Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control

Emerging vector.borne diseases and control

ZHANG Yi

2012, 24(5): 501-504.

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This paper reviews the epidemic，characteristics and control of emerging vector.borne diseases. Based on the“One World，One Health”concept，it is recommended to build multi.disciplinary control systems in order to respond，early warn and predict the outbreak of emerging vector.borne diseases.

Studies on resistance of Schistosoma to praziquantel XIIV Sensitivity of Schistosoma japonicum to praziquantel in marshland and lake endemic regions of Chinese Mainland

2012, 24(5): 505-509.

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Study on immune status of patients with schistosomiasis japonica in Poyang Lake region &Iota|Characterization of antigen?specific antibody isotype responses to Schistosoma japonicum

2012, 24(5): 510-513.

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Objective To understand the characterization and levels of antibody isotype responses to soluble egg antigen（SEA）and adult worm antigen（AWA）of Schistosoma japonicum in schistosomiasis patients in Poyang Lake region. Methods Antibody isotype IgG，IgG1，IgG2，IgG3，IgG4，IgE，IgM and IgA responses to SEA and AWA in the sera of individuals from endemic and non.endemic areas were determined by indirect ELISA. Results The levels of antigen.specific antibody isotypes in the sera of patients with egg positive were significantly higher than those of people with egg negative and normal control population from non.endemic area（P < 0.001），and except for anti.SEA IgG2 and anti.AWA IgG4 and IgE antibodies，the levels of antibody isotypes in the sera of people with egg negative in endemic area were significantly higher than those of normal control population from non.endemic area（P < 0.05）. In the population with egg positive，children had higher levels of anti.SEA IgM and IgG1 and anti.AWA IgM antibody，and lower AWA specific IgG than adults. There was no significant difference between the male and female except for the male had higher levels of IgG（F = 4.677，P = 0.032）and IgG1（F = 5.55，P = 0.020）against AWA. Three0.029，P = 0.044），and almost all the antibody levels decreased significantly（P < 0.05）twelve months post.treatment，except for SEA specific IgE and IgM and AWA specific IgG4 and IgM antibodies. Conclusions The levels of antigen.specific antibody isotypes in the sera of patients with egg positive are significantly higher than those of people with egg negative and normal control population from non.endemic area. Almost all of antibody levels decrease significantly twelve months post.treatment. The levels of antibody isotypes in the sera of people with egg negative in endemic area are significantly higher than those of population from non.endemic area，giving a clue that the selection of negative control of schistosomiasis diagnostic kit should be noticed.

Effect of agroforestry model on inhibition of Oncomelania snails in plateau mountainous area of Yunnan Province

ZHANG Chun.hua |TANG Guo.yong|LIU Fang.yan|LI Kun

2012, 24(5): 514-517.

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Objective To evaluate the effect of agroforestry models on the inhibition of Oncomelania snails in the plateau mountainous area of Yunnan Province. Methods The experimental field was established at Sanying Village of Eryuan County， Yunnan Province，where the“Flourishing Forest and Controlling Snails Project”was implemented. Different drought crops（alfalfa，vegetables，broad bean，garlic，lettuce，celery，green onions，and wheat）were intercropped under walnut forest in experimental groups，and the crops were not intercropped under walnut forest in a control group. The growth of forest，the change of snails and short.term income of residents were investigated. Results Agroforestry models promoted the forestry growth and effectively inhibited the growth of snails. There was a little snail in one of the experimental group that forest was intercropped with alfalfa（the occurrence rate of frames with living snails was 3.33%，the average density of living snails was 0.004/0.1 m2，and the declining rates were both 50.00%）. The snails were not found in other intercropped models. The income of residents in the experimental groups increased（900-6 800 Yuan per year）compared with that in the control group. Conclusion The model of walnut forest intercropped with crops not only has the obvious effect on inhibition of snails，but also has good economic and ecological benefits in the plateau mountainous area of Yunnan Province.

Spatial clustering detecting for schistosomiasis in Nanchang County

2012, 24(5): 518-521.

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istosome infection cases and population，the spatial analysis technology，global autocorrelation and hotspot detection methods in ArcGIS 9.2 software were used to render the spatial autocorrelation coefficient graph. The autocorrelation index change trend of schistosome infection rates in different spatial scales was described. In addition，the hotspot area of schistosome infection rates in study area was detected by using the representative distance for pace parameters combined with actual situation. Results The spatial distribution of schistosome infection in study area was characteristic of clusters in 2009. The spatial autocorrelation coefficient graph indicated that the peak of wave happened in the distances of 1 900 m，2 600 m，3 800 m and 5 000 m，respectively. Comparing with the geographical conditions，the hotspots in 5 000 m spatial scale were more realistic than other distances. In this scale，2 hotspots and 2 second hotspots were explored. Conclusion The spatial clustering analysis combined with the spatial autocorrelation analysis can explore the schistosomiasis gathering area more precisely.

