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    15 August 2011, Volume 23 Issue 4
    Opportunities and challenges of malaria elimination in China
    GAO Qi
    2011, 23(4):  347-349. 
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    The malaria elimination program of China launched in July 2010, and planned to eliminate malaria by 2020. Most of people were optimistic, meanwhile, some of others doubted on that. This paper introduces both the opportunities and challenges of malaria elimination in China at present, and indicates that it is advantageous timing to conduct malaria elimination program in China now, but the goal of elimination only can be reached if we could timely change the concept, seize those opportunities and deal with those challenges, as well as accelerate the technique innovation and breakthrough by scientific research.

    Retrospective investigation on national epidemic situation of schistosomiasis Ⅲ Changes of epidemic situation in endemic rebounded counties after the transmission of schistosomiasis under control or interruption
    XU Jing, LIN Dan-Dan, WU Xiao-Hua, ZHU Rong, WANG Qi-Zhi, LV Shang-Biao, YANG Guo-Jing, HAN Yang-Qing, XIAO Ying, ZHANG Yi, CHEN Wen, XIONG Meng-Tao, LIN Rui, ZHANG Li-Juan, XU Jun-Fang, ZHANG Shi-Qing, WANG Tian-Ping, WEN Li-Yong, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2011, 23(4):  350-357. 
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    Objective To analyze the changes of schistosomiasis epidemic situation before and after reaching the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission control or transmission interruption in endemic rebounded areas, so as to offer the information for modifying the criteria of schistosomiasis control and elimination, and consolidating achievements of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China. Methods Twelve counties with endemic rebound were selected from seven endemic provinces and investigated with the retrospective research method. The data including the epidemic information and relative materials 10 years before the counties reached the criteria of transmission control and several years later (until 2008 or 2009) were collected. The changes of epidemic situation of these counties before and after the transmission was under control or interrupted, and the factors causing the endemic rebound were analyzed. Results Counties consolidated the endemic situations with an average time of 5±3 years after the transmission control, with endemic rebound normally caused by single factor. The ratio of Oncomelania snail areas to historically accumulative snail areas increased over 10% in hilly endemic regions and lake endemic regions in 7 and 12 years separately, while it was stabilized in a low level in water-network endemic areas. The rebound peak time of infected snail densities was consistent with or later than that of densities of living snails. The prevalence of schistosome infection in humans in lake endemic regions rebounded 2 years after transmission under control. The transmission interruption counties consolidated the endemic situations with an average time of 7±4 years. The human prevalence of schistosome infection decreased to a very low level after the counties reaching the criteria of transmission interruption. The snail areas increased to over 2% of historically accumulative snail areas 3-6 years after transmission interruption in lake, water-network endemic areas successively, while densities of living snails and infected snails were increased at the same year or 2-3 years later. Conclusions The endemic rebound in regions after the transmission under control or interrupted is caused by biological, natural and social factors and mainly presents as the rebound of snail status. The modification of criteria for schistosomiasis control and elimination should consider the influence of variation of snails, snail areas and density of infected snails on endemic situations in different endemic areas comprehensively. Sensitive and valid surveillance and forewarning system should be established to strengthen the monitoring and consolidating endemic situation in endemic areas after the transmission under control or interrupted.

    Surveillance of intestinal helminthiasis in Rudong County, 2001-2009
    MIAO Ping
    2011, 23(4):  357. 
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    The infection rate of intestinal helminthes in Rudong County in 2001-2009 decreased from 4.32% to 0.87%, which presented a downtrend.

    Burden of disease in schistosomiasis japonica II Measurement of health inequalities due to chronic schistosomiasis
    GIA Tie-Wu, SUN Le-Ping, HONG Qing-Biao, DENG Yao, ZHANG Gong-Hua, WANG Hao, YI Ping, GUO Jia-Gang, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2011, 23(4):  358-363. 
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    Objective To measure and evaluate the health inequalities due to chronic schistosomiasis japonica. Methods Based on years lived with disability (YLD) caused by chronic schistosomiasis, a concentration index and Gini index, along with a concentration curve and Lorenz curve, the health inequalities between sexes, age groups or endemicities were identified and quantified. Results The age concentration index was 0.395 of females and 0.380 of males, with no significant difference between them. More than 60% of YLD was contributed by those aged ≥45 years old who accounted for about a third of total population in both sexes. Gini index was 0.666 of Dangtu County and 0.451 of Hanshou County, and 60% of YLD was contributed by the highly endemic villages. Conclusion The concentration index and Gini index could quantify the magnitude of health inequalities well. The priority of morbidity control should be given to those aged ≥45 years old and lived in highly endemic villages.

    Multi-dimensional evaluation system for schistosomiasis japonica transmission dynamics model
    WAN Cheng, LIU Yun, TU Xiao-Ming, XU Jin-Mei, WU Hai-Wei
    2011, 23(4):  364-369. 
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    Objective To evaluate the simulation effect of Schistosoma japonicum Cellular Automata (SjCA) model by using the multi-dimensional evaluation system. Methods Several selected indicators, including the Youden index, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy rate and prevalence distance were applied to assess the validity of the SjCA model. The effectiveness of each indicator for model evaluation was compared. Results Different indicators in the multi-dimensional evaluation system generated assorted combination of optimized parameters for the SjCA model. The best model according to prevalence distance (99.97%) did not guarantee the ultimate fit when using accuracy rate (79.70%) as the evaluation indicator. Conclusion The multi-dimensional evaluation system is helpful for accurately assessing the simulation results of the discrete stochastic models such as SjCA, and is promising to be universalized to evaluate other similar epidemic dynamics models.

