Loading...

Table of Content

    30 December 2013, Volume 25 Issue 6
    Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People’ s Republic of China in 2012
    LI Shi-Zhu, ZHENG Hao, GAO Jing, ZHANG Li-Juan, ZHU Rong, XU Jing, GUO Jia-Gang, XIAO Ning, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2013, 25(6):  557. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (2030KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    This report showed the endemic status of schistosomiasis in P. R. China at national level in 2012. By the end of 2012, the total number of schistosomiasis japonica cases were estimated to be 240 597,with a decrease of 16.12% compared with that in 2011. Meanwhile,thirteen acute cases were reported. Compared with 2011,10.34% more advanced schistosomiasis pa? tients were treated(22 988)in 2012. Nationally,around 368 741.67 hm2 were found to be infested with Oncomelania hupensis snails by the end of 2012,among which 46.71 hm2 were newly reported. Moreover,1 189 829 cattle were estimated to be raised in epidemic regions with 0.52% of them being infected with Schistosoma japonicum,which experienced a reduction of 23.53% com? pared with that in 2011.
    Views for research development of control of parasitic diseases
    ZHAO Qin-Ping, DONG Hui-Fen, JIANG Ming-Sen
    2013, 25(6):  564. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1874KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    With the social and technological development,new understandings have been emerged for the research develop? ment of the control of parasitic diseases. The present review argues that:the traditional point of view for the control of parasitic dis? eases,eliminating parasites/media,should be updated. For the long?term interests of science and human perspective,biological diversity,including the parasite biodiversity,and ecological environment should be paid much more attention during the control of parasitic diseases. The leading role of society,economy and culture should be fully developed in the control of parasitic diseases with the progress of scientific and technology, to find a final way of sustainable development in the control of parasitic diseases.
    Obstacle factors in implementation of integrated schistosomiasis prevention and control strategies with emphasis on infectious source in hilly endemic regions
    XU Jia, CHEN Lin, ZHANG Yi, WU Jian-Jun, WAN Xue-Xiang, ZHU Rong, XU Hui-Rong, LIU Qing, HUANG Liang, WU Zi-Song, LU Long-Ting, ZHONG Bo
    2013, 25(6):  570. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1088KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To analyze the main obstacles existing in the implementation of integrated schistosomiasis prevention and control strategies with emphasis on infection source in hilly endemic regions,and to find out the current priority issues in schistosomiasis prevention and control,so as to provide the evidence for further solutions. Methods Two typical hilly schistoso? miasis endemic regions in Sichuan Province,including Pujiang County of Chengdu City and Dongpo District of Meishan City, were selected as research areas. A framework of obstacle factors in the implementation of integrated schistosomiasis prevention and control strategies with emphasis on infectious source in hilly endemic regions was built by literature review,and the management and technical personnel who worked on schistosomiasis prevention and control in eight different industries(health,agriculture, forestry and so on)and five levels(provincial,city,county,township and village levels)were investigated by questionnaires in the way of nominal group. Results One hundred and fifty?three management and technical personnel in different industries and different levels were investigated. The questionnaire recovery rate(experts’positive coefficient)was 100%. The results showed that the first four problems needing to be concerned in the implementation of integrated schistosomiasis prevention and control strategies with emphasis on infection source were eliminating Oncomelania hupensis snails by projects,health education,examina? tion and treatment for schistosomiasis persons,and harmless treatment of night?soil and safe water supply. The focuses of two counties in the implementation of integrated strategy measures were different. The harmless treatment of night?soil and safe wa? ter supply was the most important measure in Pujiang County,while the elimination of snails by projects was the most in Dong? po District. Conclusions As the differences in the situation of epidemic areas and the existed condition of the prevention and treatment progress,the comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures should be adjusted according to the local conditions in the implementation of integrated schistosomiasis prevention and control strategies with emphasis on infection source.
    Effect of environmental change in marshland after implementation of Three Gorges Reservoir Project on schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province
    LI Wei, HANG De-Rong, YOU Ben-Rong, CHEN Xiao-Jun, CHEN Xiao-Jian, YANG Kun, LIANG You-Sheng
    2013, 25(6):  576. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1927KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To investigate the effect of environmental change in marshland after the implementation of the Three Gorges Reservoir Project on schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province. Methods The hydrologic data of Nanjing City in Jiangsu section of the Yangtze River,and the data regarding the marshlands,the snail status and schistosomiasis morbidity in areas adjacent to the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province were collected,and field snail surveys were performed in typical marshlands. Results Fol? lowing the implementation of the Three Gorges Reservoir Project,the water level in Nanjing section of the Yangtze River appeared a year?dependent gradual decline tendency. The mean peak water level on January to March,2012(spring)increased by 0.41 m as compared to that before the construction of the project in 2002,while the peak water level on April to December,2012 de? creased by 0.32 m as compared to that before the construction of the project in 2002. The endemic situation of schistosomiasis showed a decline tendency in areas adjacent to the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province. The area with infected snails along the Yang? tze River was 0,the positive rates of serological tests and parasitological tests of the population were 0.73% and 0.004%,respec? tively in 2012. Conclusions Both the schistosomiasis morbidity and snail status appear a decline tendency in areas adjacent to the Yangtze River along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River,Jiangsu Province after the implementation of the Three Gorges Reservoir Project.