Effect of water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects in rivers and estuaries connecting with the Yangtze River on Oncomelania snail control

2012, 24(5): 522-526.

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Objective To evaluate the effect of the water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects in rivers and estuaries connecting with the Yangtze River on Oncomelania snail control. Methods Three water conservancy schistosomiasis control projects of Laobianmin River，Panjia River and Bianmin River were chosen for the objects of the study. The concrete slope protection and the overflow dam，the concrete slope protection and the check sluice，and the simple concrete slope protection were built respectively in above mentioned three rivers. The changes of the area with snails and density of snails were investigated before and after the interventions，and the results were compared among the three projects. Results In the condition of the routine snail control with the molluscicide，the snails were eliminated in the main riverway of the Laobianmin River，but the snails still existed in the target protected area（tributaries of the river and irrigation areas）；the snails were eliminated in the Panjia River and its irrigation areas；in the Bianmin River，the areas with snails dropped by 89.22% in the main river and still remained in the tributaries and irrigation areas after the project implementation. Conclusions The sluice and overflow dam more contribute to control and eliminate snails in the project areas and the target protected areas in the rivers and estuaries connecting with the Yangtze River.The priority of consideration should be given to the water level control and prevention of snail spreading in the water level instability rivers connecting with the Yangtze River.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Jiangsu Province|China|2005-2010

2012, 24(5): 527-532.

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Objective To understand the endemic situation of national surveillance sites in Jiangsu Province from 2005 to 2010，so as to provide the evidence for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis. Methods According to the national surveil? lance protocol，a longitudinal surveillance on endemic situation of schistosomiasis was carried out in 8 national surveillance sites from 2005 to 2010. Results In general，the positive rates of blood tests and infection rates of Schistosoma japonicum decreased from 9.04% and 0.22% in 2005 to 4.34% and 0.02% in 2010，and the rates of decline were 51.99% and 90.91%，respectively.The endemic situation of farmers，fishermen and business men were relatively serious，and the infection degree of the low?aged group of students was relatively serious. No local acute schistosomiasis case was detected. A total of 7 466.46 hm2 of environmental sites were investigated，and the areas with living Oncomelania hupensis snails and infected snails were 2 213.98 and 247.91 hm2，respectively，the densities of living snails and infected snails decreased gradually，and no infected snail was found in 2010. However，the total areas with living snails and infected snails still keep a relative high level，and the density of infected snails rebounded in special sites. Conclusion The endemic situation of the national surveillance sites is under control，and the infection rate of human keeps at a low level in Jiangsu Province. The surveillance and control of snails and infection source should still be strengthened.

Schistosomicidal effect of BTW5 on adult and juvenile Schistosoma japonicum in vitro

2012, 24(5): 533-536.

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Objective To evaluate the killing effect of BTW5 on both juvenile and adult worms of Schistosoma japonicum in vitro. Methods The mice were infected with cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum obtained from infected Oncomelania hupensis. The juvenile worms were obtained from the liver and mesenteric veins of the mice by perfusion 18 d after the infection，and the adult worms were obtained from the liver and mesenteric veins of the mice by perfusion 5 weeks after the infection. The adult and juvenile worms were cultivated in DMEM medium containing different concentrations of BTW5 and were observed for 3 d. After the observation，the worms were stained by hydrochloric acid carmine to observe the injuries. Results The death rates and motility reducing rates of adult and juvenile worms in DMEM medium containing different concentrations of BTW5 were significantly higher than those in the controls. The staining suggested that BTW5 had a damage effect on the tegument and the intestinal canal of the male and female worms，in addition to the ovaries of the female worms. Conclusion BTW5 has an antischistosomal effect on adult and juvenile worms of Oncomelania hupensis.

Investigation of ticks parasitizing on bodies of dogs in Shanghai

2012, 24(5): 537-539.

