Table of Content

22 December 2011, Volume 23 Issue 6

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Schistosomiasis status in People’s Republic of China in 2010

LEI Zheng-Long, ZHENG Hao, ZHANG Li-Juan, ZHU Rong, GUO Jia-Gang, LI Shi-Zhu, WANG Li-Ying, CHEN Zhao, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2011, 23(6):  599-604. 

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This annual report overviewed the national endemic status of schistosomiasis japonica in People’ s Republic of Chi? na in 2010. By the end of 2010, a total of 325 824 cases of schistosomiasis japonica were estimated with a decrease rate of 10.92% compared to those in 2009. A total of 43 acute cases were reported, decreased by 44.16% compared to those in 2009. A total of 25 115 advanced cases were treated in 2010, increased by 3.43% compared to that in 2009. About 373 596.18 hm2 of areas infested with Oncomelania snail were found in 2010, and about 1 081.80 hm2 newly detected areas were reported. A total of 1 476 606 cattle were raised in schistosomiasis transmission regions in 2010. The infection rate of cattle infected with Schistosoma japonicum was 1.04% in 2010, with a little increase comparing to that in 2009(1.03%).

Studies on resistance of Schistosoma to praziquantel XIII Resistance of Schistosoma japonicum to praziquantel is experimentally induced in laboratory

LIANG You-Sheng, LI Hong-Jun, DAI Jian-Rong, WANG Wei, QU Guo-Li, TAO Yong-Hui, XING Yun-Tian, LI Yo-Zi, QIAN Ke, WEI Jian-Ying

2011, 23(6):  605-610. 

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Objective To investigate the possibility of the emergence of praziquantel resistance in Schistosoma japonicum in Mainland China under drug pressure. Methods S. japonicum cercaria were released from the infected Oncomelania hupensis snails collected from the marshland in Hunan Province that was endemic for schistosomiasis japonica and raised in the laboratory of Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, and mice were infected. O. hupensis snails were infected with miracidia hatched from the schistosome mature eggs that were isolated from the liver of the infected mice. The life cycles of a field isolate and a laboratory passage isolate of S. japonicum were established in laboratory via the cycle of mouse?snail. The mice were infected with 40 cercariae each, 35 days later post?infection, were grouped randomly into control and resistance?induced groups. All the mice in the control group were sacrificed on day 45 post?infection, and any adult S. japonicum worms in the hepatic and portomesenteric veins were recovered and counted, and the worm burdens were calculated. The mice in the resistance?induced group were administered orally with the sub?curative dose of praziquantel, and were sacrificed 22 days post?treatment. Any adult S. japonicum worms in the hepatic and portomesenteric veins were recovered and counted, and the worm burdens and reduction in the worms recovered which were obviously caused by the praziquantel treatment were calculated. The eggs in the liver of the mice in the resistance?induced group were isolated and hatched to yield miracidia, and then the snails were again infected with the newly hatched miracidia to complete the first?passage inducement. After raising in laboratory at 25 ℃ for 60-70 days post?infection, the infected snails were isolated and shed cercaria, and the mice were infected with the newly released cercaria to start a new pas? sage of resistance?inducement. The oral dose of praziquantel for the first?passage inducement was 100 mg/kg, and an additional 100 mg/kg was given every 2-3 passages. The mice were infected with cercariae of the parasite with 8?passge resistance?inducement and the isolate that was not induced, and 35 days post?infection, were administered with praziquantel at a single oral doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg respectively. All the mice were sacrificed 14 days post?treatment, and any adult S. japonicum worms in the hepatic and portomesenteric veins were recovered and counted, and the reductions in the worm burdens were calculated to assess the sensitivity of praziquantel in the parasites after 8?passage resistance?inducement. Results Two isolates of Jiangsu laboratory passage of Jiangsu and field isolate of Hunan were established in the laboratory, and a total 8?passage resistance ?inducement was completed. For the laboratory passage isolate, the worm burden reduction was 22.3% post?treatment with 100 mg/kg praziquantel during the first?passage inducement, and 53.7% post?treatment with 300 mg/kg praziquantel during the 8?passage inducement, appearing that the worm burden reduction increased with the increasing dose of praziquantel. For the field?collected isolate, the worm burden reduction was 66.8% post?treatment with 100 mg/kg praziquantel during the first?passage induce? ment, and 20.6% post?treatment with 300 mg/kg praziquantel during the 8?passage inducement, indicating that the worm burden reduction markedly decreased with the increasing dose of praziquantel. The worm burden reductions were 71.5% and 97.4% respectively for the mice infected with the non?induced laboratory passage isolate, while administered with praziquantel at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg respectively. After 8?passage treatment with sub?curative praziquantel, the corresponding worm burden reductions decreased to 32.6% and 68.1%, respectively. For the field?collected isolate without inducement, the worm burden reductions in the mice were 70.8% and 97.5% respectively post?treatment with praziquantel at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/ kg respectively, and the corresponding worm burden reductions decreased to 45.7% and 61.9%, respectively after 8?passage treatment. Conclusions S. japonicum (strain of Mainland China) is able to develop resistance to praziquantel under continuous drug pressure. However, there are variations in the potential of the emergence of resistance due to various susceptibility of praziquantel among different isolates. The successful establishment of praziquantel?resistant strain of S. japonicum (Mainland China) will provide the basis for exploring the mechanism of praziquantel resistance in S. japonicum, and developing related techniques to detect and monitor praziquantel resistance.

Studies on resistance of Schistosoma to praziquantel XIV Experimental comparison of susceptibility to praziquantel between PZQ?resistant isolates and PZQ?susceptible isolates of Schistosoma japonicum in stages of adult worms, miracidia and cercariae

LI Hong-Jun, LIANG You-Sheng, DAI Jian-Rong, WANG Wei, QU Guo-Li, LI You-Zi, XING Yun-Tian, TAO Yong-Hui, QIAN Ke, GIA Yue, YANG Zhen-Kun, WEI Jian-Ying

2011, 23(6):  611-619. 

