Table of Content

16 February 2012, Volume 24 Issue 1

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Road map for transmission interruption of schistosomiasis in China

ZHOU Xiao-Nong, JIANG Qing-Wu, GUO Jia-Gang, LIN Dan-Dan, ZHU Rong, YANG Guo-Jing, YANG Kun, LI Shi-Zhu, XU Jing

2012, 24(1):  1-4. 

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Based on the transmission status of schistosomiasis in People’ s Republic of China，the challenges and road map for achieving the transmission interruption of schistosomiasis by 2020 in the country was discussed，particularly focused on elimi? nation strategy，surveillance and response approaches，and key technique needs in the three stages，e.g. pre?elimination，elimina? tion and post?elimination stages. Recommendation of strengthening studies on transmission threshold and technological innovation at the low transmission level of schistosomiasis japonica were put forward.

Surveillance and forecast of Schistosoma japonicum? infected sentinel mice in key water regions of China in 2010

ZHENG Hao, SUN Le-Ping, ZHU Rong, TU Zu-Wu, LI Yi-Yi, YANG Wei-Ping, GU Xiao-Nan, Wu Zi-Song, FENG Xi-Guang, YANG Kun, LI Shi-Zhu, XU Jing, GUO Jia-Gang, CHEN Zhao, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2012, 24(1):  5-9. 

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Objective To explore the approach and tool for surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis，so as to provide sci? entific evidence for improving the sensitivity of the surveillance and forecast system of schistosomiasis. Methods Two field detections were carried out in June and September by using the determination of sentinel mice in key high?risk water regions of 7 provinces of Hunan，Hubei，Jiangxi，Anhui，Jiangsu，Yunnan and Sichuan，and the sentinel mice were raised in laboratory and dissected for observation of schistosome infections. The database regarding schisosome infections in key water regions of China was established，and the tempo?spatial distribution and environmental features of the national surveillance and forecast sites with positive sentinel mice were analyzed. Results A total of 72 surveillance and forecast sites were detected in 34 counties（cities，districts）of 7 provinces. Of the 2 667 sentinel mice placed，2 613 were recovered，with a recovery rate of 97.98%. Among the 72 sites detected，17 were detected with positive sentinel mice，and the occurrence rate of positive sites was 23.61%. The occurrence rate was 17.24%（10/58）in June and 14.71%（10/68）in September，and no significant differ? ence was observed between two batches（χ2 = 0.151，P = 0.698） . Of the 2 436 sentinel mice dissected，90 were positive， and 459 schistosome worms were collected，with a total infection rate of 3.69%，and the mean worm burdens of positive mice were 5.10 worms per mouse. The infection rate of sentinel mice was 2.82%（31/1 099）in June and 4.41%（58/1 337）in Sep? tember，the infection rate of sentinel mice was significantly higher in September than that in Juen（χ2 = 14.681，P < 0.01）， and the mean worm burdens of infected sentinel mice were 2.45 worms per mouse in June and 6.49 worms per mouse in Sep? tember. The occurrence rates of the positive sites with infected snails detected in the study year，last year and without infected snails detected in recent 3 years were 29.63%，41.67% and 12.12%，respectively，and no significant differences were detect? ed（χ2 = 5.227，P = 0.071） . The infection rates of sentinel mice in the aforementioned 3 settings were 9.38%，3.98% and 0.59%，respectively，and there was significant difference observed（χ2 = 20.489，P < 0.01） . Conclusions The monitoring results of sentinel mice infections in key water regions can almost reflect the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in local ar? eas. Notably，many infections are detected in settings without infected snails detected in recent years. The monitoring of senti? nel mice infections could significantly improve the sensitivity of the surveillance and forecast system of schistosomiasis.

Burden of disease in schistosomiasis japonica Ⅳ Community socioeconomic deter? minants of chronic schistosomiasis

GIA Tie-Wu, SUN Le-Ping, HONG Qing-Biao, DENG Yao, ZHANG Gong-Hua, YI Ping, GUO Jia-Gang, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2012, 24(1):  10-13. 

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Objective To explore the socioeconomic determinants of chronic schistosomiasis japonica at a community (vil? lage) level. Methods The socioeconomic and epidemiological data (Years lived with disability，YLDs) came from the thematic research carried out in two schistosome?endemic counties，Dangtu and Hanshou，in lake areas between 2004 and 2005. A concen? tration index was calculated and used to assess the health inequalities between socioeconomic statuses. The community risk factors relating to chronic schistosomiasis were explored by the multiple regression model. Results The concentration index was -0.12 of Dangtu County and 0.03 of Hanshou County which indicated that there were no health inequalities due to schistosomiasis be? tween communities with different socioeconomic statuses. There was no linear relationship between the economic levels and YLDs of chronic schistosomiasis. The results of multiple regression model showed that the distance from village to schistosome?infested water (P < 0.01) and wet land area per capita (P < 0.05) were significantly related to YLDs of chronic schistosomiasis. Conclu? sion There is non?linear relationship between socioeconomic levels and YLDs of chronic schistosomiasis，but the distance from village to schistosome?infested water and wet land area per capita are significantly related to the latter.

Establishment and application of spatio?temporal model of schistosomiasis ja? ponica in a county in marshland region

YANG Kun, ZHOU Xiao-Nong, WANG Xian-Hong, YANG Guo-Jing, GIA Tie-Wu, HE Wei-Long

2012, 24(1):  14-20. 

