Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control

Role of the new version of the Control and Elimination Criteria for Schistosomiasis in acceleration of the schistosomiasis elimination program in China

2013, 25(1): 1-4.

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Based on the historical background for revision of the Control and Elimination Criteria for Schistosomiasis for 6 times，and the role of the criteria in promotion of national schistosomiasis control program of China at various stages，the present study demonstrated the necessity of further revision of the control criteria in the current schistosomiasis elimination program. In addition，the background for revision of the novel version of the Control and Elimination Criteria for Schistosomiasis was illustrated based on literature review，retrospective survey，expert argumentation and index improvement.

Study on assessing system for endemicity of schistosomiasis

2013, 25(1): 5-10.

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Objective To establish a scientific，objective and operational assessing system for schistosomiasis endemicity，
so as to provide a scientific evidence for revising the current Criteria for Control and Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China（GB
15976-2006）. Methods A questionnaire was designed based on reference review and 20 scientists working in the field of schisto?
somiasis control，research or management were investigated by using the Delphi method. The importance of each index reflecting
the endemicity of schistosomiasis was scored by each scientist. The assessing system for endemicity of schistosomiasis was estab?
lished and the normalized weight and combined weight were calculated. Results The assessing system included three indices in
the first grade and seven indices in the second grade. Among the indices in the first grade，the normalized weights of infection sta?
tus of human beings，infection status of livestock，and Oncomelania snail’s status were 0.360 2，0.335 2，and 0.304 6，respec?
tively. Among the indices in the second grade，the prevalence of livestock showed the highest combined weight of 0.335 2 while
the infection rate of snails showed the lowest score of 0.093 3. Conclusions The indexes of the assessing system for the endemici?
ty of schistosomiasis established are reasonable，comprehensive，and authoritative，which provide the scientific evidence for revis?
ing the currently available Criteria for Control and Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China.

Assessment of effect and quality control for paracitological tests in national schistosomiasis surveillance sites

2013, 25(1): 11-15.

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Objective To understand the ability of pathogenic diagnosis for schistosomiasis japonica in the national surveil?
lance sites and evaluate the effect of stool hatching method in the field，so as to provide the evidence for establishing a quality con?
trol system of pathogenic diagnosis of schistosomiasis in the surveillance sites. Methods The data pertaining to the parasitologi?
cal diagnosis of the residents with positive serological tests were collected in 81 national surveillance sites of 12 provinces in 2011，
and the effects of the Kato?Katz technique and stool hatching method were evaluated and compared. The incubation quality control
samples made by the national schistosomiasis diagnosis reference laboratory were detected by both Kato?Katz technique and stool
hatching method using the single?blind method，and the results were analyzed and compared for the coincidence rate，misdiagno?
sis rate and missing diagnosis rate in all the county laboratories in 2012. Results A total of 3 780 sero?positive residents were
tested by using the Kato?Katz technique and stool hatching method in the 81 national surveillance sites in 2011，127 persons were
double egg?positive，3 513 persons were double egg?negative，and the total coincidence rate was 96.30%. Totally 173 infected peo?
ple were diagnosed by using the Kato?Katz technique and the positive detection rate was 4.58%；221 infected people were diag?nosed by using the stool hatching method and the positive detection rate was 5.85%. A total of 267 positive people were diagnosed
by the Kato?Katz technique or the stool hatching method or both and the total positive detection rate was 7.06%，which was higher
by 54.15% than that by using the single Kato?Katz technique（ χ2 = 21.32，P < 0.01）. In 2012，of 240 standard incubation quality
control samples（160 positives，80 negatives）detected by the technicians from the 80 surveillance sites，105 samples were posi?
tive and 67 samples were negative，with a total coincidence rate of 71.67%（172/240）and a total missing diagnosis rate of 34.38%
（55/160）. Among them，the missing rate of the strong positive samples was 32.50%（26/80），the missing rate of the weakly posi?
tive samples was 36.25%（29/80），and the misdiagnosis rate of the negative samples was 16.25%（13/80）. The detection rates of
the incubation quality control samples were 61.11%，80.00%，77.08%，90.48%，58.33% and 59.26% in the surveillance sites of
six provinces，including Anhui，Hubei，Hunan，Jiangsu，Jiangxi and Sichuan provinces，respectively，and a significant differ?
ence was found（ χ2 = 14.27，P < 0.05）. Conclusions The detection efficiency of the stool hatching method is superior to that of
the Kato?Katz technique in the field. However，the levels of the technical personnel for the stool hatching method are relatively low
in most of the surveillance sites. Therefore，the technical training should be strengthened.

Development and evaluation of colloidal gold immunochromatography assay（GICA）for detection of antibody against Schistosoma japonica in smaller serum

2013, 25(1): 16-19.

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in 5 μl sera. Methods A soluble egg antigen（SEA）from Schistosoma japonica was separated with sephacryl S?
300 column to retain the active antigen fractions to the antibody of schistosome. The optional reaction system and detection kit with
5 μl sera were established by improving conjugated concentration and formulas of sample buffer and labeled solution. Results
The sensitivity of detecting schistosomiasis patients whose stool examinations for schistosome eggs were positive was 93.7%，the
specificity to health population 97.1%，the cross reaction rate to patients with paragonimiasis 5.6%. The Youden’s index value
was 0.91. There was 96.1% crude coincidence of GICA and ELISA in detecting 507 cases of floating population and the Kappa val?
ue was 0.81. Conclusion GICA kit is practical for detection of schistosomiasis in the field because of its advantages such as
smaller serum needed，the high sensitivity，lower cross reaction rate and spread application for human and animals.

Role of socio ?economy and management in sustainable transmission control of schistosomiasis in Taoyuan County|Hunan Province|China

2013, 25(1): 20-27.

