Table of Content

24 October 2011, Volume 23 Issue 5

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Spreading experience of demonstration pilots and strengthening control of parasitic diseases

WANG Yu

2011, 23(5):  471-472. 

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This paper summarizes the achievements and experiences of demonstration plots carrying out comprehensive control measures of parasite diseases in China, and elaborates the hard task of the control of parasitic diseases as one of main public health problems. The article also elaborates the significance of spreading the experiences of demonstration plots carrying out comprehensive control measures of parasite diseases for improving the health of people and promoting the construction of new countryside.

Status and future focus of the national control program on parasitic diseases

ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2011, 23(5):  473-475. 

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The achievements and challenges in the national control program on parasitic diseases in PR China were presented after trend analysis of the national and international control activities and programs. The future focus on research and control of par? asitic diseases in PR China was put forward in order to achieve the long?term goal of eliminating the parasitic diseases as public health problem in the country.

Effect of control on infections of soil-transmitted helminthes in demonstration plots of China for 3 years

ZHANG Qian, CHEN Ying-Dan, XU Long-Qi, ZHENG Can-Jun, LI Hua-Zhong

2011, 23(5):  476-482. 

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Objective To explore the control strategies so as to provide the demonstration for controlling the infection of soil? transmitted helminthes (STH). Methods The program applied the strategies of health education intervention first, control of infection sources as the second, and carried out the treatment for the target people depending on their prevalence. Infection rates of STH, the awareness of relevant hygiene knowledge, practice in hygiene way, the usage of harmless toilets and safe water were compared with the baseline. Results A total of 2 808 141 rural people in 10 demonstration zones were covered by this program. From 2007 to 2009, the health education was conducted to 4 227 900 person?times; 259 638 harmless toilets were built; 790 673 people benefited from the safe water supply; and the treatment was given to 6 432 700 person-times. An assessment for the program in 2009 showed that 95.92% of the target people gained the relevant hygiene knowledge, 98.78% practiced in hygiene way in their daily life, which increased by 112.31% and 72.15%， respectively when comparing with those in 2006; 56.43% people used harmless toilets, which increased by 54.35%; 71.55% benefited from safe water supply, which increased by 37.20%. The average infection rate of STH was 7.75%, which reduced by 78.39%. Conclusions The strategies applying health education combined with the control of infectious sources meet the needs of rural people in China. The establishment of demonstration zones is effective in controlling parasitic diseases.

Establishment and application of ascariasis transmission mathematical models in China

WANG Jun, CHEN Ying-Dan, LIU Lun-Hao, LI Hua-Zhong, TANG Lin-Hua

2011, 23(5):  483-489. 

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Objective To establish ascariasis transmission mathematical models and apply them to predict field status. Methods Cuiping District in Sichuan Province, Jinxian County in Jiangxi Province and Yueyang County in Hunan Province were selected as the investigation sites. The Ascaris lumbricoides infection rates and mean worm burdens of baseline, 1 month and 1 year later after deworming were acquired by field surveys. The transmission models on population dynamics, distribution and infection rate were developed. The model parameters obtained through the field data were substituted into models to predict the infection lev? el one year after deworming. The predicted values were compared with the actual survey data, and the sensitivity analysis was per? formed to analyze factors related to the chemotherapy measures. Results The infection rates of Cuiping, Jinxian and Yueyang at baseline were 28.79%, 20.35% and 20.72%, respectively, with mean worm burdens of 1.32, 0.65 and 0.48, respectively. Those one year after chemotherapy were 30.10%, 7.51% and 0.94%, respectively, with mean worm burdens of 1.04, 0.56 and 0.34, respective? ly. The predict values were all in the range of the 95% confidence interval of the actual values. The sensitivity analysis showed that the treatment coverage rate and the treatment frequency were the important factors influencing the disease benefits (infection rate and mean worm burden). Conclusions The ascariasis transmission mathematical models have been established which fit the ac? tual field data well. Therefore, they can provide theoretical basis for setting ascariasis control specifications and optimizing the con? trol strategies.

Prevention and treatment of ascariasis in demonstration plots of integrated control from 2006 to 2009

ZHU Ting-Jun, CHEN Ying-Dan, XU Long-Qi

2011, 23(5):  490-494. 

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Objective To understand the situation of Ascaris lumbricoides infection in the demonstration plots and evaluate the effect of integrated intervention measures. Methods The integrated intervention measures included health education, mass chemotherapy, safe water and sanitary toilets. The changes of infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides in residents were observed be? fore and after the intervention. Results With the 3?year’ s intervention, the Ascaris lumbricoides infection rates decreased from 17.81% to 2.52%, the rate of mass chemotherapy was 81.65%, which covered more than 6.2 million person? time, the awareness rates of parasitic disease control knowledge among the residents raised from 45.11% to 95.99%, and 84.09% of local people were supplied with safe water and 50.30% of families had sanitary toilets. Conclusion The Ascaris lumbricoides infection rate decreas? es dramatically through the 3?year’ s intervention.

Experiences of comprehensive control of parasitic diseases in demonstration plot of Xiangyun County, Yunnan Province

WANG Li-Bo, LI Yan-Hong, LI Wen-Juan, DU Zun-Wei, JIANG Jin-Yong

2011, 23(5):  494. 