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Objective To investigate the changes of sensitivity to praziquantel (PZQ) about PZQ?resistant isolates of Schistosoma japonicum established in laboratory by means of the resistance?inducement method during the stages of adult worms, cercariae and miracidia, so as to provide the basis for establishing the sensitivity?detecting technique to praziquantel. Methods A Jiangsu laboratory?maintaining isolate and a Hunan field?collecting isolate of S. japonicum that were never treated with PZQ were as PZQ?susceptible isolates, and two PZQ?induced isolates that were established via drug?treated passage in laboratory were as PZQ?resistant isolates. Mice were infected with S. japonicum cercariae collected from above four isolates each. Thirty?five days after the infection, the mice were divided into 6 groups and administered orally with PZQ at dosages of 0, 37.5, 75, 150, 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg, respectively. All the mice were sacrificed two weeks after the treatment, and all the adult worms in the hepatic and portomesenteric veins were recovered and counted. The mean worm burden and reductions were calculated and input into Graphpad Prism 5.0 software, and the PZQ ED50 values of four isolates were calculated by the software. The cercariae of above four isolates were exposed to 10-5 , 5×10-6 , 10-6 , 5×10-7 , 10-7 mol/L PZQ solutions for 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 min and the changes of tail shedding were observed under a dissecting micro? scope, then the tail shedding rates of cercariae were calculated. The miracidia of above four isolates were exposed to 5× 10-6 , 10-6 , 5×10-7 , 10-7 mol/L PZQ solutions for 1, 3 and 5 min and the morphological changes were observed under a dissecting microscope, then the morphological change rates of miracidia were calculated. Results The PZQ ED50 values of PZQ?susceptible and PZQ?resistant isolates of Jiangsu were 147.7 mg/kg and 565.5 mg/kg, respectively, and the PZQ ED50 values of PZQ?susceptible and PZQ?resistant isolates of Hunan were 151.8 mg/kg and 467.2 mg/kg, respectively. When the cercariae were exposed to 10-5 mol/L PZQ solution over 20 min, the tail shedding rate of cercariae from PZQ?susceptible isolate of Jiangsu was 68.8％, and the tail shedding rate of cercariae from PZQ?resistant isolate of Jiangsu was 38.2％ (P＜0.01). When the cercariae were exposed to 10-7 mol/L PZQ solution over 100 min, the tail shedding rate of cercariae from PZQ?susceptible isolate of Jiangsu was 15.9％, and the tail shedding rate of cercariae from PZQ?resistant isolate of Ji? angsu was 6.7％ (P＜0.01). When the cercariae were exposed to 10-5 mol/L PZQ solution over 20 min, the tail shedding rates of cercariae from PZQ?susceptible isolate of Hunan was 59.4％, and the tail shedding rates of cercariae from PZQ?resistant isolate of Hunan was 54.6％ (P＜0.05). When the cercariae were exposed to 5×10-7 mol/L PZQ solution over 40 min, the tail shedding rates of cercariae from PZQ?susceptible isolate of Jiangsu was 34.3％, and the tail shedding rates of cercariae from PZQ?resistant isolate of Jiangsu was 18.4％ (P＜0.01). When the miracidia were exposed to 5×10-7 mol/L and 10-7 mol/L PZQ solutions for 1, 3 and 5 min respectively, the morphological change rates of miracidia from PZQ?susceptible isolates of Jiangsu and Hunan were significantly higher than those of PZQ?resistant isolates (P＜0.01). Conclu? sions PZQ?resistant isolates of S. japonicum has been established in mice with sub?curative doses of PZQ by artificial selection in laboratory, and their sensitivities to PZQ are significantly lower than those of the isolates never treated with PZQ. The drug?resistance could exhibit in the stages of adult worms, cercariae and miracidia. The PZQ ED50 value of adult worms, the tail shedding rates of cercariae and the morphological change rates of miracidia as quantitative indicators can be used for monitoring the S. japonicum sensitivity to PZQ.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site of Dantu District, Zhenjiang City, 2005-2009

DAI Min, SHEN Xue-Hui, LI Ye-Fang, CHEN Xiang-Ping, ZHANG Lian-Heng, WANG Lin, HONG Qing-Biao, YANG Guo-Jing

2011, 23(6):  619. 

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The surveillance of schistosomiasis in Sanzhou Village, a national schistosomiasis surveillance site, in Gaoqiao Town of Dantu District, Zhenjiang City from 2005 to 2009 showed that the schistosomiasis morbidity remained in a low level in the surveillance site; however, the Oncomelania snails and infected snail areas remained high. It is suggested that, in addition to snail control, comprehensive control measures should be strengthened, and the causes of infected snails in marshland should be investigated, so as to clarify the roles of various hosts in transmission of schistosomiasis.

Burden of disease in schistosomiasis japonica III Household socioeconomic deter? minants of chronic schistosomiasis

GIA Tie-Wu, SUN Le-Ping, HONG Qing-Biao, DENG Yao, ZHANG Gong-Hua, YI Ping, GUO Jia-Gang, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2011, 23(6):  620-625. 

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Objective To explore the socioeconomic determinants of chronic schistosomiasis japonica at household level. Methods The socioeconomic status of case and control families in lake and marsh schistosomiasis endemic areas were investigat? ed by questionnaire, socioeconomic factors were analyzed by the principle components analysis, and the wealth index were calculated to evaluate the economic status at household level. Then the relation between schistosome infection and some influencing factors were analyzed by two?level Logistic regression model. Results A total of 2 716 households in 91 villages were investigated, among which 1 050 were case families and 1 666 were control families. The values of the first eigenvector of stone/brick house, house with ≥2 floors, black/white TV, colour TV, washing machine, refrigerator, side occupation were -0.42, 0.46, -0.45, 0.46, 0.32, 0.24 and 0.16, respectively, which suggested that the first eigenvector was the comprehensive index reflecting family wealth. The results of Logistic regression model showed that there were 4 household factors significantly relating to chronic schistosomiasis, namely, the distance from residence to schistosome?infested water, source of washing water, economic status, and wet land area per capita, among which the factor that the distance from residence to schistosome ? infested water＜100 m with the highest（OR= 12.590, P = 0） . Conclusion In the lake and marsh endemic areas, health education and other intervention to the poor family liv? ing along river or lake without safe water supply should be strengthened to control schistosomiasis.