    Conditions of schistosomiasis laboratories at county level
    FENG Ting, XU Jing, HANG De-Rong, WU Zi-Song, TANG Li, WANG Qi-Zhi, YU Xin-Ling, ZENG Xiao-Jun, SHEN Mei-Fen, WU Cheng-Guo, YUAN Yi, GUO Jia-Gang, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2011, 23(4):  370-376. 
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    Objective To understand the conditions of schistosomiasis laboratories at county level so as to supply the information for diagnostic capacity building. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted at 40 random selected counties which were in charge of national surveillance for schistosomiasis. The information of staffs, areas of laboratories, equipment configuration and diagnostic methods from each laboratory were collected. The serum specimens and Kato-Katz thick smears from the national surveillance sites were random selected and retested by provincial staffs to evaluate the testing ability of the personnel. Results The average age of laboratory staffs was 40.93±9.56 years old, and 69.39% of staffs were old than 35 years and 86.22% of them had education background below bachelor degree. Except missed professional titles of four persons, the staffs with primary, middle and high professional titles accounted for 56.63%, 39.29%, and 2.04%, respectively. The laboratory areas varied greatly while independent schistosomiasis stations had the lowest areas with 52.81±40.08 m2, and the equipment configurations of laboratories were in a low level. The consistency rates of primary test and reexamination for serum specimens and thick smear slides were 95.89% and 99.53%, respectively, with the kappa value over 0.90. Nine immunodiagnostic kits were used in these laboratories, and Kato-Katz technique and miracidium hatching technique were the main parasitological methods. Conclusions The personnel structure of laboratories at primary prevention and treatment facilities for schistosomiasis is unreasonable, while the basic infrastructure of laboratories is backward and the use of diagnostic assays/methods is disordered. The diagnostic capacity building should be strengthened, and the construction and management of schistosomiasis laboratories should be standardized.

    Diagnostic efficiency of Indirect Hemagglutination Assay Kit for antibody detection of schistosomiasis japonica
    CHEN Nian-Gao, LIN Dan-Dan, XIE Shu-Ying, WANG Qi-Zhi, TANG Li, LIU Yue-Min, ZENG Xiao-Jun, LIU Hong-Yun, HUANG Mei-Jiao, CHEN Hong-Gen
    2011, 23(4):  377-380. 
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    Objective To evaluate the clinical diagnostic efficiency of Indirect Hemagglutination Assay Kit (IHA kit) for antibody detection of schistosomiasis japonica. Methods Schistosomiasis examinations by parasitological method were conducted in the schistosomiasis endemic areas in Jiangxi, Anhui and Hubei provinces, respectively. A total of 371 serum samples of schistosomiasis patients and 761serum samples of non-patients without history of schistosome infection and infested water contact were collected. All the sera were detected by using IHA Kit. The diagnostic efficiency indicators of the kit, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predicted value, negative predicted value etc. were calculated. Results The sensitivity and specificity of the kit were 95.1% (95% confidence interval was between 92.9% and 97. 3%) and 97.8% (95% confidence interval was between 96.8% and 98.8%), respectively; the positive and negative predicted values were 95.4% and 97.6%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found in the prevalence of IHA positive detecting by the kit among the groups with different EPG levels (≤40, 41-100, >100). Also, no significant difference was observed in sensitivity and specificity among the different age groups. Conclusions The IHA kit shows a relative high efficiency for diagnosis and can be used for mass screening of schistosomiasis in field sites.

    Current status of advanced schistosomiasis in Deyang City, Sichuan Province
    MA Yu, SUN Shao-Bin, JIANG Jian
    2011, 23(4):  380. 
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    In 2010, there were 385 patients with advanced schistosomiasis in Deyang City, with a prevalence rate of 0.02%. Among all the patients, 14 cases were newly discovered, and 62 received medical assistance. It is suggested that the control of advanced schistosomiasis still should be strengthened.

    Survey of causes of infected Oncomelania snails and infection sources of schistosomiasis in marshland and lake region in Jingzhou City
    HE Liang-Cai, WANG Jia-Song, RONG Xian-Bing, HE Zheng-Wen, LIAO Chang-Jun, HUANG Wen-Jun, WAN Dong-Fang, Yuan-Mei-Zhi, PENG Xiao-Wu, ZHAO Yao-Sheng
    2011, 23(4):  381-385. 
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    Objective To explore the causes of infected Oncomelania snails and the sources of infection of schistosomiasis in marshland and lake regions in Jingzhou City, so as to provide the evidence for the establishment of control strategy. Methods The snail environments in villages with or without cattle in Gong’an and Jianli counties, Hubei Province were selected, the snail status, infection status of people and livestock and wildlife reservoir host (mice), as well as the contamination status of wild faeces were surveyed, and the infectivity of water in investigated villages without cattle were detected by sentinel mice. The correlation between the densities of infected snails and positive faeces were tested by the rank correlation method. Results In villages without cattle, there were no positive faeces and infected sentinel mice discovered, while in the villages with cattle, 374 pieces of wild faeces were collected, the densities of wild faeces were 0.02-0.29 pieces/100 m2, and those of the positive ones were 0-0.01 pieces/100 m2, and the densities of infected snails were 0.001-0.040 snails /0.1 m2. The distribution of infected snails was consistent with that of the positive faeces, but the correlation coefficient between their densities had no statistical significance(rs=0.1235,P>0.05). The average infection rates of human in villages with cattle inside embankment of Gong’an and Jianli counties were 2.87% and 1.37%, respectively, while that of the villages outside embankment of Gong’an County was 1.23%, and all the infection rates of cattle were 0. No infected wild mice were discovered. Conclusions Human and cattle are the main sources of schistosome infection in the local areas, the possibility of wild mice as source of infection is low, and cattle is an important cause of infected snails in marshland and lake regions in Jingzhou City.

