Table of Content

11 December 2016, Volume 28 Issue 6

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Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People’s Republic of China in 2015

ZHANG Li-Juan, XU Zhi-Min, QIAN Ying-Jun, DANG Hui, LV Shan, XU Jing, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2016, 28(6):  611-617. 

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This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China at a national level in 2015，and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and 457 national schis? tosomiasis surveillance sites. Among the 12 provinces（municipality，autonomous region）endemic for schistosomiasis japonica in P. R. China，5 provinces（municipality，autonomous region），i.e.，Shanghai，Zhejiang，Fujian，Guangdong and Guangxi， had achieved transmission interruption，and 7 provinces of Sichuan，Yunnan，Jiangsu，Hubei，Anhui，Jiangxi and Hunan had achieved transmission control by the end of 2015. There were 453 endemic counties（city，district）covering 252 million peo? ple，specifically including 29 980 endemic villages of 68.61 million people at risk of infection. Among the 453 endemic counties （city，district），75.72%（343/453）and 24.28%（110/453）reached the criteria of transmission interruption and transmission control，respectively. By the end of 2015，it was estimated of 77 194 cases of schistosomiasis，which were decreased by 33.23% compared with 115 614 cases in 2014. No acute schistosomiasis cases were reported in 2015. There were 30 843 advanced schis? tosomiasis cases documented in 2015. A total of 8 736 036 individuals received schistosomiasis examinations and 3 606 individu? als were parasitologically diagnosed，which were decreased by 56.40% compared with 8 270 cases in 2014. An Oncomelania hu? pensis snail survey was performed in 19 965 endemic villages and the snails were found in 5 609 villages，accounting for 28.09% of total villages，with 31 newly detected villages with snails. The snail survey covered an area of 593 572.66 hm2 and snails were found in an area of 173 462.50 hm2，including a newly detected area of 666.04 hm2. No infected snails were found in 2015. A to? tal of 879 373 bovines were raised in the schistosomiasis endemic regions. Of them，526 062 bovines received stool examina? tions，resulting in 315 infected bovines. There were 170 438 schistosomiasis cases receiving drug treatment in 2015，with 2 449 696 individuals undergoing expanded chemotherapy. There were 318 bovines with schistosomiasis receiving drug treatment，with 483 213 bovines undergoing expanded chemotherapy. A total of 144 305.52 hm2 area was subject to snail control by using mollus? cicides，with an actual molluscicide?treated area of 69 221.57 hm2，and 4 572.06 hm2 snail habitats were treated by environmen? tal modification. Based on the data from the 457 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites，the mean Schistosoma japonicum in? fection rate was 0.05% and 0.04% in humans and bovines，respectively. No infected snails were found in all the surveillance sites. The results demonstrate a decline in the endemicity of schistosomiasis in P. R. China and the country reached the criteria of transmission control at the national level. However，the endemic situation of schistosomiasis is unstable in some regions with newly?reached transmission control，and further control and effective surveillance should be strengthened to consolidate the achievements and reduce the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in P. R. China.

Impact of schistosomiasis transmission by catastrophic flood damage and emergency response in China

CAO Chun-Li, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2016, 28(6):  618-623. 

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Flood damage is one of the ordinary natural calamities. The areas of middle and down of the Yangtze River and its south are the endemic area of schistosomiasis. As the flood damage， it causes property loss， and harm public and people health severely even. This paper aims at the status of catastrophic flood damage again in the Yangtze River basin， analyzes the impact of schistosomiasis transmission by it， and indicates that at present， the process of schistosomiasis control in China is marching from transmission control to transmission interruption and elimination， but the frequent flooding exacerbates Oncomelania hupensis snail breeding area and schistosomiasis source spreading， which may influence， in a certain extent， the realization of the goal of schistosomiasis control in China. We should timely assess and monitor the impact and risk of schistosomiasis transmission by flood damage， and give the early warning and adopt emergency handling measures in time. This paper also proposes the disaster prevention measures according to flood damage stages （the early， middle， later， and post?flood） and the occurrence and development of damage and endemic situation， so as to control the risk and damage of the disease transmission in a high limit， to consolidate the current achievements of schistosomiasis prevention and control and guarantee the realization of the goal of schistosomiasis interruption and elimination in China on the schedule.