Strategy of comprehensive control for schistosomiasis and its effect in key areas of Jiangsu Province

SUN Le-Ping, TIAN Zeng-Xi, YANG Kun, HONG Qing-Biao, GAO Yang, GAO Yuan, ZHANG Lian-Heng, YANG Guo-Jing, MIN Jie, GE Jun, WU Hong-Hui, HUANG Yi-Xin, LIANG You-Sheng

2011, 23(6):  626-633. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive control for schistosomiasis in key areas of Jiangsu Province. Methods The basic data and the data of implementation of comprehensive control measures were collected from the key areas of Jiangsu Province, including 30 townships, 87 marshlands and 78 anchor points. A field survey was carried out to investigate the Oncomelania snail status by using the systematic sampling method and schistosomiasis morbidity in humans and animals in the 12 key counties (districts). The changes of snail status and morbidity of humans and animals were statistically analyzed in key counties (districts) where comprehensive control measures was implemented, and the effects of schistosomiasis control before and after the implementation of the comprehensive control were compared. Results From 2008 to 2010, a total of 84 100 harmless latrines were constructed, 339 600 persons were examined, 2.6938 million people received health education, 112 000 protective creams and 798 000 publicity materials were allocated, 9 085 domestic animals were reared in pens, 11 800 domestic animals were exam? ined, 130 high?risk cattle were eliminated in 30 key townships of 12 countries (districts), Jiangsu Province. A total of 19 640.78 hm2 were controlled with molluscicides, 798 warning tablets were placed, 116.07 hm2 of farmlands were ploughed up and planted, 306.80 hm2 were dug for fish culture, and 506.74 hm2 were planted with trees for snail control in 87 high?risk marshlands. A total of 118.83 million Yuan were invested into the water resources development projects, 39.82 km?long rivers were dredged, 70.04 km ? long bank were concreted, 30 culvert gates were re?constructed, and 22 snail sedimentation tanks were built. In the 78 anchor points, 95 harmless public toilets were built, 3 192 stool container were allocated, 28 700 boatmen were examined, 71 600 protective creams and 53 200 publicity materials were allocated, and 46 600 persons received health education. Following the implementation of comprehensive control, the settings with infected snails, infected snail areas, infection rates of snails reduced from 75, 802.73 hm2 and 0.10% before the comprehensive control in 2007 to all 0 in 2010, with reduction rates of all 100%. The infection rates of schistosome in both humans and domestic animals appeared declining trends in 12 counties (districts) from 2005 to 2010, and the human infection rates were 0.16%, 0.04%, 0.02%, 0.02%, 0.01% and 0.01%, respectively, while being 0.11%, 0.05%, 0, 0, 0 and 0, respectively in domestic animals. During the period of comprehensive control, totally 45 transmission?controlled town? ships and 183 villages were newly added. In 2010, all of the 12 counties (districts) reached the criteria of schistosomiasis transmis? sion control. Conclusions The comprehensive control with emphasis on the key areas where infected snails are found, is an effective measure to further facilitate schistosomiasis control and rapidly control the transmission of schistosomiasis.

Risk factors of schistosomiasis transmission in marshland and lake regions in midstream of Yangtze River

XU Jun-Fang, XU Jing, YANG Guo-Jing, GIA Tie-Wu, LI Shi-Zhu, LIU Qin, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2011, 23(6):  634-641. 

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Objective To study the risk factors of schistosomiasis related to household economic condition and individual behavior in marshland and lake regions, so as to provide evidences for schistosomiasis control. Methods Six villages were sampled with the stratified cluster sampling method, 2 339 villagers from 1 247 households were surveyed by a questionnaire and meanwhile their sera were assayed for schistosomiasis by IHA. The Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between the results of serological examinations and risk factors. Results The Logistic regression model fitted well (R2 =0.598 4) and it indicated that there existed a regressive relationship between the antibody positive rate and the endemic situation of village, family economic status, age, education level and infection history of schistosomiasis. Conclusion Suitable measures should be made in according to the local economic situation, endemic type and population to control the transmission of schistosomiasis effectively.

Evaluation on application of common diagnosis methods for schistosomiasis japonica in endemic areas of China Ⅲ Analysis and evaluation of underestimation of prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection by routine Kato-Katz technique

LIN Dan-Dan, LIU Yue-Min, HU Fei, LI Yi-Feng, TAO Bo, YUAN Min, XIE Shu-Ying, HUANG Mei-Jiao, JIANG Qiu-Lin, LI Jian-Ying, GAO Zu-Lu, WANG Jin-Ming

2011, 23(6):  642-647. 

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Objective To understand the rates of underestimation of Schistosoma japonicum infection by Kato?Katz technique with different stool samples and different smears in field site. Methods With 27 Kato?Katz thick smears (3 stool samples with 9 thick smears each) for 3 consecutive years as a“gold standard” , the rates of underestimation of schistosome infection by Kato?Katz technique with different stool samples and different smears were evaluated in a schistosomiasis endemic village. Results The examined rates of schistosome infection increased and the rates of underestimation decreased gradually with the increase of the num? ber of Kato?Katz thick smears examined. The rates of underestimation of 3 smears were 40.98%-50.80% and the rates of underestimation of 6 smears were 25.48%-32.39%. The rates of schistosome infection based on the reading of 27 Kato?Katz thick smears were 10.96% in 2008, 8.54% in 2009 and 3.73% in 2010 respectively, but the rates of underestimation of various Kato?Katz thick smears were similar. There were no significant differences among the readings of 3, 6, and 9 smears of 1 stool sample, 3, 6 and 9 smears of 3 stool samples, 6 smears of 2 stool samples, 6 smears of 1 stool sample, and 6 smears of 3 stool samples. Conclusions In a community with low?intensity of schistosome infection, the rate of underestimation is big by Kato?Katz technique with the reading of 3 smears of 1 stool sample. It suggested that it is better to increase smears rather than the number of stool samples examined.

Effects of Schistosoma 22.6 kDa/26 GST molecule mixed with Sepharose 4B beads on induction of CD4⁺ CD25⁺ regulatory T cells

ZHOU Ying, SHI Lei, ZHENG Dan, WANG Yong

2011, 23(6):  648-652. 