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Objective To investigate the ticks which parasitize on the bodies of dogs in Shanghai. Methods The tick samples were collected from the dogs in 18 districts and counties of Shanghai from March to December in 2011, and the ticks were identified for the species through the morphological analysis by the dissecting microscope in laboratory. Results Totally 1 950 dogs were investigated for ticks parasitizing on the bodies of districts including Jiading, Minhang, Pudong, Songjiang, Huangpu and Jinshan. These ticks were belong to 2 species of 2 genera by morphological analysis in laboratory. Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Haemaphysalis longicornis were the ticks parasitizing on the bodies of pet dogs. R. sanguineus was the main ticks parasitizing on the bodies of police dogs and laboratory dogs. Conclusion R. sanguineus is the domain tick parasitizing on dogs in Shanghai，and H. longicornis is a newly found hard tick species parasitizing on dogs in Shanghai. We should strengthen the prevention and control of ticks.

Comparison of fecal examinations and worm collection results in an investiga? tion of Ascaris lumbricoides infection

2012, 24(5): 540-543.

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Objective To explore the relationship between fecal examinations and worm collection results in a community in? vestigation of Ascaris lumbricoides infection. Methods A total of 1 019 residents in Zhangxi Village，Nanchang County，Jiangxi Province were investigated with the Kato?Katz technique and worm collection after deworming. Results Among 1 019 residents in? vestigated，the actual prevalence of A. lumbricoides was 30.23%，and the egg and worm positive rates were 20.41％ and 23.75%， respectively. The average burden was 2.64 worms per person，and the heavier worm burden accounted for less proportion. The heavier the worm burden，the higher the probability to got egg in the feces. If one person had 7 worms or more，the probability to got eggs in his feces was 100%. Among people of false negative fecal examination，61.00% of them were infected with male worms only，whereas 7.00% were infected with immature female worms with or without male worms，and 32.00% were infected with ma? ture female worms with or without male worms. Totally 32.47% of infected people were missed by fecal examination，including 22.08% without egg excreted，and 10.39% missed because of the method itself. Conclusion The egg positive rate is obviously lower than the actual infection rate，and the egg detection rate is correlated with the worm burden.

Synthesis and characterization of controlled?release preparation of metroni? dazole

ZHANG Wei1, 2|CHEN Qiang2*|SUN Xiao-qiang1

2012, 24(5): 544-548.

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Objective To increase the solubility of metronidazole in water in order to increase its bioavailability. Methods A new controlled?release preparation of metronidazole was synthesized by using sodium alginate which had good solubility in wa? ter，degradation and characteristics of biocompatibility. The chemical structures of the controlled?release preparation were charac? terized by FT?IR，1H?NMR，DSC and SEM. The solubility was assayed according to the National Standard. The inclusion rate and controlled?release effect were assayed by UV spectrum. Results The inclusion rate could reach maximum under the optimum con? ditions of molar ratio of 3∶1，ultrasonic power of 400 W，and reaction time of 200 s. The solubility of the controlled?release prepa? ration in water increased to 18.99 mg/ml. There was 40% metronidazole released in 12 h in buffer solution. Conclusion A new controlled?release preparation of metronidazole is synthesized successfully by using sodium alginate and its release rate is satisfac? tory.

Cloning|expression and immunodiagnostic evaluation of enolase from Echi? nococcus granulosus

2012, 24(5): 549-552.

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Objective To clone and express EgEno gene of Echinococcus granulosus，and to investigate the immunogenicity and diagnostic value of recombinant EgEno. Methods Total RNAS of E. granulosus was extracted and reversedly transcripted to cDNA. EgEno gene was amplified from cDNA and inserted into vector pET28a. The recombinant plasmid pET28a?EgEno was trans? formed into E. coli BL21（DE3）for expression under the induction of IPTG. The expressed product was identified by SDS?PAGE and Western blotting. The purified recombinant EgEno protein was detected by ELISA with the sera of cystic echinococcosis pa? tients，healthy persons and other patients. Results The EgEno gene was successfully amplified from cDNA of E. granulosus and a fusion protein was expressed in E. coli BL21（DE3）. The molecular weight of the expressed protein was around 50 kDa. The re? sult of Western blotting indicated that the antigenicity of the protein was specific. The sensitivity of diagnosis by ELISA for cystic echinococcosis was 81.25%. Conclusion EgEno of E. granulosus is cloned and expressed in E. coli BL21（DE3）successfully， which might be used as a candidate antigen of immunodiagnosis for cystic echinococcosis.

Analysis of schistosomiasis endemic situation in Jiujiang City|2011

GU Shi-lin|QIN Bing|CHEN Chun-he

2012, 24(5): 553-556.

