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    28 October 2013, Volume 25 Issue 5
    Malaria from control to elimination in China: Transition of goal, strategy and interventions
    CAO Jun, ZHOU Shui-Sen, ZHOU Hua-Yun, YU Xin-Bing, TANG Lin-Hua, GAO Qi
    2013, 25(5):  439. 
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    The Malaria Elimination Action Plan has been launched in China since 2010,to pursue the goal of national wide malaria elimination by 2020. To ensure the achievement of the goal,the strategy and interventions should be transited from control to elimination,based on the better understanding of malaria elimination. In this article,we delineate the difference between malar? ia control and elimination phase,and explain the importance of transition of the goal,strategy and interventions from control to elimination,also decrypt the background,definition,critical points and challenges of China’ s current malaria elimination strate? gy and interventions,to improve health workers’understanding and implementation of national elimination program at different levels,and eventually impact the progress of national elimination program.
    Analysis of epidemic situation of schistosomiasis at Kongqing Village in Ju-rong City, 2012
    JIANG Cheng-Gong, WU Xiao-Jun, CHEN Shi-Jun, LI Shui-Ming, WANG Xiao-Lei
    2013, 25(5):  443. 
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    Objective To understand the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis and control effect in mountainous regions in Jurong City. Methods According to the“Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control Practices”and the“Schistosomiasis Monitoring Work Program in Jiangsu Province”,the density of Oncomelania hupensis snails,and the infection rates of residents and animals were investigated and the results were analyzed statistically. Results The area with snails was 8 150 m2 ,and the snail density was 0.14 snial/0.1 m2 . The positive rate of schistosomiasis serological tests was 3.2% in the residents,and the infection rate was 0 in animals. Conclusion The epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in the mountainous regions of Jurong City presents a low preva? lence, but the surveillance is still needed.
    The changes of hydrological regime in Poyang Lake after runs of Three Gorges Project and its impact on prevalence of schistosomiasis in the lake region
    CHEN Hong-Gen, ZENG Xiao-Jun, LIN Dan-Dan, LV Shang-Biao, GU Xiao-Nan, HANG Chun-Qin, LI Zhao-Jun
    2013, 25(5):  444. 
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    Objective To clarify new features of hydrological regime in the Poyang Lake after runs of the Three Gorges Proj? ect and its impact on the prevalence of schistosomiasis in this region. Methods It is collected information of Three Gorges Proj? ect,average daily water level from 2002 to 2012 at Duchang hydrological station in Poyang Lake and the data of prevalence and control of schistosomiasis in 12 endemic counties along the lake. It was analyzed the trends of prevalence of schistosomiasis under the changed condition of hydrologic situation. Results Effects of impoundment of Three Gorges reservoir running on water level of Poyang Lake are mainly shown in:Water levels of the lake are suppressed throughout the year which was characterized by high wa? ter level in flood season dropped,lower water level appeared in the spring,water withdrew earlier and quicker in the fall and to an even lower level in dry season. After impoundment of Three Gorges Project,infection rate of Schistosoma japonica in human and in bovine decreased by 92.65% and 76.37% respectively in endemic areas around the lake. The density of Oncomelania snails de? creased by 94.21%. Prevalent of schistosomiasis in this region showed a significant downward trend. Conclusions After runs of the Three Gorges Project,regularized changes hydrologic conditions has taken place in Poyang Lake which is characterized by low? er water level and thus might lead to lower density of Oncomelania snails on marshlands and reducing of prevalence of schistosomia? sis. Significant strengthening of schistosomiasis control efforts might also contributed to the stable and low level of prevalence of schistosomiasis in the region.
    Establishment and application of rapid assessment system of environment with high transmission risk of schistosomiasis in marshland and lake regions II Establishment and application of measures for field survey
    CAO Chun-Li, BAO Zi-Ping, ZHU Hong-Qing, GIA Tie-Wu, YU Qing, QIN Zhi-Qiang, LIANG You-Sheng, ZHONG Bo, REN Guang-Hui, HUANG Xi-Bao, LIN Dan-Dan, ZHANG Shi-Qing, XU Jing, LI Shi-Zhu, GUO Jia-Gang, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2013, 25(5):  451. 
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    Objective To establish the measures of schistosomiasis field survey and evaluate the efficacy of their application according to the content of indexes of rapid assessment system to high transmission risks in schistosomiasis endemic areas of lake regions. Methods In 2012,based on the analysis of Oncomelania hupensis snail situation,and schistosomiasis epidemic data of human and cattle from 2008-2010,60 villages from Hunan,Hubei,Jiangxi and Anhui provinces were selected and investigated, and the content of the investigation included the field feces,snail status,and epidemic situation of human and cattle. The systemic sampling was applied for snail investigation;the feces collected from snail investigation field were examined by the hatching test (3 bottles for 1 sample) . A cluster random sampling was carried out with more than 300 people in each village. By using the hatch? ing test(3 bottles for 1 sample),the human stool examination was carried out for the identification of the infected persons who were positive in the immunity test screening. The hatching test was applied for cattle of all the villages(3 bottles for 1 sample) . Re? sults A total of 65 field feces spots were surveyed in 60 villages,field feces were found in 78.46% (51/65) of spots,and the positive rate of field feces was 1.07% (9/842) . There were 73.33% (44/60) of villages with cattle,and the largest amount cattle with 329 was found in Wufeng Village,Jiangxi Province. The cattle infection rate was 1.51% (49/3 242)in 3 242 investigated cattle. The highest cattle infection rate was 4% in Tongxin Village,Jiangxi Province. The population of 47 099 was surveyed,the infection rate was 0.77%(364/47 099),and the highest was 4.37% in Xumuchang Village,Hunan Province. The infection rate was 0 in 43.33% (26/60)of villages. No acute schistosomiasis cases were reported in all the villages in 2011 and 2012. Totally,77 snail spots in 60 villages were investigated,and 51 spots were marshland and 26 spots were ditches. The schistosome?infected snails were detected in 5.88% (3/51) of the marshland spots and the living snails were found in 80.39% (41/51)of the spots. The highest density of liv? ing snails was 3.20/0.1 m2 in Xumuchang Village,Hunan Province. The average density of infected snails was 0.000 45/0.1 m2 (4/ 8 942) . The infected snail spots were distributed in Liujiadi Village and Liuhe Village of Hubei Province,and Jiangkou Village of Anhui Province. No infected snails were detected in 26 ditches spots. The living snails were detected in 53.85%(14/26)of the ditches spots. The highest average density of living snails was 3.76/0.1 m2 in Huakou Village,Hubei Province. Conclusions The measures of field survey for rapid assessment system of high transmission risks in schistosomiasis endemic areas of lake regions are established and applied with scientific, impersonal and rapid characteristics.