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We established and perfected the system of control work, achieved the expected targets, and explored the advisable pattern for prevention and control on soil?transmitted nematode diseases. To perform the prevention and control on soil?transmitted nematodiasis, there should be the guidance of government, the multi?sectoral cooperation, community participation, paying attention to the organization and management, and highlighting the key points including education and deworming.

Analysis of influencing factors of Trichuris trichiura infection in demonstration plots of comprehensive control of parasitic diseases

WANG Guo-Fei, CHEN Ying-Dan, ZHOU Chang-Hai, ZHU Ting-Jun

2011, 23(5):  495-500. 

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Objective To understand the main risk factors of Trichuris trichiura infection in plots carrying out the integrated control of parasitic diseases. Methods The simple and multiple unconditional logistic regression were applied to analyze related data from the database of baseline survey in demonstration plots carrying out the integrated control of parasitic diseases. Results The results of simple logistic regression analysis suggested that the effects of 7 factors to Trichuris trichiura infection were significant (all P values were less than 0.05), namely drinking water resources, toilet type, fertilization type of farmland, fertilization type of vegetable field, washing hands after defecation, eating raw vegetables, melons and fruits and taking anthelminthic before examination. Among the factors above, eating raw vegetables, melons and fruits was of high risk (OR = 2.302), washing hands after defeca? tion and taking anthelminthic before examination were two protection factors (with OR of 0.904 and 0.664, respectively). Compared to feces of human and livestock, fertilizing chemical fertilizer and compound fertilizer in farmland and vegetable field showed more obvious protection effect (with OR of 0.864 and 0.854, respectively). Drinking well water and spring water were two protection fac? tors (with OR of 0.843 and 0.567, respectively). Simple toilet indoor and biogas pool also showed protection effect (with OR of 0.576 and 0.687, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that four factors including eating raw vegetables, melons and fruits, fer? tilization type of farmland, fertilization type of vegetable field and taking anthelminthic before examination were determined to be the main influencing factors of Trichuris trichiura infection. Conclusions The main influencing factors of Trichuris trichiura infec? tion in demonstration plots for the integrated control of parasitic diseases include eating raw vegetables, melons and fruits and fertil? ization type of farmland and vegetable field. Besides those, taking anthelminthic could reduce Trichuris trichiura infection of the population, meanwhile, sanitary water supply and latrine improvement could also reduce the risk of infection.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of integrated control strategy of parasitic diseases in demonstration plots

CHEN Ying-Dan, WANG Ju-Jun, ZANG Wei, QIAN Men-Bao, XU Long-Qi

2011, 23(5):  501-505. 

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Objective To study the cost ? effectiveness of different deworming schemes in demonstration plots of integrated control of parasitic diseases. Methods The cost?effectiveness was analyzed between mass drug administration and drug adminis? tration to focal population according to the different infection rates of parasites. Results In the demonstration plots of soil?born nematodes control, the costs for reducing one infected case and the cost for reducing 1% infection rate per ten thousand people in mass drug administration groups (Group 1 and Group 2) and drug administration to focal population were 20.73, 14.42 Yuan and 14.33 Yuan, and 1 700.49, 1 503.19 Yuan and 145.41 Yuan, respectively. In the demonstration plots of control of clonorchiasis si? nensis, the costs for reducing one infected case and the cost for reducing 1% infection rate per ten thousand people in mass drug ad? ministration group and drug administration to focal population were 31.03 Yuan and 37.01 Yuan, and 3 115.10 Yuan and 3841.38 Yuan, respectively. The multiple effectiveness indexes for control of soil ? transmitted nematodes in the mass drug administration groups (Group 1 and Group 2) and drug administration to focal population were 76.72, 80.27 and 97.64, respectively. The multiple effectiveness indexes for control of clonorchiasis sinensis in the mass drug administration group and the drug administration to focal population group were 112.93 and 65.49, respectively. Conclusions We should choose the deworming schemes not only to get a great reduction of human parasite infection rate and a rapid effective reduction of the source of infection, but also to make a full use of the limited funds on target population.

Effect of ancylostomiasis control in 6 demonstration plots of parasitic disease comprehensive control

ZHOU Chang-Hai, ZANG Wei, WANG Guo-Fei

2011, 23(5):  506-509. 

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Objective To analyze the effect of ancylostomiasis control in 6 demonstration plots of parasitic disease compre? hensive control, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention and control measures of ancylostomiasis in the future. Methods According to the drugs and deworming schemes, the 6 demonstration plots (counties) were divided into 4 groups, name? ly A1 (Tunchang in Hainan Province and Danling in Sichuan Province), A2 (Tongcheng in Anhui Province and Yueyang in Hunan Province), B (Guixi in Jiangxi Province), C (Rongxian in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) groups. The infection rates of hook? worm before and after the comprehensive control in the 6 counties were compared, and the costs of reducing one infected case and 1% of infection rate were calculated. Results The infection rates of hookworm in Group A1, A2, B and C were reduced by 73.36%, 93.67%, 75.95% and 59.04%, respectively. The costs of reducing one infected person were 17.33, 30.06, 11.50, 73.34, 31.28 Yuan and 27.34 Yuan in Tunchang, Danling, Tongcheng, Guixi, Rongxian and Yueyang, respectively, while those of reduc? ing 1% of the infection rate were 38 206.93, 28 577.55, 59 716.30, 295 074.91, 110 729.47 Yuan and 202 328.80 Yuan, respec? tively. Conclusions The effect of comprehensive control of ancylostomiasis in demonstration plots is remarkable. Under the same control measure, the higher the infection rates are, the less the cost will be for reducing one infected person or infection rate by 1%, and when the infection rate is below 10%, the control cost is high.