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Objective To understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiujiang City in 2011，so as to provide the evidence for decision?making of schistosomiasis contro1. Methods The epidemiological data of schistosomiasis in Jiujiang in 2011 were collected and analyzed with the descriptive epidemiology method. Results By the end of 2011，there were 34974 cas? es of schistosomiasis in Jiujiang City，among them there were 2 326 advanced cases（106 cases were newly found in 2011），and no acute cases were found. About 24 454.78 hm2 of areas with Oncomelania snails were found in 2011，including 23 045.70 hm2 in marshland and lake regions（94.24%）and 1 409.08 hm2 in hilly region（5.76%）. A total of 25 601 head of cattle were raised in schistosomiasis transmission regions in 2011，with a little increase comparing to that in 2010（0.60%）. The schistosome infection rate of cattle in 2011（0.97％）decreased obviously comparing to that in 2010（3.52%）. The chemotherapy coverage in cattle in 2011（76.00%）increased significantly as compared to that in 2010（50.85％）（P＜0.05）. Conclusions The schistosomiasis en? demic situation remains at a certain level in endemic areas of Jiujiang City. The number of domestic animals is large，so the pollu? tion of environment still exists. Therefore，it is suggested that promoting the comprehensive schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on controlling sources of infection is an effective measure to achieve the mid and long term goals of schistosomiasis con? trol program.

Preventive effect of plant cercaricide Fangyouling for schistosome infection

WANG Sheng-xian1|SHI Jia-min1|CAO Mu-min2|DAI Ling-feng2|DAI Yu-hai2*

2012, 24(5): 557-558.

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Objective To evaluate the preventive effect of Fangyouling（a plant cercaricide）for schistosome infection in the field. Methods Villagers contacting schistosome infested water in 3 administrative villages in Hubei Province were randomly se? lected，and the villagers rubbing Fangyouling before they contacted with the infested water were divided into Group Ⅰ（159 cases） and those not rubbing Fangyouling before they contacted with the infested water were divided into Group Ⅱ（172 persons）. All the villagers were investigated by questionnaire，and their infections of schistosome were tested by sera and fecal examinations. Re? sults There were no differences of constituent ratios of gender，age，occupation，time and type of infested water contact between the two groups（all P values＞0.05）. The positive rates of sera and fecal examinations were 3.14% and 1.87%，respectively in Group Ⅰ，and the positive rates of sera and fecal examinations were 9.30% and 6.40%，respectively in Group Ⅱ，and there were significant differences between both the results of sera and fecal examinations of GroupⅠand Group Ⅱ（both P values < 0.05）. In Group Ⅰ，there were 110 people who completely embrocated Fangyouling，and their positive rates of sera and fecal examinations were 0.91% and 0，respectively. There are 42 people who incompletely embrocated Fangyouling，and their positive rates of sera and fecal examinations were 8.16% and 6.12%，respectively，and there were significant differences（both P values < 0.05）. Con? clusions The preventive effect of schistosome infection of Fangyouling is significant. Incomplete embrocating may be one of the possible reasons for people still being infected with schistosome after rubbing the protective agent.

Effect of replacing cattle with machine on schistosomiasis control in 3 endem? ic villages of Jiangling County

2012, 24(5): 559-561.

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Objective To evaluate the effect of the comprehensive measures centered on replacing cattle with machine on schistosomiasis control in 3 villages of Jiangling County. Methods Three villages namely Jinqi，Yugu，Huazhang where the com? prehensive measures being implemented were chosen as investigated sites，the schistosome infection situation of human，cattle and Oncomelania snails before and after the implementation were surveyed，meanwhile，the degree of satisfaction of the residents were investigated by questionnaire. Results In 2009，the schistosome infection rates of Jinqi，Yugu and Huazhang were 1.87%， 2.72% and 2.89% respectively，and after the implementation，the infection rates of the 3 villages decreased to 0.67%，1.91% and 1.75%，respectively in 2011. In Jinqi Village and Yugu Village where all cattle were replaced，no snails were found since 2011， while in Huazhang Village where there were still 35 head of cattle，no cattle was infected and the area with infected snails was 0.52 hm2. The total degree of satisfaction on the measures was 89.21%. Conclusion The effect of the comprehensive measures cen? tered on replacing cattle with machine on schistosomiasis control is significant，and its implementation still depends on some nec? essary supporting measures.

Influence of preventive surgery intervention on life quality of patients with advanced schistosomiasis

2012, 24(5): 562-563.