    Establishment and application of quality control system for detection of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province I Ability of serological detection among county-level personnel
    ZHANG Jian-Feng, SUN Le-Ping, YANG Kun, HONG Qing-Biao, YAO Yun-Yi, GAO Yang, XIE Chao-Yong, ZHANG Lian-Heng, LIANG You-Sheng
    2013, 25(5):  457. 
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    Objective To evaluate the ability for serological screening of schistosomiasis among county?level personnel,so as to provide the evidence for establishing the quality control system of field detection of schistosomiasis. Methods The standard serum panel was prepared for the quality assessment of schistosomiasis diagnostic capability,and detected by county?level person? nel in the endemic field simultaneously using single?blind method. The rates of coincidence,misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis were calculated compared with the standard results. Results Totally 780 samples of standard serum were detected in 26 coun? ties,and showed 134 positive and 646 negative samples. The rates of coincidence,misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis were 95.13%,1.28% and 19.23%,respectively,and there was a significant difference between the detection results and the standard results(χ2 = 11.605 3,P = 0.000 7) . Among the 26 counties investigated,the misdiagnosis occurred in 5 counties(19.23%) and missed diagnosis occurred in 21 counties(80.77%) . The misdiagnosis rate and missed diagnosis rate of serological screening of schistosomiasis were 0-2.08% and 16.67%-33.33% in beach,hilly,water net and marshland endemic areas,respectively,and no significant differences were found in the misdiagnosis rate and the missed diagnosis rate among various types of endemic areas (χ2 = 1.590 and 1.757,P = 0.667 1 and 0.624 4) . The rates of misdiagnosis and the missed diagnosis were 1.14% and 1.39%,and 18.18% and 20.00% in the schistosomiasis transmission?controlled and the schistosomiasis transmission?interrupted areas, respectively,and no significant differences were found in the misdiagnosis rate and missed diagnosis rate between the schistoso? miasis transmission?controlled and transmission?interrupted areas(χ2 = 0.008 and 0.001,P = 0.931 and 0.974) . Conclusions The missed diagnosis is a major cause for the reduction of quality of schistosomiasis detection at the county level in Jiangsu Prov? ince,and the coincidental detection of schistosomiasis with standard serum in the field is one of effective approaches for the con? trol of the quality of schistosomiasis detection.
    Retrospective investigation on changes of endemic situation before and after reaching criteria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled or interrupted in hilly endemic areas of Jiangxi Province
    LIN Dan-Dan, LV Shang-Biao, GU Xiao-Nan, YIN Hui, ZENG Jian-Fang, ZHU Xiao-Feng, CHEN Hong-Gen
    2013, 25(5):  462. 
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    Objective To investigate the changing rules of schistosomiasis endemic situation before and after reaching the cri? teria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled or interrupted in hilly endemic areas of Jiangxi Province,so as to provide the evi? dence for reformulating the criteria of schistosomiasis control and eradication in the future. Methods In the hilly areas of schisto? somiasis endemic in Jiangxi Province,2 counties where the transmission has been interrupted and 1 county where the transmission has been controlled were selected and investigated with the retrospective research method. The endemic detailed data were collect? ed and recorded 10 years before reaching the criteria of transmission interrupted/controlled,and several years after reaching the criteria(ending in 2008),and then a database was established. The changing rules of endemic situation before and after reaching the criteria of transmission interrupted/controlled were analyzed and compared. Results After reaching the criteria of transmis? sion controlled,in the 3 counties,Guangfen,Shangrao and Dean,the declined rates of areas with Oncomelania hupensis snails were 96.79%,98.99%,and 99.77% respectively. The snail density maintained a lower level,and 95% of infected persons and cattle were cured. The average time from transmission controlled to the transmission interrupted was 17 years in Guangfen County and 26 years in Dean County. However,in Shangrao County,the snail situation rebounded due to the snail re?found and spread al? though the schistosomiasis morbidity of population/animals maintained stably. Conclusions After reaching the criteria of trans? mission interrupted/controlled,the remained snails were easy to re?find and spread under some certain condition,which is one of main obstacles for reaching the criteria of transmission interrupted. In an isolated snail unit,if the snail area and snail density are controlled in a very low level, it is still difficult to transmit and spread schistosomiasis even if there exist infectious sources.
    Mid-term evaluation on schistosomiasis control effect in Lushan earthquake-stricken areas in Sichuan Province
    LIU Yang, XU Bao-Hua, CHEN Lin, WU Zi-Song, XIAO Zhi-Yong, WANG Chao-Fu, XIE Ming-Kang, ZHANG Yi, LIU Ding, XU Liang, MAO Yong, LI Rong-Zhi, YANG Yu, XU Jia, WAN Jia-Jia, QIU Dong-Chuan, ZHONG Bo
    2013, 25(5):  467. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in Lushan earthquake?stricken areas in Sichuan Prov? ince,so as to provide the evidence for formulating appropriate measures for schistosomiasis prevention and control. Methods Ac? cording to the data of historical schistosomiasis prevalence,5 villages were selected as research sites and field investigations were conducted. Results The average density of Oncomelania hupensis snails was 0.41 snails/0.1 m2 ,and there were no schistosome? infected snails. There were no acute schistosomiasis cases in these five villages. For local residents,the health education leaflets were more suitable than warning signs,and for migrant population,they were more concerned about the warning signs. Conclu? sion After the implementation of effective prevention and control works,the epidemic risks of schistosomiasis have been con? trolled. However, the health education, surveillance,and prevention measures for schistosomiasis still need to be persisted in.
    Preparation and molluscicidal effect of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules
    XING Yun-Tian, DAI Jian-Rong, DAI Yang, YANG Zhen-Kun, WANG Fei, LIANG Xiao-Tian, MA Bo, QU Guo-Li, WANG Wei, LIANG You-Sheng
    2013, 25(5):  473. 