Application and evaluation on five health education patterns of integrated control for parasitic diseases

ZHANG Qian, CHEN Ying-Dan, XU Long-Qi, ZHENG Can-Jun, LI Hua-Zhong

2011, 23(5):  510-514. 

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Objective To explore the strategy of health education in demonstration plots for controlling the infections of soil? transmitted helminthes (STH) and Clonorchis sinensis. Methods Health education patterns including“raining” ,“irrigating” , “spraying” ,“spring” ,“drop irrigating”patterns were conducted in demonstration zones. Before and after the health education, the questionnaire designed referring to the standard of KAP was carried out in residents and students. The infection rates of parasitic diseases were compared. Results From 2007 to 2009, the health education was conducted to 5 042 900 person?times in 10 dem? onstration plots. The awareness rate of relevant hygiene knowledge was 95.99%, and the rate of hygiene way in their daily life was 98.79% in 2009, which increased by 112.80% and 78.78% respectively when comparing with those in 2007. The average infection rate of STH was 7.75%, reduced by 78.39%; and the average infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis was 6.99%, reduced by 83.13%. Conclusions The strategy of health education in demonstration plots can raise public awareness of relevant hygiene knowledge and improve the practice in hygiene way. The behavior change can lead to the reduction of re?infection of parasitic diseases.

Effect of comprehensive control in demonstration plots of parasitic diseases in Guizhou Province

ZHU Ai-Ya, LI An-Mei, LIN Guang-Chu, XU Jian-Jun, SUN Liang-Xian

2011, 23(5):  515-517. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive control in demonstration plots of parasitic diseases in Guizhou Province. Methods The data of parasitic disease control in demonstration plots from 2006 to 2009 were collected and analyzed, including deworming, water and latrines renovation, health education, survey on infections in crowd, etc. Results After 3 years’ comprehensive control, the infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes among people reduced from 30.25% to 8.37%, with the re? duction rate of 72.32%. The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura reduced from 26.88%, 2.86% and 4.13% to 7.43%, 0.09% and 1.13%, respectively. The awareness rate of health knowledge among residents increased from 44.18% to 93.64%, with an increasing rate of 111.94%. The coverage rate of non?hazardous sanitary latrines was 81.29%. The ben? eficial rate of the water renovation reached 96.31%. Conclusions The comprehensive control strategies mainly based on health education and infectious source control correspond to the reality of rural parasitic disease control nowadays. The comprehensive control model integrating government leadership, department cooperation and social concern is useful for parasitic disease control and should be popularized.

Evaluation on effectiveness of comprehensive control model for soil-transmitted nematodiasis

TIAN Hong-Chun, TANG Meng, XIE Hong, LI Han-Gang, ZHOU Xiao-Ke, LIU Chang-Hua, ZHENG De-Fu, TANG Zhong-Jiu, LI Ming-Hui, WU Cheng-Yu, LEN Yi-Zhu

2011, 23(5):  518-523. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of a comprehensive control model for soil?transmitted nematodiasis. Methods Danling County was selected as a demonstration county carrying out the comprehensive prevention model centering on health edu? cation, nematode deworming, and drinking water and lavatories changing. On the other side, Hejiang was selected as a control. The effects were evaluated by comparing some indicators such as the infection rates of soil ? transmitted nematodiasis and so on. Re? sults The infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodiasis declined obviously from 2006 to 2009 in the demonstration county. The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms, Trichiuris trichiura decreased by 91.14%, 81.65% and 65.77%. In the control county, those rates did not have downward tendency. In 2006, those rates in the demonstration county were higher than those in the control, but in 2009 those rates in the demonstration county were lower than those in the control. Conclusions Through the three? year comprehensive prevention, the infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodiasis declined obviously in the demonstration county. The epidemic situation of soil?transmitted nematodiasis could be controlled effectively by the comprehensive prevention model.

Hookworm disease induced upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a case report

HUANG Min-Jun, SUN Lan, GUO Ceng-Zhu

2011, 23(5):  523. 

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This paper reports a case of hookworm disease induced upper gastrointestinal bleeding which was misdiagnosed at the beginning, and analyzes the cause of misdiagnosis, so as to enhance our understanding of the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of hookworm infection, thus improve our ability on the diagnosis and treatment of hookworm infection.