Pattern analysis of tempo-spatial distribution of schistosomiasis in marshland epidemic areas in stage of transmission control

XUE Jing-Bo, XIA Shang, ZHANG Xia, HU He-Hua, WANG Qiang, ZHOU Yi-Biao, LI Shi-Zhu

2016, 28(6):  624-629,643. 

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Objective To investigate the tempo?spatial patterns of schistosomiasis in Jiangling County， Hubei Province， so as to identify the risk areas and provide the scientific evidence in following intervention plans for marshland epidemic areas in the stage of transmission control. Methods The schistosomiasis epidemiological data in Jiangling County from 2009 to 2013 together with the related geographical information were collected and analyzed. The tempo?spatial distribution patterns were analyzed by the spatial autocorrelation analysis and spatial clustering analysis. Results The human infection rate was decreased from 2.15% in 2009 to 0.63% in 2013， which was the historically low level. The results of tempo?spatial analysis showed that there were spatial clustering effects in human schistosomiasis infection for each of the years. The values of spatial autocorrelation index Moran’s I were statistically significant. Eighteen and thirty?five clusters were detected by using SatScan and FlexScan software， respectively. Conclusions From 2009 to 2013， the schistosomiasis endemic situation in Jiangling County presented a decline trend and reached the historical low level. The identified spatial clustering areas should be targeted as the prioritized areas for schistosomiasis control.

Prediction of schistosomiasis infection rates of population based on ARIMA-NARNN model

WANG Ke-Wei, WU Yu, LI Jin-Ping, JIANG Yu-Yu

2016, 28(6):  630-634. 

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Objective To explore the effect of the autoregressive integrated moving average model?nonlinear auto?regressive neural network （ARIMA?NARNN） model on predicting schistosomiasis infection rates of population. Methods The ARIMA model， NARNN model and ARIMA?NARNN model were established based on monthly schistosomiasis infection rates from January 2005 to February 2015 in Jiangsu Province， China. The fitting and prediction performances of the three models were compared. Results Compared to the ARIMA model and NARNN model， the mean square error （MSE）， mean absolute error （MAE） and mean absolute percentage error （MAPE） of the ARIMA?NARNN model were the least with the values of 0.011 1， 0.090 0 and 0.282 4， respectively. Conclusion The ARIMA?NARNN model could effectively fit and predict schistosomiasis infection rates of population， which might have a great application value for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis.

Grey relational analysis of environment interference factors and control measures on endemic status of schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake Eco-economic Region

FAN Wen-Yan, WANG Ling, WANG Xin, HE Feng-Ning

2016, 28(6):  635-643. 

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Objective To explore the impact of environment factors and social economic factors （environment interference factors for short） and control measures on the endemic status of schistosomiasis in Poyang Lake Eco?economic Region. Methods The grey relational analysis model was applied to analyze the relationships between the key indexes of schistosomiasis epidemic status and the environment interference factors and control measures in Jiujiang City of Poyang Lake Eco?economic Region. Results Six environment factors， which included the annual average water level of Poyang Lake， average annual temperature， storm frequency， annual average relative humidity， annual sunshine duration， and annual precipitation， had the most closed relationship with the indexes of schistosomiasis epidemic status （all ri > 0.9）. Among the socioeconomic factors， the number of health technicians and beds of health facilities were most associated with the indexes of schistosomiasis epidemic status. Among the control measures of schistosomiasis， the number of cattle treated with extending chemotherapy， chemically killing of Oncomelania hupensis snails and eco?renovation were most associated with the indexes of schistosomiasis epidemic status. Conclusion The various environment interference factors and their interaction should be considered in formulating the comprehensive control strategy for schistosomiasis， and the control strategy should be adjusted according to the epidemic dynamic and schistosomiasis?focused targets， so as to further strengthen the scientificity and validity of the control strategy.

Study on cut-off value of IHA method for schistosomiasis diagnosis in different endemic areas

HU Fei, LI Zhao-Jun, LI Yi-Feng, YUAN Min, XIE Shu-Ying, LIU Yue-Min, LI Jian-Ying, GAO Zu-Lu, PU Yong, WANG Jin-Ming, LIN Dan-Dan

2016, 28(6):  644-647,682. 