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    Objective To explore the preparation of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules and evaluate its molluscicidal ef? fect. Methods The optimal formula was obtained by the selection of wetting agents,dispersants,adhesives and carriers. The mol? luscicidal effect of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules was measured by the spray methods in the laboratory and field. Re? sults The mixed 5% niclosamide ethanolamine,0.2% sodium lauryl sulfate,and 1% alkylphenol sulfonic polyxyethylene ether sulfonate were crushed by gas flow,and then mixed with 93.7% quartz sand and 0.1% polyvinyl alcohol water solution,drying to 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules. The density,bulk density,and moisture of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules were 1.4 g/ml,1.3 g/ml,and 2.4%,respectively,and the hot storage stability was qualified. Under the lab condition,the death rates of Oncomelania hupensis snails sprayed with 0.5 g/m2 (7 d)or 1.0 g/m2 (1 d)of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules were higher than 95%. In the field,the death rates of the snails sprayed with 0.5 g/m2 (7 d)or 1.0 g/m2 (1 d)were higher than 85%. Conclu? sion There is a high molluscicidal effect of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules and it is suitable for field application.
    Survey on newly-developed advanced schistosomiasis patients in schistosomiasis transmission-interrupted areas
    YIN An-Hua, HUA Hai-Yong, SUN Guo-Xiang, XU Min-Gao, ZHOU Wei-En, ZHU Wei-Cheng, FENG Jun-Yuan, YOU Lu, TANG Feng, LIANG You-Sheng
    2013, 25(5):  477. 
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    Objective To understand the status of newly?developed advanced schistosomiasis patients in schistosome trans? mission?interrupted areas. Methods The newly diagnosed advanced schistosomiasis patients confirmed by professionals at prov? ince and county levels according to the available standards were investigated. Their detailed epidemiology history and present signs/ symptoms were surveyed,and the relevant medical examinations were performed. Results There were 75 patients including 22 males and 53 females. The average age was(70.0±7.0)years and they were all infected with schistosome previously. They received anti?schistosome therapy(mean 1.85 times)and stool examinations(mean 26.24 times)continuously from 1976 to 1985,and the results of stool examination were all negative. In majority of the patients’resident areas,the last time that Oncomelania hupensis snails were found was 1976,and the latest was 1983. During this period,no patients were up to the diagnostic criteria of advanced schistosomiasis after multiple examinations,and they were diagnosed as advanced cases between 2008 and 2011. The survey indi? cated that liver fibrosis was found in all the patients with 82.7% showing grad Ⅲpathological change,90.7% of them had spleno? megaly,20.0% had ascites,and 22.7% had portal vein broadening. The mean value of enzyme indexes of liver function was 31.81 U/L(ALT),53.19 U/L(AST)and 89.28 U/L(γ?GT),and the positive rate was 21.3%,49.3% and 57.3%,respectively. As for the fibrosis indexes,the positive rate of HA,LN,CⅥ and PⅢP was 73.3%,13.3%,17.3% and 9.3%,respectively,and the mean value of HA was 3 times higher than that of the upper limit of normal standard. Conclusions Newly-developed advanced schistosomiasis patients are those who were dignosed and cured parasitologically but progressed pathologically without any chance of re-infection. Anti-fibrosis therapy is necessary as the patients show considerable progressive liver fibrosis.
    Field evaluation of a novel plant molluscicide "Luo?wei"|against Oncomelania hupensis snails Ⅱ Molluscicidal effect in the field of lake areas in Hanchuan City, Hubei Province
    ZHANG Zhi-Hai, FANG Rong, YU Bin, LIU Zhi-Shuang, ZHAO Ze-Jun, XU Xin-Wen, HUANG Xiu-Long, GIA Tie-Wu
    2013, 25(5):  481. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of a novel plant molluscicide“Luo?wei” (Tea?seed distilled saponins,TDS) against Oncomelania hupensis in the field of lake areas in Hanchuan City,Hubei Province. Methods Immersing experiment and spraying experiment were carried out in 5 ditches and a beach land respectively in Hanchuan City,Hubei Province to compare the molluscicidal effects among 4% TDS,50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt(WPN),and 26% suspension con? centrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide(MNSC)by different dosages and time. The χ2 test or Fish’ s exact test was used to ex? amine the differences of snail death rates among them. Results After 72 h of immersing experiment,the snail death rates in the 2.5 g/m3 TDS group,3.0 g/m3 TDS group,2.0 g/m3 WPN group and 2.0 g/m3 MNSC group were 99.33%,100%,100%,and 100%,respectively,and there was no significant difference among them(P > 0.05) . By the end of 15 d after the spraying experi? ments,the snail death rates were 91.86% in the 2.0 g/m2 MNSC group,90.26% in the 5.0 g/m2 TDS group,87.45% in the 2 g/m2 WPN group,and 86.10% in the 3 g/m2 TDS group. The differences between the 5.0 g/m2 TDS group and 2.0 g/m2 MNSC group,as well as the 3.0 g/m2 TDS group and the 2.0 g/m2 WPN group had no statistical significance(both P > 0.05) . Conclusions The molluscicidal effect of TDS is similar to that of WPN or MNSC. The recommended dosage of TDS is 2.5 g/m3 for immersing or 5 g/ m2 for spraying in the field.
    Distribution characteristics, trend and control strategy of Oncomelania hupensis snails inWuhu City from 1997 to 2012
    CHEN Yong, ZHANG Rong, GAO Lan, BAO Jian-Guo, HE Jia-Chang
    2013, 25(5):  485. 
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    Objective To understand the emerging and re?emerging trend of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Wuhu City from 1997 to 2012,so as to provide the evidence for developing schistosomiasis control strategy. Methods A retrospective survey was conducted. The emerging and re? emerging snail areas were investigated in various years,water systems,settings and countries (districts)based on the historical snail survey results. Results The accumulative emerging snail area from 1996 to 2007 was 3 479.42 hm2 ,which was mainly found in marshland areas;while the accumulative re?emerging snail area was 1 648.08 hm2 , which was mainly concentrated on the inland areas. The longest duration from snail re ? emergence to snail elimination was 26 years,and the majority of the duration ranged from 3 to 12 years. Conclusion It seems impossible to avoid snail emergence and re?emergence in Wuhu City,which is closely associated with the natural environment and the implementation of schistosomiasis control measures.