    Construction of platform of Schistosoma japonicum infection real-time monitoring and early warning along Yangtze River
    ZHANG You, HUAN Hua-Min, CHEN Zhi-Hua, ZHANG Qing-Dong, WU Rong-Feng, JIANG Jian, GAO Kai-Min, XU Qin-Lan
    2013, 25(6):  581. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (2263KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To construct a platform for Schistosoma japonicum infection real?time monitoring and early warning in marshlands along the Yangtze River. Methods The data of the status of Oncomelania hupensis snails,schistosomiasis endemic situation,marshland environment status,and other basic information were collected and analyzed comprehensively in marshlands along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province,and a schistosomiasis endemic situation electronic map was established. Through the GPS and 3G technology,the short messaging service(SMS)alerts were sent to the fishermen when they entered the areas of differ? ent schistosomiasis endemic levels in real?time. Results The SMS alerts reminded the fishermen to adopt the suitable interven? tions to reduce or avoid the schistosome infection. In addition,the data of moving track of mobile phones of fishermen,and the ex? amination and treatment of schistosomiasis at each monitoring point were collected and analyzed comprehensively and then system? atic analysis reports of schistosomiasis situation prediction,early warning,related evaluation,etc. were created in real?time. Con? clusion The platform for Schistosoma japonicum infection real?time monitoring and early warning in marshlands along the Yang? tze River has a certain application value for schistosomiasis prevention and control work of Jiangsu Province and even whole coun? try.
    Relationship between changes of herbaceous plants and Oncomelania hupensis snail distribution under walnut forest of inhibition of snails in mountainous regions of Yunnan Province
    ZHANG Chun-Hua, LIU Fang-Yan, LIU Guang-Fu, SUN Yong-Yu, TANG Guo-Yong, LI Kun
    2013, 25(6):  585. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1525KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To explore the relationship between the changes of herbaceous plants and Oncomelania hupensis snail distribution under the walnut forest of inhibition of snails in mountainous regions of Yunnan Province. Methods The experimen? tal field was established at Sanying Village of Eryuan County,Yunnan Province,where the“Flourishing Forest and Controlling Snails Project”was implemented. The different stand ages (2,4,6,8,10 years) of walnut forest in experimental groups were se? lected based on the method of space replacing time,and the non?stocked land was served as a control group. The growth of forest, change of snails,number,biomass,overcast,height of the herbaceous plant and the soil moisture were investigated. Results The crown closure of 6?year?old walnut forest of inhibition of snails was 0.65. There were 11 species of herbaceous plant belonging to 11 genera,6 families in 10?year?old forest and its crown closure was 0.77. Compared with the control group,the numbers of fam? ilies,genera,and species of the 10?year?old forest were decreased by 64.71%,69.44%,and 77.08%,and the biomass,overcast, and height of it decreased by 12.63%,19%,and 22.18%,respectively. The soil moisture content(0-20 cm)monthly changes were increased obviously with the increase of stand age. There were no snails besides the control group and 2?year?old walnut for? est. Compare with the control group,the occurrence rate of frames with living snails in the 2?year?old walnut forest was decreased by 50%,which was 1.25%. The density of living snails was decreased by 60.16%. Conclusions The construction of walnut forest of inhibition of snails in mountainous regions of Yunnan Province are suitable for controlling the growth of herbaceous plants and al? tering the environment of snails. If the coalescence intercropped with crops is carried out,it is not only beneficial to the construc? tion of good ecological environment,but also improves the utilization efficiencies of land,light,and thermal resource,and the in? come of peasants.
    Effect of a novel plant molluscicide "Luo?wei"|against Oncomelania hupensis in plateau mountain areas
    HUANG Ning-Bo, LI Bing-Gui, LI Wen-Bao, FENG Xi-Guang, XIONG Meng-Tao, LI Liang, MU Liang-Xian, TIAN Shu-Hui, LI Ping, SONG Zhi-Zhong, GIA Tie-Wu
    2013, 25(6):  590. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1297KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To evaluate the effect of a novel plant molluscicide,4% “Luo ?wei” (Tea ? seed distilled saponins, TDS)against Oncomelania hupensis snails in plateau mountain areas in Yunnan Province. Methods The immersing and spraying experiments were carried out in the ditches and grassland of Xiaolian Administrative Village in Heqing County,Yunnan Province, to assess the molluscicidal effect of 4% TDS comparing with 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt(WPN)in dif? ferent environments and time. Results After immersion for 24,48 h and 72 h,the snail death rates were 70.67%,87.33% and 98.67% in the TDS group,whereas being 77.33%,96.67% and 100.00% in the WPN group,respectively. The differences of the death rates between the two groups 24 h and 72 h after immersing were not statistically significant(χ2 24 h =1.73,χ2 72 h =2.01, both P values > 0.05) . Seven days after the immersing experiments,the occurrence rate of frames with living snails and the death rate of snails were 20.00% and 93.03% in the TDS group,while those were 13.33% and 95.76% in the WPN group,and there were no significant differences of the 2 indexes between the 2 groups(χ2 Occurrence rate =2.27,χ2 Dea th rate =0.94,all P values > 0.05) . After spraying for 1,3,7 d and 15 d,in both groups,the occurrence rates of frames with living snails and the average densities of living snails gradually declined,while the death rates of snails gradually increased with the extension of time. There were no sta? tistically significant differences of the above 3 indexes between the 2 groups(all P values > 0.05) . Fifteen days after the spray? ing experiment,the occurrence rate of frames with living snails and the adjusted death rate of snails were15.00% and 87.39% in the TDS group and those were16.67% and 89.32% in the WPN group,respectively. Conclusion The molluscicidal effect of TDS is satisfying in plateau mountain areas,and the molluscicide is worthy of further extension and application.