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Objective To study the responses of regulatory T cells induced by Sepharose 4B beads mixed antigen. Methods Mice were immunized with different dosages of antigens, and the proportions of regulatory T cells were examined by flow cytometry. The ³H-thymidin incorporation method was used to detect the inhibitory function of Tregs. In vitro, dendritic cells were pulsed with different antigens. The expressions of MHC II, CD40, CD80/86 molecules on dendritic cells and the proportions of regulatory T cells were examined by flow cytometry. The ³H-thymidin incorporation method was used for the determination of Tregs function. Results Compared with control groups, the proportion of regulatory T cells in mice immunized with Sepharose 4B beads mixed antigen was(11.48±4.12)%, and the difference was significant (P＜0.05). The inhibition of regulatory T cells in mice immunized with Sepharose 4B beads mixed antigen showed a stronger potential (cpm was 720±180.4). Meanwhile, the proportions of regulatory T cells were (17.0±80.57)% and (30.14±3.62)% when the CD4+ T cells were cocultured with dendritic cells pulsed with Sepharose 4B beads mixed rSj22.6/26GST and OVA, respectively. Conclusion Sepharose 4B beads mixed antigen could induce the regulatory T cells in vivo and in vitro.

Expression and characterization of recombinant Sj23HD?HSA fusion protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ZHANG Wei, YU Chuan-Xin, YANG Jian-Liang, FENG Wei, YIN Xu-Ren, SONG Li-Jun, WANG Jie, QIAN Chun-Yan, KE Xue-Dan

2011, 23(6):  653-658. 

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Objectives To prepare the fusion protein of large hydrophilic domain of 23 kDa membrane protein of Schistosoma japonicum and the mature peptide of human serum albumin (Sj23HD?HSA) and investigate its immunoreactivity. Methods A fu? sion protein gene encoding Sj23HD?HSA fusion protein was prepared by overlapping PCR, which was confirmed by TA cloning and DNA sequencing. The fusion gene of Sj23HD?HSA was directionally subcloned into yeast expression plasmid pWX530 to construct a recombinant plasmid Sj23HD?HSA/pWX530. The transformants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing the recombinant plasmid Sj23HD?HSA/pWX530 were screened on leu deficient SD medium after yeast competent cells were transformed with recombinant plasmid. The excretive Sj23HD?HSA protein was expressed by culturing the yeast transformants at 30 ℃ for 1 week, and the pro? tein component of culture supernatant was analyzed by SDS?PAGE. Sj23HD?HSA fusion protein was purified through Ion Exchange Chromatography. The immunoreactivity of recombinant Sj23HD?HSA fusion protein was determined by Western blotting with sera of schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis and healthy. Results The gene encoding the Sj23HD?HSA fusion protein was constructed successfully, which was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The yeast transformants containing plasmid Sj23HD?HSA/pWX530 could express the excretive Sj23HD?HSA fusion protein without inducing. The results of Western blotting indicated Sj23HD?HSA could be recognized by the sera of schistosomiasis， but could not be recognized by the sera of clonorchiasis and healthy respectively. Conclusions Sj23HD?HSA fusion protein with good immune reactivity is prepared successfully, which will be a potential antigen for schistosomiasis immunodiagnosis.

Compliance of film?coated praziquantel tablets in schistosomiasis transmission?controlled areas

CAO Chun-Li, BAO Zi-Ping, CHEN Lin, WANG Ding-Hai, MENG Xian-Hong, WANG Lin, ZHANG Ying-Ying, WANG Hong, ZHONG Bo, ZHAO Gen-Ming, GUO Jia-Gang

2011, 23(6):  659-663. 

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Objective To observe the compliance of film?coated praziquantel tablets in the schistosomiasis transmission controlled areas, so as to provide the evidence for the establishment of chemotherapy intervention measures in these areas. Methods In the areas of schistosomiasis transmission controlled in Sichuan Province, 234 people were selected as film?coated praziquantel group (FCPG), and 203 people were selected as praziquantel group (PG). A questionnaire survey was implemented and the compliance of chemotherapy of the 2 groups was compared. Results In PG, all the people indicated that the praziquantel tablets has bad smell, 98.0% of the people had side?effects, such as nausea, headache, 69.5% thought the medicine was harmful to health subjectively, and 99.5% thought that it was too much dose of tablets for taking one time. In FCPG, all the people indicated that the film?coated praziquantel tablets had no bad smell, 18.8% of the people had side?effects, and 74.4% would like to choose film?coated pra? ziquantel tablets. The rates of knowledge of praziquantel of PG and FCPG were 50.7% and 29.1%, respectively（χ2 =21.449, P = 0.01） . Conclusions The film?coated praziquantel tablets have no bad smell and lighter side?effects. The compliance of the film?coated praziquantel tablets is high in the areas of schistosomiasis transmission controlled, so the film?coated praziquantel tablets are worth to popularize and apply.

Impact of simulation operation high water level on Oncomelania hupensis natural growth in water diversion rivers of east route of South?to?North Water Diversion Project

HANG De-Rong, TANG Hong-Ping, HUANG Yi-Xin, YU Guang-Song, ZHANG Jian-Feng, HUANG Yong-Jun, LI Wei, ZHU Xi-Guang, YANG Kun

2011, 23(6):  664-667. 

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Objective To verify the impact of operation high water level on Oncomelania hupensis natural growth in the water diversion rivers of the east route of South?to?North Water Diversion Project. Methods The data of the daily mean water level were investigated in the stilling pool of Jiangdu Pumping Station during the water diversion under the emergency anti?drought, and the water level data of the previous year served as the control. The dynamic of natural growth of O. hupensis snails was observed before and after the high water level in the beach wetlands of the stilling pool of Jiangdu Pumping Station. The water level of emergency anti?drought was as simulation operation water level of the east route of South?to?North Water Diversion Project in the stilling pool, and then the effects of operation water level on O. hupensis natural growth in the water diversion rivers of the east route of South?to?North Water Diversion Project were studied. Results The altitude of the beach wetlands was 6.4 to 7.2 meters in the stilling pool of Jiangdu Pumping Station. The water diversion was 255 days continuously and the pumped water was 6.235 billion cubic meters in the Jiangdu Pumping Station from November 2010 to July 2011. There were 216, 136 days and 39 days when daily mean water level were more than or equal to 7.2, 7.6 and 8.0 meters during the water diversion, respectively. The snail densities were 0.856 snails/0.1m2 and 0.0153 snails/0.1m2 , respectively, before and after the No.3 beach wetlands flooded in the stilling pool of Jiangdu Pumping Station. The densities of living snails decreased by 98.21%, and there was no any progeny of snail. The snails were not detected in other environment of the stilling pool. Conclusion The operation high water level can effectively restrain snail breeding in the water diversion rivers of the east route of South?to?North Water Diversion Project.