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Objective To clarify the role of socio?economy and management in the sustainable schistosomiasis?control in
Taoyuan County，an endemic area in hilly region，Hunan Province，China. Methods From 1996 to 2011，the data of socio?econ?
omy，the management of schistosomiasis control organizations，environment，and the changes in schistosomiasis prevalence were
collected in Taoyuan County where schistosomiasis transmission had been controlled since 2008. A sampling survey of schistosomi?
asis prevalence of human and bovine was performed in 2011 to verify the current status of schistosomiasis transmission. All the da?
ta were analyzed statistically to evaluate the role of socio?economy and management in the sustainable schistosomiasis control. Re?
sults During the period from 1998 to 2012，the socio?economy including the residents’productive mode and daily life in Taoyu?
an County improved dramatically，but the recurrence risk of schistosomiasis endemic still existed due to the retuning of out?going
workers and the migrating population. Moreover，the introduction of exotic species of plants and animals may increase the risk. The
low running cost of schistosomiasis control organization as well as the efficient and adequate resource allocation in the county was
in line with the national requirement to strengthen the rural grass?roots public health system. Conclusion The harmonious devel?
opment of socio?economy and the scientific and efficient health system in Taoyuan County are the key factors for the sustainable
transmission control of schistosomiasis.

Effect of Pulsatilla chinensis（Bunge）Regel saponins on eggs|miracidia and cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum

CHEN Yan-qin1|2|XU Qiong-ming3|ZHUGE Hong-xiang1|LIANG You-sheng4,YANG Shi-lin

2013, 25(1): 24-27.

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of Schistosoma japonicum in vitro and compare its efficacy with praziquantel. Methods ICR mice were infected
with the cercariae of S. japonicum by the patching abdominal method. The livers of the mice were grinded，screened，and then the
eggs of S. japonicum were obtained 42 days post?infection. The miracidia were hatched by using the eggs，and the cercariae were
obtained by using the infected Oncomelania snails on the light. The eggs，miracidia and cercariae of S. japonicum were incubated
with 0，1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8 μg/ml PRS for different time，and praziquantel（PZQ）was used as the control. Results PRS sup?
pressed the hatching rates of eggs for 24 h slightly superior to that of the control drug PZQ at different concentrations，especially in
the 4 μg/ml concentration. After the miracidia were incubated with 1，2，3，4，5，6，7，8 μg/ml PRS for 30 min，the dead rates
of miracidia were 13.47，26.05，60.99，90.84，100，100，100，100%，respectively. After the cercariae were incubated with 1，
2，3，4，5，6，7，8 μg/ml PRS for 30 min，the dead rates of cercariae were 5.32，18.81，44.7，76.87，98.28，100，100，100%，
respectively. PRS showed time? and dose?dependent mortality effects on the miracidia and cercariae of S. japonicum. Conclusion
PRS has the effects against eggs，miracidia，cercariae of S. japonicum in vitro，and it may become a new anti?schistosome agent.

Preliminary study on establishing an animal model of neuroschistosomiasis by direct injection of Schistosoma japonicum eggs through skull

XU Jia1,LU Xiao-jie1,WANG Dan2,WU Ming-can3|CHEN Shi-jie3,LI Jun-chuan,WANG Peng

2013, 25(1): 28-30.

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Methods Rabbits were used for the animal model and Schistosoma japonicum eggs（1 mg/ml）were directly injected into
the brain by two ways of a bone drill or needle. The symptoms were observed and in the first and second week and later，the rab?
bits’brains were removed for pathological examinations. Results One to two weeks after the injection of schistosome eggs，the
rabbits had various neurological symptoms such as loss of appetite，hemiparesis，seizure，etc. The pathological analysis showed
the schistosome egg granuloma inflammatory reaction among 90% rabbits. Conclusion This new method of direct injection of S.
japonicum eggs through skull into the brain provides a good and easy animal model of neuroschistosomiasis.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Jiangsu Province in 2011

2013, 25(1): 31-35.

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Objective To analyze the malaria prevalence and epidemic characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2011 so as to
provide a basis for drawing up and adjusting effective malaria elimination strategies and measures. Methods The reported malar?
ia cases from the Internet reporting system and epidemiological data of malaria were collected and analyzed statistically in Jiangsu
Province. Results A total of 374 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2011 with the incidence of 0.05 /10 000
which was similar to the number of cases in 2010. There were 13 cases of local vivax malaria which decreased by 87.00% com?
pared with 100 cases in 2010. There were 361 imported cases including 309 imported falciparum malaria cases which increased by
49.00% compared with 207 cases in 2010. The imported falciparum cases mainly distributed in Yangzhou，Nantong，Huai’ an and
Taizhou cities which are located in central Jiangsu and coastal areas of northern Jiangsu. The number of imported falciparum malar?
ia cases of these four cities accounted for 66.02% among the total cases in Jiangsu Province. There were 7 imported quartan malaria
cases that were first reported and 14 imported ovale malaria cases. Conclusions The local vivax malaria infections in Jiangsu
Province decrease significantly and the endemic areas reduce significantly. However the imported falciparum malaria cases are in?
creasing significantly year by year and the infected plasmodium parasites show diversities. Therefore，to achieve the target of malar?
ia elimination in Jiangsu on schedule，it needs to continue to strengthen the personnel training of primary health care facilities and
the disease control agencies，and strengthen the health education for export staffs and the monitoring and surveillance of the return?
ee.

Status of malaria epidemic and feasibility of malaria elimination in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

2013, 25(1): 36-39.

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Objective To analyze the status of malaria epidemic and discuss the feasibility of malaria elimination in Guangxi
Zhuang Autonomous Region. Methods The data of blood smear examinations of febrile patients among local residents，focus resi?
dents and mobile population in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were collected，described and analyzed statistically from
2001 to 2011. Results A total of 4 916 343 blood smear slides of local residents who had fever，195 967 slides of focus resi?
dents，282 461 slides of returned emigrants，and 228 341 slides of immigrants were examined，and the average positive rates of
blood examinations were 0.004 8%，0.007 7 %，0.480％ and 0.127％，respectively. The indigenous malaria cases reduced from
51 in 2001 to 1 in 2009. There were no indigenous malaria cases during the period of 2010-2011. The malaria incidence has been
under 1/100 000 for 11 years. The imported malaria cases were dominated in the whole region. Conclusions Malaria situation in
this region has entranced the consolidating phase of elimination according to the WHO criteria of malaria elimination. The goal of
malaria elimination in Guangxi would be achieved in 2018 as long as the government and other departments pay enough attention
to the imported malaria control，and the technical measures are further strengthened.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria epidemic situation in Guangdong Province|2011

PAN Bo|RUAN Cai-wen|LIN Rong-xing|PEI Fu-quan|ZHANG Qi-ming

2013, 25(1): 40-43.