    Development and assessment of Schistosoma japonicum antibody test kit |(IHA)
    JIANG Wei-Sheng, CHEN Nian-Gao, HUANG Mei-Jiao, LAN Wei-Ming, XIE Shu-Ying, WU Jun, ZENG Xiao-Jun, LIN Dan-Dan
    2013, 25(6):  594. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1304KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To develop a Schistosoma japonicum antibody test kit(IHA) . Methods According to the require? ment of Good Manufacturing Practice(GMP)and Quality Control(QC)of drugs,the components of kit as well as its preparation method and procedure were studied,and the test kit was assembled and its diagnostic effect was assessed. Results The sensitivi? ty and specificity were up to 94.49% and 97.14% when testing the serum samples of chronic schistosomiasis patients and normal serum samples by the kit,respectively. The Youden Index of the Kit was 0.92. The cross reaction rates with paragonimus and tri? china were 15.00% and 10.00%,respectively. Compared with ELISA and another IHA kit produced by An’ Ji company which were used to test schistosome antibody in residents of endemic areas at the same time,the coincident rates of the developed kit were 93.06% and 92.25%,respectively. Conclusion The IHA kit for Schistosoma japonicum antibody has a high sensitivity and speci? ficity, and has the value of application and popularization in the field.
    Population genetic study of Oncomelania hupensis from three provinces in lower reaches of Yangtze River
    CUI Bin, HUO Zhi-Ping, YANG Kun, ZHANG Li, YANG Pin, YOU Ping, LI Shi-Zhu
    2013, 25(6):  598. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (2401KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To analyze the population genetic structure and genetic diversity of Oncomelania hupensis population from Jiangxi,Anhui and Jiangsu provinces along the lower reaches of the Yangzte River in order to explore the application values of rDNA?ITS molecular markers in the surveillance of snail dispersal. Methods The samples about 9 species of O. hupensis snails were collected separately from Jiangxi,Anhui and Jiangsu provinces,and their genomes were extracted,then the partial gene of rDNA? ITS was amplified,cloned and sequenced. Next,the population genetic diversity parameters,including Fixation index (Fst ),genetic distance,and genetic variation were calculated. By using the neighbor ? joining method,the family map was con? structed based on the haplotype. Results A total of 78 haplotypes among 93 sequences were acquired from 9 populations. The av? erage haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of 9 populations were 0.988 and 0.012 88,respectively,which showed that the genetic diversity level of O. hupensis snail population was high. The variation was found mainly among the samples,the genetic dis? tances between populations were ranged from 0.001 6 to 0.002 3,which showed a higher degree of genetic differentiation among snail populations. The family map showed that all the haploid types could be divided into three major branches. Conclusions The genetic diversity of O. hupensis population in Jiangxi,Anhui and Jiangsu provinces along the lower reaches of the Yangtze River mainly exists among individuals,and there are no obvious genetic differences among populations. The application of rDNA?ITS mo? lecular markers in surveillance of snail dispersal is worth further discussing.
    Effect of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel saponins against juvenile and adult Schistosoma japonicum in vitro
    CHEN Yan-Qin, ZHANG Qing-Yuan, LI Xiao-Ran, ZHU Ge-Hong-Xiang, YANG Shi-Lin, XU Qiong-Ming
    2013, 25(6):  604. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1244KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To explore the effect of Pulsatilla chinensis(Bunge)Regel saponins(PRS)against juvenile and adult Schistosoma japonicum and to compare its efficacy with praziquantel(PZQ)in vitro. Methods 3 h,7 d,14 d schistosomula and 42 d adult schistosomes were incubated with 0,1,5,10,20 and 30 μg/ml PRS for 4,24,48 and 72 hours,then the states of them were observed. The changes of the surface of S. japonicum incubated with 30 μg/ml PRS and PZQ within 4 hours were ob? served by a scanning electron microscope. Results The sensitivity of 3 h,7 d,14 d schistosomula and adults of S. japonicum to 1,5,10,20,30 μg/ml PRS displayed a time and dose dependence. All the worms died in 30 μg/ml PRS after 4 hours. The dead worm body appeared a gray?white color accompanied with their altered morphogenesis and opaque body. The tegumental surface of adults with different degrees of damages was observed by the electron microscope within 4 hours affected by PRS in vitro. Conclu? sions The effects of PRS against S. japonicum in different developmental stages in vitro show that PRS may eventually have a ther? apeutic potential in the treatment or prevention of S. japonicum infection and is expected to become a new anti?schistosome drug.
    Killing effect of exogenous NO on cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum in vitro
    ZHOU Shu-Lin, HUANG Chun-Lan, ZHAO Jin-Song, TANG Xiao-Niu, WANG Shao-Shen
    2013, 25(6):  610. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1144KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To explore the killing effects of exogenous NO on the cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum in vitro and the blocking effects of NO inhibitors. Methods The cercariae of S. japonicum were collected from naturally infected snails,and then formulated into a 1 000 cercariae/ml suspension with RPMI 1640 medium. The relationship between the killing effects and doses of exogenous NO on cercariae were investigated through the suspension with different concentrations of NO generating agents (SNP)and negative control(without SNP) . On the other hand,the blocking effects were also investigated through the suspensions being added 2.00 mmol/L SNP and four different NO inhibitors,Hb,FeSO4,L?cyst,L?arg and their combination. Additionally, the appropriate positive (2.00 mmol/L SNP)and negative controls(without NO generating agent)were used. Results The mortali? ty rates of cercariae were(8.3±1.1) %, (6.26±2.3) %,and(9.3±1.0) % in the SNP 0.06,0.1 and 0.2 mmol/L groups,respective? ly,and there were no statistically significant differences between the blank control group and the above?mentioned three groups, respectively(P > 0.05) . The mortality rates of cercariae were (23.5±3.9) %, (46.0±1.1) %,and(59.4±0.5) % in the SNP 0.50, 1.00 and 2 mmol/L groups,respectively,and there were statistically significant differences between the blank control group and the above?mentioned groups,respectively(P < 0.05) . The mortality rates of cercariae were(30.1±1.2) %, (45.1±1.4) %, (31.1± 1.3) %, (34.2±3.1) %, (47.8±2.0) %, (49.1±0.6) %,and(44.2±0.1) % in the 2.00 mmol/L SNP suspensions which were added of Hb,FeSO4,L?cyst,L?arg,FeSO4+L?cyst,FeSO4+L?arg,FeSO4+L?arg+L?cyst, respectively. Compared with the 2.00 mmol/L SNP suspension,the mortality rates of the above?mentioned groups declined,and there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) . Conclusion There are killing effects of exogenous NO on the cercariae of S. japonicum in vitro,and four different NO inhibitors,Hb, FeSO4, L?cyst,L?arg and their combinations have some different degrees of blocking effects.