Surveillance of malaria epidemic situation after malaria basically eliminated inWujin District, Changzhou City

LIU Yi-Li, WANG An-Ping, XU Li, XUAN Xiao-Ju, WANG Yun-Hua

2011, 23(6):  667. 

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The surveillance of malaria epidemic situation after malaria basically eliminated in Wujin District, Changzhou City showed that the incidence of malaria fluctuated between 0.001‰ and 0.015‰ from 1992 to 2009. The cases were dispersively dis? tributed and most of them were input cases. The current emphasis of eliminating malaria should be the control of input cases, anti? malaria management of floating population, the training for clinical doctors and microscopists, and mass health education.

Effect of cultivation for snail control on schistosomiasis in Changsha urban section of Xiangjiang River

RAO Min, LIU Ming-Zhang, SHEN Xiao-Jun, CHEN Fa-Ming, GUO Yan-Chang, LIU Zhi-Bin, LUO Chao, LIAO Yu, SHANG Da-Ming, WANG Zhan-Xin, GUO Xue-Fei, ZHUO Chang-Jiong

2011, 23(6):  668-673. 

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Objective To study a reliable, friendly environmental and sustainable Oncomelania snail control method in marshlands of the Xiangjiang River. Methods According to the special characteristics of the marshlands of the Xiangjiang River, smoothing and cultivating in beaches were applied for snail control. In sections with scarce distribution of snails, lowering parts of beaches and raising other parts were added. Results Since 2003, the project has been practiced for 8 years. The average snail density declined by 99.83% with the simple smoothing beaches and then cultivation there. The average snail density declined by 100% with lowering parts of beaches and raising other parts and then cultivation. The schistosome infection rate was 0.31% with a declined rate of 93.84% in residents in 2006. The schistosome infection rate was 1.03% in 2010. The test result of water contamination was negative. Conclusions The method of simple smoothing beaches and then cultivation can control the density of snails in marshlands and the method of lowering parts of beaches and raising other parts and then cultivation is more effective.

Experiment of praziquantel rectal administration in treatment of schistosomiasis in mice

YANG Yi, WANG Jian-Min, JIANG Yan, LI Xiao-Hong, LIU Yi, ZHU Chuan-Gang, SHI Yao-Jun

2011, 23(6):  674-676. 

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Objective To evaluate the efficiency of rectal administration of praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis in mice. Methods Forty mice were divided into 4 groups. Each mouse was infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae 40±2. Forty?two days after the infection, the mouse was rectally administered with different doses of praziquantel. In the first, second and third group, each mouse was given 100, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg single dose of praziquantel, and the fourth group was a blank control group. One week after the administration, all the mice were sacrificed and the worm reduction rate, reduction rate of liver eggs, and matching reduction rate were calculated. Results The worm reduction rate and matching reduction rate were 57.63% and 76.60% respectively in the 200 mg/kg group, and 49.15% and 51.06% respectively in the 400 mg/kg group, which were better than those in the 100mg/kg group. Conclusion Rectal administration of praziquantel has good efficiency in the treatment of schistosomiasis in mice; therefore, it provides a new option for the prevention and control of animal schistosomiasis.

Quantitative detection and species identificaton of human Plasmodium spp. by using SYBR GreenⅠbased real?time PCR

WANG Sheng-Qiang, ZHOU Hua-Yun, LI Zong, LIU Yao-Bao, FU Xu-Feng, ZHU Jing-Jing, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2011, 23(6):  677-681. 

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Objective To develop a real?time PCR method for human Plasmodium spp. qantitative detection and species identificaton. Methods According to the sequence of Plasmodium 18S rRNA, the primer set was designed based on the genus?specific region around the species?specfic region. The PCR products were amplified and cloned into pGEM?T vector to produce standard plasmids of real?time PCR, and melting curve analysis was conducted following real?time PCR for Plamdium species indentification. Results By using the primer set, specific PCR products were produced from all of 4 human malaria parasites. The correlation of real?time PCR standard curve was good enough (r = -1.00) for quantitation. According to the melting curve analysis, the melting temperatures (Tm) of Plasmodium malariae, falciparum, ovale and vivax were significantly different, being 71.3, 72.8, 74.6 ℃ and 75.8 ℃, respectively. Conclusion The SYBR Green I based real?time PCR method developed in this study can be used for human Plasmodium spp. quantitative detection and species identificaton.

Cloning, expression and evaluation on effect in serological diagnosis of cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis

JIANG Wen-Cai, JIN Xiao-Lin, SHEN Ming-Xue, CAO Han-Jun, XU Xiang-Zhen, JIANG Gang, TAO Zhi-Yong, GAO Qi

2011, 23(6):  682-686. 

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Objective To clone and express the cysteine protease of Clonorchis sinensis and evaluate its effect on immunodiagnosis of human clonorchiasis. Methods Based on a cysteine protease gene fragment of C. sinensis （CS?CP, GenBank accession: AF093242） , a pair of primers were designed and amplified from total cDNA of C. sinensis, and the gene was cloned into plasmid pPIC9K and expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. The expressed product was purified. Ten BALA/c mice were immunized with the purified CS?CP, and the anti CS?CP antibody in the sera of immunized mice was tested with ELISA. Finally, its effect on serodiagnosis was evaluated with Dot?ELISA and Western blot. Results The CS?CP gene (approximately 927 bp) was successfully amplified, cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. The sera of mice immunized with purified rCS?CP could be recognized by the soluble antigen of C. sinensis adult worms and its special anti CS?CP antibody titer was high (1 ∶ 64 000). The rCS?CP was probed by Dot ?ELISA and Western?blot with sera from patients with clonorchiasis and other parasitic infections, and it had a sensitivity of 91.7% (55/60) in diagnosis of clonorchiasis and a specifity of 97.6% (82/84) for healthy population. The rCS?CP had no cross?reaction with the patients of schistosomiasis japonica, but had a cross?reactivity of 20.0% (2/10) with the patients with paragonimiasis westermani. Conclusions rCS?CP possesses a favorable diagnostic effect and it is a better serodiagnostic one among recombinant antigens.