    Effects of soluble egg antigen and adult worm antigen of Schistosoma japonicum on differentiation of effector B cells of mice
    TIAN Fang, HU Xue-Li, LIU Hao, WEI Hui, YANG Wei-Ping, DUAN Qiu-Fang, QIAN Li, YAN Hua
    2013, 25(5):  488. 
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    Objective To observe the differentiation ability of effector B cells induced by soluble egg antigen(SEA)and sol? uble adult worm antigen(SWAP)of Schistosoma japonicum. Methods The mouse spleen mononuclear cells and CD19+ B cells sorted by beads were stimulated by SEA,SWAP and lipopolysaccharide(LPS),respectively. The ratios of CD19+ IL?6+ cells and CD19+ IFN?γ+ cells were analyzed by flow cytometry after 72 hours. At the same time,the cytokines IL?6 and IFN?γ levels in the cultured supernatants were detected by ELISA. The mouse was immunized with the mixture of SEA or SWAP or LPS and the incom? plete Freund’ s adjuvant for three times,respectively. The mouse spleen mononuclear cells were isolated at the seventh day after the last immunization. The ratios of CD19+ IL?6+ cells and CD19+ IFN?γ+ cells were analyzed,and the cytokines IL?6 and IFN?γ lev? els in the culture supernatants were detected. Results The ratio of CD19+ IL?6+ cells in spleen mononuclear cells and splenic B cells was significantly increased in the groups stimulated by SEA and LPS(P < 0.05),and the cytokines IL?6 level in the CD19+ B cells culture supernatants were significantly increased(P < 0.01) . Furthermore,the ratio of CD19+ IL?6+ cells and the cytokines IL ?6 level were significantly increased in the SEA immunized group(P < 0.01) . SWAP could induce a significantly higher ratio of the CD19+ IFN?γ+ cells in spleen cells,instead of in splenic CD19+ B cells(P < 0.05) . The CD19+ IFN?γ+ cells and the cytokine IFN?γ level in the culture supernatants in the SWAP immunized group were significantly higher than those in the SEA and PBS im? munized groups(P < 0.01) . Conclusions SEA preferentially induces the increase of CD19+ IL?6+ cells in mouse spleen cells; while SWAP preferentially induces the CD19 + IFN?γ+ cells’production of mouse spleen cells,depending on the effects of other immune cells.
    Effect of comprehensive measures on schistosomiasis control in an aquaculture zone
    TANG Hong-Ping, HUANG Yong-Jun, SHE Guang-Song, XIE Yang, GAO Yang
    2013, 25(5):  493. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive measures on the control of schistosomiasis in an aquaculture zone,so as to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis control strategy in special environments. Methods From 2003 to 2012,the comprehensive control measures including individual prevention,detection and treatment of schistosomiasis pa? tients,environmental modification,and health education were implemented in an aquaculture zone of Luyang Lake,Jiangdu Dis? trict of Yangzhou City,Jiangsu Province. The changes in human morbidity of schistosomiasis and the status of Oncomelania snails were investigated annually. Results No acute infection of Schistosoma japonicum was detected for successive 10 years,and only 5 cases of chronic infection were found in the latest 5 years in the aquaculture zone. Since 2007,no snail habitats were found. Con? clusion The comprehensive control measures are effective.
    Field evaluation of a novel plant molluscicide "Luo?wei"|against the snail Oncomelania hupensis III Molluscicidal effect by spraying method in hilly regions
    ZHOU Yun, WANG Zhi-Mei, ZHANG Biao, XIE De-Bing, MEI Zhi-Zhong, GIA Tie-Wu, HONG Qing-Biao, SUN Le-Ping
    2013, 25(5):  495. 
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    Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of a novel plant molluscicide“Luo?wei” (Tea?seed distilled sapo? nins,TDS)against Oncomelania hupensis in hilly regions. Methods The molluscicidal effect of TDS at a dose of 5 g/m2 by the spraying method against Oncomelania snails was assessed in a setting with a high snail density in Hushan Village,Jiangning Dis? trict of Nanjing City,and the effect was compared with that of 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt(WPN)at a dose of 2 g/m2 at different time after spraying. Results After1,3,7 and 15 day(days)of the spraying experiment,the snail death rates of the TDS group were 56.47%,57.32% ,90.58% and 93.41% respectively,while those of the WPN group were 49.22%,53.37%,95.92% and 97.26%,respectively. The differences between the rates of the 2 groups 1,7,15 day(days)after the spraying were statistically significant(all P<0.05) . Fifteen days after the spraying,the density of living snails reduced from 20.30±16.20 snails/0.1 m2 and 23.67±21.22 snails/0.1 m2 to 2.28±2.17 snails/0.1 m2 and 1.27±0.76 snails/0.1 m2 in the TDS group and WPN group,respectively,with the reduction rates of 88.77% and 94.63%,respectively. Conclusion TDS can be used as an alternative molluscicide for the control of Oncomelania snails in hilly areas,which deserves further popularization.
    Follow-up of chronic filariasis patients in Jinshan District, Shanghai from 2009 to 2011
    SHEN Li, ZHU Min, WEI Xue-Hui, HE Zhang-Fei, YU Rui-Fang
    2013, 25(5):  498. 
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    Objective To understand the prognosis of chronic filariasis patients who were nursed with the care methods rec? ommended by WHO in Jinshan District,Shanghai. Methods The chronic filariasis patients who were nursed with the care meth? ods recommended by WHO were followed up in Jinshan District from 2009 to 2011. The patients of Level 1 were followed up once a year;the patients of Level 2 and Level 3 were followed up twice a year. All the results were recorded into the standard question? naires and analyzed statistically. Results By the end of 2011,there were 264 chronic filariasis patients,including 106 males and 158 females. There were 201 patients aged between 70 and 85 years old,accounting for 76.14% of the patients. Lymphedema was the most common symptom in the patients and 76.51% of the patients had it. From 2009 to 2011,the conducting rates of sani? tary cleaning the limbs,elevation of the limbs,and exercises were 89.02%,83.71% and 72.08%,respectively. The improvement rates were 6.54%,10.95% and 14.77% each year,which had a statistically significant difference(χ2 =18.359,P<0.01) . Con? clusion The care methods of chronic filariasis patients recommend by WHO really benefit the relief of lymphedema,and should be popularized.
    Lysozyme activities of Oncomelania hupensis in different seasons and ages of snails
    HUANG Chun-Lan, ZHOU Shu-Lin, LI Chao-Pin
    2013, 25(5):  501. 