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Objective To explore the cut?off value of the indirect haemagglutination test （IHA） method for schistosomiasis japonica diagnosis in different endemic areas. Methods Totally 55 nature villages of the lake?type endemic counties， Yugan and Xinzi， in Poyang Lake Region of Jiangxi Province were chosen as the study fields， and all the villagers over 5 years old were parallelly examined by Kato?Katz method + miracidial hatching test and IHA method. The detection data were analyzed by the correlation analysis， and the threshold values of the IHA method in different endemic areas were decided by the receiver operating characteristic （ROC） curve. Results The positive rate of stool examinations of the villagers was correlated with the distribution trend of the antibody level of whole population （r = 0.588， P ＜ 0.05）， but no correlation with the antibody level of the positive population （r = 0.221， P ＞ 0.05）. The antibody level of stool?negative population during the period of 2008 to 2011 detected by IHA method dropped year by year， and the annual difference was statistically significant （F = 3.650， P ＜ 0.05）. While the antibody level of stool?positive population found during the period of 2008 to 2011 maintained a certain high level in the 4 years， and there was no statistically significant difference among them （F = 2.461， P ＞ 0.05）. When the positive rates were <1%， 1%-5% or >5%， the specificity of diagnosis could be improved when 1∶80， 1∶20 and 1∶10 were used as the cut?off values of IHA correspondingly. Conclusion The different threshold values for diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica should be considered while using IHA method to screen out patients in different endemic areas.

Study on interventions based on systematic ecological system construction to interrupt transmission of schistosomiasis in hilly endemic regions

XU Jia, WAN Xue-Xiang, CHEN Lin, ZHONG Bo, ZHANG Yi

2016, 28(6):  648-652,663. 

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Objective To study the effectiveness of comprehensive control measures based on systematic ecological system construction to interrupt the transmission of schistosomiasis in hilly endemic regions in Sichuan Province， so as to provide the evidence for adjustment of schistosomiasis prevention and control strategies. Methods A high endemic area of schistosomiasis， Panao Township of Dongpo District in Meishan City， was selected as a demonstration area. The comprehensive measures for schistosomiasis control with focus on systematic ecological management were implemented， and the income of residents， indexes of schistosomiasis control effect and so on were investigated before and after the intervention and the results were compared. Results The project based on systematic ecological system construction started in 2009 and 317.351 million Yuan was put into the construction. The construction included economic forest plant base （1 866.68 hm2， 72.66% of the total farmland areas）， ecological protection gardens （585.35 hm2） and so on. Totally 97.04% of historical areas with Oncomelania hupensis snails were comprehensively improved. In 2015， the peasants' pure income per capita increased 4 938 Yuan， with the average annual growth rate of 14.69%. All the farm cattle were replaced by the machine. The benefit rate of water improvement was increased by 52.84% and the coverage rate of harmless toilets increased by 18.30%. The positive rate of serological tests for schistosomiasis decreased from 7.69% to 3.50%， and the positive rate of parasitological tests decreased from 1.18% to 0. The area with snails was decreased from 23.33 hm2 to 0. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge and correct behavior rate of the residents increased from 85.50% and 82.60% to 95.70% and 93.90% respectively. Conclusions The comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures based on systematic ecological management are conform to the currently actual schistosomiasis prevention and control work in hilly endemic regions， and have good ecological economic benefit and schistosomiasis control effectiveness， which provide an effectively new model of prevention and control for advancing process， consolidating the effect， finally realizing goal of interruption and elimination of schistosomiasis in hilly endemic regions.

Analysis of channels of going abroad of imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province, China

CAO Yuan-Yuan, ZHOU Hua-Yun, ZHU Guo-Ding, WANG Wei-Ming, LIU Yao-Bao, CAO Jun

2016, 28(6):  653-656. 

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Objective To analyze the channels of going abroad of imported malaria patients in Jiangsu Province， so as to provide the evidence for the control of imported malaria and health intervention for high?risk population. Methods The data of imported malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2015 were collected and the channels of going abroad were analyzed. The Quantum GIS 1.7.4 software was applied to map. Results Totally 405 imported cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2015， and the cases increased by 14.1% compared with those in 2014. All the patients were migrant workers. The migrant workers were mostly sent abroad by construction companies ［43.21% （175/405）］. The dispatching companies were mainly concentrated in Taizhou， Lianyungang， Zhenjiang and Yangzhou cities， accounting for 6.17% （25/405）， 3.21% （13/405）， 2.72% （11/405） and 2.22% （9/405）， respectively. Totally 176 （43.46%） patients returned to China having accompanied workers， and 1.21% （9/745） of accompanied workers were found having symptoms of malaria later. Conclusions It is difficult to monitor malaria in overseas migrant works in Jiangsu Province. The channels of going abroad of migrant workers are various and complicated， formulating the main difficulty and challenge of imported malaria control.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Nanjing City from 2010 to 2015