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Objective To investigate the influence of preventive pericardial devascularization on the life quality of patients with advanced schistosomiasis. Methods The clinical data of advanced schistosomiasis patients who received the preventive peri? cardial devascularization from January 2000 to December 2009（140 cases）were collected and analyzed retrospectively，and other 81 cases without preventive pericardial devascularization served as controls. Results Compared with that of the control group， the long term upper gastrointestinal rebleeding within 3 years of the study group was much fewer（P < 0.01），while that of more than 5 years was fewer（P < 0.05）；there were no differences in ascites and hepatic coma between the two groups（P > 0.05）；the abilities of daily life and labor of the study group were much better than those of the control group（P < 0.01），and those of taking care of themselves and lost ability of labor were not significant between the two groups（P > 0.05）；the long term death rate after surgery of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group（P < 0.05）. Conclusion The effect of preventive pericardial devascularization in the treatment of advanced schistosomiasis is reliable and the life qualities of the patients improve

Molluscicidal effect of suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide in fields of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province

2012, 24(5): 564-566.

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Molluscicidal effect of suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and ni? closamide in fields of mountainous areas in Yunnan Province

Preliminary study on molluscicidal effect of Euphorbia helioscopia L ethanol extracts against Oncomelania hupensis

2012, 24(5): 567-569.

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Objective To study the influences of Euphorbia helioscopia L. on glycogen contents of Oncomelania hupensis so as to explore its molluscicidal mechanism. Methods The different polar factions of Euphorbia helioscopia L. were separated by us? ing the systemic solvent segregation method，and then its molluscicidal activity was detected according to the Laboratory Final Mil? luscicides Screening Method issued by WHO. The glycogen contents of soft tissues of Oncomelania hupensis snails treated by Eu? phorbia helioscopia L. ethanol extracts were determined by the anthrone method. Results After being immersed for 48 h with Eu? phorbia helioscopia L. ethanol extracts，the death rates of the snails at the concentrations of 400 mg/L and 800 mg/L were 50.43% and 77.50% respectively，while after 96 h，the death rates at the above concentrations were both 100%. The glycogen contents of the snails gradually reduced with the increase of the drug concentrations，the glycogen content decreased to the lowest while the concentration was 800 mg/L，and the glycogen content decreased by 69.49% compared with that of the control group. Conclu? sion The Euphorbia helioscopia L. ethanol extracts can significantly decrease the glycogen content of Oncomelania snails and the extracts have an adequate molluscicidal activity.

Therapeutic schemes for refractory ascites of advanced schistosomiasis：a clinical control study

2012, 24(5): 570-572.

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Objective To explore the therapeutic schemes for refractory ascites of advanced schistosomiasis. Methods The advanced schistosomiasis patients with refractory ascites were randomly divided into 4 groups：a conventional group，high?dose al? bumin group，high?dose diuretic group，and comprehensive group，and the course of the treatment was 4 weeks. The abdominal circumference，urine volume，and weight changes were observed daily，and B?ultrasound，liver function，and renal function were performed weekly. Results In the total effective rates，recurrence rates and A/G and renal function changes，the high?dose albu? min group and comprehensive group were superior to the conventional group and high?dose diuretic group（P < 0.01）. The death rate of the comprehensive group was the lowest among the 4 groups. Conclusion The therapeutic scheme of the comprehensive group is optimum.

Effect of comprehensive control and management of schistosomiasis at pla? teaus regions in Yunnan Province

2012, 24(5): 573-575.

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Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive control and management of schistosomiasis at plateaus re? gions in Yunnan Province. Methods Xiaolian and Kangfu villages at plateaus regions where schistosomiasis was endemic were se? lected as study areas from 2006 to 2011，the schistosomiasis comprehensive control measures were conducted，and these measures included the health education，chemotherapy，stool and water management，grazing forbidden，Oncomelania snail control，etc. combined with the infrastructure of farmland water conservancy，agricultural comprehensive development，adjustment of industry structure，returning farmland to forest，ditch hardening，and aquaculture. Results At Xiaolian Village，no schistosomiasis pa? tient and livestock were found from 2008；and at Kangfu Village，no schistosomiasis patient was detected from 2006 and no schis? tosomiasis domestic animal was found from 2008. In 2011，the snail area，percent of frames with living snails，the number of snails，average concentration of living snails，and the highest concentration of living snails descended by 69.99%，81.86%， 88.86%，89.71%，57.95% at Xiaolian Village，and descended by 27.65%，1.11%，94.71%，92.16%，88.00% at Kangfu Vil? lage，respectively，compared with those in 2006. The ratios of infected snail area to snail area were 68.91% in 2006 and 69.13% in 2007 at Xiaolian Village，and 61.73% in 2006 and 43.24% in 2007 at Kangfu Village. There were no infected snails from 2008 in the two villages. Conclusion The comprehensive control and management measures can effectively control the schistosomiasis prevalence at plateaus regions.