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Objective To develop a spatio?temporal model of schistosomiasis japonica based on Bayesian model，and to ana? lyze the spatio?temporal pattern of schistosomiasis，as well as to evaluate the impact of environment changes on schistosomiasis en? demic. Methods Different Bayesian models were established by employing the data of the periodical surveillance on schistosomi? asis during 1996-2005 period by taking into account of the uncertainty in sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic test，then the best fitness model was selected to analyze the spatio? temporal pattern of schistosomiasis and evaluate the impact of environment changes on schistosomiasis. Results The model with space?time interaction was a better fitting model. No significant temporal cor? relation was found in human infection rate of Schistosoma japonicum，and the difference of spatial structure between human infec? tion rates of each year was significant. The prediction map of S. japonicum infection showed the changes of infection in the south ar? eas of the Yuan River were not significant，while the prevalence increased significantly in the north areas of the river，which indi? cated that the impact of the implementation of project on partial abandon areas for water storing on prevalence of S. japonicum was stronger than that of the project on completed abandon areas for water storing. Conclusions It is feasible to develop the spatio? temporal model of schistosomiasis japonica based on Bayesian model，and this integrated Bayesian model approach may become a powerful and statistically robust tool for estimating and evaluating the control strategy.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Sichuan Province, 2005-2010

MENG Xian-Hong, XU Liang, ZHANG Xu-Dong, WU Zi-Song, YANG Yu, MAO Yong, QIAN Xiao-Hong, CHEN Ling, LIU Ding, ZHONG Bo, QIU Dong-Chuan, YIN Zhi-Cheng

2012, 24(1):  21-25. 

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Objective To understand the epidemic trend of schistosomiasis in Sichuan Province so as to provide the evidence for formulating schistosomiasis control strategy. Methods According to the National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Protocol, the na? tional surveillance sites in Sichuan Province were selected. The schistosomiasis surveillance was carried out continuously from 2005 to 2010. Results Nine national schistosomiasis surveillance sites were established in Pujiang, Guanghan, Zhongjiang, Fucheng, Dongpo, Danling, Renshou, Xichang and Dechang counties. The Oncomelania hupensis snail area decreased from351 853 m2 in 2005 to 128 285 m2 in 2010, the snail density from 0.70 to 0.21 per 0.1m2 , the snail infection rate from 0.06% to 0, the positive rate of human serum schistosome antibody from 19.41% to 7.62%, the schistosome infection rate of human population from 1.93% to 0.10%, and the infection rate of livestock from 4.50% to 1.02%. The snails were found mainly in ditch, rice field and other moist field. Conclusions Though the endemic of schistosomiasis has reached a low level in Sichuan Province, the endemic situation fluctuates at a narrow range in some surveillance sites. Therefore, the surveillance work should be carried out continuously.

Toxicity test of Luokuwei on mice

XIA Meng, TANG Ling, GUO Feng-Ying, CHEN Xiang-Lin, WEI Wang-Yuan

2012, 24(1):  25. 

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The result of toxicity test of Luokuwei on mice showed that，when the dose of the drug was 400-1 200 times of mol? luscicidal dosage， the mortality rate of mice was only 10%-20% in 24 h，and in 14 d，only the mortality rate in high doasage group was above 50%. It suggests that Luoweiku is a molluscicide with low toxicity.

Effect evaluation of transmission control of schistosomiasis in 14 counties（cit? ies| districts）of Jiangsu Province

SUN Le-Ping, TIAN Zeng-Xi, YANG Kun, HUANG Yi-Xin, HONG Qing-Biao, GAO Yang, WU Wei-Qing, QIU Zuo-Jun, YANG Guo-Jing, MIN Jie, GE Jun, LIANG You-Sheng, GAO Qi, WU Hong-Hui

2012, 24(1):  26-31. 

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Objective To assess the control effect of transmission control of schistosomiasis in 14 counties（cities， districts） of Jiangsu Province. Methods According to the requirement of the national assessment scheme of schistosomiasis，the effect of schistosomiasis control was evaluated. The schistosomiasis morbidity and changes in Oncomelania snail status in recent 2 years were assessed. The field survey was done by using the stratified sampling method. A heavy?endemicity administrative village was randomly sampled from the townships with low，moderate and heavy endemicities in each county，respectively as the assessment villages. The morbidity in resident populations and free ? grazing domestic animals and the snail infections in the settings where snails were detected and frequent human and domestic animal activities were observed in recent 3 years. Results During the period from 2007 through 2010，the transmission control effect of schistosomiasis was assessed in 14 counties（cities， dis? tricts）of Jiangsu Province，and field surveys were performed in 42 villages of 39 townships. A total of 264 settings，1 679.73 hm2 and 39 894 frames were surveyed，and 2 179 snails were collected. Of the 405 living snails dissected，no in? fected snails were detected，and the snail infection rate was 0. Totally 22 147 residents were investigated. The serum exam? ination of schistosome infection was performed in 22 147 residents，and 300 were sero?positive，with a sero?positive rate of 1.35%（0.30%-4.26%） . The stool examination was done in 297 sero?positive cases，and no cases were stool?positive， with a stool?positive rate of 0. A total of 2 931 domestic animals were investigated，including 230 head of cattle，2 333 pigs and 368 sheep，and no infections were detected. The files regarding the schistosomiasis morbidity and snail status have been established in 14 counties（cities， districts） . All infected snails were killed in the 14 counties（districts，cities） 2 years prior to the assessment，and the mean time that no infected snails were detected was 2.71 years（2-4 years） . No acute schistosomiasis patients were found in all 14 counties（districts，cities）more than 3 years prior to the assessment. Conclusion According to the Criteria for Control and Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China（GB 15976-2006），the transmission of schistosomiasis in 14 countries（cities, districts）of Jiangsu Province has been controlled.