    Snail control effect and eco-economical benefit of forest for snail control and schistosomiasis prevention in mountainous regions
    LIU Guang-Fu, LI Kun, ZHANG Chun-Hua
    2011, 23(4):  386-389. 
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    Objective To evaluate the snail control effect and eco-economical benefit of the forest for snail control and schistosomiasis prevention in mountainous regions. Methods From 2006 to 2010, the retrospective survey, field inspection and family interview were adopted to collect the data of snail status, and the economic income and ecological environment of local region in rice paddy, seedling bed, irrigation channel and kaleyard channel in Sanying Village, Eryuan County, Yunnan Province, where the Flourishing Forest and Controlling Snails Project was implemented. Results After the implementation of the project, compared to 2006, the snail areas in rice paddy, seedling bed, irrigation channel and kaleyard channel in 2010 reduced by 70.5%, 91.0%, 49.7%, and 58.8%, respectively; the occurrence rates of frames with living snails dropped by 81.6%, 97.2%, 84.4%, and 87.9%, respectively; and the average densities of living snails dropped by 79.0%, 97.8%, 86.0%, and 93.6%, respectively. The economic income of farmers and ecological environment improved obviously. Conclusions The forest for snail control and schistosomiasis prevention in mountainous areas not only has an obvious effect on snail control, but also can cause significant economic and ecological benefits.

    Performance evaluation of rural latrine renovation in key schistosomiasis control areas, Jiangsu Province
    JIN Xiao-Lin, XU Xiang-Zhen, CHEN Xiao-Jin, CAO Han-Jun, CHEN Ming-Xue, JIANG Wen-Cai, JIANG Gang
    2011, 23(4):  390-394. 
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    Objective To evaluate the healthy, environmental, social and economic benefits achieved by rural latrine renovation in key schistosomiasis control areas, Jiangsu Province. Methods Eights villages (evaluation villages) that finished and the three villages (control villages) that unfinished in latrine renovation work were sampled and investigated through field visits, household questionnaire, referring to information and so on to collect relevant data, and human waste samples were detected for laboratory indicators in hygiene and environment, in key schistosomiasis control areas in three counties (cities, districts), Jiangsu Province. Results A total of 11 villages and 220 households were investigated. In the evaluation villages, the owning rate and quality conformity rate of three-format sanitary latrines were 98.6 and 98.8%, respectively. The schistosome infection rate, intestinal parasite infection rate, the incidence of intestinal infectious diseases, and related medical costs decreased by 100%, 44.5%, 34.2% and 82.8%, respectively, compared with those before latrine renovation. In laboratory testing, the removal rates of fecal coliform values, CODcr, BOD5 and ammonia nitrogen in the third cell of household latrine were 99.99%, 68.5%, 63.17% and 52.3%, respectively, compared to those in the first cell. The village appearance had changed fundamentally, the villagers were satisfied with the latrine renovation, and their health knowledge and health behavior improved significantly. Conclusions Rural latrine renovation in key schistosomiasis control areas has got great achievements in health, environmental, social and economic benefits. It has played an important role in the promotion of schistosomiasis control, economic development and social harmony.

    Molluscicidal effect of LDS in mountainous areas of Yunnan Province
    LI Bing-Gui, LI Wen-Bao, DONG Yi, XIONG Meng-Tao, FENG Xi-Liang, MU Liang-Xian, TIAN Shu-Hui, LI Ping, XIONG Kang, DONG Xin-Qi
    2011, 23(4):  395-401. 
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    Objective To observe the molluscicidal effect of a novel molluscicide, salt of quinoid-2’, 5-dichloro-4’-nitrosalicylanilide (LDS) on Oncomelania hupensis in laboratory and field of mountainous areas of Yunnan Province. Methods With the immersion method, 10% LDS with concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mg/L was tested, and 50% niclosamide (WPN) with the concentration of 2 mg/L as well as fresh water were tested as the controls. The molluscicidal effects of 24, 48, 72 h were observed in lab and the field. With the insufflation method and powdering method, 10% LDS with doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 g/m2 was tested and 50% WPN with the dose of 2 g/m2 as well as fresh water were tested as the controls. The molluscicidal effects of 1, 3, 7 days were observed in lab and the field. Results At the room temperature of 25-26℃ and water temperature of 21-22℃, when exposed for 72 h by the immersion method, the snail death rates of above-mentioned five concentrations of LDS and WPN as well as fresh water were 93.33%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% and 6.67% respectively in lab. At the field temperature of 18-28℃ and water temperature of 18-21℃, when exposed for 72 h by the immersion method, the snail death rates of above-mentioned five concentrations of LDS and WPN as well as fresh water were 91.11%,100.00%,100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 100.00% and 3.33% respectively in the field. When exposed for 7 d by the insufflation method, the snail death rates of above-mentioned five dosages of LDS and WPN as well as fresh water were 90.00%, 94.00%, 96.00% 99.00%, 99.00%, 94.00% and 6.00% respectively in lab and 80.00%, 82.14%, 88.35%, 90.83%, 96.55%, 92.56% and 4.55% respectively in the field. When exposed for 7 d by the powdering method, the snail death rates were 74.77%, 88.89%, 94.50%, 90.38%, 92.17%, 90.38% and 455% respectively in the field. Conclusion LDS has a good molluscicidal effect on Oncomelania hupensis.