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Objective To analyze the features of malaria epidemic in Guangdong Province in 2011 so as to provide the evi?
dence for the elimination of malaria in Guangdong Province. Methods The data from the Disease Reporting Information System
of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention were analyzed with the descriptive epidemiological method for the epidemio?
logical characteristics of malaria in Guangdong Province in 2011. Results A total of 96 malaria cases were reported in Guang?
dong Province in 2011，with an annual mean incidence of 0.092 per 100 thousand. There were 40 cases of Plasmodium vivax infec?
tion，36 cases of Plasmodium falciparum infection and 20 cases of undivided malaria. There were 2 death cases. There were cases
reported in 34 counties/cities/districts of 17 prefecture?level cities in the whole province. The cases distributed mainly in Guang?
zhou and Shenzhen，where there were 57 cases，reaching 59.38% of the cases of the whole province. There were cases reported ev?
ery month in the whole year. From May to November，73 cases were reported，accounting for 76.04% of the cases of the whole
year. The ratio of male to female cases was 5.86：1. The age distribution concentrated mainly on 20-50 years old. The youngest pa?
tient was 1 years old and the eldest was 65 years old. The occupation distribution concentrated mainly on the worker，commercial
service，peasant，housekeeper and unemployed people（68 cases，70.83%）. In addition to the aforementioned 96 cases of local
census register population，there were 32 cases of nonlocal census register population found in Guangdong，2011. Of the total 128
cases，the main original areas of the imported cases were Africa（77，60.16%）and Asia（30，23.44%）. The country with the most
cases was Nigeria in Africa（36 cases），the second was Angola in Africa（19 cases），and the third was Myanmar in Asia（11 cas?
es）. Conclusion The malaria epidemic situation in Guangdong Province is relatively stable in 2011，but the imported cases of
Plasmodium falciparum infection increase. Therefore，the surveillance，prevention and control for imported cases of P. falciparum
infection should be strengthened.

Analysis of overseas imported malaria situation and implication for control in Jiangsu Province|PR China

2013, 25(1): 44-47.

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of overseas imported malaria in Jiangsu Province and
explore the strategies and priorities in prevention and control，so as to provide the evidence for improving the diagnosis，treatment
and management of imported malaria. Methods The data of overseas imported malaria as well as the case epidemiological investi?
gation in Jiangsu Province from July 18，2011 to June 30，2012 were collected and analyzed descriptively for the species composi?
tion，original countries，population distribution，regional distribution，onset time，diagnosis and treatment，channels to go
abroad，and counterparts returned together with the patients. Results A total of 233 overseas imported malaria cases were report?
ed，and 226 cases（97.0%）were imported from African countries. A total of 208 cases（89.3%）were falciparum malaria，and
224 cases（96.1%）were laboratory?confirmed. The imported malaria cases were young adults who were mainly migrant farmer and
skilled male workers. There was no significant seasonal variation for onset time. Totally 145 cases（62.2%）got malaria onset in 20
days after returning home. The median time from onset to seeing doctor was two days and the median time from seeing doctor to be?
ing diagnosed was one day. The first visit health facilities by the patients were relatively scattered and the diagnostic health facili?
ties were mainly medical institutions and CDC at the county level and above（220 cases，accounting for 94.4%）. The ratio of stan?
dard treatment after malaria diagnosis was 100%. A total of 205 cases（88.0%）were workers dispatched to abroad as labor export
by the company，and 142 cases（60.9%）cases had counterparts returned together. Conclusions The situation of overseas im?
ported malaria in Jiangsu Province is severe. It is necessary to further strengthen the professional training and multi?sectoral cooper?
ation，establish the collaborative investigation mechanism for high?risk groups，and take effective prevention and control measures
to reduce the risk of overseas imported malaria.

Surveillance of malaria in Global Fund Malaria Project counties of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2011.

2013, 25(1): 48-51.

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Objective To analyze the monitoring results and epidemic trend of malaria in the Global Fund Malaria Project
counties of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2011，so as to provide the evidence for improving the preventive measures.
Methods The data about malaria surveillance were collected and statistically analyzed in 7 Global Fund Malaria Project counties
of Guangxi in 2011. Results A total of 8 cases of malaria were reported in the Global Fund Malaria Project counties of Guangxi in
2011，the average annual incidence rate was 0.04 per 10000 which increased by 100% compared with that in 2010，accounting for
7.14%（8/112）of the total number of cases in Guangxi. Totally 42 064 residents with fever were examined with blood tests and no
case was found；3 867 floating people were examined with blood tests and 8 cases of malaria were found（0.21%），including 5 cas?
es of vivax malaria and 3 cases of falciparum malaria. The 8 malaria cases distributed in Longlin，Tiane，Nandan，Youjiang coun?
ties（district），and they all had ever worked in Africa or Southeast Asia. There were no input secondary cases or deaths throughout
the year. Conclusions The preventive measures of malaria are effective in the Global Fund Malaria Project counties of Guangxi，
and the malaria epidemic situation is stable. It is the key to strengthen the malaria surveillance of the floating population who re?
turned from Africa or Southeast Asia for consolidating the achievement of malaria prevention and control

Characterization of Bacillus thuringrensis var. israelesis larvicide granules to
larvae of mosquitoes

2013, 25(1): 52-55.

