obvious side effects.

Efficiency of three methods for detecting Toxoplasma IgG antibody

YANG Ya-Xiao, CHEN Yu-Kun, WEI Shi-Jin, SONG Ren-Hao

2014, 26(1):  109. 

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Objective To discuss the test efficiency of three methods for detecting Toxoplasma IgG antibody. Methods To? tally 304 specimens were detected parallelly for Toxoplasma IgG antibody by using the gold marked method，indirect hemagglutina? tion test（IHA），and enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA），and the sensitivity，specificity and Youden index of these methods were compared. Results The detection sensitivities of gold marked method，IHA，and ELISA for Toxoplasma IgG anti? body were 85.5%，89.8% and 91.9% respectively（χ2 = 4.12，P > 0.05）；the specificities were 92.4%，96.6% and 97.5% respec? tively（χ2 = 4.06，P > 0.05） . The detection efficiency and Youden index of ELISA were 94.1% and 0.89 respectively，being high? er than those of IHA and gold marked method. Conclusion The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA method for Toxoplasma IgG antibody are higher，and in addition，it can be automated. Therefore，it is suitable for large?scale Toxoplasma IgG antibody screening.

Schistosomiasis haematobia misdiagnosed as urinary trace infection: one case report

CHAI Zhi-Wu, XU Qian-Cheng, XU Chun-Mei

2014, 26(1):  111. 

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This paper reports one case of schistosomiasis haematobia that was misdiagnosed as urinary tract infection. It sug? gests that epidemiological data should be considered in the diagnosis and treatment of the patients with urinary tract infection symp? toms coming back from Africa to avoid misdiagnosis.