    Epidemiological analysis of malaria situation in Jiangsu Province in 2009
    ZHOU Hua-Yun, WANG Wei-Ming, CAO Jun, ZHU Guo-Ding, GAO Qi
    2011, 23(4):  402-405. 
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    Objective To analyze the prevalent characteristics of malaria in Jiangsu Province in 2009 so as to provide the reference for making effective measures of malaria control. Methods The reported cases and epidemiological data of malaria in Jiangsu Province were analyzed statistically and described. Results A total of 389 malaria cases were reported with an incidence rate of 0.05/10 000 in 2009, 41.77% lower than that in 2008. There were reported malaria cases in all thirteen cities, 44.73% of all the cases were from Xuzhou, Suqian, and Huaian. There were 192 local malaria infectors with Plasmodium vivax (P.v), 73.44% of that in Jiangsu Province, which had a major distribution in Xuzhou, Suqian, and Huaian. There were 96 imported infectors of P.v, mainly spreading over the south part of Jiangsu Province with high percentage of migrant workers. There were 101 imported infectors of Plasmodium falciparum (P.f), 71.19% higher than that in 2008, mainly spreading in the central and north part of Jiangsu Province with a high percentage of workers who worked abroad. Conclusions The results show a decreased trend of malaria incidence in Jiangsu Province, however, the malaria situation in north part to the Huaihe River is still instable, and there are increasing imported cases of P.f as well. It is necessary to formulate the policy and measures to strengthen malaria control in target areas, especially the monitoring and management of workers who once worked abroad.

    Cloning, expression and identification of Toll like receptor interacting protein gene of Schistosoma japonicum
    WANG Xiao-Na, XU Bin, FENG Zheng, WANG Xiao-Ning, HU Wei
    2011, 23(4):  406-411. 
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    Objective To clone and express Schistosoma japonicum Toll like receptor interacting protein (SjTollip) in prokaryotic expression system and analyze its stage-specific transcription and expression. Methods The encoding sequence selected from Sj cDNA library was amplified by PCR. The SjTollip gene obtained was subcloned into pET28a, then transformed into in E.coli BL21 and induced with IPTG for expression. The expressed protein was purified with Ni-NTA resin. Total RNA were extracted from different stages of S. japonicum. The immune rabbit sera were prepared by immunizing New Zealand white rabbits with purified recombinant SjTollip protein. RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to analyze the transcription and expression level at the different stages and the immunogenicity. Results The expression vector of SjTollip/pET28a was constructed and expressed as inclusion bodies (Mr 24, 000). The recombinant protein rSjTollip was specifically recognized by the S. japonicum-infected rabbit serum. SjTollip showed lower transcription level in stages including cercariae and male worms. Western blotting analysis showed that the target protein was detected in all stages. The expression level in stages including schistosomulum and female worm was much higher. Conclusion The SjTollip transcription and expression level at the different stages of S. japonicum is different, and this gene might be a potential candidate for target of vaccine, drug and diagnosis.

    Temperature recrudescence caused by praziquantel treatment after falling to normal automatically in acute schistosomiasis patients: 19 cases report
    ZHANG Shi-Xin, ZHANG Tong-Yan
    2011, 23(4):  411. 
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    Nineteen cases of acute schistosomiasis patients whose temperatures had fallen to normal automatically were treated with praziquantel, and their temperatures recrudesced after the treatment. Then they were treated with larger dose of praziquantel according to the scheme of acute schistosomiasis therapy, and were all cured.