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Objective To develop a new formulation of Bacillus thuringrensis var. israelesis（Bti）granules and assess its ef?
fect on mosquito control. Methods The Bti granule formulation was produced by coating Bti liquid on the surface of the carrier.
and imitation tests，persistence tests and field tests were carried to assess its mosquito larvicidal effect，extended period and stabil?
ity. Results A strain of Bti isolated from field had high toxicity to mosquito larvae and its LC50 values for larvae of Culex pipiens
pallens and Aedes aegypti were 0.461 0 μl/L and 1.713 3 μl/L respectively. The developed 216 ITU/mg Bti granules had a control
effect of 83.3%-100% to larvae of C. pipiens pallens at the dosage of 1-3g/m2，and 72.7%?100% to A. aegypti at the dosage of 3-5g/
m2. When the 3rd instar larvae of C. pipiens pallens were put in the water that was treated with the granules at the dosage of 0.5 g/m2
13 days before，the larval mortality still reached to 55.3%. The field tests showed that with the treatment of 2-4 g/m2 Bti granules，
the control effects on the larvae were high from 92.4% to 100% within the first 3 days and about 51.6%-75.7% after 20 days. Con?
clusion The developed new formulation of Bti granules with the isolated strain has a preferable control effect on mosquito larvae
and reveals a longer persistence and better stability than liquid formulation in the field tests

Survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Jiangsu Province|China

2013, 25(1): 56-79.

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Objective To understand the situation of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Jiangsu Prov?
ince. Methods The pregnant women from 7 cities in Jiangsu Province were involved in this survey and the information was record?
ed according to the request of unified admission information of the case questionnaire of toxoplasmosis in Jiangsu Province. The
specific antibodies IgM and IgG to Toxoplasma gondii in sera of these pregnant women were tested by ELISA. Results The specif?
ic antibody IgM to Toxoplasma gondii of all the respondents was negative. The positive rate of IgG was 3.98%（43/1 081），which
was little different from the control group’s 2.27%（4/176），and every city shared a similar positive rate. The positive rate of IgG
of early pregnant women was 3.78%，which was also not obviously different from the 4.17% appearing in mid and late pregnant
women. The respondents who previously had pathological abortions did not show positive IgG. Only 1.84%（8/435）of pregnant
women had had the examinations related to Toxoplasma gondii before this survey. Conclusions The rate of Toxoplasma gondii in?
fection is low among pregnant women in Jiangsu Province. The situations in different areas are not far from each other. We should
enhance the peri?conception tests of Toxoplasma gondii and take prevention and treatment countermeasures based on correspond?
ing objects，and also further strengthen the healthy education.

Oncomelania snail habitat characteristics and orientation analysis in hilly areas of Jurong City

WU Xiao-jun|CHEN Shi-jun|LI Shui-ming*|JIANG Cheng-gong|WANG Xiao-lei

2013, 25(1): 59-60.

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Objective To master the breeding and distribution of Oncomelania snails in hilly regions of Jurong City so as to
provide the evidence for establishing the program of snail elimination. Methods The historical snail habitat environments and ex?
isting snail habitat environments in hilly areas of Jurong City were investigated according to the river systems. The geographic coor?
dinate data of the acquisition historical and existing snail habitat environments were collected by GPS tools in the field，and the
characteristics and distribution of snail habitats were analyzed by Google Earth position technology. Results A total of 399 histori?
cal snail habitat environments were investigated，and the total area was 2904.39 hm2，including 33 Class Ⅰ environments with the
area of 415.04 hm2，33 Class Ⅱ environments with the area of 323.19 hm2，11 Class Ⅲ environments with the area of 96.40 hm2，
and 318 Class Ⅳ environments with the area of 1989.46 hm2. The environmental reformation rate was 14.29%. The Google Earth
marked maps showed the aggregation relation between the distribution of existing and historical snail habitats and the water sys?
tems. Conclusion The investigation has established the data?base of historical snail habitat environments and the space is
marked on the Google Earth map，which could help the snail monitoring and to establish the program of snail elimination better.

Molluscicidal effect of WPN and MNSC on Lymnaea

2013, 25(1): 61-63.

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suspension concentrate of 26% metaldehyde and niclosamide（MNSC）on Lymnaea. Methods WPN and MNSC were pre?
pared as a series of solutions containing the active ingredient concentrations of 0.06，0.13，0.25，0.50，1.00，2.00 mg/L and 4.00
mg/L，and the adult Lymnaea snails were soaked in the above mentioned series of solutions in the laboratory，and the LC50 values
were calculated. The doses of active ingredient concentrations of 0.03，0.06，0.13，0.25，0.50，1.00 g/m2 and 2.00 g/m2 of WPN
and MNSC were adopted to spray on Lymnaea snails in the laboratory，and the LC50 values were calculated. A series of solutions
containing the active ingredient concentrations of 1.00 mg/L，0.50 mg/L，0.25 mg/L，and 0.13 mg/L of WPN and MNSC were pre?
pared，and the adult Lymnaea snails were put into the bowls with each concentration solution above mentioned and the climbing
situation of the snails was observed at different time. Results By the immersion method，LC50 values of WPN at 48 h and 72 h
were 0.93 mg/L and 0.64 mg/L respectively；LC50 values of MNSC at 48 h and 72 h were 0.74 mg/L and 0.51 mg/L respectively；by
the spray method，when active ingredient concentrations of WPN and MNSC were 1.00 g/m2 or more，the death rates were both
100% after 3 days. In the climbing test，the Lymnaea snails did not climb in the solutions containing the active ingredient concen?
tration of 1.00 mg/L of WPN and MNSC，however，a few snails climbed in the low concentrations. Conclusions WPN and MNSC
both have the effect of killing Lymnaea snails and inhibiting their climbing. By using the immersion method in the field，the active
ingredient concentration of 2.00 mg/L of WPN and MNSC for 48 h is appropriate；by using the spray method，the active ingredient
content of 1.00 g/m2 of WPN and MNSC for 3 days is appropriate.

Investigation on epidemic factors after schistosomiasis transmission controlled in Lushan County

2013, 25(1): 64-66.