Correlation between acute schistosomiasis japonica and serum interleukin?33 levels

CHEN Ruo-Qing, ZHOU Yi-Biao, JIANG Lu-Fang, SONG Xiu-Xia, ZHANG Zhi-Jie, JU Li-Wen, JIANG Qing-Wu

2012, 24(1):  32-34. 

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Objective To study the function of interleukin?33 (IL?33) in the development of human acute schistosomiasis ja? ponica by determining the serum IL ? 33 levels in acute schistosomiasis japonica patients. Methods Four patients with acute schistosomiasis japonica were recruited from schistosomiasis endemic lake areas，and 15 controls were recruited outside the schis? tosomiasis endemic areas. The demographic data and venous blood were collected from all the subjects. The serum IL?33 levels of all the subjects were tested by using enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay. All the results were statistically analyzed with Stata 10.0 software. Results The serum IL?33 levels of the patients with acute schistosomiasis japonica［517.33 (334.65，1 056.88) pg/ml］ were significantly higher than those of the controls［1.66 （1.66，6.35）pg/ml］(Z= -3.207，P = 0.001). The correlation coefficients between serum IL?33 levels and numbers of eosinophils，serum IL?33 levels and duration of infection were both 0.8 (P = 0.2). Conclusions The serum IL?33 level is significantly elevated in the patients with acute schistosomiasis japonica，indicating that IL?33 may play a pro?inflammatory role in the acute stage of schistosomiasis japonica and participate in initiating the Th2 type im? mune responses between 7 and 9 weeks after the infection.

Studies on standardization of methods for screening molluscicides in laborato? ry IV Sensitivity of Oncomelania snails from different months to niclosamide

LI You-Zi, XING Yun-Tian, LI Hong-Jun, QU Guo-Li, WANG Wei, WEI Jian-Ying, LIANG You-Sheng, DAI Jian-Rong

2012, 24(1):  35-39. 

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Objective To understand the sensitivity of Oncomelania snails collected from different months to niclosamide，so as to provide the scientific evidence for the standardization of methods for molluscicide screening and efficacy evaluation in labora? tory. Methods The snails collected from the marshland of Zhenjiang City，Jiangsu Province month by month from June 2010 to May 2011. After being raised in laboratory for 24 h，the snails were randomly grouped，and then immersed in different concentra? tions of 50% wettable powder formulation of niclosamide ethanolamine salt at (25±1) ℃ with a humidity of 60%. The dead snails were identified and counted，and the mortality rate of snails and median lethal concentration (LC50) were calculated. Results When the snails were immersed in the solutions of niclosamide at concentrations of more than 0.5 mg/L for 24 h，all the snails col? lected from different months were dead，while 60%-100% of the snail mortality was achieved for 0.250 mg/L niclosamide， 3%-27% for 0.125 mg/L niclosamide，and 3%-20% for 0.062 5 mg/L niclosamide. When the concentration was lower than 0.032 mg/L，the niclosamide was not toxic to the snails within 24 h. The LC50 value was 0.140-0.209 mg/L for 24 h. When the snails were immersed in the solutions of niclosamide at concentrations of more than 0.5 mg/L for 48 h，all the snails collected from different months were dead，while 90%-100% of the snail mortality was achieved for 0.250 mg/L niclosamide，3%-57% for 0.125 mg/L ni? closamide，3%-13% for 0.062 5 mg/L niclosamide，and 0-10% for 0.032 mg/L niclosamide. When the concentration was lower than 0.016 mg/L，the niclosamide was not toxic to the snails within 48 h. The LC50 value was 0.112-0.170 mg/L for 48 h. There were no significant differences in the mortality of snails caused by niclosamide treatment observed at 24 and 48 h (P values = 0.374 and 0.267，respectively). Conclusions There are little changes in the sensitivity of snails collected from different months to ni? closamide，with minor fluctuations in LC50 values. Such a finding indicates that the snails collected from different months have few effects on screening of molluscicides and efficacy evaluation.

Studies on dynamic changes of proportions of Tc1 and Tc2 cells during Schis? tosoma japonicum infection

XU Zhi-Peng, ZHANG Wei-Wei, LI Yong, DONG Xiao-Xiao, LI Sha-Sha, YANG Xiao-Wei, CHEN Xiao-Jun, ZHU Ji-Feng, XUE Xue, KONG Wen-Jun, ZHOU Sha, HE Lei, LIU Feng, SU Chuan

2012, 24(1):  40-44. 