Investigation on outbreak of angiostrongyliasis cantonensis due to consumption of snail food in Dali City

CHEN Feng, CHEN Shao-Rong, LI Ke-Rong, LI Ting-Hua, FANG Wen, LUO Jia-Jun

2011, 23(6):  687-690. 

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Objective To investigate the potential cause of an outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis in Dali City in March, 2011. Methods A retrospective investigation was performed among 18 consumers who had meal together. The clinical documents of inpatients were analyzed and the diagnoses were checked. The outpatients were investigated through a case survey. Pomacea snails on sale were examined for the infection status of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Results Of 18 persons, 16 consumed Pomacea snail food and 9 were infected with an infection rate of 56.3%. The two persons who did not consumed snail food were not infected. Serum samples of seven patients were examined for antibody to Angiostrongylus cantonensis in peripheral blood and 3 were proved positive (42.9%). The snails consumed by the patients came from the market, and the surveillance data showed that the infection rate of Angiostrongylus cantonensis of Pomacea snails was 7.3%. Conclusion According to the epidemiological survey, clinical manifestations, and laboratory examinations, the outbreak of eosinophilic meningitis is due to the consumption of Pomacea snails infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis.

Three schistosomiasis patients combined with acute hepatitis E

LI Yu-Chun, ZHOU Tai-Fu

2011, 23(6):  690. 

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Three schistosomiasis patients combined with acute hepatitis E were treated with N?acetylcysteine, ursodeoxycholic acid and traditional Chinese medicine. The therapeutic effect was satisfied.

Surveillance and forecast of schistosomiasis transmission in Chaohu Lake area in Anhui Province, 2008-2010

CAO Zhi-Guo, WANG Tian-Ping, ZHANG Shi-Qing, YANG Wei-Ping, GUO Jian-Duo, ZHAO Feng, SHA Jian-Jun, SUN Wei-Bin, HU Ping-An, FANG Guo-Ren, ZHU Lei

2011, 23(6):  691-694. 

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Objective To understand the dynamic changes of the potential prevalent factors of schistosomiasis in Chaohu Lake area so as to provide forecast information on the outbreak of schistosomiasis in the area. Methods From 2008 to 2010, fixed and mobile surveillance sites in potential endemic areas of Juchao District in Chaohu City, which was located in the southeast side of Chaohu Lake, were selected, and the schistosomiasis infection situation of local people, mobile population and livestock were investigated by immunological assays and/or stool examinations. The distribution of Oncomelania snails was surveyed in risk areas and suspicious areas, the spreading patterns of Oncomelania snails were observed in rivers that directly connected with the Yangtze River, and the Oncomelania snails were raised in the cages on the beaches of Chaohu Lake and a control area, and their survival and reproduction capacity was observed. Results In 2008, a total of 301 local people were screened by IHA, and there were no positives. From 2008 to 2010, a total of 321, 362 and 306 mobile population were examined by IHA, respectively, and the positive rate of antibody were 3.74%, 4.97% and 2.94%, respectively. The antibody positives were tested by stool examinations, and the positive rates were 66.67%, 50% and 55.56%, respectively. A total of 91 local livestock and 92 livestock from endemic areas were examined respectively by the miracidium hatching method, and there were no positives. A total of 97.8 hm2 risk areas and 193.62 hm2 suspicious areas in the potential endemic area were surveyed respectively, but no Oncomelania snails were found. The investigation results on snail spreading patterns indicated that snails could spread into Chaohu Lake by adsorbing on floating debris. The field study revealed that Oncomelania snails could survive and reproduce in the Lake. Conclusions The imported infectious sources of schistosomiasis have been found in Chaohu Lake area, and the higher possibility of imported Oncomelania snails spreading in? to the Lake and surviving and reproducing in the lake is predicted. Therefore, effective measures should be taken to decrease the risks of schistosomiasis transmission in the potential endemic area.

Snail control effect of film covering method in fish ponds and ditches

ZHANG Ke, LIU Ning, LIU Song-Huai, GONG Yun-Hua, HOU Ning, SUN Ji-Jiang, WU Feng

2011, 23(6):  695-696. 

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Objective To evaluate the snail control effect of a film covering method in fish ponds and ditches. Methods Two fish ponds and 2 ditches with Oncomelania snails were selected as pilots, and 1 fish pond as Group A1 and I ditch as Group B1 received niclosamide spraying + film covering, and another fish pond as Group A2 and another ditch as Group B2 received niclosamide spraying only. The snail control effects were observed at 15, 30, 90 d and 360 d after the test, and the fish and other aquatic were also observed. Results In Group A1, the adjusted mortality rates of snails were 92.31%, 99.36% and 100% at 15 , 30 d and 90 d after the test, respectively; in Group B1, the adjusted mortality rates of snails were 91.45,%, 95.84% and 100% at 15, 30 d and 90 d after the test, respectively; and there was no death of fish. The densities of snails were 0 and 0.07 snails/0.1 m2 one year after the test, respectively. In Group A2, the adjusted mortality rates of snails were 75.36%, 72.59% and 65.76% at 15 d, 30 d and 90 d after the test, respectively; in Group B2, the adjusted mortality rates of snails were 70.36%, 72.87% and 75.82% at 15, 30 d and 90 d after the test, respectively; and there was death of fish. The densities of snails were 0.11 snails/0.1 m2 and 0.13 snails/0.1 m2 one year after the test, respectively. Conclusion In ponds and ditches with snails, the niclosamide spraying + film covering method is very effective and safe.

Study on quality of schistosomiasis knowledge questionnaire of primary pupils inWuxing Farm School of Nanchang City

TANG Qi-Qiang, ZHAO An

2011, 23(6):  697-700. 