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Objective To explore schistosomiasis endemic factors in large mountainous areas where schistosomiasis transmis?
sion has been controlled. Methods Qingjiang Village，Lushan County，Sichuan Province，a alpine “ Pingba” type of large
mountain area，Wuxing Village，a alpine hilly type of large mountainous area，and Huoju Village，a alpine canyon type of large
mountainous area were selected as study areas，and the agricultural structure，health facilities，and human behavior were investi?
gated. The Oncomelania snail status was surveyed by using the system sampling method combined with the environmental sampling
method. The schistosome infections of population were investigated with the serum immunology method and stool hatching method，
and the schistosome infections of cattle and dogs were investigated with the plastic cup top tube hatching method. Results There
was a traditional agricultural structure in these villages，and the coverage rates of harmless toilets were 23.20%，41.17%，and
41.64% in Qingjiang Village，Wuxing Village，and Huoju Village，respectively；the safe drinking water rates were 100%，100%
and 99.16% in the aforementioned villages，respectively；the rates of using ditch water for life were 22.99%，0 and 0.85% in the
aforementioned villages，respectively. The snails，wild feces，and the infection of cattle were not found. The schistosome infection
rates of residents were 0.18%，0.15%，and 6.26% in the aforementioned villages，respectively；the schistosome infection rates of
dogs were 0，0 and 2.41% in the aforementioned villages respectively. The infection rates of field rodents were all zero in the afore?
mentioned villages. Conclusions We should strengthen the schistosomiasis monitoring of people and cattle，strengthening the
monitoring of other infectious sources，and develop a targeted snail control method in Lushan County.

Multi?disciplinary treatment for advanced schistosomiasis

2013, 25(1): 67-69.

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Objective To assess the efficiency of multi?disciplinary treatment（MDT）for advanced schistosomiasis. Meth?
ods A total of 173 advanced schistosomiasis patients who received MDT were selected from January 2010 to December 2011.
These patients included 75 splenomegaly cases and 98 ascites cases. Other 193 advanced schistosomiasis patients who received
single?discipline treatment（SDT）from January 2007 to December 2009 were also selected，and of them 84 cases were splenomeg?
aly and 109 were ascites. The clinical efficiencies of the two different treatments were analyzed and assessed. Results Compared
to the SDT group，the splenomegaly cases treated by MDT showed a shorter pre?operative preparation time and less days in hospi?
talization（both P﹤0.01），less operation duration，decreased post?operative complications，lower hospitalization costs（all P﹤
0.05），and less patient complaints（P﹥0.05）. The ascites cases treated by MDT，compared to the SDT group，had less pre?treat?
ment time，shorter ascites?disappearing time（both P ﹤0.01），and less hospitalization duration，decreased post?treatment compli?
cations，lower hospitalization costs and less patient complaints（all P﹤0.05）. Conclusion MDT has a better efficiency in the
treatment of advanced schistosomiasis，and it reduces the operation complications and improves the life quality of the patients.

Malaria epidemiologic characteristics in Wuhe County of Anhui Province from 2009 to 2011

2013, 25(1): 70-72.

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Objective To understand the malaria epidemiologic characteristics in Wuhe County，Anhui Province from 2009
to 2011，so as to provide the evidence for formulating effective malaria control and prevention interventions. Methods The data
of malaria cases from the reporting system and malaria epidemiological investigations were collected and analyzed statistically in
Wuhe County from 2009 to 2011. Results The total number of malaria cases was 349 in Wuhe County from 2009 to 2011，and
the incidence showed a downtrend. The sex ratio of patients was 1.42：1（205 males vs. 144 females）. The ranks of patient age
groups were 11?20 years old at the first and 31-40 at the second，and the youngest was 1 year old，and the oldest was 100 years
old. The seasonal factor was observed clearly，malaria cases were rare during the period of January to March，the case numbers in?
creased in April and reached the peak during the period of June to September，and the cases from November to December account?
ed for only 2.01% of the total cases. Among the 349 patients，there were only 2 patients（0.57%）living in urban areas and the rest
347 patients（99.43%）all living in rural areas. The incidence of the urban population was 0.08/10 000，and it was significantly
lower than that of the rural population（1.78/10 000，P < 0.05）. The highest incidences occurred in hill townships，Zhuding Town
and Xiaoxi Town，the annual incidences were 5.53/10 000 and 4.78/10 000，respectively. The cases in hill townships accounted
for 36.10% of the total cases. The most patients in these areas lived in brick or cement buildings without mosquito?proof doors or
windows. They preferred sleeping outside during summer，and were generally lack of the malaria prevention knowledge. Conclu?
sion In Wuhe County，the malaria incidence is decreasing year by year，and the epidemiologic factors are related to the living
conditions，mosquito?proof facility using，sleeping habit，and malaria awareness of the residents.

Investigation of infections of soil ?transmitted nematodes in Fusheng Village of Poyang Lake area in Jiangxi Province

2013, 25(1): 73-75.

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The parasitic eggs of stools of residents aged 6-65 years were detected with the Kato?Katz technique in Fusheng
Village of Poyang Lake area in Jiangxi Province in 2008. Results In 2008，the total average infection rate of soil?transmitted nem?
atodes was 37.97%，and the infection rates of Ascarid lumbricoid，Trichuris trichiura and hookworm were 20.39%，6.67% and
18.45%，respectively. The total infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes and the rate of A. lumbricoid were higher in the female
than in the male with a statistically significant difference（P < 0.01）. The infection rates of T. trichiura and hookworm in the fe?
male were higher than those in the male，but there was no significant difference between them（P > 0.05）. The total infection rate
of soil?transmitted nematodes and the rate of hookworm in different age groups had a similar change pattern which had an increas?
ing trend with the age growing. The infection rate of A. lumbricoid was the lowest in the age group of 10-19 years and was the high?
est in the age group of 20-29 years，and then the rate showed a gradually declining trend with the age increasing. The infection
rate of T. trichiura had a decreasing trend as the age grew with 2 peaks in the age groups of 10-19 and 40-49，respectively. Con?
clusions The infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes in population of Fusheng Village in Jiangxi Province are still high. The
effective control measures include health education，regular anthelminthic treatment，innoxiously processing of stool and environ?
ment reform，and the interruption of the transmitting chain is the fundamental strategy.