XIE Chao-Yong, HE Yi-Sha, LI Yan-Jing, YANG Pei-Cai

2016, 28(6):  657-659,686. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Nanjing City， so as to provide the evidence for further formulating and adjusting the malaria prevention and control strategy. Methods The data of malaria situation， malaria cases and epidemiological investigations were collected from the Internet Reporting System in Nanjing City from 2010 to 2015 and analyzed statistically. Results A total of 137 confirmed malaria cases were reported in Nanjing City from 2010 to 2015， including 102 falciparum malaria cases （74.45%）， 33 vivax malaria cases （24.09%）， one ovale malaria case （0.73%） and one quartan malaria case （0.73%）. Among the 137 malaria cases， 126 cases （91.97%） were imported from foreign countries， 2 cases （1.46%） were infected locally， and nine cases （6.57%） were imported from other provinces in China. Among the 126 overseas imported cases， 117 cases were imported from African countries and 9 from Asian countries. These malaria cases were majorly young men working as migrant workers， laborers and technical persons. About 19.30% of the cases went to hospital on onset day， and 55.65% were confirmed by medical institutions as malaria in the same day. The majority of diagnosis institutions were municipal hospitals （74.45%）. Conclusions The number of malaria cases in Nanjing City is declining year by year. The local infections are eliminating gradually. However， the situation of imported malaria from overseas is still serious. Therefore， the surveillance work and health education still should be strengthened， so as to reduce the risk of imported malaria.

Analysis of human intestinal helminth infections in Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2015

ZHANG Xue-Yan, SUN Bo-Chao

2016, 28(6):  660-663. 

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Objective To investigate the epidemiological trend of human intestinal helminth infections in Yancheng City， Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2015， so as to provide the evidence for formulating further control strategies. Methods The surveillance data of human intestinal helminth infections were collected and analyzed in Yancheng City from 2006 to 2015. Results From 2006 to 2015， 110 746 person?times of residents in Yancheng City were surveyed in Yancheng City， and 1 732 samples were positive of human intestinal helminth infections. The infection rate of human intestinal helminthes was highest in 2006 ［4.59% （410/8 941）］， and lowest in 2013 ［0.19% （23/12 165）］. The infection rate of human intestinal helminthes was significantly decreased over time （[χ2]= 27.78， P < 0.001）. The human infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides， hook worm and Trichuris trichura were all decreased over time （Z = -27.75， -22.23 and -16.17， all P < 0.001） from 2006 to 2015， with the reduction rates of 96.57%， 92.31% and 96.47%， respectively. The average EPG of A. lumbricoides， hook worm and T. trichura were 2 534， 360 and 154 respectively， and 1 694 （97.81%） cases were light infections. Totally 1 174 cases of Enterobius vermicularis were found in children under 12 years old， and the cases were decreased over time （[χ2]= 12.46， P < 0.001）. Conclusions The infection rate of human intestinal helminthes in Yancheng City decreases over time from 2006 to 2015， and the control work is effective. The control work of focus groups and environmental management and health education should be strengthened in the future.

Investigation on Toxoplasma gondii infection and awareness of toxoplasmosis-related knowledge in women with poor pregnant outcomes in Wuxi City

FAN Yun, LI Hui-Fang, CHEN Min-Yuan

2016, 28(6):  664-668. 