    Investigation on infection sources of schistosomiasis in mountainous regions, Nanjian County, Yunnan Province
    SHAO Zong-Ti, FENG Xi-Guang, XIONG Meng-Tao, WU Ming-Shou, ZHANG Yun, YANG Meng-Xian, ZUO Ji-Mao, CHEN Mei-Fen, SUN Jia-Yu, ZHAO Zhi-Ying, YI Chun-Yuan, DONG Xin-Qi
    2013, 25(6):  614. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1936KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To understand the types of schisotsome infection sources and their roles in schistosomiasis transmis? sion in mountainous endemic regions in Yunnan Province,so as to provide the evidence for implementing the comprehensive con? trol measures based on infection source control. Methods Two villages of typical mountainous regions in Nanjian County were chosen for field investigation. The Oncomelania hupensis snail status was surveyed by the methods of systematic and environmental sampling. The infections of schistosomiasis were surveyed in residents with the indirect haemagglutination and the hatching meth? od,in livestock with the hatching method and in wild animals with the anatomical method and the hatching method. The distribu? tion and pollution status of wild faeces were investigated in the snail environments nearby villages or with livestock frequent activi? ties. The positives of schistosomiasis in wild faeces were tested with the hatching method. The pollution index of wild feces was cal? culated. Results A total of 533.56 hm2 were investigated in two villages,and the area with snails was 16.52 hm2 . The rate of frame with snails was 1.03%,the average density of snails was 0.07 snails /0.1 m2 ,and no positive snails were found. The positive rate of blood examinations of population was 1.61%,but no persons were positive with the hatching method. The infection rates were 0.90%,and 0.62% in cattle and equus,respectively,and there were no positives in other livestock. Totally 472 piles of wild feces of 6 species(human,cattle,equus,goat,pig and dog)distributed in the investigation areas,and among them,the densities of wild feces of cattle,equus,and dog were 7.2,4.3 piles/hm2 ,and 2.1 piles/hm2 respectively,being relatively higher than others. The hatching positive rates of wild faeces of cattle,equus,and dog were 2.27%(3/132),2.63%(2/76),and 3.70% (1/27),respectively. The relative pollution indexes of wild faeces of cattle,equus,and dog were 80.68%,15.89%,and 3.43%, respectively. Conclusions After schistosomiasis transmission is controlled,the potential epidemic factors still remain in the mountainous endemic regions of schistosomiasis in Yunnan Province. The cattle are still the most infection source of schistosomia? sis,but equus and dog as infection sources should be not neglected. We should extend the investigation and monitor scope of the infection sources,and carry out scientific and feasible control technique and management measures.
    Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Shandong Province in 2012
    WANG Yong-Bin, KONG Xiang-Li, ZHANG Ben-Guang, ZHAO Chang-Lei, CHEN Xi-Xin, LI Shao-Xin, LIU Xin, HUANG Bing-Cheng
    2013, 25(6):  618. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (988KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To understand the characteristics of malaria prevalence and epidemic in Shandong Province in 2012 so as to provide the evidence for improving the work of the elimination of malaria. Methods The epidemiological data of malaria cases collected from the Disease Surveillance Information Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention were analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological method for epidemiological characteristics of malaria. Results A total of 93 malaria cases were reported in Shandong Province in 2012 with the incidence of 0.097 per 100 thousand,with a reduction of 19.83% as compared to 2011. There were 93 imported cases which decreased by 4.12% compared with 97 cases in 2011 and it was the first year that there was no local infection. Jining,Qingdao and Weihai cities reported more cases,with 62.37%(58/93)of the total number of the whole province. Totally 93.55% of malaria cases were imported from Africa,most from Equatorial Guinea,Ni? geria and Angola. There were 3 cases of imported ovale malaria firstly reported. Conclusions There were no local malaria cases reported in Shandong Province in 2012,but the imported malaria prevention and control was still not optimistic. In order to achieve the goal of malaria elimination in Shandong Province,it needs to continue to strengthen epidemic management,profession? al training and work supervision,strengthen management,advocacy and detection on the floating population,and explore multi? sectoral coordination mechanisms.