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    Objective To explore the relationship between the lysozyme activities of Oncomelania hupensis snails among dif? ferent seasons,and the difference of the lysozyme activities among the different ages of the snails. Methods The homogenate soft tissues of O. hupensis were dissolved with Tris?HCl?TritonX?114 buffer and concentrated,and the enzyme was extracted by centrif? ugation. Results There were significant differences of lysozyme activities among different seasons(Spring,Summer,Autumn, Winter)with the results of 71.33±4.16 U/mg, 93.67±7.10 U/mg, 150.33±10.01 U/mg, 358±35.38 U/mg, respectively(F = 144.455, P < 0.01) . There were also significant differences of the activities between two age groups(adults and young snails)with the re? sults of 93.67±7.10 U/mg and 69.33±5.03 U/mg, respectively(t = 4.845, P < 0.05) . Conclusion There are significant differenc? es of the lysozyme activities among different seasons and ages of snails,and the highest lysozyme activity is in winter. The lyso? zyme activity of adult snails is higher than that of the youth.
    Molluscicidal effects of nano-silver biological molluscicide and niclosamide
    GUANG Xiao-Yuan, WANG Jiang-Jie, HE Zong-Gui, CHEN Geng-Xin, DING Lei, DAI Jian-Jun, YANG Xiao-Hong
    2013, 25(5):  503. 
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    Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of a novel nano?silver biological molluscicide in the field and its toxicity to other aquatic organisms. Methods A marshland of the Qiupu River was selected as the study site. Four 1 m3 pools were excavated. Four groups,including 300 g/m3 and 600 g/m3 nano?silver biological molluscicide groups,a 2 g/m3 50% niclosamide group,and a natural water(control)group were assigned to the four pools which had 100 Oncomelania hupensis snails and 100 crucian seedlings. The molluscicidal effects and toxicity to the aquatic organisms were observed. Results The snail death rates were 100% and crucian seedling death rates were 6% in the 600 g/m3 nano?silver biological molluscicide group and 300 g/m3 nano? silver biological molluscicide group in 7 days and 14 days. The snail death rate was 100% in the niclosamide group in 7 days,and the crucian seedling death rate was 100% in the niclosamide group in 3 days. The snail death rates were 7% and 14% in the con? trol group in 7 and 14 days respectively,and the crucian seedling death rate was 22% in the control group. Conclusions The nov? el nano?silver biological molluscicide possesses an excellent molluscicidal capability and non?toxicity to the other aquatic organ? isms. Therefore,it may become a new,efficient and environment?friendly bio?molluscicide for extensive application.
    Effects of different prevention and control measures on schistosomiasis prevalence in different limnetic regions
    XIANG Rui-Deng, ZHANG Zhi-Hai, WANG Shao-Rong, YU Bin, XU Xin-Wen, DENG Fang, LIU Zhi-Shuang, FANG Rong, ZHANG Hong-E, WANG Hui-Ling
    2013, 25(5):  506. 
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    Objective To compare the schistosomiasis control effects of the comprehensive control measures based on infec? tious resources control and the conventional control measures,so as to provide the evidence for improving prevention and control strategies. Methods In the Hanbei River basin,the comprehensive control measures based on infectious resources control(con? ventional measures plus grazing prohibition in the marshland,machine instead of cattle,and marshland development,and so on) were carried out,and in the Nanzhi River basin,the conventional control measures were performed. The schistosomiasis epidemic data were collected,analyzed and compared from 2004 to 2011. Results In 2004,the infection rate of the populations and cattle in Nanzhi River basin was lower than that in the Hanbei River basin. From 2004 to 2011,the Oncomelania hupensis snail frame oc? currence rate and the average density of living snails in the Nanzhi River basin was lower than that in the non?ploughing marshland and preventing wave woods of the Hanbei River basin,and there were schistosome infected snails in the Nanzhi River basin. From 2008 to 2010,there were no infected snails in the non?ploughing marshland of the Hanbei River basin. From 2007,the cattle have been eliminated in the Hanbei River basin. From 2007 to 2011,there were no infected snails in the preventing wave woods of the Hanbei River,but there were schistosome infected cattle found by stool examinations every year in the Nanzhi River basin. From 2004 to 2011,the infection rates of population presented downward trends in the two river basins,but the downward trend was more significant in the Hanbei River basin than in the Nanzhi River basin. Conclusion The conventional control measures and comprehensive control measures based on infectious resources control are both effective,but the latter is more effective.
    Qualitative research of selfmanagement behavior in patients with advanced schistosomiasis
    WANG Jian-Ping, WANG Xin-Ju, BAO Hui-Hong, ZHANG Hong, XU Zheng-Rong
    2013, 25(5):  510. 
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    Objective To explore the self?management behavior of patients with advanced schistosomiasis,so as to provide the evidence for improving clinical nursing. Methods A total of 18 patients with advanced schistosomiasis were interviewed in depth by using a semi structured interview method. The results were analyzed with Miles and Huberman content analysis method. Results Most of the patients with advanced schistosomiasis had self?management control behavior and were cooperated with medi? cal assistance because of their seriously illness. Based on data analysis,the symptom management,follow? up management,a healthy lifestyle,medication awareness,and emotional management were obtained. Conclusion The patients with advanced schistosomiasis have self management control behavior. Health care workers should promote the patients,their families and social people to participate in the self?management behavior of advanced schistosomiasis patients.
    Cost-effectiveness of schistosomiasis comprehensive control in Lushan County from 2007 to 2012
    ZHU Ji-Ying, WANG Cheng-Xiang, WANG Chao-Fu, WANG Shi-Zhong, LU Ke, HU Xiao-Jun, LI Yong-Quan, LI Zhong-Qin, LU Xiao-Qin, WANG Ying-Qi, LIU Yong, XU Wei, SHENG Xiao-Yan
    2013, 25(5):  513. 