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Objective To observe the dynamic changes of the proportions of T cytotoxic type 1 (Tc1) cells and T cytotoxic type 2 (Tc2) cells and analyze the correlation of them with the dynamic changes of the proportions of Th1 and Th2 cells in T lym? phocytes respectively at different stages after Schistosoma japonicum infection. Method Splenocytes were prepared from spleens of mice with S. japonicum infection at different stages (0，3，5，8，13 weeks)，and the proportions of Tc1，Tc2 and Th1，Th2 cells in T cells were determined by FACS respectively. Results Compared to the control group (0 week)，the proportions of Tc1 cells significantly increased 3，5，8，13 weeks post?infection (all P values < 0.001) and the proportions of Tc2 cells at different stages (5，8，13 weeks) post?infection also increased significantly (all P values < 0.001). During the first 3 weeks post?infection，the pro? portions of Tc1 cells increased most quickly than Tc2 cells did and Tc1 cells did at the other stages post?infection. However，the proportion of Tc2 cells increased most quickly 5 weeks post?infection than both Tc1 cells did and Tc2 cells did at the other stages post?infection. A positive correlation was found between the increases of the proportions of Th1 cells and Tc1 cells ( r = 0.978，P = 0.004)，and a positive correlation was also found between the increases of the proportions of Th2 cells and Tc2 cells ( r = 0.974， P = 0.005). The SWA stimulation of splenocytes of mice in vitro significantly increased the proportion of Tc1 cells ( P < 0.01) while the SEA stimulation of splenocytes of mice in vitro significantly increased the proportion of Tc2 cells ( P < 0.001). Conclusions The proportions of Tc1 cells and Tc2 cells in T cells are significantly increased at different stages after S. japonicum infection. Tc1 cells are increased most quickly 3 weeks post?infection，and Tc2 cells are increased most quickly 5 weeks post?infection. A positive correlation is found between the proportions of Th cells and Tc cells in CD3+ T cells. SWA preferentially induces the increase of Tc1 cells in CD3+ T cells while SEA preferentially induces the increase of Tc2 cells in CD3+ T cells in vitro.

Epitope identification of monoclonal antibody 5C6 against 14?3?3 protein of Schistosoma japonicum

QIAN Chun-Yan, SONG Li-Jun, YU Chuan-Xin, YIN Xu-Ren, WANG Jie, ZHANG Wei, JIN Yi, KE Xue-Dan

2012, 24(1):  45-49. 

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Objective To identify the epitope of monoclonal antibody (McAb) 5C6 against 14?3?3 protein of Schistosoma ja? ponicum by phage display peptide library. Methods The phage display 12?peptide library was screened with purified McAb 5C6 against 14?3?3 protein of S. japonicum three rounds of bio?panning“adsorption?elution?amplification”to enrich the specific binding phages. The single phage clones selected randomly were amplified，their genomic DNA were extracted and sequenced. The im? mune response characterization of phages with the same or high homologous foreign inserted DNA sequence was identified by ELI? SA and Western blotting for further defining the epitope recognized by McAb 5C6. Results A total of 33 single phage clones were selected and sequenced. Among them，25 shared the same foreign inserted DNA sequence of 5′ ? CCACCTAGTAGCAGACC? GATTCTCAGTCGAAGGAAA?3′，encoding a deduced peptide PPSSRPILSRRK. This peptide was not homologue to Sj14?3?3 pro? tein or any other known native protein in the world. The results of Western blotting showed that this peptide could be recognized by the sera of patients with schistosomiasis，but not by those of healthy persons. Conclusion The mimic antigen epitope of McAb 5C6 against 14?3?3 protein of S. japonicum， which is a conformational epitope，has been defined successfully in this study.

Skin inflammation responses induced by heat shock protein 70 derived from Schistosoma japonicum in BALB/c mice

YANG Jie, YANG Lin-Lin, SUN Xi, ZHENG Huan-Qin, LV Zhi-Yue, WU Zhong-Dao

2012, 24(1):  50-53. 

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Objective To study the skin inflammation responses induced by heat shock protein 70 (rSj648/hsp70) from Schis? tosoma japonicum in BALB/c mice. Methods BALB/c mice were injected with 20 μg of LPS in abdominal skin or 100 μg of rSj648/hsp70，meanwhile，the PBS?treated group was set as blank. On days 1，2，4，7 after the immunization，dynamic changes of inflammation were observed by staining with HE；and the IFN?γ mRNA expression was detected by real ? time PCR. Results On day 1，the inflammation of the skins derived from mice injected with LPS was obviously，and then fell off gradually after day 1. Compared with the LPS?treated group，the inflammation responses induced by Sj648/hsp70 were longer and more intensive until day 7. The real?time PCR showed that the IFN?γ mRNA was expressed highly in both LPS?treated group and Sj648/hsp70?treated group，then it fell off in the LPS?treated group，but the IFN?γ mRNA was still expressed higher in the Sj648/hsp70?treated group until day 7. Conclusions Heat shock protein 70 (rSj648/hsp70) induces high protection against schistosome?infection contribut? ing to predominant Th1 reaction and the correlation with high expression of IFN?γ.

Cross?section study on co?infection of HIV and Cryptosporidium

TIAN Li-Guang, WANG Tian-Ping, CHENG Guo-Jin, WANG Feng-Feng, TONG Xiao-Mei, GUO Jian, CAI Yu-Chun, CHEN Jia-Xu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2012, 24(1):  54-57. 

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Objective To investigate the co?infection status of HIV and Cryptosporidium, and explore the influencing factors associated with the co?infection. Methods A total of 309 people with HIV positive in Fuyang City of Anhui Province were recruit? ed and their fecal and blood samples were collected for examinations of Cryptosporidium spp. infection and the levels of hemoglo? bin, cytokines and CD4+ /CD8+ T?lymphocytes. Meanwhile, the questionnaire survey was conducted. Results Among 302 people involved in fecal examinations, the infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. was 8.28%, and the difference between infection rates of the male (13.49%) and the female (2.92%) was statistically significant（P < 0.05） . The multivariate logistic regression model showed that 4 factors were significantly associated with the coinfection of HIV and Cryptosporidium spp, including male (OR = 6.700, 95% CI: 2.030, 22.114), younger than 42 years old (OR = 4.148, 95% CI: 1.348, 12.761), level of IL?2 below 77 pg/ml (OR = 0.226, 95%CI: 0.076, 0.674) and personal hygiene habits (OR = 0.324, 95% CI: 0.105, 0.994). Conclusion The co?infection rate of Cryptosporidium spp. and HIV is high, the key targets of control are the people who are male, younger than 42 years old, with high level of IL2 and poor personal hygiene habits.