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Objective To investigate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and awareness of toxoplasmosis?related knowledge among women with poor pregnant outcomes in Wuxi City. Methods A total of 217 women with poor pregnant outcomes from Wuxi City during the period of January 2011 to December 2015 were randomly selected as the study subjects （ a study group）， while 250 women with normal pregnancy were served as controls （a control group）. The sero?prevalence of T. gondii infection was detected by using ELISA and compared between the study and control groups. The awareness of toxoplasmosis?related knowledge was investigated by using a self?designed questionnaire and compared between the study and control groups. Results The positive rate of anti?Toxoplasma antibody was 30.88% in the study group， which was significantly higher than that （8.8%） in the control group （[χ2] = 36.7， P < 0.01）. The positive rates of anti?Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were 20.74% and 10.14% in the study group respectively， which were significantly higher than those （6% and 2.8%） in the control group （[χ2]= 22.53 and 10.74， both P values < 0.01）. In addition， the positive rates of anti?Toxoplasma， anti?Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies were significantly higher in the women with missed miscarriage， natural abortion， stillbirth and birth defect than those in the women with normal pregnancy （all P values < 0.05）. The awareness rates of “Do you hear about Toxoplasma or toxoplasmosis?” （P < 0.01）， “Do you know that breeding pet cats or dogs may cause Toxoplasma infection?” （P < 0.05） and “Do you know that pregnancy women require the detection of Toxoplasma infection?” （P < 0.01） were significantly lower in the study group than those in the control group， while no significant differences were seen in the awareness rates of “Do you know that eating hot pot may cause Toxoplasma infection?”， “Do you know that the use of chopping block in regardless of cooked and uncooked food may cause Toxoplasma infection?”， “Do you know that Toxoplasma infection may transfer from mother to fetus?”， “Do you know that Toxoplasma infection may cause adverse pregnant outcomes like abortion， stillbirth or fetal abnormalities ?”， and “Do you know that the women infected with T. gondii during pregnancy require treatment?” between the two groups （all P values > 0.05）. Conclusions This study demonstrates higher prevalence of T. gondii infection in women with poor pregnant outcomes than in those with normal pregnancy in Wuxi City. Considering the harm of T. gondii infection during pregnancy and the low awareness of toxoplasmosis?related knowledge in pregnant women， the health education of toxoplasmosis?related knowledge should be strengthened， especially for pregnant women， so as to reduce the prevalence of T. gondii infection among pregnant women to improve the better child?bearing and rearing level.

Analyais of Toxoplasma gondii infection and related factors among special population in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province

GUO Yan-Li, ZOU Yong-Gen, XU Da-Cheng, XU Wen-Wei, XIE Yi-Qing, DAI Yang, CHEN Ming-Xue

2016, 28(6):  669-673,698. 

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Objective To understand the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and related factors among special population in Changzhou City， so as to provide the evidence for formulating toxoplasmosis prevention measures. Methods The venous blood was collected from participants in Changzhou City for detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA； and an epidemiological questionnaire investigation was also conducted. Results Among the total 400 respondents detected， the prevalence of T. gondii infection was 15.0% and the positive rates of IgG and IgM were 15.0% and 0.8%， respectively. The T. gondii infection rates of pregnant women， HIV/AIDS patients， patients with neoplasia， and livestock and poultry breeding and processing workers were 11.0%， 11.0%， 24.0% and 14.0%， respectively. As the age increased， the infection rate of T. gondii showed an upward trend， with the highest infection rate （21.6%） among the group of respondents aged above 50 years. The infection rates of groups with different education levels were statistically different （[χ2]= 11.443， P < 0.05）， and there was a trend that the infection rate decreased with the increase of education level. The prevalence of T. gondii infection in pregnant women was not significantly associated with the number of pregnancies and gestational age. The infection rate of T. gondii in the livestock and poultry breeding and processing workers increased with the length of their working years. Conclusions The prevalence of T. gondii infection among the special population in Changzhou City is high. Therefore， it is necessary to enhance the health education on the knowledge and information of prevention and control of toxoplasmosis， and to improve the awareness of personal protection， the hygiene practices and diet habits. In addition， more attention should be paid to T. gondii monitoring in the special population.

Splenic lymphocyte immune response induced by intranasal immunization with recombinant Toxoplasma gondii profilin in mice

LIU Zhuan-Zhuan, ZHANG Bo, YUAN Fei, ZHANG Kai-Li, WANG Ting, ZHENG Kui-Yang

2016, 28(6):  674-677. 

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Objective To observe the splenocytes immune response elicited by different concentrations of recombinant Toxoplasma gondii profilin（rTgPRF） through the nasal route， and determine the optimal dose. Methods Fifty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups. The immunized groups were intranasally administered with 10， 20， 30 μg or 40 μg of rTgPRF that was separately dissolved in 20 μl of phosphate?buffered saline （PBS） on days 0， 14， and 21 respectively， while the control mice were given PBS solution instead. Two weeks after the last immunization， all mice were killed. Under asceptic conditions， the spleens from the immunized mice were dissected， and then the splenocyte proliferative responses in vitro were tested by CCK?8 kit. The levels of IFN?γ， IL?2， IL?4 and IL?10 of splenocyte culture supernatant were detected by ELISA. Results Compared to the control group， the splenocytes from the 30 μg and 40 μg groups exhibited a significantly higher proliferative response to rTgPRF （P < 0.05）， and SI from the 30 μg rTgPRF group was higher than that from the 40 μg group （P <0.05）. The levels of IFN?γ in all the immunized groups （P < 0.05） and IL?2 in the 20， 30 μg and 40 μg groups were significantly stronger than those in the control （P < 0.05）， and the 30 μg group presented the highest concentrations of IFN?γ （P < 0.01）and IL?2 （P < 0.01）. There were no statistical differencesa mong the groups in the levels of IL?4 and IL?10. Conclusions The intranasal immunization with rTgPRF can induce the splenocyteproliferation and Th1?type mediated immunity. The best immunized dose is confirmed as 30 μg.