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    Objective To evaluate the cost?effectiveness of comprehensive control strategy which mainly controls the schisto? somiasis infection source in Lushan County from 2007 to 2012 . Methods The data of the schistosomiasis endemic,Oncomelania hupensis snail status,control technology,and funding were collected and analyzed statistically in the endemic villages of Lushan County from 2007 to 2012. Results The schistosome infection rate of the residents decreased from 0.04% in 2007 to 0 in 2012. The numbers of advanced schistosomiasis patients decreased from 128 in 2007 to 121 in 2012. No acute schistosomiasis patients were found. The average density of living snails decreased from 0.06 snial/0.1 m2 to 0.05 snail/0.1 m2 ,with the decreased rate of 16.67%,and no schistosome infected snails were found. However,the snail area increased from 15.84 hm2 in 2007 to 52.12 hm2 in 2012,with the rise rate of 229.04%. The year per capita was 200.48 yuan,the cost of the infection rate decreasing by 1% was 949 900 yuan,and the cost of living snail density decreasing by 1% was 5 698 200 yuan. Conclusion The cost?effectiveness of comprehensive control strategy which mainly controls the schistosomiasis infection source is relatively good in Lushan County from 2007 to 2012.
    Analysis of malaria situation in Quanzhou City, 1963-2012
    WANG Xiao-Yun, LIU Jiang-Yi
    2013, 25(5):  516. 
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    Objective To understand the situation of malaria in Quanzhou City for 50 years,so as to provide the evidence for eliminating malaria. Methods The data of epidemic situation of malaria and intermediary surveillance were collected and ana? lyzed statistically from 1963 to 2012. Results The incidence of malaria has been periodically increased,but seasonal distribu? tion was not obvious. The incidence in economically developed areas was significantly lower than that in the slow economic develop? ment areas. The patients were mainly young adults,and the careers were mainly the farmer,worker and migrant worker. The vivax malaria was the main type and the main vector was Anopheles minimus. The incidence of malaria has been less than 1/100 000 since 1997. From 2004,all of the patients were imported,mainly came from Africa and Southeast Asia. Conclusions After more than 50 years’comprehensive prevention and treatment,the incidence of malaria has been maintained at a low level. We should strengthen the control and management of imported malaria,and consolidate the achievements in malaria prevention,so as to achieve the aim of malaria elimination.
    Effect of nursing intervention on improving quality of life of patients with advanced schistosomiasis
    XIAO Ju-Xiang, MEI Rui
    2013, 25(5):  519. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of nursing intervention on the quality of life of patients with advanced schistoso? miasis. Methods A total of 226 cases of advanced schistosomiasis were randomly divided into a control group and an experimen? tal group(113 cases each) . The patients in the control group received the conventional nursing,while the patients in the experi? mental group received the conventional nursing plus other interventions such as the health education,psychological counseling and diet guidance. The complications and scores of life quality of the patients in the 2 groups were observed and compared. Re? sults The awareness of knowledge about the disease improved from 67.7% to 98.9%,the incidence of complications decreased from 28.3% to 13.3%,and the scores of life quality improved significantly in the experimental group,which were much better than those in the control group. Conclusion The nursing intervention on the quality of life of patients with advanced schistosomiasis is effective.
    Surveillance of echinococcosis in Liyang City from 2008 to 2012
    HUANG Xiao-Mei, LV Lai-Fu, LIU Jian-Ping, HUANG Li-Zhong, XIE Yi-Qing, HE Ming-Zhen, JIN Xiao-Lin
    2013, 25(5):  521. 
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    Objective To investigate the Echinococcus infection of people and domestic animals in Liyang City,so as to pro? vide the evidence for the establishment of control measures of echinococcosis. Methods The formerly confirmed cases and clue cases were investigated. The Echinococcus antibody in serum of children aged from 7 to 12 years old and adults in key towns and control towns was detected with ELISA,and the antigen in fecal samples of dogs in key towns was also detected. B ultrasound was applied to examine the ELISA positive cases,family member and the neighbored people around them. The sheep in the market were dissected and examined for Echinococcus. Results The Echinococcus antibody positive rates were 0.93% and 0.52% in chil? dren and adults,respectively. The Echinococcus antigen positive rate was 0.95% in dogs. There were no significant difference be? tween the positive rates of the children and adults(χ2 = 2.124, P>0.05) . No cases were found by ultrasonic examination and no Echinococcus infection was found in the sheep. Conclusion The people with Echinococcus antibody in serum and dogs with anti? gen in their feces are found in the surveillance of echinococcosis,therefore,there exists the complete chain of transmission in lo? cal. Thus,in the prevention and control work for the disease,the monitoring of dog feces,quarantine of sheep from other regions, as well as the population health education in key areas should be strengthened.
    Establishment and application of imported falciparum malaria control system in Yangzhou City
    GAO Yang, YIN Liang, SHI Jian-Jun, MA Yu-Cai, WANG Fu-Biao, ZHENG Bo, SHE Guang-Song, XU Yu-Hui, ZUO Yin-Ping, YANG Jun
    2013, 25(5):  524. 
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    To aim at the characteristics of epidemic situation that the imported falciparum malaria cases increased year by year in Yangzhou City,an imported falciparum malaria control system was established. This control system was based on enhanc? ing the management of returned labor service export persons from falciparum malaria endemic areas,the active medical remind ser? vice,the diagnostic capability and health education,and the cooperation of medical personnel and patients,and also avoiding di? agnosis delay and misdiagnosis and promoting the treatment in time so as to decrease the serious patients and prevent them from death. After the application of the control system,there were 164 imported falciparum malaria cases from the returned persons of labor service export. The time from the attack of the disease to the diagnosis confirmed decreased from 6.8 days before the applica? tion of the system to 2.7 days after the application, and the rate of serious patients was 1.8% and there were no death cases.
    Evolution of schistosomiasis control and prevention strategies in hilly regions with schistosomiasis endemic in China
    LU Long-Ting, ZHU Rong, ZHANG Li-Juan, ZHONG Bo, FENG Xi-Guang, XU Xiao-Lin, GUO Jia-Gang
    2013, 25(5):  528. 
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    This article expatiates the epidemiological characteristics,the evolution process of control and prevention strate? gies and measures in hilly regions with schistosomiasis endemic,especially the research progress and obstacle factors existed in the implementation process of the comprehensive strategy focused on controlling infection source,aiming at providing references for the hilly regions to reach transmission interrupted standard.
    Wetland protection and Oncomelania hupensis control
    HUANG Yi-Xin
    2013, 25(5):  533. 