Control strategy and practice of soil?transmitted parasitic diseases in Shan?dong Province

2013, 25(1): 76-79.

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Objective To explore the sustainable development control strategies on soil?transmitted parasitic diseases appro?
priate to current epidemic characteristics so as to effectively reduce the epidemic level and harm to people in Shandong Province.
Methods This project was led by the Shandong Medical Department，governed and instructed by the Shandong Institute of Para?
sitic Diseases，concretely implemented by the centers for disease control and prevention in counties or cities. All the work was car?
ried out according to the Control Programming of National Key Parasitic Diseases，and with the combination of routine and key con?
trol strategies according to the actual situation. Results The average infection rate of soil?transmitted parasitic diseases in Shan?
dong Province was 18.26％ in 2003. During the 2007 to 2009 period，3 115 194 people from 74 counties in 9 cities received an?
thelmintic medicine. The numbers receiving health education were 39 866 923 in county，34 730 663 in city，3 2000 in province，
respectively. The coverage rate of non?hazardous sanitary latrines was 58.05%. In 2009，6 581 people were surveyed from 7 coun?
ties or cities and the infection rate of soil?transmitted parasitic diseases was 7.61％. During three years，30 provincial training
classes were held and 2 130 people attended，52 municipal classes were held and 3110 people attended，and 403 county classes
were held and 12 789 people attended. In the whole province，the infection rate of soil?transmitted parasitic diseases reduced to
7.10% in 2009，with the reduction rate of 61.12%，reaching the national objective. Conclusions The comprehensive control
model for soil?transmitted parasitic diseases is very successful in Shandong Province.

Basic reproduction rate and its application in schistosomiasis

YANG Guo-jing1,2

2013, 25(1): 80-82.

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paper，as well as its epidemiological significance，formulas in mathematical models of schistosomiasis transmission
dynamics，and its application in the evaluation of schistosomiasis control measures. It suggests that the studies on transmission
thresholds such as R0 are of important theoretical guiding significance to the establishment of a schistosomiasis elimination stan?
dard in China.

Role of Oncomelania hupensis in transmission of schistosomiasis japonica

LIN Li-jun|WEN Li-yong*

2013, 25(1): 83-89.

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Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum，and its ecological characteristics and
compatibility with Schistosoma which have a great significance to the schistosomiasis control，play a very important role in the
transmission of schistosomiasis. This paper reviews the researches on the ecological factors which effect the survive of Oncomelania
snails such as temperature，humidity，vegetation，and soil，as well as the snail density，the development and breeding of snails in
the foreign habitats，and its compatibility with Schistosoma.

Research progress on transmission capacity of reservoir host of Schistosoma japonicum

WANG Qi-zhi|WANG Tian-ping|ZHANG Shi-qing

2013, 25(1): 86-89.

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This paper reviews the researches related to the reservoir hosts of Schistosoma japonicum，including bovine，
sheep，dog，cat and wild mouse. Combined with the implementation of the comprehensive control strategy with an emphasis on in?
fection source control in current，it puts forward several future research directions under the condition that the effects of people
and bovine as infection sources weakened gradually，such as revaluation on the actual transmission capacity of non?bovine live?
stock，for example，sheep，dog，pig and wild mouse，as well as discussion on some transmission threshold values in the infection
link of Oncomelania snails.

Progress of research on diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica with recombinant antigen

LI Jun-li|Wang Chang-fu

2013, 25(1): 90-92.

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With the development of molecular biology technology and immunological technique，recombinant antigens for di?
agnosis of schistosomiasis have become a hot topic. This paper reviews the researches on recombinant antigens for diagnosis of
schistosomiasis japonica in ten years.

Discussion on water conservancy projects and schistosomiasis control in Poyang Lake area

LIU Dao-nan

2013, 25(1): 93-97.

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According to the schistosomiasis endemic situation in the Poyang Lake area，this paper analyzes the relationship
between the water conservancy projects and schistosomiasis control，and reviews and discusses the effects of the Water Level Con?
trol Project of Poyang Lake，the Lake Dike Slope Hardening Project，and the Lifting Delta and Descending Beach Project on Onco?
melania snail control.

Imported malaria and control strategies in Quanzhou City

WANG Xiao-yun

2013, 25(1): 96-97.

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Objective To understand the epidemic situation of imported malaria in Quanzhou City，and put forward control
strategies，so as to provide the evidence for the elimination of malaria on time in 2014. Methods The data of epidemic situation，
the annual sheets，and case investigation tables of malaria were collected and analyzed statistically in Quanzhou City from 2007 to
2011. Results The total imported malaria cases were 15 in Quanzhou City from 2007 to 2011，all the cases were male，and
46.67% of them focused on 40-49 years old. These cases were found through the year and mainly distributed in Quangang，Jinji?
ang，Shishi and Huian（City or District）. The parasite rate in“three?fever”patients was 0. Conclusions After the comprehen?
sive measures with an emphasis on infection source management and vector control were implemented，the imported malaria en?
demic situation is stable in Quanzhou City. We should strengthen the health education and management of the entry?exit personnel
as well as improve the control and management of imported malaria.

Evaluation on effect of schistosomiasis control after attainment of criteria for infection control in Jinxian County

HONG Xian-lin|WANG Xin-ying|LI Xiao-qin

2013, 25(1): 98-99.

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evaluate the effect of control measures in Jinxian County，Jiangxi Province. Methods The data of schistosomiasis epi?
demic situation including the infection rates of residents and Oncomelania snails were collected and analyzed statistically in the in?
fection?controlled，transmission?controlled，and transmission?interrupted areas in Jingxian County from 2008 to 2011. Results
The antibody positive rates of population were decreasing year by year from 2008 to 2011 with the rate in the infection?controlled
area being higher than the rates in the transmission?controlled and the transmission?interrupted areas. In the infection?controlled ar?
ea，the stool examination positive cases decreased from 29 cases in 2008 to 1 in 2011. In 2008，the spots with infected snails in
the infection?controlled area and the transmission?controlled area were 63 and 5 spots，respectively. The spots with infected snails
in the infection?controlled and transmission?controlled areas in 2011 decreased by 95.23% and 80.00%，respectively compared
with that in 2008. Conclusion The schistosomiasis control measures are effective after the attainment of criteria for infection con?
trol，and the epidemic situation is stable in Jinxian County.