Establishment of a risk assessment model for laboratory biosafety of Cryptosporidium

XIONG Yan-Hong, XIANG Fang, XIA Shang, ZHENG Bin

2016, 28(6):  678-682. 

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Objective To evaluate the risk assessment model of Cryptosporidium laboratory， so as to provide the basis for laboratory personnel engaging in the operation of Cryptosporidium. Methods Firstly， the risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in laboratory were determined by the literature and Delphi， and then the weights of risk factors were determined by fuzzy analytic hierarchy process. A risk assessment model for laboratory biosafety of Cryptosporidium was established. Results Compared to the indexes， based on the risk assessment model， stool sample processing was the two steps in the laboratory with high risk of infection and high risk factors， with the combination weights of risk possibility and hazard rating were 0.111 and 0.107， respectively. Conclusion The risk assessment model established is feasible. It can be used to make some suggestions for the related laboratory staff.

Comparison of Schistosoma japonicum development between single sexual infection and double sexual infection in mice and rabbits

YANG Pei-Cai, ZHANG Hong-Ying, XIE Chao-Yong, YIN Wei-Gang, ZHOU Wei

2016, 28(6):  683-686. 

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Objective To observe the development of Schistosoma japonicum after single sexual infection and double sexual infection respectively. Methods A single Oncomelania hupensis snail was infected by a single schistosome miracidium. The larva were induced and released from the snail after 60?day incubation at 26 ℃. The mice were infected by the larva （single sexual infection） and dissected 40 days after the infection. All the worms were collected and the sex of the larvae was determined by the sex of the adult worms. Then， the mice and rabbits were infected by single sex of larvae （single sexual infection） and double sex of larvae （double sexual infection） respectively. The mice and the rabbits were dissected 40 days after the infection. All the worms were collected and measured under a microscope. Results All the male or female worms were collected from the mice and rabbits after single sexual infection. There were three main forms of worms after dissection of double sexual infection of mice and rabbits： folded mature male and female， male or female. Few folded male and immature female were found. Only the double sexual larva infected mice or rabbits had schistosome eggs in the liver and the liver had typical schistosome egg nodules. The single sexual larva infected mice or rabbits had no schistosome eggs or schistosome egg nodules in the liver tissues. The single male larva could develop to worms with the testis， and with a little smaller size compared to the mature folded male， while the single sexual infection female worm could not develop to the mature stage with much thinner and smaller compared to the mature folded female. Conclusions The male or female worms from single sexual infection are smaller than those from double sexual infection （mature worms ? folded male and female）. So it is necessary to check single sex worms in vessels of intestinal mucosa thoroughly in the sentinel mice when no schistosome eggs were found in the liver.

Investigation on overwintering mosquitoes in Taibaihu District, Jining City

LI Wen-Juan, CHENG Peng, LIU Li-Juan, NIE Shang-Dan, WANG Hai-Fang, ZHANG Chong-Xing, CHEN Yan-Ping

2016, 28(6):  687-688,710. 

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Objective To investigate the species， density and distribution of the overwintering adult mosquitoes in Taibaihu District， Jining City. Methods The overwintering adult mosquitoes were monitored by visual observation in Taibaihu District， Jining City from December 2015 to March 2016. The mosquitoes were collected and dissected to observe the body fat accumulation and ovarian development situation. Results Totally 1 677 mosquitoes were captured and all of them were Culex pipiens pallens. The highest positive rate of overwintering mosquitoes was in sweet potato cellars and greenhouses， with the positive rates of mosquitoes of 98.25% （56/57） and 81.36% （48/59） respectively. The accumulation of the fat body in the female mosquitoes plummeted from late February， and disappeared in middle March. Conclusions The adults of Culex pipiens pallens can overwinter in Taibaihu District， Jining City， and locate in sweet potato cellars and greenhouses mainly. The control work of adult mosquitoes should be strengthened in the overwintering period.