Evaluation on intervention measures of comprehensive control for parasitic diseases in demonstration plot of Xiangyun County

LI Wen-Juan, CHEN Shao-Rong, LI Yan-Hong, FANG Wen, KE Chun-Rong, WANG Li-Bp

2011, 23(5):  524-528. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention measures to control and prevent parasitic diseases in the demonstration plot of Xiangyun County, so as to provide the evidence for establishing appropriate measures of parasitic dis? eases control and prevention. Methods The baseline data of soil?transmitted nematode infections were obtained in 2006. A se? ries of intervention measures, including health education, deworming , drinking water improvement, latrine improvement, and envi? ronment reconstruction, were performed for three years and the effect of the comprehensive intervention measures was evaluated by the national expert group in 2009. Results The awareness rate of parasitic disease knowledge of residents in 2009 (86.96%) was significantly higher than that in 2006 (35.20%) ( χ2 ＝122.95, P < 0.01). The passing rate of resident health behavior in 2009 (97.10％) was significantly higher than that in 2006 (48.00%) ( χ2 ＝122.95, P < 0.01). The general infection rate of parasites in 2009 (2.47%) was significantly lower than that in 2006 (19.14%) ( χ2 ＝162.88, P < 0.01). Of soil?transmitted nematode infections, the infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides in both 2006 and 2009 were the highest and the rates were 18.74％ and 2.08％, respec? tively. Conclusions In the demonstration plots for parasitic diseases control and prevention of Xiangyun County, the effect of the comprehensive intervention measures which take health education as the forerunner and give priority to control source of parasite infection is remarkable. The measures implemented can achieve the purpose to reduce the infection rates of parasites and improve human health.

Studies on spray of niclosamide ethanolamine salt I Development and effect assessment of spray of niclosamide ethanolamine salt

DAI Jian-Rong, XING Yun-Tian, LI Hong-Jun, WANG Wei, TAO Yong-Hui, QU Guo-Li, LI You-Zi, WEI Jian-Ying, LIANG You-Sheng

2011, 23(5):  529-534. 

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Objective To develop a spray of niclosamide ethanolamine salt for prevention of bovine from Schistosoma japoni? cum infection, and explore its characteristics and effect. Methods The solubilizers, penetrating agents, emulsifiers were screened, and the spray of niclosamide ethanolamine salt was formulated according to the screening results. The niclosamide etha? nolamine salt was determined by using a HPLC technique, and the stability was observed. The preventive effect of the spray was as? sessed by in?vitro trials against cercariae and protection trials in mice. Results The screened formulation was presented as follow? ing: 1% niclosamide ethanolamine salt was dissolved in 18% dimethyl sulfoxide, and then added with 1% azone and 2% span, to? gether with 78% ethanol, to yield a 1% spray of niclosamide ethanolamine salt. The spray appeared golden flowing liquid, with 1% niclosamide ethanolamine salt in content (W/W), pH 7.4-7.8, and good thermal and cold stability. All cercariae died (100%) while exposed to the spray at a concentration of 1.00 mg/L for 2 min, and the similar effect was achieved while exposed to 0.50 mg/L of the spray for 5 min or 0.10 mg/L for 30 min. The spray at concentrations less than 0.05 mg/L had no evident toxicity to cercariae. A volume of 0.5 ml of the 1% spray was sprayed on the abdomen of mice, 1-3 d later, the mice were infected with S. japonicum cercar? iae on the spraying sites, no mice were infected, with a protection rate of 100%. Five days post?spraying, the protection rate was 40%, and the worm burden reduction rate was 65.87%. Ten days later, all the mice were infected, however, the worm burden reduc? tion rate was 51.98%. The worm burdens on days 5 or 10 post?spraying were significantly lower than those of the control (P < 0.01).The spray exhibited a good preventive efficacy to mice from S. japonicum infection in lab. Conclusions The spray of ni? closamide ethanolamine salt has stable physical and chemical property, and is a novel liquid preventive agent against bovine schistosomiasis. In addition, it has a rapid activity against S. japonicum cercariae, so can prevent bovine from S. japonicum in? fection.

Study on schistosomiasis control measures in mobile boat fishermen III Construction and application of regional joint mechanism for schistosomiasis examination and treatment in boatmen

GAO Yang, SUN Le-Ping, ZUO Yin-Ping, XU Yu-Hui, ZHANG Zheng-Qiu, MA Yu-Cai, GAO Jin-Bin, ZHU Xi-Guang, ZHENG Bo, YANG Guo-Jing, HONG Qing-Biao, YANG Kun, LIANG You-Sheng

2011, 23(5):  535-540. 

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Objective To construct the regional joint mechanism for schistosomiasis examination and treatment and the exam? ination protocol among mobile boatmen, so as to provide effective measures for control of mobile infectious sources of schistosomia? sis in the Yangtze River basin. Methods According to the characteristics of the cargo frequent mobility of ships with fixed an? chor points, the health, maritime and transport sections were jointly cooperated to set up sites for schistosomiasis examination and treatment in ship locks, wharfs and harbors. The infection of schistosomiasis was detected by means of rapid immunological screen? ing and stool examination, and the regional joint mechanism was constructed. The sero?positives were traced for further parasitologi? cal examinations and treatment by using the regional joint network for schistosomiasis examination and treatment. The schistosomeinfections in boatmen were analyzed and compared between different examination and treatment sites and among different navigation coverage. Results A total of 16 sites for examination and treatment of schistosomiasis, including 5 fixed sites and 11 mobile sites, were set up in 12 townships of 6 districts (counties) of Yangzhou City. During a period between June and August, the examination of schistosomiasis was conducted in 40 sites, and of the 1 225 boatmen from 967 boats detected, 19 cases were sero?positive, with a posi? tive rate of 1.55%. Among the 14 sero?positives examined, no stool positive patients were found. Among the 1 225 boatmen detected, 820 were from fixed sites and 405 from mobile sites, and 4 and 15 cases were found, respectively, with positive rates of 0.49% and 3.70%, respectively, and the sero?positive rate was higher in mobile sites and that in fixed sites. A total of 898 boatmen from the Yangtze River basin and 305 from the local inland rivers were examined, and 3 and 16 sero?positive cases were detected, respectively, with posi? tive rates of 0.33% and 5.25%, respectively, and the sero?positive rate was significantly higher in the boatmen from the local inland riv? ers than that from the Yangtze River basin. Conclusion Regional joint mechanism is an effective strategy for examination and treat? ment of schistosomiasis among mobile boatmen, which provides a new approach to control mobile infectious sources of schistosomiasis in the Yangtze River basin.