Effect and cost?benefit of Oncomelania snail control by plowing and planting in Jiaobei Beach of Zhenjiang City

TAO Heng-ye|XIA Ai|ZHAO Ya-ming|JIANG Jun

2012, 24(5): 576-578.

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Objective To evaluate the effect and cost?benefit of Oncomelania snail control by plowing and planting in Jiaobei Beach of Zhenjiang City. Methods In 2009，the measures of building low dike and plowing and planting were implemented in the experimental area of the east part of Jiaobei Beach，while in the control area of the west part of the beach，the molluscacide（ni? closamide）was used to control snails. Then，the snail control effects and the cost?benefits of the two groups were compared. Re? sults In the experimental area，the density of living snails decreased by 99.75% in the year when the measures were implement? ed，and no living snails were found from the second year. Though that the density of living snails in the control area decreased by 70% around，it aroused again in the second year. The net cost?benefit ratios of the experimental area and the control area were 2.18 and -0.92，respectively. Conclusion Building low dike and plowing and planting in the beaches along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River can effectively control snails，meanwhile，it is economic.

Infectivity difference between mice challenged by the laboratory ?cultivated and field collected Schistosoma japonicum?infected Oncomelania hupensis

YU Xin-ling|ZHOU Jie|HU Jun-jian|HE Yong-kang|LI Yue-sheng*

2012, 24(5): 579-580.

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Objective To explore the infectivity difference between the mice challenged by laboratory?cultivated and field collected Schistosoma japonicum?infected Oncomelania hupensis snails. Methods A total of 120 Kunming mice were randomly di? vided into two groups. S. japonicum?infected O. hupensis releasing cercariae was according to routine cercaria shedding method. Each mouse was challenged by 40 cercariae. The worm?load，the development rate，EPG of liver and EPG of feces in the mice were calculated. Results The mean worm?load，adult worm development rate，EPG of liver and EPG of feces in the group of mice infected by field collected S. japonicum?infected snails were 27.43±3.78，68.53±9.44，19 800.97±6 752.59 and 196.37±11.56，re? spectively，which were significantly higher than those in the group challenged by cercariae from laboratory?cultivated S. japonicum? infected snails（23.93±4.93，59.83±12.32，5 803.69±1 560.49 and 107.73±10.32）（P < 0.05）. The mean worm?load，adult worm development rate and EPG of liver in the male mouse group were higher than those in the female mouse group（P < 0.05）. Conclu? sion The cercariae released from field collected S. japonicum?infected snails have more aggressive infection ability，compared with the cercariae released from the laboratory?cultivated S. japonicum?infected snails and the results also show male mice are more susceptibility to the schistosome infection than female mice.

Establishment of early warning system of malaria epidemic situation in Jiang? su Province I Impact of temperature on development of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles sinensis in Jiangsu Province

2012, 24(5): 581-584.

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Objective To observe the developmental threshold temperature and the effective accumulated temperature of Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in Anopheles sinensis in Jiangsu Province，and to analyze the impact of temperature on the develop? ment of Plasmodium vivax. Methods The Anopheles sinensis mosquitoes were maintained under different temperatures of 16±0.5， 19±0.5，22±0.5，25±0.5，28±0.5 ℃ and 31±0.5 ℃ in incubators after membrane feeding with Plasmodium vivax infected blood at laboratory. The salivary glands of Anopheles sinensis were dissected to confirm the development of sporozoite under different temper? atures，and the developmental threshold temperature and the effective accumulated temperature of Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in Anopheles sinensis were calculated. The theoretical number of generations of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles sinensis per year was calculated based on the average monthly temperatures of 13 municipalities in Jiangsu Province. Results The average developmen? tal threshold temperature of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles sinensis in Jiangsu Province was 15.31 ℃，the average effective accu? mulated temperature was 109.81 day?degrees，and the optimal temperature for the proliferation of Plasmodium vivax was 25-28 ℃. The theoretical generation number of Plasmodium vivax in sinensis in south Jiangsu was 1-3 generations being more than that in the north of the province. Conclusions Temperature is one of the important influencing factors for the development of Plasmodi? um. The chance for Anopheles sinensis to transmit malaria increases under the temperature of 25-28 ℃. However，other factors should be considered in the establishment of early warning system of malaria.