Expression of Toll?like receptor 4 in brain tissue of chronic Toxoplasma gon? dii infection rats and its effect on brain injury

ZHOU Yong-Hua, WANG Shang-Shang, YANG Jing, TAO Jian-Ping, XU Yong-Liang, HUANG Yu-Zheng, GAO Qi

2012, 24(1):  58-61. 

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Objective To explore the expression of Toll?like receptor 4 (TLR4) in brain tissue of chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection rats and its effect on brain injury. Methods Ten male SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups, namely control and infection groups. Each rat in the infection group was intraperitoneal injected with Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites 107 /ml × 2 ml, and that in the control group was injected with 2 ml sterile normal sodium. After 10 weeks, the expression of TLR4 mRNA in the brain tissue was determined by RT?PCR, and the levels of IL?1β and IL?4 in peripheral blood sera were detected by ELISA. Results Compared with the control group, the expression of TLR4 gene and the peripheral blood serum level of IL?1β of rats in the Toxoplas? ma gondii infection group were both significantly increased, with all P values were less than 0.05, and the level of IL?4 was also in? creased, but the difference had no statistically significance（P＞0.05). Conclusion TLR4 might be involved in inflammatory re? actions of brain injury for chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection rats.

Construction of expression vector of ALAg and immune protection of its re? combinant protein induced in mice

HE Guang-Zhi, TIAN Wei-Yi, WANG Ping, WANG Wen-Jia, XI Jin, YU Qi, WANG Qian-Yu, HUANG Gao, CAI Kun, LIU An-Sheng, AN Chuan-Wei, ZHA Gao-Wu, ZHANG Peng

2012, 24(1):  62-66. 

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Objective To determine the candidate genes for engineering vaccine of Ascaris lumbricoides. Methods pMD18?T?ALAg and plasmid expression vector pET?28a(+) were digested with BamH I and EcoR I and linked to each other. The resultant plasmid pET?28a(+)?ALAg was transferred into E. Coli BL21 (DE3) and its expression was induced with IPTG, and the re? combinant ALAg(rALAg) was purified. A total of 30 mice were equally divided into 3 groups, the mice in each group were injected with rALAg?FCA, FCA and PBS respectively, then they were attacked by infectious eggs of Ascaris (3 600 per mouse). The IgG lev? els in sera of mice in each group were detected by indirect ELASA. Results rALAg was recognized by the sera from repeatedly Ascaris lumbricoides inoculated rabbits. The numbers of larvae of Ascaris lumbricoides from liver and lung of mice were 25.30±4.55 in the rALAg?FCA group and 57.60±5.76 in the PBS group, respectively, the former being the reducing rate of 69.26%, and the dif? ference among the 3 groups showed statistical significances (P < 0.01). The IgG levels （A450 value） of the rALAg?FCA, FCA and PBS groups were 0.858±0.003, 0.149±0.004 and 0.134±0.004, respectively, there were statistical differences among them (P < 0.01). Conclusion ALAg can be used as a candidate gene of genetic engineering vaccine of Ascaris lumbricoides.

Improvement of fully automatically microscopic scanning system based on the oil?lens and its application in reading of malaria blood smears

GAO Yuan, ZONG Zhao-Min, YANG Pei-Cai, ZHANG Hong-Ying, WEI De-Hui, LI Yan-Qing, HUANG Jing-Zhang, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2012, 24(1):  67-71. 

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Objective To improve the automatically microscopic scanning system based on the oil?lens and apply it in read? ing of malaria blood smears. Methods The software of the system was modified and optimized. A total of 115 blood films from Tengchong City of Yunnan Province were examined by the automatically systematic method or read by blood smear examination staff of Tengchong City and the accuracy，sensitivity and specificity were determined and compared between the two methods. Re? sults The scanning of the system was speedier and the actual operation was more simple and convenient. The accuracy，sensitivi? ty and specificity of the system were better than those of the professional staff. There was a significant difference of accuracy be? tween the two methods（P=0.002）and there was a significant difference of comprehensive sensitivity and specificity between the two methods（P< 0.01） . Moreover，the system had the function of automatically saving scanning pictures which could be read again by everyone through the Internet. Conclusions The fully automatically microscopic scanning system based on the oil?lens has many functions and the operation is simple. It can improve the speed，accuracy，sensitivity and specificity of malaria blood smears and those indices are much better than those of the reading smears under a microscope by the professional staff. Therefore， it is easier to be applied at the grassroots level

Study on spatial distribution of advanced schistosomiasis at village level in Anxiang County based on geographic information system

YAO Bao-Dong, ZHOU Yi-Biao, WANG Zeng-Liang, TIAN An-Ping, ZHU Shao-Ping, HU Ben-Jiao, ZHANG Zhi-Jie, SONG Xiu-Xia, YI Ping, JIANG Qing-Wu

2012, 24(1):  72-75. 