    Field evaluation of a novel plant molluscicide "Luo?wei"|against Oncomelania hupensis IV Molluscicidal effect in field of river beach in Dongzhi County, Anhui Province
    SHU Fa, CHEN Sheng-You, XIE Wei-Ping, ZHOU Ping, SUN Le-Ping, GIA Tie-Wu
    2013, 25(6):  623. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1307KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To evaluate the field effect of the plant molluscicide“Luo?wei” (tea?seed distilled saponins,TDS) against the snail Oncomelania hupensis in the river beach in Anhui Province. Methods The immersing and spraying experiments were carried out in the river beach in Dongzhi County,Anhui Province,to assess the molluscicidal effect of 4% TDS comparing with 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt(WPN) . The χ2 test or Fish’ s exact test was used to examine the dif? ferences between or among the molluscicidal effects by different environments,molluscicides,application methods,or days after the intervention. Meanwhile,the cost?effectiveness of the two molluscicides was analyzed. Results After 1,2 ,3 d and 7 d of the immersion,the snail death rates in both TDS group and WPN group increased gradually,the snail death rates in the two groups af? ter immersing for 7 d were 94.62% and 99.24%,respectively,and there was no significant difference between them(χ2 =3.30, P > 0.05) . After 1 ,3 ,7 d and 15 d of spraying,the snail death rates were 70.82%,79.75%,85.11% and 91.65% in the TDS group,and 77.71%,84.27%,91.90% and 95.58% in the WPN group,respectively,and the differences among the snail death rates of the two groups at each time point were statistically significant(all P values < 0.05) . The costs of spraying were 316.71 yu? an per 100 m2 for TDS and 309.71 for WPN. Conclusions The molluscicidal effect of TDS has reached the requirements of na? tional standard on nature source pesticides in the river beach of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It is necessary to further evaluate its cost?effectiveness in large?scale field experiments in the future
    Analysis of malaria epidemic situation in Shantou City from 1992 to 2012
    CHEN Jun-Hua, HUANG Jian-Yun, CHEN Hong-Hui, ZHUANG Hong
    2013, 25(6):  627. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (997KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics,regular pattern and trend of malaria in Shantou City, Guangdong Province. Methods The historical data of malaria were collected and analyzed by the descriptive epidemiological methods in Shantou City from 1992 to 2012. Results A total of 556 malaria cases were reported in Shantou City from 1992 to 2012,with the annually incidence of 0.056 cases per 10 thousand. After 2003,no secondary cases and local outbreak of malaria occurred. The ratio of male to female was 3.34∶1,and 82.73% of the patients were aged from 15 to 45 years. The peasants(includ? ing workers from the village)and factory workers most easily suffered from malaria with a proportion of 39.21% and 18.35%,re? spectively. Nevertheless there was an exception in some year. Conclusion There is still some reported cases of malaria each year in Shantou City,therefore, we should continue to strengthen the preventive and monitoring measures.
    Comparison of molluscicidal effects of two snail control methods with plastic film covering in hilly regions
    ZHOU Yun, ZHANG Biao, WANG Zhi-Mei, ZHAO Jia-Hui, MAO Shu, XIE De-Bing, MEI Zhi-Zhong, ZHANG Jun, HONG Qing-Biao, WANG Wei, SUN Le-Ping
    2013, 25(6):  630. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1181KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To evaluate and compare the molluscicidal effects of colorless and black plastic film covering methods against Oncomelania hupensis snails in hilly regions. Methods A hilly setting with high snail density was selected as the study ar? ea,and three groups including the colorless plastic film covering method,black plastic film covering method and control were de? signed. The snail surveys were conducted 1,3,7,15 days and 30 days in each group following plastic film covering,and the mor? tality of snails and reduction of snail density were investigated. The air temperature,soil surface temperature in the control group, as well as the soil surface temperature and the temperatures 5 cm and 15 cm under the soil within the film were recorded. Results The mortality rates of snails were 36.84%,78.94%,95.92%,100.00% and 99.45% 1,3,7,15 days and 30 days following color? less plastic film covering,respectively,and the snail density after 30 days of covering reduced by 99.36% as compared to that be? fore covering,while the mortality rates of snails were 10.08%,8.94%,6.11%,26.15% and 49.32% 1,3,7,15 days and 30 days following black plastic film covering,respectively,and the snail density after 30 days of covering reduced by 58.10% as com? pared to that before covering. There were significant differences in the 1?,3?,7?,15?day and 30?day snail mortality rates between the colorless and black film covering groups(all P values < 0.01),and a significant difference was detected in the snail density be? tween the two groups 30 days after the film covering(P < 0.001) . In addition,the speed,amplitude and duration of the rise in the soil surface temperature within the colorless film were all greater than those within the black film. Conclusion The short ? term molluscicidal effect of the colorless plastic film covering method is significantly superior to that of the black plastic film covering method in summer in hilly regions.
    Effect of execution of Global Fund Malaria Project in Suining County
    TANG Yue-E
    2013, 25(6):  633. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (974KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To evaluate the effect of the execution of the Global Fund Malaria Project in Suining County. Meth? ods The data of malaria information and the execution of the Global Fund Malaria Project in Suining County from 2006 to 2012 were collected and analyzed statistically. Results From 2006 to 2012,215 confirmed malaria cases were reported,including 213 cases of vivax malaria and 2 cases of falciparum malaria. With the implementation of the Global Fund Malaria Project,the ma? laria cases decreased from 37 cases in 2006 to 1 case in 2012,and the incidence decreased from 0.28/10 000 to 0.01/10 000 with the decline rate of 96.43%. Conclusion The implementation of the Global Fund Malaria Project plays a significant role on malar? ia control in Suining County.
    Survey of distribution of Enterobius vermicularis infection of children in Huadu District, Guangzhou City
    AN Yao-Wu, PANG Xin-Li, LIU Jie-Bing, HUANG Shao-Yu, LI Kai, DENG Zhuo-Hui, RUAN Cai-Wen, LIU Xiao-Ning, REN Wen-Feng, XU Cong-Hui
    2013, 25(6):  636. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1022KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To understand the status of Enterobius vermicularis infection of children in Huadu District,Guang? zhou City so as to provide the evidence for improving the control work. Methods In 2012,24 kindergartens and 24 primary schools were selected as survey sites by the stratified random sampling method and 200 or more children aged below 10 years per site were investigated for the Enterobius vermicularis infection by the cellophane tape method. The relevant influencing factors(en? vironment conditions,sanitary facilities and management system,and health habits of families and individuals)were surveyed with questionnaire,and all the data were analyzed statistically with the Excel software. Results From September to December, 2012,totally 9 777 children were investigated and 760 ones were detected with Enterobius vermicularis infection(7.77%) . With a school as the unit,the highest infection rate reached to 33.82%(69/204). The infection rate in urban areas was 4.63% (195/ 4 213),and the rate in villages was 10.15%(760/5 546) (χ2 =102.126,P < 0.01) . The infection rate of preschool chil? dren was 3.51%(1 70/4 840)and the rate of school children was 11.95%(590/4 973),and the latter was much higher than the former(χ2 =242.732,P < 0.01) . The infection rates of the male and the female were 7.44%(412/5 537)and 8.21%(348/4, 240)respectively(χ2 =1.969,P > 0.05) . The survey of relevant influencing factors showed that the conditions of the kindergar? tens were better than those in the primary schools,and the conditions in the urban areas were better than those in the villages. Conclusions The Enterobius vermicularis infection of children in Huadu District is high. The control key points should be put on the schools with poor sanitary facilities and environment conditions in villages and urban areas.