Epidemiological investigation of imported falciparum malaria in Longlin County|Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

YANG Yong-liang1|WU Sheng-rong1|LU Yu-hu1|CAO Pin-guang1|GUO Chuan-kun2

2013, 25(1): 100-101.

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Longlin County，Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region from October 2011 to February 2012. Among the 16 cases，
Plasmodium falciparum was found in their blood smears of 15 cases，and 1 patient was diagnosed clinically as falciparum malaria.
All the 41 people were once suffered from malaria and they received antimalarial drugs when they were in Equatorial Guinea.
These imported malaria cases received the standard treatment and the foci were sprayed with insecticides. No secondary malaria
cases were found. In conclusion，the measures of imported malaria control are effective. The persons returned from Equatorial
Guinea have a high risk of malaria；therefore，it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of malaria for the floating population
from high malaria prevalent areas.

Status of Clonorchis sinensis infection and its influencing factors among migrant workers in Baoan District|Shenzhen City

YUAN Qing1|YAN Xin-feng2|GAO Shi-tong3|FENG Ruo-tong,HUANG Da-na3|CAO Na-xin,etc

2013, 25(1): 102-105.

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Objective To understand the status of Clonorchis sinensis infection and its risk factors among migrant workers in
Baoan District of Shenzhen City，so as to provide the evidence for the development of control strategies. Methods A total of 642
migrant workers were chosen as the investigation samples by the stratified cluster sampling method. Their sera were collected and
tested for Clonorchis sinensis infection with ELISA，and a questionnaires survey was performed to collect the information of clonor?
chiasis sinensis related to knowledge and behaviors. The influencing factors were summarized with the case?control study method.
Results A total of 642 subjects were investigated，in which 530 subjects received the serological examinations and the positive
rate was 6.6%（35/530）. The significant differences were not found between genders（ χ2 = 1.19，P = 0.28）or among the age
groups（ χ2 = 0.45，P = 0.80）. The awareness rates of knowing infection route，health hazard and prevention knowledge were
50.16%，33.64% and 27.41%，respectively. The rates of healthy behaviors such as not eating semi?cooked fish，not feeding pets
with raw fish or shrimps，and differentiating between the raw and cooked food when using cutting boards were 80.67%，78.41%
and 45.95%，respectively. The awareness rate of prevention knowledge was positively related to the infection（OR = 0.16，P <
0.01）. Conclusion The prevention and control of Clonorchis sinensis infection among migrant workers could not be neglected，
and the health education should be strengthened.

Epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in a provincial surveillance site of Shengzhou City|2008-2011

WANG Yong|WANG Yao-rong|YING Xi-jun|ZHU Xiao-chun

2013, 25(1): 104-105.

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According to“The Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance in Zhejiang Province”，the status of Oncomelania
snails，and the schistosome infection of permanent residents，floating population，and livestock were surveyed in a provincial sur?
veillance site of Shengzhou City，from 2008 to 2011. In 4 years，the area with residual snails was 3 060 m2，and no infected snails
were found among 595 living snails. The positive rate of sero?tests for schistosomiasis of the permanent residents was 0.77%，and
that of the floating population was 1.09%. No schistosomiasis cases were found. In conclusion，the area with residual snails is
small and its distribution is scattered，and we still should strengthen the surveillance of snail status and imported schistosomiasis
cases.

Correlation between schistosomiasis endemic situation and Oncomelania snail status in Yizheng City|Jiangsu Province from 2002 to 2011

ZHANG Zheng-qiu|TANG Ming-liang|TIAN Bin|ZHANG Jing

2013, 25(1): 106-107.

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Objective To understand the correlation between schistosomiasis endemic situation and Oncomelania snail sta?
tus，and discuss the control strategy and measures. Methods With a retrospective research method，the data were collected and
analyzed including the snail area，infected snail area，snail density，density of infected snails，the infection rate of snails，the pos?
itive rates of blood tests and stool examinations for schistosomiasis in residents and domestic animals，and the incidence of acute
schistosome infection in Yizheng City from 2002 to 2011. The correlation between the infected snails and schistosomiasis was ana?
lyzed. Results There were decline trends in snail area，infected snail area，and schistosomiasis situation. There were positive
correlations between the infected snail area and snail area（r = 0.732，P ＜ 0.05），the occurrence of acute schistosomiasis pa?
tients and infected snail area（r = 0.678，P ＜ 0.05），and the snail area and schistosome infection rate of residents（r = 0.774，
P ＜ 0.05）. Conclusion In order to control schistosomiasis，we need to control infected snails，reduce snail areas，and imple?
ment comprehensive control measures.

Splenic embolization combined with double ?mirror method in treatment of
cirrhosis with hypersplenism of advanced schistosomiasis patients：a report
of 38 cases

ZHAO Song|SHE Hong-tao|LU Yun|SHI Jin-long

2013, 25(1): 108-109.

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A total of 38 patients with schistosomiasis cirrhosis complicated with hypersplenism were cured by endoscopic vari?
ceal ligation（EVL），partial splenic embolization（PSE）and laparoscopic splenectomy（LS）. After the surgery，the hemogram
and liver function of all the patients recovered within two weeks. The average hospitalization time was shorter，the average hospital?
ization expense was less，and the complications were also less compared with those of the patients who received the routine thera?
py. In conclusion，the combination therapy of EVL and PSE combined with LS is effective and safe in the treatment of schistosomi?
asis cirrhosis complicated with hypersplenism.

Investigation on current status of infections of soil?borne nematodes in Yunxiao County

WU Wen-yong1|XU Guo-fang2|LIN Cha-zhi1|CHEN Shun-jun1|CHEN Jian-shan1

2013, 25(1): 110-111.