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Objective To explore the spatial distribution and pattern of advanced schistosomiasis in Anxiang County so as to provide the evidence for improving advanced schistosomiasis control. Methods Based on the geographic database of advanced schistosomiasis distribution at the village level in Anxiang County，Hunan Province，the spatial autocorrelation analysis and spa? tial scan statistics were applied to analyze the spatial characteristics of distribution of advanced schistosomiasis. Results The global Moran?? s I of prevalence rate of advanced schistosomiasis was 0.06 (P > 0.05) and there was no spatial auto?correlation as a whole. The local spatial auto?correlation analysis showed that there were 9 villages with statistically significant LISA value (P < 0.05)，among which existed high?high， low?high and high?low types of auto?correlation model. The results of SaTScan statistics was the same as local spatial auto?correlation analysis and showed the existence of one cluster area. Conclusions There are local spatial auto?correlation and spatial aggregation of advanced schistosomiasis in Anxiang County. According to the distribution char? acteristics，we can assign resource more reasonably and control schistosomiasis more effectively.

Questionnaire survey on replacing bovine with machine in Yangxin County

KE Chang-Gui, WANG Yi-Qian, LIANG Xun-Yin, YUAN Xiu-Bai, WANG Cheng-Xiang

2012, 24(1):  75. 

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A total of 405 households keeping cattle were surveyed by questionnaire in Yangxin County in 2008，the results showed that 215 of them (53.09%) were willing to replace cattle，288 of them (71.11％) preferred to economic compensation，and 117 of them asked for compensation with machine.

Effect of ecological civilized homestead construction on schistosomiasis con? trol

TANG Meng, GIA Tie-Wu, WU Zi-Song, MAO Ping, CHEN Lin, LI Han-Gang, ZHONG Bo, QIU Dong-Chuan, YAO Qin, HU You-Ping

2012, 24(1):  76-78. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of Ecological Civilized Homestead Construction on schistosomiasis control. Methods The data of ecological civilized homestead construction and schistosomiasis control were collected and analyzed in Mei? wan Village，Shuangqiao Town，Danling County，Sichuan Province from 2004 to 2010. Results Ecological Civilized Homestead Construction was carried out from 2004 to 2010. Totally 454 bio?gas pools were built. All the farmers used well water. The popular? ized rates of the household bio?gas pool，sanitary toilet，sewage treatment pool reached 100%. The number of cattle was 4，which decreased by 91.30% compared with that in 2004，and all the cattle were fed in captivity. The schistosome infection rates of popu? lations were 0.26% and 0.30% in 2005 and 2008, respectively，and nobody was infected in other years. The infection rate of cattle was 0 from 2004 to 2010. The awareness rate of knowledge about schistosomiasis control achieved 100% in the population over 6 years old. Most of the farmers could use certain protective measures while they were farming. Conclusion The effect of ecological civilized homestead construction on schistosomiasis control is remarkable.

Effect of modified crushing?cercariae escaping method on detection of infect? ed Oncomelania snails in field

HE Liang-Cai, WANG Jia-Song, LI Hua-Zhong, RONG Xian-Bing, YUAN Mei-Zhi, PENG Xiao-Wu, ZHU Shao-Liang, WANG Lu, HE Zheng-Wen, YANG Zhi-Qiang, HONG Min, SU Wen, LI Jun

2012, 24(1):  79-81. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of a modified crushing?cercariae escaping method on the detection of infected Oncomelania snails in the field. Methods A snail survey was carried out in Jingzhou City in the spring of 2011，and the villages were randomly divided into several groups，the coincidence rates，detection rates and the labour cost of the modified crushing?cer? cariae escaping method and crushing method were compared. Results A total of 14 snail spots were surveyed，and the coinci? dence rate of the two methods was 100%. In the spring snail survey，539 villages and 3 536 spots with snails were detected by the modified crushing?cercariae escaping method，and 671 villages and 11 375 spots with snails were detected by the crushing meth? od. The detection rates of villages with infected snails of the two methods were 25.79% and 28.46%，respectively，the difference between them was not statistically significant（χ2 =1. 079 5，P > 0.05）；and those of spots with infected snails were 5.57% and 3.66%，respectively，which had no significant difference between them（χ2 = 95.464 1，P < 0.01） . Compared with the crushing method，the modified crushing?cercariae escaping method reduced labour cost by 87.86 %，and saved 12.95 person?days per town? ship. Conclusion The modified crushing?cercaria escaping method can identify the spots with infected snails quickly and accu? rately with less labour cost， therefore, it is suitable for detecting environments with infected snails in batch in endemic areas.

Investigation on prevalence of Spirometra mansoni sparganum infection in frogs from Henan Province

DENG Yan, LIU Chang-Jun, CHEN Wei-Qi, ZHOU Rui-Min, HE Li-Jun, LIN Xi-Meng

2012, 24(1):  82-84. 

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Objective To understand the prevalence of Spirometra mansoni sparganum infection in frogs from Henan Prov? ince and analyze the risk of people suffering from sparganum infection. Methods The spargana were examined in the muscle of frogs collected from 12 sites of 5 regions in Henan Province，and the amount of spargana and their location were recorded. Re? sults The natural infection rate of Spirometra mansoni spargana in frogs was 26.63% （306/1 149） . There were totally 1 897 spar? gana found in those frogs，and the average was 6.2 per frog. The infection rate of pond frogs was higher than that of toad，the differ? ence was statically significant（χ2 =30.4153， P＜0.01） . The natural infection rate of pond frogs in the nearby patients’residence was higher than that of pond frogs collected from the other sites，and the natural infection rate of frogs was lower in the west region of Henan than that in the other areas. The muscles of hind legs of the frogs was the most common parasitic location compared with other parts of the frogs，and the ratio was 73.74% （1 365/1 851） . Conclusion The frogs living in the nature are widely infected with Spirometra mansoni spargana in Henan Province，and the comprehensive measures should be taken for the prevention and control of sparganosis mansoni.