    Expression and characterization of thioredoxin glutathione reductase of Schistosoma japonicum
    SONG Li-Jun, YU Chuan-Xin, XIE Shu-Ying, YIN Xu-Ren, QIAN Chun-Yan, WANG Jie, ZHANG Wei, KE Xue-Dan
    2011, 23(4):  412-418. 
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    Objective To prepare the recombinant thioredoxin glutathione reductase of Schistosoma japonicum (SjTGR) with biological activity. Methods The open reading frame DNA sequence of SjTGR was fused with a bacterial-type selenosysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element by PCR to form a chimeric gene. The chimeric gene was subcloned into expression plasmid pET41a to construct a recombinant plasmid SjTGR-pET41a. Then the recombinant plasmid SjTGR-pET41a was co-transformed into E. coli BL21 with plasmid pSU ABC. The SjTGR protein was expressed by inducing with IPTG. The recombinant SjTGR was purified from expression products by affinity chromatography with an adenosine 2’, 5’- diphosphate agarose column. The polyclonal antiserum against recombinant SjTGR was obtained by immunizing mice with purified SjTGR. The native TGR in S. japonicum was evidenced by using Western blotting. Thiorendoxin reductase (TrxR) activity, glutathione reductase (GR) activity and gluaredoxin (Grx) activity of recombinant TGR were analyzed according to the biochemical method. Results The chimeric gene of SjTGR with a bacterial-type selenosysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element was constructed successfully. The bacteria containing the recombinant plasmid SjTGR-pET41a could express the soluble SjTGR by inducing with IPTG at static growth stage for 24 h at 24 ℃. The expressed products of plasmid pSU ABC could promote the integration of selenocysteine and increase the yield of selenoprotein. The result of Western blotting showed that the polyclonal antiserum against recombinant SjTGR could recognize the native TGR in S. japonicum adult worms. The enzymatic assay indicated that SjTGR was a multifunctional enzyme with activities of TrxR, GR and Grx. Conclusion The recombinant SjTGR with biological activity is expressed successfully, which lays the foundation for further study on the function and applied values of SjTGR.

    Investigation on behavior of schistosomiasis patients in Jiangling County
    ZHANG Hua-Ming, LIU Xiong, LIU Jun, LI Shi-Zhu, TANG Li, PENG Xiao-Wu, WANG Jia-Song
    2011, 23(4):  418. 
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    A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the behavioral characteristics of the individuals infected with Schistosoma japonicum in a highly endemic area of Jiangling County, Hubei Province at the end of 2010. The results showed that the main infested water contact behavior was agricultural production (92.5%), and most of the infected people (77.1%) acted within the village. The re-infection and multi-infection were serious.

    Dynamic changes of early immune responses to attenuated Schistosoma japonicum cercariae induced BALB/c mice
    ZHOU Xia, QIU Yu-Hua, GONG Wei, LIU Chen-Chen, Zhang-Jing, LUO Wei, ZHU Ge-Hong-Xiang
    2011, 23(4):  419-423. 
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    Objective To study the early immune activation and dynamic changes between the attenuated cercariae immunized mice and the normal infected mice. Methods The dendritic cell surface molecules CD11c and T cell surface molecule CD25 expression differences and CD3+CD25+/CD3+ T ratio of the early spleen and/or lung of the attenuated cercariae immunized mice and normal mice were assayed and compared by FCM and IHC, and the immune activation and dynamics of T cells were analyzed. Results CD3+CD25+/CD3 + T ratio in the spleen cells 7 days post-infection in the immunized group and the normal infected group were (19.52±3.65)% and (22.12±3.24)%, respectively; the rates of 14 days and 21days post-infection were (28.73±3.94)%, (13.68±3.64)% and(26.43±0.4)%, and (14.42±2.24)%, respectively. The expressions of CD11c+DC in the lung of the two groups were (1.05±0.16)%, (0.96±0.15)%, (1.34±0.15)%, (1.09±0.17)%, (1.49±0.14)%, (0.97±0.16)%, respectively; the expressions in the spleen were (2.05±0.26)%, (1.95±0.18)%, (2.24±0.25)%, (2.17±0.25)%, (2.18±0.26)%, and (2.06±0.18)%, respectively, in the 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection. The expressions of CD25+T cells in the lung of the two groups were (1.24±0.13)%, (1.17±0.16)%; (1.48±0.11)%, (1.25±0.13)%, (1.55±0.14)%, and (0.97±0.12)%, respectively; the expressions in the spleen were (3.25±0.22)%, (2.93±0.20)%, (4.57±0.23)%, (3.69±0.24)% and (4.28±0.24)%, (3.86±0.26)%, respectively, in the 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection.. The CD3+CD25+/CD3 + T rate in the infection control group was significantly higher than that in the cercariae attenuated group, while 14, 21 days post-infection the rates of the attenuated group were significantly higher than those in the normal control group. In the 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection, the lung tissue of the attenuated cercariae immunized mice raised more CD1lc+DC and CD25+ T cells than that of the normal infected mice did. Conclusions In 7 and 14 days post-infection, the activation of T cells of the immune group and the activation of pulmonary dendritic cells are higher than those in the control group, suggesting that attenuated cercariae in the lungs can raise more antigen presenting cells and their activation.

    Effects of male worm extraction on ultrastructure of cultured vitelline cells from Schistosoma japonicum
    ZHONG Qin-Ping, LI Jun-Lin, MING Zhen-Ping, JIANG Ming-Sen, DONG Hui-Fen
    2011, 23(4):  424-427. 
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    Objective To study the effects of male worm extraction on the proliferation and metabolic activity of cultured vitelline cells from Schistosoma japonicum. Methods The 28-days adult S. japonicum were harvested by perfusion. The male and female of them were isolated after asepsis separately. The vitelline glands of female worms were isolated, and the vitelline cells were harvested by the cold digestion, then they were inoculated with the moist system method on the walls of culture flasks. The cultured vitelline cells were randomly divided into test and control groups. The cells in the control group were cultured in routine media and those in the test group were cultured in routine media containing male worm extraction of the concentration of 100 μg/ml. When cultured for 7 days, the cells in both group were prepared for observation under transmission electron microscope. Results In the test group, the numbers of mature vitelline cells were more than that in the control group; the cytoplasm and nucleus of mature vitelline cells were homogeneous stain. The nucleolus and rough-surfaced endoplasm reticula were clear, the intervals of vitelline globules were clear and their numbers could be counted. The number of mitochondria was small and the electron density was low; abundant rough-surfaced endoplasm reticula was found in the immature vitelline cells. In the control group, there were more immature vitelline cells than in the test group. The cytoplasm of the cultured vitelline cells took changes of balloon, especially in mature vitelline cells, vitelline globules fused each other, no mitochondria was found; in immature vitelline cells, the space between vitelline globules and the membrane surrounding them broadened gradually and vitelline globules were released and uncovered; rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticula enlarged, space vacuolated and the ribosomes dropped; and the number of lipid increased. Conclusions The male worm extraction can stimulate the development and survival of the cultured vitelline cells.