    Clinical characteristics of 32 cases of tsutsugamushi disease in Suqian Munici? pality
    SUN Ming, WANG Dong-Liang, ZHAO Chun-Yun, CHEN Qiu-Xiang
    2013, 25(6):  639. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1041KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To understand the clinical characteristics of tsutsugamushi disease in Suqian Municipality, Jiangsu Province so as to guide the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Methods The clinical data of 32 patients diagnosed as tsutsu? gamushi disease in our hospital during the past 2 years were analyzed retrospectively. Results Tsutsugamushi disease occurred frequently between August and December. All the 32 patients had the history of contacting grass and brushwood,and all of them showed the signs of pyrexia,eschar,ulcer,swelling of lymph nodes and rash. Liver damages were observed in 30 cases (93.75%) . Pulmonary imaging changes were observed in 14 cases(43.75%) . Heart damages were noticed in 9 cases(28.13%) . Kidney damages were noticed in 6 cases(18.75%) . One case was complicated by multiple organ dysfunction syndromes(MODS) and disseminated intravascular coagulation(DIC) . The OX19 and OX2 antigen agglutination reaction of bacillus proteus were neg? ative in all the cases. The OXK antigen agglutination reaction of bacillus proteus was positive in 6 cases(18.75%) . Among 32 cas? es,24 cases were misdiagnosed in the first visiting clinic. The misdiagnosis rate of the initial diagnosis of this disease reached as high as 75%. Azithromycin was effective. The curative rate was 96.88% and the mortality was 3.13%(1 case) . Conclusions Clin? ical characteristics of tsutsugamushi disease are complicated,and it is commonly complicated with liver damages. The Weil?Felix test is not very important to initial diagnosis for tsutsugamushi disease in local. For patients as fever with unknown origin(FUO) and with the liver damage,the diagnosis of tsutsugamushi disease should be reminded.
    Optimization of time of artificial population schistosome infected Oncomelania hupensis snails
    XIONG Chun-Rong, YAO Yun-Yi, YANG Kun
    2013, 25(6):  642. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1911KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To explore the optimizational time of artificial population schistosome infected Oncomelania hupensis snails. Methods Under laboratory conditions,the snails were infected with the miracidia of Schistosoma japonicum for 2 h,3 h and 4 h respectively,and the death rates and the infection rates of the snails,and the quantities of cercariae of each group were ob? served 60-120 d after the infection,and all the data observed were analyzed to get the optimizational time of artificial population schistosome infected snails. Results Of the 3 h group,the snail infection rate was the highest and the mortality was the lowest among the 3 groups(P<0.05) . The average number of cercariae of the 3 h group was higher than that of the 2 h group(P<0.05), while there was no statistical difference between the 3 h group and the 4h group(P>0.05) . Conclusion Under laboratory condi? tions, the optimizational time is 3 h in artificial population schistosome infected O. hupensis snails.
    Surveillance of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Gaoyou sections in east route of South-to-NorthWater Diversion Project before water transfer
    ZHU Yu-Fang, GAO Jin-Bin, HUANG Ya-Min, KUANG Rui-Xiang, HANG De-Rong, HE Yong, WAN Zhong, HUANG Yi-Xin
    2013, 25(6):  644. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1271KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis and the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Gaoyou sections in the east route of the South? to?North Water Diversion Project before water transfer. Methods The Grand Canal,the Sanyang River and the range of 3 kilometers of both sides of the rivers were chosen as the surveillance area in the Gaoyou sections in the east route of the South? to?North Water Diversion Project,and the Gaoyou Lake area adjacent to the east route was also chosen as the surveillance area. The human and livestock schistosomiasis and Oncomelania hupensis snails were monitored by the conventional method. Three underwater snail surveillance sites were set up in the Grand Canal and the Sanyang River respectively,and the net salvage method and the method of attracting snails with rice straw curtains were used to survey the snails underwater in the surveillance sites. Results The schistosome infected snails,the human and livestock schistosomiasis were not found in the Gaoyou sections in the east route of the South?to?North Water Diversion Project from 2006 to 2012. The snail areas were on the decline in the Grand Canal. The snail was not found in the Sanyang River. A total of 270 kg floatage was refloated and 720 pieces of rice straw curtains were placed in the surveillance sites,and there were no snails in the floatage and the rice straw curtains. Conclusion There is no evidence showing that the snails spread to northward in the Gaoyou sections in the east route of the South?to?North Water Diversion Project.
    Survey of the number of eggs in Taenia asiatica gravid proglottids in Dali Prefecture of Yunnan Province
    LI Tian-Mei, FANG Wen, LIU Hong-Kun
    2013, 25(6):  647. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (2097KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To observe the number of eggs in the gravid proglottids of Taenia asiatica. Methods Twenty gravid proglottids at each end of two adults of T. asiatica were digested by 1% pepsin. Then,the collected eggs were observed and count? ed by a microscope. Results The number of eggs in each gravid proglottid were not the same,with the maximum of 132 500,min? imum of 44 180,and the average number of 90 051,and there was a significant difference among the different gravid proglottids (t = -3.487, P = 0.003) . Conclusion The number of eggs in different gravid proglottids of T. asiatica is evidently different.
    Splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization for advanced schistosomiasis with cavernous transformation of portal vein
    LUO Feng-Qiu, LIU Jia-Xin, PAN Ge, WANG Peng, DING Guo-Jian, DENG Wei-Cheng
    2013, 25(6):  649. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1041KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To explore a surgical treatment of advanced schistosomiasis with cavernous transformation of the portal vein. Method The clinical data of 18 patients who suffered from advanced schistosomiasis with cavernous transformation of the portal vein were collected and analyzed retrospectively in the Affiliated Xiangyue Hospital of Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases. Results Two cases were undertaken the endoscopic variceal ligation,and the upper gastrointestinal bleeding happened 32 months and 40 months after the treatment respectively,and they received the splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization again;16 cases were undertaken the splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization. During the follow?up of 6-72 months,no esophageal and gastric varices were found. Conclusion Splenectomy and esophagogastric devascularization is effective in the treatment of advanced schistosomiasis with cavernous transformation of the portal vein.
    Surveillance of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Jingzhou City in 2011
    BIE Wen-Tao, ZHENG Zeng-Wang, YUAN Mei-Zhi
    2013, 25(6):  652. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1252KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in monitoring sites of Jingzhou City in 2011. Methods According to the monitoring scheme of the schistosomiasis in Hubei Province,the schistosomiasis endemic situation in human,farm cattle and Oncomelania snails were investigated in 64 monitoring sites of Jingzhou City in 2011 and the results were analyzed statistically. Results In the 64 monitoring sites,the average schistosome infection rate of residents was 1.48%,and the rate in residents aged 50 years or over was highest. There was no case of acute schistosomiasis infection. There were 170 cases of advanced schistosomiasis. The average infection rate of farm cattle was 1.38%. Among the 3 034.03 hm2 area with snails,the area with schistosome infected snails was 25.65 hm2 . The average density of living snails was 0.74 snails/0.1 m2 ,while the average den? sity of infected snails was 0.000 6 snails/0.1 m2 . The infection rate of snails was 0.08%. Conclusion The endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jingzhou City in 2011 is relatively stable,but the infection rate of farm cattle is higher. Therefore,the preven? tive measures still should be enhanced.
    Changes of historical Paragonimus metacercaria infection rates of freshwater crabs in Yongjia County
    ZHOU Teng-Jian, CHEN Hai-Qiang, HONG Jia-Lin
    2013, 25(6):  655. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1914KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To understand the changes of Paragonimus metacercaria infection rates of freshwater crabs in Para? gonimus endemic areas and explore the causes in Yongjia County,Zhejiang Province,China. Methods A field investigation was carried out. The freshwater crabs were collected and the metacercaria were separated from the crabs. The infection rates, infectiosi? ties and infection indexes were calculated and the results were vertically compared with the historical findings. The causes of the changes were discussed. Results Compared with those in 1980,the average infection rate in original endemic areas decreased from 59.71% to 21.50%(P < 0.05),while the infection density decreased from 1.09/g to 0.23/g(P < 0.05) . The infection index decreased obviously. In Hesheng Village,it decreased from 4.05 to 0.01 (P < 0.01), in Wuchi Village,it was from 37.90 to 2.91 (P <0.01), and in Daruoyan Scinic area, it was from 5.85 to 0.03 (P < 0.01) . Two endemic areas disappeared but two new endemic areas(Sihai Village and Sunshan Village)were found,and in Sunshan Village,the metacercaria infection rate was 100%,the in? fection density and infection index were 21.30/g and 3 402.68 respectively,which meant it was a super high endemic focus. Con? clusion The Paragonimus metacercaria infection rate in crabs is lower than before in Yongjia County,but some super high epi? demic focus of paragonimiasis still exists. Therefore, we still should strengthen the control measures.
    Investigation on status of Oncomelania hupensis in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted areas of Huangshan City
    FANG Yi-Min, TANG Yi-Nong, WANG Ye-Bin, ZHENG Rui-Feng, DING Wei-Xia
    2013, 25(6):  657. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1832KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To explore a new monitoring method for schistosomiasis transmission interrupted areas,so as to evalu? ate the monitoring results in counties(districts)to improve the quality. Methods Specialized technicians were selected as survey teams to investigate the status of Oncomelania hupensis snails with the random sampling method combined with environmental sam? pling method every year from 1997 to 2013. Results From 1997 to 2013,118 villages of 38 townships of 21 counties were investi? gated for the snail status,and there were 18 environments with snails in 10 townships of 7 counties. The snail area was 10.91 hm2 . Conclusion There are still small snail areas. Therefore,the snail monitoring should still be strengthened by specialized techni? cians.
    Brief discussion on experiences from laboratory certification and accreditation on detection of parasitic diseases
    XIONG Yan-Hong, GUAN Ya-Yi, CAO Jian-Ping, ZHENG Bin, WANG Yan-Juan, ZHANG Min-Qi, ZHOU Xiao-Jun
    2013, 25(6):  659. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (976KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    The laboratory certification and accreditation is the development trend of domestic and international laboratories. The National Institute for Parasitic Diseases,Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention passed through the site assess? ment in September 2012 successfully,26 items in 8 fields declared were all adopted. This article summarizes some work experienc? es during carrying out the laboratory certification and accreditation.
    Experience of improving achievements of skill competitions of parasitic diseases
    CHEN Jie
    2013, 25(6):  662. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (951KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    This paper summarizes the experiences of improving the performance of skill competitions of parasitic diseases through reviewing several national and provincial races.
    Progress in researches of molecular mechanism of schistosome cercariae infection
    DU Xiao-Feng, JU Chuan, HU Wei
    2013, 25(6):  664. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1401KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Schistosome cercariae must penetrate skin as an initial step to successfully infect the final host. Proteolytic en? zymes secreted from the acetabular glands of cercariae contribute significantly to the invasion process. Nowadays,the researches of molecular mechanism of schistosome infection mainly focus on the cercarial secretions including serine protease and cysteine prote? ase. Previous researches already showed that Schistosoma mansoni penetrates the skin mainly depend on cercarial elastease secret? ed by cercariae while Schistosoma japonicum penetrates the skin chiefly by cathepsin B2. The illustration of molecular mechanism of schistosome cecariae infection will accelerate the identification of novel vaccines and drug targets.