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    The wetland is the unique ecosystem that is formed by the interaction between water and land on the earth surface. At present,the wetland ecology and wetland protection is becoming a more and more attention. Oncomelania hupensis is also a wet? land creature that is the only snail host for spreading schistosomiasis japonica. The chemical drugs and environmental modification are usually used to the snail control in the schistosomiasis prevention and control. These control measures have different degrees of influence on wetland ecology. In order to meet the requirements of wetland protection,and to strengthen the research of the snail control appropriate technologies on wetland,this paper expounds the influence of different types of wetlands on Oncomelania and the influence of the snail control on wetland ecology. This paper also discusses the countermeasures of snail control of wetlands.
    Endemic situation of schistosomiasis after transmission-interrupted in Debao County: a 25-year surveillance
    LIU Jian-Zhong, JIANG Zhi-Hua
    2013, 25(5):  537. 
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    Objective To understand the dynamics of schistosomiasis prevalent factors after the transmission interruption in Debao Country,so as to provide the evidence for establishing a control strategy. Methods By using the system sample method combined with environmental sample method,the Oncomelania hupensis snail situation was surveyed through the general survey, round survey and selection check. Schistosomiasis cases were detected from local population and floating population by serological tests and stool tests. Results Four residual snail foci were found in a village from 1988 to 1991,covering an area of 1024 m2 , and 853 snails were dissected but no positive snail was discovered. No schistosomiasis patient was detected among 42 641 persons. No positive was found from 3165 cattle and 2063 wild mice. Conclusion The schistosomiasis situation is stable in Debao Coun? ty,but the surveillance of schistosomiasis still should be continued.
    Progress in researches on active constituents and molluscicidal activity of Sapium sebiferum
    LUO Kun-Shui, HE Yi-Chang, XU Lin-Chu, HUANG Cheng-Lin, SUN Qi-Xiang
    2013, 25(5):  538. 
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    Sapium sebiferum contains a variety of organic acids,flavonoids and phenolic substances,which were linked with the functions of poisoning Oncomelania. Sapium sebiferum is a good plant material of inhibiting Oncomelania. This paper reviews the variety,resources and active ingredients of Sapium sebiferum,and the researches of Sapium sebiferum inhibiting Oncomela? nia,and forecasts the development of Sapium sebiferum as an inhibiting Oncomelania forest in order to provide the evidence for its penetrating research and development.
    Sequential implementing farmland consolidation and replacing cattle with machine to control schistosomiasis
    XU Chun-Mei, XIAO Xiu-Lan, ZHENG Shao-Long, LU Jie, ZHANG Li-Ping, FAN Qiang, XU Qian-Cheng
    2013, 25(5):  541. 
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    Objective To evaluate the schistosomiasis control effect of sequential farmland consolidation and replacing bo? vine with machine. Methods Two farmlands of Qianjiang City were selected as experimental districts,and the sequential imple? menting farmland consolidation and replacing bovine with machine were carried out. The schistosomiasis epidemic situation was ob? served continuously. Results From 2008 to 2012,the human schistosome infection rate decreased by 78.90%,in which the sero? positive rate decreased by 47.88% (χ2 = 368.58,P < 0.01)and the stool positive rate decreased by 55.88%(χ2 =29.92,P < 0.01) . The schistosome infection rate of cattle was 2.54% in 2008,but from 2009,there were no cattle in the area. The Oncomela? nia snail area decreased by 54.78%,and the rate of frames with living snails and the mean density of living snails decreased by 76.49% and 72.63%(χ2 = 11.34, 12.86, P < 0.01)respectively. Since 2009,no infected snails were found. Conclusion The se? quential implementing farmland consolidation and replacing cattle with machine can effectively control the transmission of schisto? somiasis.
    Epidemic monitoring of schistosomiasis in Huangchang Village, Shashi District from 2005 to 2010
    LIAO Xian-Chao, HUANG Wen-Hui, WU Guang-Cui
    2013, 25(5):  543. 
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    Objective To understand the changes of epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Shashi District,Jingzhou City. Methods From 2005 to 2010,each year,from April to May,thestatus of Oncomelania snails were investigate by using the sys? tematic sampling approach;in October,the inhabitants aged over 6 years were screened by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA)and the positive persons received the etiological examination(Kato?Katz technique) . All the farm cattle in pens were exam? ined by using the plastic cup jacking hatching method. The data of control measures,and the nature and society data were collect? ed annually. All the data were analyzed systematically. Results From 2005-2010,the positive rate of blood tests was from 16.47% to 26.84%,assuming an ascend trend;the positive rate of stool examinations was from 2.13% to 4.44%,assuming a down? ward trend;the infection rate of cattle was from 1.56% to 18.00%,assuming a downward trend in volatility. The area with snails, the appearance rate of frames with living snails,and the average density of living snails assumed ascend trends. Conclusion The prevalence of schistosomiasis presents a downward trend in volatility,and the snail status assumes a ascend trend. Therefore,the prevention and control measures still should be strengthened.
    Effect of land consolidation project on detention of Oncomelania hupensis snails in flood at Yangtze River beach
    GAO Guang-Ting, LIU Yi-Xin, SUN Zhen, HU Jian-Guo, HU Qiong
    2013, 25(5):  545. 
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    Objective To explore the effect of land consolidation project on the detention of Oncomelania hupensis snails in the flood at the Yangtze River beach. Methods The land consolidation project including removing wild willow groves,cutting the high and filling the low,and improving the slope was carried out at the Yangtze River beach in 2011,and the status of snails was investigated before and after the project,respectively,at the end of the flood season. Results Before the project(2010),at the end of the flood season,the rate of the frames with snails was 96.5% and the snail density was 3.655/0.1m2 . After the project (2012),at the end of the flood season in the same area,the rate of the frames with snails was 2.0% and the snail density was 0.015/0.1m2 (χ2 = 357.29,P < 0.01) . Conclusion The land consolidation has a significant effect on the detention of snails in the flood at the Yangtze River beach.
    Surveillance of intestinal nematode infections in Nanjing City from 2008 to 2012
    CHEN Jian
    2013, 25(5):  546. 
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    Objective To understand the intestinal nematode infection status of Nanjing City, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the preventive strategy and measures. Methods The eggs of intestinal nematodes were detected by Kato?Katz tech? nique in population and eggs of Enterobius vermicularis were detected in children and low?grade primary school students by the transparent adhesive tape anal swab method. Results The fecal specimens from 45 645 individuals were tested,and of those, 167 were found to be infected with intestinal nematodes. The total infection rate was 0.36%,and the infection rates of Ascaris lum? bricoides,hookworm,and Trichuris trichiura were 0.18%,0.03%,and 0.15%,respectively. Totally 43 356 children and low? grade primary school students were surveyed for Enterobius vermicularis infection,and the infection rate was 0.31%. Conclusion The prevalence of intestinal nematodes of population is low in Nanjing City. However,we still need to strengthen health education and regular monitoring.