    Changes of alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and TNF-α, IL-6 of rats with Pneumocystis pneumonia
    LU Zhi-Min, WANG Yan, ZHANG Xiu-Chang, TANG Hong-Wei
    2011, 23(4):  428-430. 
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    Objective To observe the changes of alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in AM supernatants and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rats with Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Methods Wistar rats were injected with dexamethasone intramuscularly and continually to establish the model of PCP, the AM phagocytosis and levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in AM supernatants and BALF of rats with PCP were detected, meanwhile the normal controls were set. Results The phagocyting percentage [(20.61±2.04)%] and phagocyting index(0.25±0.21)of the PCP group were significantly lower than those [(25.45±3.1)% and (0.31±0.16)] of the control group (P<0.05), TNF-α (16.84±0.86) pg/ml and IL-6 (1.05±0.19) pg/ml in BALF of the PCP group were significantly higher than those [(12.48±0.84) pg/ml and (0.86±0.11)pg/ml] of the control group (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences for the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in AM supernatants between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion AM phagocytosis reduces evidently of PCP rats, but the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in BALF rise evidently.

    Distribution of Oncomelania hupensis snails and effect of plantations on snail control under different land uses at a gentle hilly region
    TANG Guo-Yong, LI Kun, ZHANG Chun-Hua
    2011, 23(4):  431-434. 
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    Objective To provide better afforestation/forestation patterns for snail (Oncomelania hupensis) control at gentle hilly region in China. Methods The snails were investigated and the effects of afforestation on snail community were analyzed at the plots with or without snail-controlling forest. Results The community of snails exhibited a middling variation at the area without snail-controlling forest (control area), where the living snail frame occurrence (LSFO) and mean snail density (MSD) were 26.81% and 0.940 snails per 0.11 m2, respectively. There were significant differences in LSFO (F=11.29,P<0.01) or MSD (F=12.71,P<0.01) among the eight land use types at control area. Higher snail numbers occurred in lowland, paddy field and paddy-upland rotation land, whereas the lower were in dry-farming land and plantation. After 5 years of plantation, LSFO and MSD reduced by 62.70%-89.98% and 74.03%-94.00% under 5 land use types, respectively. LSFO and MSD reduced by 52.04%-87.36% and 52.20%-95.45% respectively at the demonstration area compared with those at control area. Conclusions Afforestation/forestation would effectively reduce snail community irrespectively of land uses at gentle hilly region in plateau.

    Surveillance of Oncomelania hupensis snails in Baoying and Gaoyou sections of Li Canal in east route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project
    LI Wei, GAO Jin-Bin, ZHENG Bo, HUANG Yi-Xin, HANG De-Rong, ZHANG Jian-Feng, LU Jia-Xiang, HE Yong, WAN Zhong, HUANG Ya-Min, GAO Yang, ZUO Yin-Ping
    2011, 23(4):  435-437. 
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    Objective To understand the distribution and diffusion of Oncomelania hupensis snails in the Baoying and Gaoyou sections of the Li Canal in the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Methods The retrospective survey method was used to investigate the distribution and diffusion of snails in the Baoying and Gaoyou sections of the Li Canal, the conventional survey and the methods of salvage of water and attracting snails were used to detect the distribution of snails in river banks and water. Results The earliest findings of snails in the Gaoyou section of the Li Canal was in 1955, the northernmost distribution of snails was Dilong ferry at the west dam and east slope of the Li Canal. The dynamic surveillance in the Gaoyou section of the Li Canal from 2001 to 2010 showed that the snail status was of low density and low fluctuation of area, and the distribution range was 119°24'36"-119°25'34", 32º48'30"-32º54'05". From 2006 to 2010, the snails were not found by the methods of salvage of water and attracting snails at the surveillance in the Baoying and Gaoyou sections of the Li Canal. Conclusions So far, there is no evidence showing that the snails spread to northward in the Li Canal, however, it is still necessary to carry out the surveillance of snails and schistosomiasis in the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project.

    Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province in 2010
    SU Zheng-Ming, HE Hui, TU Zu-Wu, FAN Hong-Ping, MAO Guan-Xiang, CAO Mu-Min, GAO Hua
    2011, 23(4):  438-440. 
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    Objective To understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in surveillance sites of Hubei Province in 2010. Methods According to The Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance in Hubei Province, 207 endemic villages were selected as surveillance sites, where the surveys of residents, livestock and Oncomelania snails were implemented. Results In the 207 surveillance sites, the infection rates of residents and cattle were 1.01% and 1.14%, respectively, the densities of living snails and infected snails were 0.50 and 0.000 4 snails/0.1 m2, respectively, and the infection rate of snails was 0.08%. Conclusion Compared with that in 2009, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Hubei Province in 2010 has decreased obviously, but as the repeatability of the disease, the control of infectious sources and the management of cattle should be strengthened, as well as the snail control.