Schistosomiasis surveillance after interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in Xiuzhou District, Jiaxing City

ZHU Pei-Hua, ZHANG Jian-Feng, LUO Tian-Bin, NI Chun-Miao, SHEN Ying, XU Hui-Qing

2016, 28(6):  689-691,716. 

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Objective To analyze the endemic situation of schistosomiasis after its interruption of transmission in Xiuzhou District， Jiaxing City， Zhejiang Province， so as to provide the references for future surveillance work. Methods The data of schistosomiasis and Oncomelania hupensis snails in Xiuzhou District were collected and analyzed statistically. Results From 1994 to 2015， totally 975 village?times were investigated for O. hupensis snails， and the accumulated area of 4 385.31 hm2 was surveyed. Twenty former snail sites were reoccurring， with an area of 32.61 hm2. An area of 57.71 hm2 was supplied with snail eradication measures. Totally 11 941 snails were dissected and no schistosome infected snails were found. The serum and stool tests were performed to 221 794 and 3 731 residents respectively， and no local infection cases but four imported cases were found. Conclusion The endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Xiuzhou District is stable after the transmission was interrupted. However， there are imported schistosomiasis cases， and therefore， the prevention of imported infection source is the focus of surveillance work.

Analysis of imported malaria epidemic situation and implication for prevention and control strategy in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2014

LIN Kang-Ming, LI Jun, YANG Yi-Chao, WUI Shu-Jiao, ZHANG Wei-Wei, FENG Xiang-Yang, WUI Hai-Yan, HUANG Ya-Ming

2016, 28(6):  692-685. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of the imported malaria cases in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2014， so as to assess the transmission risk and explore the prevention and control strategy. Methods The data of the malaria epidemic situation in the network direct report system of Guangxi in 2014 and the annual report of malaria epidemic situation in 14 cities were collected. The epidemiological information of the imported malaria cases was analyzed. Results A total of 184 malaria patients were reported in Guangxi in 2014， with a descent rate of 85.29% when compared to that in 2013 （1 251 cases）， and the incidence rate was 0.35/100 000. All the cases were imported from abroad， and four species of Plasmodium were found in their blood samples. The number of falciparum malaria cases was the most （49.46%）， followed by the ovale malaria cases （32.07%）. All the cases were distributed in 32 counties（districts） of 11 cities ， and 65.76% of them were distributed in Shanglin County. Most of the cases were male （98.37%）， and those aged in 20-49 years accounted for 87.50%. The imported cases came from 14 countries of Africa （86.41%） and 2 countries of Southeast Asia （13.59%）， in which， 48.37% of the cases were imported from Garner. The main occupation of the cases in abroad was gold mining work （86.96%）. The cases were reported all the year around， with no obvious seasonality. The interval time of back home to attack of the patients with tertian malaria and ovale malaria was longer. Conclusion Africa and Southeast Asia is the main source of imported malaria cases in Guangxi， and the migrant workers returning home may have the risk of malaria recurrence， which should be paid enough attention to.

Investigation on awareness rates of malaria prevention knowledge among residents and students in Huai’an District, Huai'an City

REN Su-Min, TANG Zhao-Wu

2016, 28(6):  696-698. 

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Objective To understand the awareness status on malaria control knowledge of residents， primary and middle school students in Huai’an District， Huai’an City， so as to provide the evidences for promoting the malaria elimination process in this district. Methods Three towns in Huai’an District were selected randomly， and one village， one primary school and one junior middle school in each town were chosen as the investigation sites. The residents over 18 years old， the primary school students in Grade 4 to 6， and the junior middle students in the investigation sites were investigated by questionnaires to understand their awareness status on knowledge of malaria control. Results Totally 305 residents and 618 students were investigated. The awareness rate of students was 89.97%， and the rates of the junior middle school students and primary school students were 85.94% and 94.10%， respectively， the difference between them was statistically significant （P＜0.01）. The awareness rate of the residents was 80.98%， which was lower than that of the students （P＜0.05）. For the students， the awareness rate on “precaution of malaria” （96.74%） was the highest， while that on “drug of malaria” （68.93%） was the lowest. For the residents， the rate on “transmission route of malaria” （95.08%） was the highest， that on “4·26 is Malaria Day” （64.26%）was the lowest. Expect the items of “transmission route of malaria” and “ precaution of malaria” （both P＞0.05）， the differences of the awareness rates on all the other items between the students and residents were statistically significant （all P＜0.01）. Conclusions Although the awareness rates of malaria control knowledge in the population of Huai’an District， Huai’an City have achieved the goal of the relevant requirement， the health education on malaria control still should be strengthened， especially for the primary students， female residents and exported labor service personnel.