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Objective To evaluate the quality of a questionnaire about schistosomiasis knowledge of the pupils in Wuxing Farm School in Nanchang City. Methods The quality of the questionnaire about schistosomiasis knowledge was evaluated through reliability, validity, discrimination and some other indexes. Results The entire reliability of the survey was high with its split?half reliability of 0.68 and Cronbach α coefficient of 0.627. The content validity was good: the exploratory factor analysis revealed 5 common factors from 13 questionnaire items which could account for 58.3% of the total variance; the confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the construct validity of 13 questionnaire items was better than that of the whole questionnaire (17 items in to? tal) ( χ2 = 90.5, df = 65, GFI = 0.92, AGFI = 0.88, NFI = 0.58， CFI = 0.817， RMSEA = 0.049); the difficulty and the discrimination coefficients of the questionnaire were suitable, being 0.595 and 0.42 respectively. Conclusion The questionnaire is qualified in general, but parts of the items need to be revised to perfect.

Therapeutic effect of Dahuangzhechong pills on advanced schistosomiasis

NIU Xue-Hua, WU Peng-Fei, HUA Hai-Yong, HUANG Li-Hua, WU Hang-Yuan, ZHU Hong-Ying, YANG Xiao-Juan, YAO Shang-Zhi, LI Yan-Guang, QIU Yuan-Wang

2011, 23(6):  701-703. 

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Objective To evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of Dahuangzhechong pills on advanced schistosomiasis. Methods Sixty?two patients with advanced schistosomiasis were divided randomly into two groups, a treatment group and a control group, and treated with Dahuangzhechong pills and routine therapy, respectively. The course of treatment was 52 weeks in the two groups. Before and after the 52?week treatment, the indexes of liver function and hepatic fibrosis, prothrombin time（PT） , Child ?Pugh scores and changes of B?type ultrasonic images were detected for all the patients. Results There were significant differences in the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TBIL), the indexes of hepatic fibrosis, portal venous inside diameters and portal venous flow between the two groups after 52 weeks treatment (P < 0.05). In addition, there were no obvious adverse effects during the treatment in the patients of the Dahuangzhechong pill group. Conclusion Dahuangzhechong pill treatment is a safe and effective therapy for the patients with advanced schistosomiasis.

Health education needs for malaria control in rural residents in Hai'an County

CAO Xiao-Bin, WANG Xiao-Jian, GU Guang-Ming, LI Lin, CAO Yong, CHEN Hui-Xia

2011, 23(6):  704-707. 

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Objective To understand the status of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) and health education needs for malaria prevention and treatment of rural residents in Hai'an County. Methods Hai'an County was divided into three regions of east, south and north, and the primary and secondary students and residents were selected with the multi?stage sampling method and investigated with questionnaire for the status of KAP and the health education needs of malaria control. The results were analyzed statistically. Results The awareness rates of malaria transmission, symptoms, prevention knowledge in the residents were significantly higher than those in the students (P < 0.05). The awareness rates of malaria prevention knowledge in the residents had significant differences among the residents with different education levels (P < 0.05), and the education levels were positively correlated with the awareness rates of malaria prevention knowledge. The main ways of rural residents to get their knowledge of malaria control were radio, newspapers, the village doctors, public health bulletin, posters, students, and television caption in order; the main ways of students to get their knowledge of malaria control were television, newspapers, public health bulletin, teachers, radio, and flyers in order. Conclusions We should pay full attention to the advantages of mass media to carry out the extensive health education on malaria prevention and control, and should also take into account the different characteristics of the audience.

Analysis of imported falciparum malaria cases of Nantong City from 2001 to 2010

CHEN Jie, XU Jian-Jun, DING Gui-Sheng, CHEN Da-Ling, CAO Cai-Qun

2011, 23(6):  708-709. 

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Objective To analyze the characteristics of imported falciparum malaria cases of Nantong City in the recent ten years so as to provide the evidence for improving prevention and control of malaria in the future. Methods The data about import? ed falciparum malaria cases of Nantong City from 2001 to 2010 were collected and analyzed for the characteristics and distribution of the patients by the retrospective method. Results There were 79 imported falciparum malaria cases in the last 10 years. Totally 96.2% of patients were infected in Africa. Most of them were young people and worked for the construction services. Seasonal distribution difference was not obvious. Conclusions The imported falciparum malaria epidemic is rising in Nantong City. Therefore, we should strengthen the anti?malaria health education to increase the self?protection of labors, and strengthen the training of medical stuff and also strengthen the monitoring of malaria epidemic.

Thought of schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on controlling sources of infection in lake and marshland endemic regions

HE Hong-Bin

2011, 23(6):  710-713. 

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This paper discusses the issues and suggestions in the implementation of the new schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on controlling sources of infection in lake and marshland endemic regions in order to accelerate the implementation of the new control strategy.

Investigation on health workforce in county anti?schistosomiasis institutions of Jiangxi Province, 2010

JIANG Xiang-Rong, YUAN Zhao-Kang, FANG Xiao, HUANG Ren-Hui, WAN Yi-Ping, DUAN Chen-Hui

2011, 23(6):  714-718. 

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Objective To understand and assess changes of health workforce in county anti?schistosomiasis institutions of Jiangxi Province, so as to provide the evidence for improving the health workforce construction. Methods The status of health workforce of county anti?schistosomiasis institutions was surveyed with self?designed questionnaire, and the results were compared with the baseline survey results in 2007. Results The total number of employees was 1 384 in 2010 with the decrease of 71 persons compared with that in 2007. The average number of people per institution was 40.71, with the decrease of 0.86 per institution, compared with that of 2007. Compared with 2007, the employees with bachelor degree increased by 6.17%, those with college degree increased by 6.8%, and the attending rate of training and further study also increased. Conclusions The health workforce has improved in county anti?schistosomiasis institutions of Jiangxi Province. The professional workers should be trained continually to improve their diathesis.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Caohui Village, Yangxin County, 2005-2010

XIA Zhu-Guo, CAO Zhe, LIU Zheng-Dong

2011, 23(6):  718. 