    Retrospective survey of 184 patients infected with Schistosoma haematobium from African countries
    YI Ping, YUAN Li-Ping, WANG Zhang-Hua, HE Yong-Kang, JING Qun-Shan, ZHOU Jie, WANG Hong-Bo, LI Sheng-Ming, Franziska Bieri
    2011, 23(4):  441-442. 
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    Objective To understand the status of persons of export of labor services infected with Schistosoma haematobium. Methods A total of 184 suspected hospitalized patients infected with S. haematobium were investigated retrospectively. Results Among the patients, 111 used to work in Angola (60.3%) and 57 in Mozambique (31.0%). Pathogenic examinations were done in 13 cases, and S. haematobium eggs were found in 6 subjects. Totally 96.7% of patients showed antibody positive by the tests of IHA and ELISA. A total of 112 subjects (60.9%) had urinary tract symptoms, and 52 had fatigue. However, 72 subjects (39.1%) did not have any signs and symptoms. Conclusions There are some persons of export of labor services who are infected with S. haematobium. Therefore, we suggest that the authority should establish a program for prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis haematobia and schistosomiasis mansoni in persons of export of labor services.

    Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Jinbao Channel areas in east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project
    SUN Dao-Kuan, LI Qian, WANG Qi-Long
    2011, 23(4):  443-445. 
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    Objective To understand the dynamic of the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jinbao Channel areas, so as to provide the evidence for surveillance and early-warning of schistosomiasis in the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Methods The conventional methods were used for the surveillance of Oncomelania hupensis snails in the first grade tributary and the flood land of Jinbao Channel. The methods of net salvage and attracting snails with rice straw curtains were used for snail surveys underwater in the surveillance sites. The residents, fishermen and crew were surveyed for schistosomiasis in the regions along the Jinbao Channel. The situation of the fishing boats carrying snails were surveyed, too. Results The accumulated areas where snails were checked were 364.20 hm2. A total of 2 785 kg floats were collected and 400 pieces of rice straw curtains were placed in the surveillance sites, but no snails were found form 2006 to 2010. A total of 7 951 persons were surveyed for schistosomiasis by the serological test, and the total positive rate was 0.92%. The positive rates in the residents and fishermen were 0.79% and 1.55%, respectively. The fishmen’s seropositive rate was higher than the residents’ (χ2=7.11,P<0.01). A total of 65 people received fecal examinations and there was one infected case. A total of 54 fishboats and 93 fishing gears were detected for snails but no snails were found. Conclusion There were no snails and schistosomiasis transmission, but there were the risks of entrance of schistosome infection source in the regions along the Jinbao Channel in the east route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, therefore, the long-term surveillance is necessary.

    Susceptibilities of Oncomelania hupensis snails to Schistosoma japonicum miracidia from different hosts
    TIAN Yue, WANG Tian-Ping, WANG Qi-Zhi, LV Da-Bing, YIN Xiao-Mei, ZHOU Li, WANG Zhen-Li, WANG Feng-Feng, WANG Yue, ZHANG Le-Sheng
    2011, 23(4):  446-448. 
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    Objective To understand the susceptibilities of Oncomelania hupensis snails to Schistosoma japonicum miracidia from different hosts. Methods The Schistosoma japonicum eggs from different hosts, such as rabbits, cattle and mice were collected. These eggs were incubated for miracidia respectively. Each snail from the same site was exposed to 5 miracidia of Schistosoma japonicum from different hosts. The infected snails were fed in the laboratory for two months. Then all the snails were dissected and observed under the dissecting microscope in order to know the infection rate of snails. Results In the experiment group, the infection rates of snails infected with miracidia from rabbits, cattle and mice were 1.42%, 8.67% and 19.87%, respectively, the mortality rates were 29.5%, 13.5% and 24.5%, respectively. However, the infection rates of snails in the control group were 2.63%, 2.02% and 11.66%, respectively, and the mortality rates were 24.0%, 49.5% and 18.5%, respectively. Conclusion The susceptibilities of Oncomelania snails to Schistosoma japonicum miracidia from 3 kinds of hosts are significantly different.

    Molluscicidal effect of Phytolacca americana Linn leaf against Oncomelania hupensis and its acute toxicity
    FANG Wei-Wei, CHEN Jun, HAN Bang-Xin, LI Chen-Guang, YANG Xue-Juan, ZHANG Chun-Xiao, YAO Hu
    2011, 23(4):  449-452. 
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    Objective To study the molluscicidal activity, the influence on glycogen content of Oncomelania hupensis and the acute toxicity to zebra fish of the extract from Phytolacca americana Linn leaf. Methods The different polar factions of the extract of Phytolacca americana Linn leaf were separated by using the systemic solvent segregation method, and then the molluscicidal activity of the fractions was detected according to the "Laboratory Final Milluscicides Sieve Method" issued by WHO. The glycogen content of soft tissues of Oncomelania hupensis treated by the ethyl acetate polar fraction was determined by the anthrone method. Finally, the acute toxicity of the ethyl acetate polar fraction to non-targets was studied with zebra fish. Results The ethyl acetate polar fraction was the best active components against the snails. Its 48h LC50 and LC90 were 6.0 mg/100 ml and 26.1 mg/100 ml respectively. The glycogen content of soft tissues of the snails decreased by 20% after treated with the fraction. The fish, treated by the concentration of LC50 (48 h) of the ethyl acetate polar fraction survived for 12 h , and it showed the fraction possessed a significant acute toxicity to the zebra fish. Conclusions The Phytolacca americana Linn leaf possesses an adequate molluscicidal activity and a significant acute toxicity to the zebra fish.