Study on expression of Treg cells in attenuated Schistosoma japonicum cercariae immunized BALB/c mice

ZHOU Xia, QIU Yu-Hua, GONG Wei, ZHANG Jing, LIU Chen-Chen, LUO Wei, CHEN Ming-Zhong, ZHU Ge-Hong-Xiang

2011, 23(5):  541-545. 

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Objective To study the CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells’ expression differences between the attenuated cercariae immunized mice and the normal infected mice and discuss the immune protection mechanisms of the mice immunized with attenuated cercariae. Methods Forty female BALB/c mice were divided into 2 groups, group A, the attenuated cercariae immunized group (16 ones) and the group B, the normal cercariae infected group (16 ones), and the last 8 ones served as the blank control. The spleen cells and the ratios of PBMC’s CD4+CD25+Foxp3+/CD4+CD25+T cells were compared between the attenuated cercariae immunized mice and normal mice infected by FCM and the Foxp3 expression levels in spleens and livers were assayed by IHC. The transcription factor Foxp3 in the peripheral blood was detected by RT-PCR. Results In group A and group B, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+/CD4+CD25+T ratios in the PBMC 6 weeks post-infection were （14.15±2.62）% and (7.92±2.22）% respectively, P<0.05; the ratios in the spleen cells were (14.52±2.98)% and (8.18±2.84)% respectively, P<.05; 8 weeks post-infection, the ratios in the PBMC were （15.92±2.98）% and;(13.26±2.64）% respectively, P<0.05; the ratios of the spleen cells were (16.42±2.46)% and (13.48±2.36)% respectively, P<0.05; 6 weeks post-infection, the Foxp3 expression levels in livers were “+” and“-” respectively, and those in the spleens were “++” and“+” respectively; 8 weeks post-infection, the Foxp3 expression levels in the livers were “++” and“-” respectively, and those in the spleens were “++” and“+” respectively. Conclusions The expression level of attenuated cercariae immunized group’s CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg cells is higher than that in the control group during the late stages, suggesting that CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg in the attenuated cercariae immunized mice may play one of the important roles in its immune protection mechanisms.

Hookworm infection postrectal cancer surgery: one case report

TONG De-Sheng, LIU Yi-Xin, TANG Feng, QIAN Yi-Xin

2011, 23(5):  545-545. 

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A patient with hookworm infection posrectal cancer surgery was detected. After the helminthic and iron-supplement treatment, the patient’ s condition improved.

Evaluation of schistosomiasis control effect of buffalo removal in Anxiang County

ZHU Chao-Ping, LI Sheng-Ming, WEI Cheng-Jian, YANG Qi-Yun, LU Bing-Kun, LIAO Yuan-Zhi, CHEN Jun-An, GIA Tie-Wu

2011, 23(5):  546-550. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of a comprehensive schistosomiasis control strategy based on buffalo removal in a lake and marshland region. Methods A community intervention trial was carried out in seven pilot villages and seven control villages along Dongting Lake in Anxiang County, Hunan Province. Besides annual routine control measures such as synchronous chemotherapy, molluscicidal spray and health education, all buffaloes and sheep were killed or removed from the pilot areas in 2005, of which the effect was strengthened by other supporting measures such as replacing bovines by agricultural machines, isolat? ing meadows and prohibiting pastures, supplying safe water, and building sanitary lavatories or methane pits. Schistosoma japoni? cum infection in humans or Oncomelania snails was observed and followed up to the spring of 2011. Results Three years after the intervention, the infection rates in humans decreased to below 1％ with no infected snails found outside the embankment in the pilot villages, but the infection rates still ranged between 2％ and 3％ in the control villages 4 years after the intervention. The com? prehensive measures centered on buffalo removal exempted about 50% of the population from the infection in pilot villages. Con? clusion Buffalo removal is the key element of comprehensive control strategy which could accelerate the control process and pro? mote the elimination of schistosomiasis in lake and marshland regions along the Yangtze River.

Inhibitory effect of total flavonoids of Malus hupehensis on hepatic fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum in mice

DU You-Qin, FENG Tian-Yan, DENG Gai-Gai, LIU Ying, WANG Jun-Zhi

2011, 23(5):  551-554. 