Effect of mass chemotherapy in late stage of soil?borne nematodiasis control

Chao Han-jun1|Jin Xiao-lin1|Xu Xiang-zheng1|Jiang Wen-cai1|Shen Ming-xue1 Mei Hu

2012, 24(5): 585-587.

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Objective To evaluate the effects and influencing factors of mass chemotherapy in the late stage of soil?borne ne? matodiasis control so as to provide the evidence for the development of control programs. Methods Six villages were divided into three groups：the target chemotherapy，the selective chemotherapy and the control. By observation in three consecutive years，the indexes，mass infection rates，infection degrees and re?infections of soil?borne nematodes，were compared among the 3 groups. The influencing factors were also analyzed. Results The population infection rates of soil ? borne nematodes decreased by 85.94%，43.10% and 20.87%，respectively，in the three groups after chemotherapy compared with those before the intervention. A higher hookworm infection rate appeared and the chemotherapy effect was impacted in the target chemotherapy group，as some key population applied fresh human waste in vegetable plots. The re?infection rate was 16.65 times of the new infection rate. Con? clusions Chemotherapy is still useful in the late stage of soil?borne nematode control. It is more important to enhance manage? ment of using manure and health education on focus population.

Effect of costimulatory signals in schistosome infection

GAO Ya-nan|WU Guan-ling

2012, 24(5): 588-590.

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T?cell activation requires T?cell receptor（TCR）signaling and a second signal called costimulation. This article overviewes the research progress of the effect of costimulatory signals in schistosome infection.

Progress of research on mechanism of growth and development of schistoso? mula of Schistosoma

TANG Chun-lian1|2|DONG Hui-fen2|JIANG Ming-sen2*

2012, 24(5): 591-593.

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The specific molecular targets of schistosomula have been investigated for being new vaccine candidates. The mech? anism of the growth and development of the skin?stage，lung?stage and hepatic schistosomula may be related to the immune regula? tion，signal transduction，sex?differentiation and apoptosis. Actin et al are important molecules which related to the growth and de? velopment of schistosomula.

Progress in research on techniques for prolonging half ?life of protein and polypeptide drugs

JIN Yi|YU Chuan-xin*

2012, 24(5): 594-597.

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Following the advancement in molecular biology and recombinant technology，the protein and polypeptide thera? peutics have become an important class of clinical drugs due to their unique superiority. However，the problems of stability and short half?life of proteins and peptides also vastly limit their further use in clinic. The focal points of this paper are to introduce the specific ways and the matters needing attention to increase the biological half?life of the therapeutic protein and polypeptide drugs.

Advances in research on harm and control of Enterobius vermicularis infec? tion in children

AN Yao-wu1|PANG Xin-li1|LIU Jie-Bing1|HUANG Shao-yu2

2012, 24(5): 598-600.

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In China，the infection rate of Enterobius vermicularis in children is still relatively high. Because the development and spread of worm eggs is fast，it is easy to treat but difficult to control the disease，and the control effect is also difficult to be consolidated. The long?term repeated Enterobius vermicularis infection may cause the damage on children's body and mind in differ? ent degrees. This paper offers an overview on the current status，harm and prevention and control of Enterobius vermicularis infec? tion.

Discussion on clinical pathways of schistosomiasis

2012, 24(5): 601-604.

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According to the long?term clinical experience on schistosomiasis control of Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis and the latest clinical guidelines，this paper makes a discussion on the clinical pathways of 3 types of schistosomiasis，and establishes the pathway management including diagnosis，therapy，hospital stays，and treatment after discharge，nursing，recovery，follow? up and so on，aiming to formulate a standardized flow or a pathway for schistosomiasis treating.

Epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Pukou District| Nanjing City| 2004-2011

YOU Jun|WAN Li-xin|REN Ping

2012, 24(5): 605-606.

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Objective To master the epidemic situation and control effect of schistosomiasis in Pukou District，Nanjing City. Methods The data of the epidemic situation and control measures of schistosomiasis in Pukou District from 2004 to 2011 were collected and analyzed for the trends of schistosomiasis epidemic situation and changes of status of Oncomelania snails. Results In 2011，the area with snails and the area with infected snails were 383.11 hm2 and 0 hm2 respectively，the number of blocks with snails were 15，and all dropped substantially compared with those in 2004. The population serological positive rate was decreasing from 2004-2011. Conclusion The schistosomiasis in Pukou District presents a low prevalence and the control measures are effec? tive.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Zhuxi Village|Xingzi County|2005?2010

2012, 24(5): 607-608.