    Evaluation of health education about schistosomiasis for middle school students in Three Gorges reservoir areas
    TANG Xiao-Qing, ZENG Huan, WANG Yang, WANG Hong, TANG Wen-Ge, LUO Fei, ZHANG Li-Wei
    2011, 23(4):  452. 
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    After the implementation of health education about schistosomiasis for the middle school students in Three Gorges reservoir areas, the awareness rate of knowledge about the schistosomiasis prevention and control of students improved, and the pass rates increased from 6.3% to 75.6%. However, the awareness rate of knowledge about the schistosomiasis control was still lower than 95%, So health education still need to be enhanced.

    Survey on malaria vectors in Jiangsu Province, 2005-2009
    WANG Wei-Ming, ZHOU Hua-Yun, CAO Jun, LI Ju-Lin, ZHU Guo-Ding, GU Ya-Ping, LIU Yao-Bao
    2011, 23(4):  453-456. 
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    Objective To understand the species, density and seasonal variation of malaria vectors in Jiangsu Province, so as to provide scientific evidence for malaria control. Methods From 2005 to 2009, 5 towns in Jiangsu Province were selected as surveillance sites, and the species of malaria vectors and their density and seasonal variation were studied by the outdoor and indoor trapping methods. The data of malaria cases were analyzed by the circular distribution method. Results Only Anopheles sinensis was captured in the 5 surveillance sites from 2005 to 2009, and its density peak was mainly appeared in the first half of July. The peak incidence of malaria was on 16th August, the distribution of cases was accordant with the seasonal variation of vectors. Conclusion The surveillance and control of vectors should still be strengthened in the malaria control, so as to prevent the epidemic from rebounding as the increase of the density of Anopheles sinensis.

    Exploration of model of Oncomelania snail survey post-transmission control in Jiangdu City
    ZHU Xi-Guang, ZHU Xia-Zhang, TANG Hong-Ping, YU Guang-Song
    2011, 23(4):  457-459. 
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    Objective To explore the model of Oncomelania snail survey in inland areas, so as to reduce the burden of farmers as well as to improve the quality of snail survey. Methods A database of environment in snail survey was established, and specialized personnel were organized at town level. The general survey combined with survey in turn was used. Results After the improvement of the survey model, the personnel numbers and amounts of labor used, especially the cost afforded at village level decreased significantly, without any influence on the quality of snail survey. Conclusions The improvement of snail survey model can enhance the efficiency and quality of survey, and can reduce the burden of farmers, but careful organization, strengthened management, and standardized operations are needed in the procedure.

    Surveillance after schistosomiasis transmission interrupted in sandy areas
    YANG Chang-Lin, CAO Guo-Xiang, JIANG Huai-Yu
    2011, 23(4):  459. 
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    The surveillance after schistosomiasis transmission interrupted in sandy areas showed that the schistosomiasis endemic did not occur locally, but the factors of transmission still existed. Therefore, we should continue to enhance the management of mobile population and snail control, and explore appropriate measures for schistosomiasis monitoring.

    Advances in research of dihydroartemisinin against parasitic diseases
    LI Hong-Jun, WANG Wei, LIANG You-Sheng
    2011, 23(4):  460-464. 
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    Dihydroartemisinin, the main metabolite of artemisinin and of two artemisinin derivatives, artemether and artesunate, is a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug. The present paper systematically reviews the advances in research of dihydroartemisinin against malaria, Schistosoma, Pneumocystis, Toxoplasma, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania, Giardia lamblia.

    Molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis
    SHEN Li-Jie, LI Wei, HE Yan-Hong
    2011, 23(4):  465-467. 
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    This paper reviews the domestic and foreign literature of toxoplasmosis molecular diagnosis. The nucleic acid molecule hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) common Toxoplasma gondii gene sequences and conventional PCR, nested PCR, real-time quantitative PCR, immune PCR, in-situ PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification technology are introduced. The application of molecular biology technology in toxoplasmosis diagnosis is reviewed.

    Surveillance of schistosomiasis in Caohui Village, Xinjian County, 2005-2010
    HU Wei-Chen, ZHANG Zhi-Shu, XIANG Jun, XU Fu-Hai, WU Wei, ZHANG Ping, ZHOU Ling, TU Ji, XIANG Jing-Yong
    2011, 23(4):  468-469. 
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    The surveillance of schistosomiasis in a national schistosomiasis surveillance site, Caohui Village, Xinjian County, 2005-2010 showed that the infection rates of residents and livestock decreased to below 3% and 5% respectively. However, the endemic situation was still of instability. Therefore, we should strengthen the comprehensive control measures including the control of infectious sources in the light of local conditions to control the schistosomiasis endemic situation.