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Objective To investigate the effects of total flavonoids of Malus hupehensis on hepatic fibrosis in mice induced by Schistosoma japonicum. Methods The mice model of hepatic fibrosis which infected by cercariae of S. japonicum were randomly divided into 6 groups: Group A as a blank control, Group B as a model, Group C as a positive control by complex liver soften tablet of turtle, Group D, E, F treated with a high dose of 114 mg/ （kg ⋅ d） , middle dose of 57 mg/ （kg ⋅ d） , and low dose of 28.5 mg/ （ kg⋅d） of total flavonoids of Malus hupehensis, respectively. Every group had 10 mice. Each group of C, D, E, F was orally given praziquan? tel at a dose of 500 mg/(kg ⋅ d) for 2 d, on 42 d after the infection, and then administered with total flavonoids of Malus hupehensis for 60 d. Group A and B were orally given with sodium chloride. All the mice were killed at the end of the administration. Serum hy? aluronic acid (HA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were detected; hydroxyproline in liver tis? sues was detected; areas of egg granuloma and degrees of hepatic fibrosis were observed via HE and Masson staining. Results Compared with the blank control Group A, the egg granuloma appeared obviously, the collagen deposit and fibrosis occurred in liv? er tissues of Group B, C, D, E, F. The levels of ALT, AST, HA in sera and HYP in liver tissues were significantly higher （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01） . However, the levels of ALT, AST, HA and HYP in the high, middle and low dose groups of total flavonoids were signif? icantly lower than those in the model Group B （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01） , the areas of egg granuloma, the collagen deposits and the de? grees of hepatic fibrosis in Group C, D, E, F were significantly lower than those in the model Group B. Conclusion The total fla? vonoids of Malus hupehensis have an obviously inhibitory effect on the hepatic fibrosis induced by Schistosoma japonicum infection.

Paracentesis with albumin and dextran treatment for advanced schistosomiasis ascites

LI Ting-Fang

2011, 23(5):  554. 

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Forty?two cases of advanced schistosomiasis with massive ascites were treated with paracentesis and infusion of dextran and albumin. The effective rate was 100%. No abdominal wall hematoma, internal bleeding and visceral injury except 2 cases of mild abdominal congestion. In conclusion, there is a significant short?term effect with a repeated small amount of paracentesis and infusion of albumin and dextran for advanced schistosomiasis with massive ascites.

Histopathological dynamic observation on mice infected by experimental Sparganum mansoni

TANG Gui-Wen, CHEN Yan

2011, 23(5):  555-557. 

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Objective To observe dynamically the histopathological changes of mice infected with Sparganum mansoni. Methods The mice were infected orally by Sparganum mansoni collected from Rana nigromaculatus (3 strips/mouse)，and 2-10 weeks later，the mice were sacrificed for histopathological observation. Results Sparganum mansoni was found in the skin， muscle，and abdominal cavity of mice. There were diffuse congested spots and capsule formation. Fat tissue appeared severe de? generation and necrosis，and fibrous tissue appeared moderate proliferation of enveloping the adipose tissue，with a large number of neutrophilic mainly acute and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and more abscess formation，and so on. Conclusions Sparganum mansoni parasitizes mainly in subcutaneous and muscle of mice. The organizations of mice infected with Sparganum mansoni would appear different degrees of histopathological changes.

Preliminary study on detection of Echinococcus granulosus DNA by loop-mediated isothermal amplification

XU Xiang-Zhen, JIN Xiao-Lin, LI Jian, JIANG Wen-Cai, JIANG Gang

2011, 23(5):  558-560. 

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Objective To evaluate the sensitivity of loop?mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) on the detection of Echi? nococcus granulosus. Methods The DNAs were extracted from Echinococcus granulosus eggs and adults. According to Echinococ? cus mitochondrial 12S rRNA sequences and the mechanism of LAMP, 4 Echinococcus specific primers were designed and used for LAMP assay, and Bubble taenia and the blank were used as the negative control for evaluation of the specificity. The LAMP prod? ucts were stained by SYBR Green Ⅰand analyzed by electrophoresis, and 1000, 100, 10, 1 eggs of Echinococcus granulosus per 200 μl were amplified by LAMP for evaluating the sensitivity. Results The LAMP products of Echinococcus granulosus adult DNA became turbid and green after staining while the products of control DNA kept clarify and brown after staining. Electrophore? sis analysis showed that the LAMP products of Echinococcus granulosus eggs presented characteristic ladders, but the products of control did not. The detection limit of LAMP assay was 1 egg of Echinococcus granulosus per reaction. Conclusions LAMP assay is a simple, sensitive and specific method for detection of hydatid disease pathogens and could be used for the disease surveillance.

Organization and management in demonstration plots carrying out integrated control measures for parasitic diseases

ZHENG Can-Jun, WANG Rong-Rong, CHEN Ying-Dan, LI Hua-Zhong

2011, 23(5):  561-562. 

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Objective To summarize the organization and management work and its characteristics in demonstration plots carrying out integrated control measures for parasitic diseases. Methods The work and experience related to organization and management in 10 demonstration plots were summarized. Results The experience can be summarized as follows: ① Establishing institution and strengthening leadership; ② Formulating scheme and strengthening instruction; ③ Stratified controlling and regular deworming； ④ Various financing and supplying guarantee; ⑤ Summarizing and implementation. Conclusion The experience summarized above can be used for the guidance of parasitic disease control in China.