Effect of intermittent irrigation in paddy fields on mosquito control

CAO Xiao-Bin, JIANG Jian-Ping, GU Guang-Ming, ZHOU Hua-Yun, DING Gui-Sheng, ZHONG Si-Qing, CHEN Hou-Cun

2012, 24(1):  85-87. 

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Objective To investigate the effects of intermittent irrigation in paddy fields on mosquito control and the impact on growth and yield of rice. Methods The paddy fields were divided into an experimental group and a control group. In the same context of other measures，the experimental group was performed with intermittent irrigation and the control group with convention? al irrigation. The densities of larvae of Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus were surveyed by the suction trapping meth? od. The plant traits，leaf age process，tiller dynamics，yield structure and actual rice production were observed. Results Com? pared with the control group，the average densities of larvae of Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus were reduced of 10.32/m2 and 13.93/m2 respectively in the experimental group，the control rates were 79.84% and 72.14% respectively，the aver? age yield increased of 22.5 kg/667 m2 ，water conservation was 187.4m3 /667m2 ， and the increased revenue was 75.78 yuan/667 m2 . Conclusions The intermittent irrigation in paddy fields not only can control mosquito larva breeding effectively，but also save wa? ter and electricity，and increase the harvest.

Causes of death of advanced schistosomiasis patients in Jiaxing City from 1998 to 2008

CAI Chen-Xiao, XU Xiao-Fei, CHEN Xiao-Qin

2012, 24(1):  88-90. 

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Objective To understand the causes of death of advanced schistosomiasis patients in Jiaxing City from 1998 to 2008，so as to provide the evidence for improving the diagnosis and treatment of advanced schistosomiasis patients. Methods The data of advance schistosomiasis inpatients from April 1998 to March 2008 were collected，analyzed and combined with the fol? lowing up to understand the epidemic characteristics and the causes of death of advance schistosomiasis patients. Results There were 2 004 of advanced schistosomiasis inpatients and 202 patients died. Among the 202 cases，39.60% of patients were 60? 70 years old and 34.65% 70-80 years old. The death causes included upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (69 cases，34.16%)，he? patic encephalopathy (45 cases，22.84%)，and others. Conclusion The upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and hepatic encepha? lopathy were the main causes of death of advanced schistosomiasis patients in Jiaxing City during the past 10 years.

Ecological civilization and schistosomiasis control in Yujiang County

AI Dong-Yun, LIU Bu-Yun

2012, 24(1):  91-92. 

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This article describes the main approach of ecological civilization construction and great changes and achievements in the original schistosomiasis endemic areas, Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province. Ecological civilization is an important part of schis? tosomiasis control work.

Evaluation of molluscicidal effects of contracted responsibility system in Changshan County

XU Qing-Hua, HUANG Xin-Tu, JIANG You-Hua, LIU Jian-Hua

2012, 24(1):  93-95. 

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Objective To explore a new molluscicidal pattern suitable for the complicated environments in hilly regions, so as to provide the evidence for making the strategy of Oncomelania snail control. Methods The contracted responsibility system for snail control was implemented by government. The quality of control work was evaluated in the same year and the recent mollus? cicidal effect was assessed in the next spring. Results After the intervention, the decline rate of snail areas increased from 53.4% to 100%; the compression rate of snail spots increased from 54.6% to 100%; the input of fund for snail control decreased from 2.03 Yuan/m2 to 0.69 Yuan/m2 ; the cost of snail control decreased from 3.73 Yuan/m2 to 0.75 Yuan/m2 ; the work efficiency increased from 12.0 m2 /（man ⋅ day）to 36.7 m2 /（man ⋅ day）; the molluscicide decreased from 7.50 tons/year to 3.20 tons/year and the de? cline rate was 57.3%. The awareness rate and recognized rate of the contracted responsibility system for snail control were both 92.5%. Conclusion The contracted responsibility system for snail control can increase financing efficiency, molluscicidal quali? ty and work efficiency, and save molluscicide in complicated environments of hilly regions.

Influencing factors of distribution of Trichinella larvae in host muscles

LI Li-Hong, JIANG Wen-Jing

2012, 24(1):  96-98. 

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The distribution states of Trichinella spiralis larvae in host muscles are very complicated，and they are possibly in? fluenced by many factors，such as host species，the physiological condition of host muscles，Trichinella species，the encapsulat? ing condition of Trichinella spiralis encapsulated larvae，the level of infection and others. This paper summarizes the advance in the study of the influencing factors of distribution of Trichinella spiralis encapsulated larvae in host muscles.

Research and application of epitope

ZHANG Wei, YU Chuan-Xin

2012, 24(1):  99-103. 

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Epitope is the basic functional motif of antigen inducing immune response. In immunological research and medical practice, the identification and selection of epitopes are the key points. This paper reviews the current progress of the epitope re? search and its application in disease diagnosis, vaccine research, disease treatment and other fields.

Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Zongyang County from 2006 to 2010

WANG Xiao-Ke

2012, 24(1):  103. 

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The analysis of endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Zongyang County from 2006 to 2010 showed that the infec? tion rates of schistosomiasis remained at a lower level with a declined trend. There were only distributed acute schistosomiasis pa? tients each year. However，the densities of Oncomelania snails and infected snails still maintained at a high level. Therefore，we should continually strengthen the prevention efforts， especially infectious source control.

Environmental distribution and disposal measures of infected Oncomelania snails in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province

PENG Xiao-Wu, LI Hua-Zhong, WANG Jia-Song, RONG Xian-Bing, HE Liang-Cai, ZHANG Hua-Ming, LIU Xiong

2012, 24(1):  104-105. 