    Study on morphological and functional characterization of hemocytes in snails
    ZHENG Sheng-Bang, ZHOU Yi-Biao, JIANG Qing-Wu
    2013, 25(6):  668. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1061KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Snails are the intermediate host of Schistosoma and they play an important role in the transmission of schistosomia? sis. The snails in different areas present various susceptibilities,which are related to the different hemocytes in the snails. There is not a common standard in the classification of hemocytes,and generally the hemocytes are divided into two categories:a granulo? cyte and a hyalinocyte. The granulocyte plays an important role in immunization,while hyalinocyte shows a less effect. Besides, soluble factors may also play a role in immunization.
    Effect of sand buried on elimination of Oncomelania hupensis snails in marsh-land along Yangtze River in Jiangdu District, Jiangsu Province
    HUANG Yong-Jun, TANG Hong-Ping, HANG De-Rong, SHE Guang-Song, ZHU Xi-Guang, HUANG Yi-Xin
    2013, 25(6):  672. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1267KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To evaluate the effect of sand buried on the elimination of Oncomelania snails in the marshland along the Yangtze River downstream. Methods The areas along the Yangtze River were chosen as the investigated objects in Jiangdu District,Jiangsu Province. The datum review and field investigations were used to observe the change of snail area after the sand buried. Results There were 11 sand buried projects along the Yangtze River in Jiangdu District,Jiangsu Province. The snail ar? eas decreased by 93.73% after the sand buried. Conclusion The sand buried is an effective method of snail control in the marsh? land along the Yangtze River. This method can be combined with economic construction and development projects for populariza? tion and application.
    nvestigation on intestinal nematode infections of rural people in Jiangning District, Nanjing City
    GAN Cheng-Xin, WANG Zhi-Mei, ZHAO Jia-Hui
    2013, 25(6):  674. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1832KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To understand the prevalence of intestinal nematodiasis in rural people in Jiangning District,Nanjing City,so as to provide the evidence for the establishment of the control programs of the disease. Methods The residents and pri? mary and secondary school students aged above 6 years in Tongshan Township,Jiangning District were selected as investigation ob? jectives,and the Kato?Katz technique was used to detect the intestinal nematode eggs in feces of them. Results Four hundred and ten villagers were detected,and the infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm were 5.12% and 0.98%,respective? ly. Meanwhile,407 students were detected,and the infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides and Fasciolopsis buski were 1.72% and 0.25%,respectively. The infection rates of intestinal nematodes in villagers and students were 6.10% and 1.97%,respectively, and the difference between them were statistically significant(χ2 =8.997,P < 0.05) . Conclusions The infection rate of intesti? nal nematodes in rural population of Jiangning District,Nanjing City has decreased obviously,and the rate is higher in villagers than in students. Therefore, the control work in the future should put emphasis on villagers.
    Effect of health education intervention in schools of Yanrui Town, Yushan County
    ZHOU Xing, CHEN Rao-Sheng, ZHENG De-Ren, LI Jian-Ren, CHENG Xiao-Bo, AO Jian-Qiu, LIU He-Xin
    2013, 25(6):  675. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (998KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To evaluate the effect of a new mode of health education in schools. Methods In the Zhaiqian Prima? ry School,Yanrui Town,Yushan County in a hilly schistosomiasis endemic area,a new mode of health education intervention,i. e.“rewards and punishment + advise others by using one’ s experience + teachers’participation”was carried out,and the knowl? edge,attitude and practice of schistosomiasis prevention of the pupils,and the schistosome infection rates of the pupils were inves? tigated and the results were analyzed and compared before and after the intervention. Results Among 204 pupils investigated, the awareness rate of schistosomiasis prevention knowledge increased from 26.47% before the intervention to 86.76% and 99.51% one and two years after the intervention,respectively;the rate of correct attitude increased from 17.04% to 73.04% and 100%,re? spectively;the rate of the infested water contact decreased from 83.33% to 26.96% and 0,respectively;the schistosome infection rate decreased from 2.94% to 0.49% and 0,respectively. Conclusion The health education of schistosomiasis prevention in schools is necessary,and the new mode of health education, “rewards and punishment + advise others by using one’ s experience + teachers’participation”is effective in the prevention from schistosome infection in pupils.
    Effect of health education on prevention from schistosome infection in engi? neering construction workers in Poyang Lake area
    WU Guo-Sheng, HONG Xian-Lin, HU Zhuo-Hui, XU Sheng-Wen, FU Guo-Lan, HU Shen-Zhu, HU Ming-Wen, FAN Yun-Long, LI Xiao-Gang
    2013, 25(6):  677. 
    Asbtract ( )   PDF (1021KB) ( )  
    Related Articles | Metrics
    Objective To evaluate the effect of health education on prevention from schistosome infection in engineering con? struction workers in Poyang Lake area. Methods The workers for constructing“De Chang”highway in Poyang Lake area were di? vided randomly into an experiment group and a control group, “health education + protective skill training”was carried out in the experiment group,whereas,no intervention was implemented in the control group. Results In the experiment group,the aware? ness rates of schistosomiasis control knowledge were 7.96% and 96.39% before and after the intervention,respectively;the rates of contacting infested water were 100% and 1.77% pre? and post ? intervention,respectively;the work protective rates increased from zero before the intervention to 100% after the intervention;there was no person infected with schistosome after the interven? tion. However,in the control group,all the indexes above?mentioned had no significant changes. Conclusion The intervention model“health education + protective skill training”,can effectively prevent from schistosome infection in engineering construction workers in Poyang Lake area.