Effect of comprehensive control on parasitic diseases in demonstration plot of Hainan Province

HU Xi-Min, WANG Shan-Qing, LIN Shao-Xiong, HUANG Jie-Min, LI Bi-Yao, HAN Qiang-Ding, TONG Chong-Jin, QIU Hong-Sheng, LIU Jian, CHEN Dong-Yan

2011, 23(5):  563-565. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of control on soil?transmitted nematode infections in the demonstration plot of integrated control on parasitic diseases, Hainan Province. Methods The plot (county) was divided into east, west, north, south and central areas and the villages in these areas were selected with the random sampling method, and then the residents in these villages were investigated with Kato?Katz technique for soil?transmitted nematode infections and with questionnaires for knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) and so on before and after the implementation of the control measures. All the results were analyzed and compared statistically. Results Compared with the results of the baseline survey, the overall infection rate of soil?transmitted nematode decreased by 68.66%. The infection rates of soil?transmitted nematode in the male and female decreased by 69.56% and 67.73%, respectively, and the rates in the children and adults decreased by 70.51% and 68.09%, respectively. The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm decreased by 95.87%, 90.00% and 65.22%, respectively. The awareness rate of health knowledge increased by 115.23% and the qualified rate of health behavior increased by 51.61%. Conclusion The remarkable results of soil ? transmitted nematodiasis control have been achieved in the demonstration plot of integrated control on parasitic diseases, Hainan Province.

Cost?benefit analysis of comprehensive parasitic disease control project in Rongxian County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

YANG Yi-Chao, LI Xue-Ming, HUANG Keng-Ling, XU Hong-Bo, WAN Xiao-Ling, WU Qin-Hua, LI Shu-Lin, OU Fang-Qi, ZHANG Wei-Wei

2011, 23(5):  566-568. 

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Objective To evaluate the cost?benefit of comprehensive parasitic disease control project in Rongxian County of Guangxi, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the control strategy of soil?transmitted nematode. Methods The data of the overall input and output for soil?transmitted nematode control were collected from 2007 to 2009, and the cost?benefit was analyzed. Results The infection rates of soil?transmitted nematode dropped from 30.10% in 2007 to 12.30% in 2009. The overall cost of soil ?transmitted nematode control was 969 185.6 Yuan from 2007 to 2009. The direct benefits arising from avoiding the incidence of the disease for populations reached 88.415 million Yuan in three years. The ratio of benefit?cost was 91 ∶ 1. Conclusions The soil ?transmitted nematode infection brings a heavy financial burden on both the patients and society. The implementation of compre? hensive control measures can effectively control the prevalence of the diseases and produce good social and economic benefits.

Effect of comprehensive control in demonstration plot of clonorchiasis in Yangshan County, 2006-2009

HUANG Xin-Hua, LI Zhi-Qi, FANG Yue-Yi, RUAN Cai-Wen, ZHANG Xue-Jun, LIU Di-Xuan, LIANG Shi-Li

2011, 23(5):  569-570. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive control of clonorchiasis in demonstration plot in Yangshan County so as to popularize it. Methods Five areas in the east, south, west, north and center of Yangshan County were randomly sampled as the investigation spots, where the comprehensive control measures centered on health education and infectious source control were carried out. The baseline data were collected and the control effect was evaluated in the final term in 2009. Results The infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis decreased from 14.01% in 2006 to 6.87% in 2009, with the reduction rate of 50.96% ( χ2 = 36.37, P < 0.01), and the decline rates in the 5 investigation areas were 33.15%, 37.86%, 55.74%, 45.91% and 71.38%, respective? ly. Conclusions The effect of comprehensive control measures in demonstration plot of in Yangshan County is significant, and it has achieved the goal of the national demonstration county of parasitic disease control, which requests for 40% decline in the infec? tion rate.

Impact of different temperatures on development of Anopheles anthropoghagus in Jiangsu Province

WANG Wei-Ming, ZHOU Hua-Yun, CAO Jun, YANG Guo-Jing, LI Ju-Lin, GU Ya-Ping, ZHU Guo-Ding, LIU Yao-Bao

2011, 23(5):  571-574. 

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Objective To observe the development and breeding of Anopheles anthropophagus in Jiangsu Province under different temperatures, so as to provide theoretical evidence for malaria epidemiology research and vector control. Methods Anopheles anthropophagus was maintained under different temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 ℃ in cultivator, and the development of egg stage, larva, pupal stage and reproductive and vegetative cycle were observed. Then the time of entire developmental cycle of Anopheles anthropophagus at different temperatures was calculated. Results Anopheles anthropophagus could not complete its entire life cycle under the temperature of 16 ℃, and it took 30.68, 23.31, 15.46, 13.60 and 12.41 d to finish its life cycle at the temperatures of 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 ℃, respectively. Conclusions In the temperature range of 16 to 31 ℃, the developmental cycle of Anopheles anthropophagus in Jiangsu Province will be shortened when the temperature goes up, but whether the result can be extrapolated to other regions still needs to be verified.

Schistosomiasis control effect of county promotion and comprehensive control interventions in lake and marshland regions

WANG Jin-Wen, WANG Jia-Song, HE Liang-Cai, MIN Hao, CHEN Shi-Ming, PENG Xiao-Wu, RONG Xian-Bing, YUAN Mei-Zhi, LU Xian-Hui, PENG You-Xin

2011, 23(5):  575-578. 