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Objective To understand the effect of schistosomiasis control in Zhuxi Village，Xingzi County，Jiangxi Province. Methods According to the national scheme of schistosomiasis surveillance，we investigated the schistosomiasis epidemic in Zhuxi Village from 2005-2010. The epidemic data of schistosomiasis on the humans，farm cattle，and Oncomelania snails were collected，respectively and analyzed by using the method of Cochran?Armitage test. Results Human infections and snail infec? tions showed dynamic fluctuations（Z = 3.35，P = 0.000 8）and the density of alive snails tended to decrease gradually. The majori? ty of the infections were peasants and students. The infection rates of farm cattle were 12.31%，3.23%，2.94%，3.33%，4.44% and 2.15%，respectively from 2005-2010. Conclusion The effect of schistosomiasis control is very fine and schistosomiasis has been well controlled.

Current status of schistosomiasis control knowledge and effect of interven? tions among primary school pupils in Anyi County

2012, 24(5): 609-610.

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Objective To understand the status of schistosomiasis control knowledge and the effect of interventions among primary school pupils in the areas of schistosomiasis transmission interrupted. Methods Six kinds of information materials about schistosomiasis control，including the schistosomiasis health education teaching material，schistosomiasis health education box， schistosomiasis health education stationary kits，schistosomiasis health education ball?point pen，collections of wall charts about schistosomiasis control and schistosomiasis health education curriculum schedule，were used to spread the schistosomiasis control information in the experimental group，and then，the effect was evaluated. Results The awareness rates，correct rates of atti? tude，and persuasion rates of schistosomiasis control had no significant difference between the experimental group and control group before the intervention（P＞0.05）. The awareness rate，correct rate of attitude，and persuasion rate of schistosomiasis con? trol increased from 12.88 %，6.82% and 3.79% before the intervention to 97.64%，62.20%，71.65% after the intervention，re? spectively，in the experiment group（P＜0.01），but in the control group，there was no significant difference between the pre? and post?intervention（P＞0.05）. The collections of wall charts about schistosomiasis control and schistosomiasis health education box were more favorable. Conclusion The effect of schistosomiasis health education is very well in the areas of schistosomiasis trans? mission interrupted

Molluscicidal effect of LDS in field in marshland areas

2012, 24(5): 613-614.

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The molluscicidal effects of salt of quinoid?2’，5?dichloro?4’?nitrosalicylanilide（LDS）and 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt（WPN）were observed by three methods of immersion，insufflations and powdering. The results showed that there was no statistic difference between the snail control effects of LDS and WPN，which suggested that LDS had a good molluscicidal effect in marshland areas.

Epidemic situation and prevention and control countermeasures of imported falciparum malaria in Jiangdu District|Yangzhou City

ZHU Xi.guang|SHE Guang.song

2012, 24(5): 616-617.

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Objective To explore the feasible prevention and control measures for imported falciparum malaria. Methods The epidemic situation of imported falciparum malaria and status of labor export were investigated by using the epidemic statistical method，epidemiological survey and follow.up survey. Results There were 46 direct network reported cases of imported falci. parum malaria in Jiangdu District in 2011，and they were all export laborers to Africa，being aged from 30-49 years，Totally 28 patients of them had the history of disease in foreign countries，and 29 cases were in the same labor export services company. A to. tal of 444 migrant labors were investigated and 24 patients were diagnosed falciparum malaria. Conclusion In order to prevent and control imported falciparum malaria，we should strengthen the standard management of labor export services market and health education.

Effect of comprehensive control pattern on soil ?transmitted nematodiasis in Danling County

2012, 24(5): 618-618.

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The comprehensive control pattern centering on health education，deworming and improving drinking water and lavatories was adopted to control soil?transmitted nematodiasis in Danling County，Sichuan Province from 2007-2009. In 2009， the infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes decreased from 57.12% of the baseline survey in 2006 to 10.06%.

Growth and decline of Oncomelania snail status of canals in Qianjiang City in Four Lake areas|1990-2010

XIAO Xiu-lan1|CHENG Yu-ping1 XU Qian-ceng2

2012, 24(5): 619-620.

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Objective To understand the growth and decline of Oncomelania snail status in canals of Four Lake areas，so as to provide the evidence for formulating control strategy. Methods The data of snail investigations were analyzed retrospectively. Results The snail area decreased by 31.05%，the snail density decreased by 92.08，and the infection rate of snails decreased by 87.69% in 2010 compared with those in 1990. Conclusion During the period of 1990 to 2010，all the key indicators of snail sta? tus decline. However，we still need strengthen the snail control.

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