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The surveillance of schistosomiasis in a national schistosomiasis surveillance site, Caohui Village, Yangxin County, 2005－2010 showed that the infection rates of residents and livestock decreased from 4.56% and 28.33% to 1.19% and 1.67%， respectively. However, the endemic situation was still of instability. Therefore, we should strengthen the comprehensive control measures including the control of infectious sources in the light of local conditions to control the schistosomiasis endemic situation.

Study on a new prevention and control model on soil?borne parasitic diseases in rural areas of China

LI Xue-Ming, CHEN Ying-Dan, XU Long-Qi, ZHOU Chang-Hai, OU Yang-Yi, LIN Rui, YANG Fang-Fang, ZHANG Xiao-Juan, WANG Ge, LIU Teng, WANG Jing

2011, 23(6):  719-721. 

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Objective To explore a new prevention and control model on soil?borne parasitic diseases in rural areas of China. Methods Eight provinces and autonomous regions were selected in China as demonstration areas implementing integrated control on soil?borne parasitic diseases. The integrated control measures included authority organization and harmonization, health education, deworming, and environment modification. Results After three years, the infection rates of soil?borne parasitic diseases were significantly decreased in these areas. There were three safe guard and organization modes, three health education modes, four mass worming medication modes, and two modes of water, toilet and environment changes. Conclusion The work in the various demonstration areas was summarized which pointed out a new model with efficiency and local characteristics on soil?borne parasitic disease prevention and control.

Malaria endemic and control in Yangzhong City from 1979 to 2010

XIAO Min, WU Rong-Feng, ZHANG Qing-Dong

2011, 23(6):  721. 

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In Yangzhong City, the incidence of malaria decreased gradually from 883.48 per hundred thousand in 1979 to 0.36 per hundred thousand in 2010. The incidence was 0 from 2005 to 2009, but 1 local infected patient was found in 2010. The achievements of malaria control are significant, however, with the development of economy, the increase of mobile population, and the dimness of malaria control consciousness, the control strategy should be adjusted in order to eliminate malaria.

Discussion of laboratory diagnosis for echinococcosis

DONG Mei-Hua, SHAO Jie, SHI Chao, GAO Dong-Lin, WEI Wen-Xue

2011, 23(6):  722-726. 

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Laboratory diagnosis is one of the main means for diagnosis of echinococcosis. With the continuing evolvement of immunology and immunology technology, the laboratory diagnosis of echinococcosis obtained an encouraging progress, and the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests for echinococcosis further improved. This review summarizes the current information con? cerning stool test, diagnostic antigen, and immunological diagnostic methods of echinococcosis.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis of reconstruction personnel after earthquake in Mianzhu City from 2009 to 2011

LI Da-Ming, JIANG Jian, GU Yong, TANG Chuan-Xin, LIU Ke-Gang

2011, 23(6):  727. 

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After “5.12”earthquake, 5 128 reconstruction people from schistosomiasis endemic areas were surveyed for schistosome infection from 2009 to 2001. There were 261 seropositive persons with the positive rate of 5.09%, but there were no persons with positive stool examination. The seropositive rate was higher in reconstruction persons from schistosomiasis endemic areas than that in local residents, therefore, we still should strengthen the active schistosomiasis surveillance of reconstruction people from schistosomiasis endemic areas in order to prevent input of infection source so as to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis control.

Effect of Management Scheme on Control of Imported Falciparum Malaria in Yangzhou City, 2010

XU Yu-Hui, GAO Yang, YANG Jun, ZUO Yin-Ping

2011, 23(6):  728-729. 

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After 1?year implementation of Management Scheme on Control of Imported Falciparum Malaria in Yangzhou City, 2010, the coverage rate of health education was 100% in those returning from foreign countries, and the active treatment rate was 100%. All professional staff in medical and disease control institutions received training. 48.1% of the cases received standard treatment within 24 h, and all persons returning from foreign countries who had fever were examined for Falciparum infections. The cure rate was 100%, and the successful diagnosis of malaria in lab was 100%. It is indicated that the management scheme has an obvious effect on the control of imported falciparum malaria. However, health education among personnel of labor?exporting services and training for health staff should be further strengthened.

Surveillance of echinococcosis in high risk areas of Yixing City from 2008 to 2009

ZOU Wei-Fei, TAN Wen-Wen, XUE Zhi-Qiang

2011, 23(6):  730. 

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An investigation was conducted retrospectively for echinococcosis (hydatid disease) in Yixing City from 2008 to 2009, the serum or fecal samples of suspected patients during the past 5 years and host animals were assessed by ELISA. There were 2 cases reported by network and 4 confirmed patients by investigation, and among the total 6 cases, 5 cases may be infected in the locality. The positive rates were 0.52%, 0.14% and 1.08% in adults aged over 20 years, children aged 7 to 12 years (by serum tests) and dogs (by fecal tests) respectively.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site of Yangzhong City, 2005-2010

YANG Xing-Di, WU Rong-Feng, XIAO Min, ZHANG Qing-Dong

2011, 23(6):  731-732. 

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The surveillance of schistosomiasis in Shicheng Village, a national schistosomiasis surveillance site in Yangzhong City from 2005 to 2010 showed that snail areas were 16.43 hm2 , the occurrence rates of frames with living snails and mean densities of living snails exhibited a declining trend year by year, and the infected snails were only found in 2007. The seropositive rates in residents were 1.81%, 0.98%, 0.29%, 0.28%, 0.47% and 0.51%, respectively from 2005 to 2010. However, no stool?examination-positive persons were detected. During the period, no acute infections occurred, and no advanced cases and infected animals were detected. It is indicated that schistosomiasis has been effectively controlled in the surveillance site. However, snails remain present, so comprehensive control and surveillance of infectious sources should be further strengthened.

Surveillance of schistosomiasis after its transmission being interrupted in Huangshan City, 1994-2010

FANG Yi-Min, WANG Ye-Bin, TANG Yi-Nong, DING Wei-Xia, YAO Cheng

2011, 23(6):  733-734. 

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In Huangshan City, schistosomiasis surveillance from 1994 to 2010 showed that there were no patients and livestock newly infected with schistosome, no infected Oncomelania snails, but the snail status was stable. It is suggested that the schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on snail surveillance is effective, and snail surveillance is still a key measure of schistosomiasis surveillance in the future.