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Objective To evaluate the schistosomiasis control effect of county promotion and comprehensive control interventions in Jingzhou City. Methods The data of schistosomiasis endemic situation of 9 counties (cities, districts) in Jingzhou City from 2006 to 2010 were collected by a retrospective survey method, and the schistosome infection situation of residents and cattle were selectively examined in November, 2010. Results The endemic situation in Jingzhou City from 2006 to 2010 presented a decline tendency. Compared to the infection rate of residents in 2006 (5.15%), that in 2010(2.22%) decreased by 56.89%, and no acute schistosomiasis cases were found. No sudden epidemic happened in the consecutive 5 years. The infection rate of cattle dropped from 8.04% in 2006 to 1.87% in 2010, with a reduction rate of 81.72%. The snail area and area with infected snails in 2010 were 31 070.61 hm2 and 321.70 hm2 , respectively, with reduction rates of 3.68% and 71.20%, respectively, compared to those in 2006. Compared to 2006, the snail density and infection rate of snails in 2010 decreased by 63.76% and 64.74%, respectively. Conclusions After the implementation of the project with county promotion and comprehensive control interventions in Jingzhou City, the schistosomiasis control work has obtained obvious achievement, and the endemic situation has been controlled effectively.

Depression prevalence and quality of life of patients with advanced schistosomiasis

NIE Yong-Xin

2011, 23(5):  579-581. 

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Objective To investigate the depression prevalence of patients with advanced schistosomiasis, as well as their quality of life. Methods A total of 356 patients with advanced schistosomiasis were investigated with the Self?rating Depression Scale (SDS) and SF?36 scale for their situation of depression and quality of life. Results Among 356 cases, 306 effective ques? tionnaires were collected. The prevalence of depression was 48.70%. The scores of 8 dimensions of SF?36 of the patients with depression were significantly lower than those of the patients without depression (all P values were less than 0.01), and there were neg? ative correlations between SDS scores and scores of all the dimensions of SF?36 (r values were between -0.839 and -0.182, all P values were less than 0.001). Conclusions The prevalence of depression of patients with advanced schistosomiasis is high, and their quality of life is low. Besides active treatment, we should give more attention to their mental health.

Effects of two antigens for IgM detection of toxoplasmosis

WANG Ya-Ping, ZHANG Ying, XU Ming, SHENG Qing-Song

2011, 23(5):  582-584. 

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Objective To observe the effects of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii P30 antigen and soluble antigen for IgM detection of toxoplasmosis. Methods Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii P30 antigen and soluble antigen were coated on two nitrocellulose membranes (NC) respectively. They were combined with the corresponding antibodies in the testing sera. The gold?labeled rabbit anti?human IgM(s) were detected for corresponding antibodies and the positive visualized. The sera of toxoplasmosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Mycoplasma pneumonia, schistosomiasis patients and healthy persons were tested. Results A total of five kinds of 166 serum samples were detected with dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) of the two antigens respectively. In 38 serum samples of Toxoplasma gondii infection, the sensitivity of P30?DIGFA was 92.1% (35/38) and soluble antigen?DIGFA 81.6% (31/38). There was no significant difference (P > 0.05). Totally 63 normal serum samples showed negative, so the specificity was 100%. In 30 serum samples of rheumatoid arthritis patients, 2 cases were positive in P30?DIGFA and 3 positive in soluble antigen?DIGFA. Totally 25 serum samples of schistosomiasis patients and 10 serum samples of Mycoplasma pneumonia patients showed negative. Conclusion Recombinant Toxoplasma gondii P30 antigen may be developed into clinical diagnostic kits for detection of early or acute toxoplasmosis.

Overview of global epidemiology and control of soil?transmitted helminth infections

SUN Lan, HUANG Min-Jun, GUO Ceng-Zhu

2011, 23(5):  585-589. 

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This paper summarizes the global situation of epidemiology and control of soil?transmitted helminth infections, in order to improve our understanding of the current status of soil?transmitted helminth infections, thus increasing human health and welfare.

Development of immunological antigen for detecting Toxoplasma gondii infection

LU Zhi-Min, ZHANG Jin-Shun

2011, 23(5):  590-594. 

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The detection of toxoplasmosis has been focused on immunological antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. With the advance of molecular biotechnology, the component and recombiantent antigen, which gradually instead of initial crude antigen, has dominated for detecting Toxoplasma gondii. This paper reviews the status and development of Toxoplasma gondii diagnostic antigen.

Effects of health education on integrated control of soil ? transmitted nematodes

XU Hui

2011, 23(5):  595. 

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After health education was carried out during the integrated control of parasitic diseases in Tongcheng City, Anhui Province, the awareness rate of health knowledge of villagers raised from 30.53% （68/210） to 99.49% （197/198） , and their pass rate of health behavior increased from 36.67% （77/210） to 100% （198/198）. Moreover, the total infection rate of soil?transmitted nematodes decreased from 31.76% （794/2 500） to 1.90% （19/1 000） . Health education is an important measure and content in controlling soil?transmitted nematodes.

Hepatic echinococcosis complicated with biliary fistula and obstructive jaundice: one case report

LIU Yi-Xin, ZHANG Zhi-Qiang

2011, 23(5):  596-597. 

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This paper reports the diagnosis and therapy of one case of hepatic echinococcosis complicated with biliary fistula and obstructive jaundice.

Survey of clonorchiasis in Fuyu County in 2009

YIN Qiang, YANG Fan, WANG Ben-He, WANG Shu-Ya, ZHAO Chu-Hua

2011, 23(5):  598-598. 

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A survey of Clonorchis sinensis infection in residents and residents’behaviors was performed in Fuyu County, 2009, the infection rate was 78.8%, and the main way of infection was eating raw fish. It is necessary to strengthen the clonorchiasis control in Fuyu County.