    A clinical study on lamivudine treatment for advanced schistosomisis with Chronic B Hepatits
    LI Yu-Chun
    2013, 25(5):  548. 
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    Objectve to explore the clinical effect of LVD on patients with advanced schistosomiasis with chronic B hepatitis and on the course of disease development. Methods A total of 58 patients with advanced schistosomiasis with chronic B hepatitis were enrolled and randomly divided into the treatment group (30 cases)and the control group (28 cases) .patients in the treatment group received routinet colligative treatment and LVD 100mg daily, while patients in the control group received routinet colligative treatment only.All the patients were followed up for 36 ± 3 months. Results The mortality rate was 13.33% vs 55.56% in the treat? ment and control (P < 0.01) . The patients whose Child?Pugh score decreased by more than 2 were 89.2% vs 62.3% (P < 0.05) . Af? ter treatment the serum ALT TBIL levels dropped, the serum albumin level increased and The improvement of liver function in the treatment group was better than that in the control group(P < 0.01) .The HBeAg and HBV?DNA negutive rate in the treatment group were higher than those in the control (P < 0.01) .The HBV?DNA negative rate in thetreatment group was 93.3% at the end of 12 weekes. The rate of YMDD mutations was 6.7%, 23.3% and 40% in the treatment group at the end of 48, 96 and 144 weekes. LVD and ADV can inhibit virus replication and the relative stability liver function remained the same in most YMDD mutation pa? tients. Conclusion LVD can inhibit virus replication rapidly and improveliver function,prevent exacerbation in patients with ad? vanced schistosomiasis with chronic B hepatitis ,LVD and ADV can inhibit virus replication and improve liver function in most YMDD mutation patients.
    Epidemiological status of human intestinal nematodiasis in Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province
    HE Ri, XU Yu-Hui, GAO Yang, ZUO Yin-Ping
    2013, 25(5):  550. 
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    Objective To understand the current epidemiological status of human intestinal nematodiasis. Methods Fresh feces of subjects were collected and the ova of intestinal nematodes were detected by Kato?Katz technique. Enterobius vermicularis was detected by the cellophane anal swab method. Results A total of 21 persons were ova positive among the 5 666 subjects with 0.37% infection rate,and 51 persons were Enterobius vermicularis positive among 13 713 subjects with 0.37% infection rate. It was deducted that there were about 20 000 people infected with intestinal nematodes in Yangzhou City. Conclusion There are some people infected with intestinal nematodes. Therefore,health education and surveillance of intestinal nematode infections still need to be strengthened
    Epidemic situation of acute schistosomiasis in Nanchang City of Jiangxi Province from 2005 to 2012
    PENG Guo-Hua, HU Zhu-Hua, ZHOU Yi-Sheng, FU Ren-Long, ZENG Hua, ZHANG Zhi-Shu, FAN Yun-Long
    2013, 25(5):  552. 
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    Objective To understand the endemic regulation of acute schistosomiasis in Nanchang City of Jiangxi Province from 2005 to 2012 so as to provide the reference for policy?making of schistosomiasis control. Methods The data of acute schisto? somiasis were collected and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiology method in Nanchang City from 2005 to 2012. Results A total of 52 acute schistosomiasis cases were reported in Nanchang City from 2005 to 2012. The morbidity of acute schistosomiasis was 0.003 46% in 2005,and it was 0 in 2012. The morbidity of acute schistosomiasis in different years was significant different (χ2 = 61.077,P<0.01) . The duration of incidence was from May to November,but the peak of the incidence was July. The sex ratio between males and females was 4.78∶1(43 ∶9,χ2 =22.231,P<0.01) . The ages of cases showed double humps,namely the 6-15 years’group and 30-40 years’group. Most of the acute cases were farmers(65.38%),students(25.00%),and fishermen (3.85%) . Fishing and swimming were the main infection ways,with the infection rates of 63.46% and 26.92%,respectively. Con? clusion The susceptible populations are peasants and young students;therefore,we should strengthen health education for these high?risk groups.
    Clinical observation on abnormal glucose metabolism of cirrhosis of different classified Child-Pugh in schistosomiasis patients
    ZHANG Jun
    2013, 25(5):  553. 
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    Objective To study the abnormal glucose metabolism of cirrhosis of different classified Child?Pugh in schistoso? miasis patients. Methods A total of 90 schistosomiasis patients with different classified Child?Pugh cirrhosis were investigated for their fasting blood glucose(FBG),2?hour blood glucose(2hBG),3?hour blood glucose(3hBG),free insulin(FINS),insulin release index(IRI)and insulin resistance index(IRI) . Results With the increasing of classified Child?Pugh,the abnormal glu? cose metabolism of the 90 schistosome cirrhosis patients aggravates,but most of FBS was normal or increases slightly. There was only one female patient in 7 patients with diabetes mellitus of liver. Conclusion The ratio of abnormal glucose metabolism of schistosomiasis cirrhosis patients is less,and most of them are younger males.
    Clinical experience on treating Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy by using acetyl spiramycin combined with azithromycin
    TANG Hong-Xia, XIONG Xue-Feng, QIN Zhi-Qiang
    2013, 25(5):  555. 
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    Objective To explore an effective therapy for pregnant Toxoplasma gondii infection by using acetyl spiramycin combined with azithromycin. Methods ELISA and PCR were used to diagnose and evaluate the therapy efficiency to toxoplasmo? sis in pregnant women. Results The serological test showed that the positive rates of specific antibodies IgM and IgG to Toxoplas? ma gondii in 285 pregnant women were 1.05%(3/285)and 5.97%(17/285),respectively. All the 3 cases of serum IgM positive pregnant women received the amniotic fluid PCR tests for Toxoplasma gondii DNA and 2 were positive,and they received spiramy? cin combined with azithromycin. After the therapy,their serum IgM antibody specific to Toxoplasma gondii and positive amniotic fluid PCR test for Toxoplasma gondii DNA turned to be negative. Conclusion Acetyl spiramycin in combination with azithromy? cin is effective in the treatment of pregnant toxoplasmosis.