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Objective To understand the endemic situation of soil?borne nematodes and their distribution characteristics，so
as to provide the evidence for formulating prevention strategy. Methods According to The Survey Program of Important Human
Parasitic Diseases in Fujian Province，the survey spots were determined by the stratified cluster randomly sampling method. The
eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides，hookworm and Trichuris trichiura in feces were detected by Kato?Katz technique；the eggs of Enterobi?
us vermicularis were checked by rectal swabs using transparent adhesive tape. A questionnaire survey was performed for recording
the gender，age，education levels and related epidemiological factors. Results Altogether 2002 residents in 21 villages of 4
towns were investigated. There were 169 residents infected with soil?borne nematodes（8.44%）. The infection rates of hookworm，
Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides were 4.35%，1.70% and 0.15% respectively. The infection rate of Enterobius vermicu?
laris was 13.48%（43/319）in children. The infection rates of soil?borne nematodes were higher in children aged below 7 years and
residents aged above 45 years，and the infection rate was higher in the women than in the men. The infection rates were negative
correlated with the education levels. Conclusion The prevalence of soil?borne nematodes has a reduction trend in Yunxiao Coun?
ty. However，the infection rate of hookworm is still high in areas of mainly planting economic crops. The infection rate of Enterobius
vermicularis is still high in children，and we should pay more attention to it.

Endoscopic ligation in treatment of advanced schistosomiasis patients with
esophageal variceal bleeding：a report of 68 cases

LIU Pei-xiang|KONG Guo-qing

2013, 25(1): 112-114.

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Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect of endoscopic ligation in the treatment of advanced schistosomiasis
patients with esophageal variceal bleeding. Methods A total of 130 advanced schistosomiasis patients with esophageal varices
rupture and bleeding were divided into a ligation group（68 cases）and a control group（64 cases），and the patients of ligation
group were treated with the emergency endoscopic ligation，and the patients of control group received the routine therapy. The re?
bleeding rate，hemostatic success rate，and varicose veins red color sign were observed. Results In the ligation group，the re?
bleeding rate was 10.3% and the positive rate of varicose veins red color sign was 8.8%，which were better than those in the control
group（both P values < 0.01）. Conclusion Endoscopic ligation is an effective therapy for esophageal variceal bleeding.

Difference of Toxoplasma gondii infection status between urban and rural
childbearing age women visiting to hospitals in southwest region of Shandong
Province

HAO Yan-feng

2013, 25(1): 113-114.

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A total of 1 839 obstetrics and gynecology clinical childbearing age women in southwest region of Shandong Prov?
ince were tested for Toxoplasma gondii IgM antibody by ELISA. The results showed that the total Toxoplasma gondii infection rate
was 3.10%，the infection rate was 1.66% in urban women and that was 4.49% in rural women，and there was a significant differ?
ence（P < 0.05），The infection rates were related to pet rising and the occupations that were closely contacted with animal slaugh?
ter，processing and sales（P < 0.05 for all）. These results suggested that the corresponding prevention and control measures of
toxoplasmosis should be formulated on the basis of different areas and occupations.

Relationship between advanced schistosomiasis and HBV infection

DU Hua

2013, 25(1): 115-117.

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Objective To discuss the relationship between advanced schistosomiasis and HBV infection. Methods A total
of 250 advanced schistosomiasis patients were examined with ultrasound，and their serum samples were detected for liver func?
tion，HBsAg，etc. The correlations between HBV infection and advanced types，abnormal liver function，liver cancer and mortali?
ty were analyzed，respectively. Results The positive rate of HBsAg was 58.4%（146/250）. The rates of abnormal liver function
（46.6%），jaundice（23.3%），cancer（17.8%）and mortality（23.3%）were significantly higher in the advanced schistosomiasis
patients with HBsAg than in the advanced schistosomiasis patients without HBsAg（P values＜0.05 or 0.01）. Conclusion Ad?
vanced schistosomiasis combined with HBV infection aggravates the liver damage.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site|Nanzhong Vil?
lage|Nanjing City|2010-2011

2013, 25(1): 116-117.

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Objective To understand the dynamic of schistosomiasis epidemic situation in a national surveillance site，Nan?
zhong Village，Qixia District，Nanjing City，2010-2011，so as to provide the evidence for evaluating the control effect and formu?
lating prevention countermeasures. Methods According to the National Schistosomiasis Monitoring Program，the Oncomelania
snail status and the situation of endemic schistosomiasis were surveyed and the data were analyzed statistically. Results The
emergence rate of frames with living Oncomelania snails decreased by 11.67% and the average density of living snails decreased by
95.49% in 2011 compared to those in 2010. No infected snail was found during the past 2 years. The infection rate of schistosome
in the permernant residents decreased from 9.93%（95/957）in 2010 to 1.35%（7/519）in 2011，and no acute schistosomiasis
case was found. All the stool tests of schistosome infection in domestic animals were negative. Conclusions The schistosomiasis
epidemic situation shows a decline trend year by year which demonstrates the routine comprehensive control measures are effec?
tive. However，the snail habitat area has not decreased significantly. Therefore，we should strengthen the snail control and contin?
ue the surveillance of snail status and infectious sources of schistosomiasis.

Oncomelania snail recurrence after schistosomiasis transmission interrupted in Chuxiong City

WANG Jian-xiang

2013, 25(1): 118-120.

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Objective To analyze the status of Oncomelania snail recurrence after schistosomiasis transmission interrupted in
Chuxiong City，Yunnan Province，so as to provide the evidence for establishing the control strategy. Methods The data of snail
surveillance since 1994 were collected and analyzed. Results The schistosomiasis endemic situation was stable，but the area
with snails increased again seriously. In the years when the snail area was most（27.8 hm2 in 2004 and 28.0 hm2 in 2005），it
reached 12.9 times of the standard level. Conclusion The Oncomelania snail recurrence is obvious，therefore，the snail sever?
ance still need to be strengthened.

Treatment of one advanced schistosomiasis patient with hepatitis B cirrhosis by lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil

LI Yu-chun

2013, 25(1): 119-120.

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One advanced schistosomiasis patient with hepatitis B cirrhosis was treated with lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil and the curative effect was satisfied.

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