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A survey of Oncomelania snail distribution was carried out with the systematic sampling method in combination with the environmental sampling method. A questionnaire survey was performed to find out the sites where stool examination?posi? tive patients were infected. The results showed that there were 1 721 infected snail spots in Jingzhou City. Most of infected snail spots (94.1%) were only 500 m far away from the nearest residential areas from 2004 to 2010. About 97% of patients considered that the sites where they were infected with schistosome were only 400 meters far away from their residential areas. In conclusion, the survey with a questionnaire method in patients with positive stool examinations can quickly identify the environments with in? fected snails.

Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Donggou Village, a surveillance site, in Huarong County from 2005 to 2010

CAI Jian-Xin, ZHOU Yu-Bo, HUANG Sheng-Wen, LE Dong-Lin, HU Hong-Xia, LI Guang-Ping, GUO Feng-Ying, YI Ping

2012, 24(1):  106-107. 

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From 2005 to 2010, the infection rates of schistosomiasis among residents (above 6 years old) were 13.34%, 9.59%, 4.81%, 3.03%, 2.35% and 2.19%, respectively. The positive rates of schistosomiasis among domestic animals fluctuated from 2.50% to 25.92%. Oncomelania snails were not found inside embankment since 1980, yet a high density of infected snails was found at low and uneven areas outside embankment. The cattle were the main infectious source and we should strengthen the ad? ministration and control of cattle.

Comparison of knowledge|attitude and practice of students left at home or not on schistosomiasis prevention and control

ZHANG Gang-Gang, ZHAO An, TANG Qi-Qiang, ZHU Jing, HUANG Chao-Qing

2012, 24(1):  108. 

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The questionnaire survey on knowledge，attitude and practice (KAP） of students left at home or not about schistoso? miasis prevention and control showed that there were no statistically significant differences of the scores of KAP between the two groups of students (all P values were above 0.05) .

Epidemiological characteristics of soil?borne nematodiasis in Xiamen City

CHEN Jian, CHEN Guo-Wei, WANG Ming-Zhai, CHEN Hua-Fang, LIN Min-Zhen, KE Xue-Mei, GUO Zhi-Nan

2012, 24(1):  109-110. 

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The infection rate of soil?borne nematodes was 6.37% in Xiamen City，2008，and among which the infection rates of hookworm，Ascaris lumbricoides，Trichuris trichiura and pinworm were 5.97%，0.29%，0.09% and 20.13%，respectively. The infection rate of soil?borne nematodes outside the island and that of pinworm in children were still high.

Comprehensive evaluation of blood smears of Plasmodium by osculating val? ue method

FENG Yong-Chang

2012, 24(1):  111-112. 

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Based on the single indicator evaluation on making, dying and cleanness of blood smears of Plasmodium, the oscu? lating value method was used to evaluate the blood smears from 16 microscopy stations in 8 towns of Lianyungang City comprehen? sively. The results showed that the blood smears were of high quality. The osculating value method is simple, reasonable, and appli? cable.

Effect of community intervention model of clonorchiasis in Zhaoyuan County

JI Zhuo, GE Tao, YUAN Shuang, LI Xue-Zhi, LIU Guo-Hui, TANG Lei

2012, 24(1):  113. 

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After the community interventions of clonorchiasis control in Zhaoyuan County, the infection rate of Clonorchis si? nensis of residents decreased from 67.43% to 7.12%, and the awareness rates of healthy knowledge and healthy behavior increased by 124.55% and 156.03%, respectively. The control effect is significant.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Yanjiang Village|Hanjiang District| 2005-2010

MA Yu-Cai, WANG Fu-Biao, CAO Fu-Rong, XUE Zai-Quan, ZHANG Chang-Lin

2012, 24(1):  114-115. 

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The endemic situation of schistosomiasis and Oncomelania snail status in Yanjiang Village，Hanjiang District de? creased significantly from 2005 to 2010. However，the surveillance in key population such as fishmen and boatmen still needs to be strengthened.

Effects of integrated control measures for malaria in Shandong Province| 2010

BU Xiu-Qin, WANG Yong-Bin, ZHAO Chang-Lei, CHEN Xi-Xin, KONG Xiang-Li, ZHANG Ben-Guang

2012, 24(1):  116. 

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A total of 117 malaria patients were reported in Shandong Province，2010 and the annual incidence was 0.13 per hundred thousand. Totally 23 cases of malaria were reported in Shanxian County，which was the most；and 6 patients who came back from Africa were reported in Daiyue County，which was the second. A total of 296 230 fever patients were examined with blood tests，and the positive rate was 0.03%. Totally 101 diapause patients were administered with medicine，and the adminis? tered rate was 95.28% and the regular administered rate was 100%. For the present patients，the regular administered rate was 100%. There were 73 malaria epidemic foci and they were all treated，and the area of residual spraying was 51.98 hm2 . The malar? ia epidemic was steady declined in Shandong Province. Although the prevention and control work achieved desired results，the monitor for mobile population and mosquitoes still should be strengthened to prevent the malaria epidemic increasing or outbreak.

Discussion of schistosomiasis infection source control

DING Zhao-Jun, PENG Guo-Yu

2012, 24(1):  117-118. 

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At present, the strategy of schistosomiasis control is comprehensive control based on infectious source control. This paper discusses the comprehensive control measures, and suggests that we should strengthen the investigation of infectious sources and strengthen the control of infected Oncomelania snails.