Investigation on current situation of malaria blood examinations in township-level hospitals of Nantong City

DING Gui-Sheng, CAO Cai-Qun, MIAO Ping, GU Mei-Fang, CAO Xiao-Bin

2016, 28(6):  699-701. 

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Objective To understand the quality of malaria blood examinations in township?level hospitals，so as to provide the evidence for continuing the malaria blood examinations in the stage of post?malaria elimination. Methods A total of 64 township hospitals were investigated and 640 negative malaria blood slides were scored individually according to 10 indicators in "Malaria Elimination Technical Scheme" in 2013 and 2014. The single and multiple indicators were calculated， and the work of blood examinations and situation of technicians were investigated. The data of malaria blood examinations and patient discovery in township hospitals of Nantong City were collected and analyzedduring the period of 2011-2014. Results Forthe single indicator， 29.5% of the thick blood films did not reach the standard， and 35.8% of thin blood films did not reach the standard. For the multiple indicators， blood slides with more than 4 indicators below the standard（poor quality）accounted for 32.5%. From malaria blood examinations and malaria situation， the number of slides was 194 635 during the period of 2011-2014， and there were no local vivax malaria casesin 4consecutive years from 2011 to 2014， andlocal malaria has been effectively controlled in Nantong City. For health facilities where malaria patients initially presented， the township and village level accounted for 16.3%， and county and higher level accounted for 83.7%. Conclusions The quality of malaria blood examinations in township level hospitals of Nantong City is not high and the microscopic examination has a relatively low efficiency in the discovery of malaria cases. A new model for malaria blood examinations needs to be further explored.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Taixing City from 2005 to 2015

CHEN Xiu-Lan, ZHANG Nian-Kun, ZHAO Lan-Mei, XU Chao

2016, 28(6):  702-704. 

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Objective To understand the malaria prevalence and epidemic characteristics in Taixing City from 2005 to 2015， so as to provide the evidences for formulating the prevention and control strategy. Methods The malaria data of Internet reported cases as well as the reports on epidemiological survey of malaria cases in Taixing City from 2005 to 2015 were collected and analyzed with the methods of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Results A total of 61 malaria cases were reported in Taixing City from 2005 to 2015， including 4 local cases and 57 imported cases. There were 9 cases of vivax malaria， 47 cases of falciparum malaria， 2 cases of malariae malaria， and 3 cases of ovale malaria. There was no seasonality in the occurrence of imported malaria. Though there was no correlation between the times of malaria attack and the duration for going out （r = 0.154， P = 0.253）， there was a negative correlation between the former and the timeliness for visiting a doctor （r = -0.312， P = 0.014）. Conclusions The malaria cases are mainly imported ones in Taixing City， and the Plasmodium species of infection are diverse. Imported malaria overseas remains the key point for malaria control in Taixing City.

nvestigation on Toxoplasma gondii infection in reproductive women in Shandong Province

WANG Li-Lei, TIAN Bao-Zhen, WEI Dong-Dong

2016, 28(6):  705-707. 

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Objective To investigate the Toxoplasma gondii infection situation and relative factors in reproductive women in Shandong area， so as to provide the evidences for establishing strategies for reducing the birth defects and improving the quality of population. Methods A total of 5 386 reproductive women who visited hospitals at county and city levels in Shandong region from January 2013 to December 2015 were treated as the research objects， and their venous blood samples were collected to detect the antibodies （IgG and IgM） against T. Gondii in serum. Meanwhile， the related risk factors of T. gondii infection were surveyed by questionnaires. Results Among the 5 386 reproductive women， 623 ones were positive for IgG antibody and the positive rate was 11.56%， and 328 ones were positive for IgM antibody and the positive rate was 6.21%. The single factor analysis showed that the pregnant status （[χ2]= 13.12， P < 0.01）， whether the residences were in downtowns or counties （[χ2]= 6.27， P < 0.05）， whether having animal contact history （[χ2]= 10.46， P < 0.01）， and whether eating half?baked foods （[χ2]= 21.19， P < 0.01）were related to T. gondii infection. Conclusions The T. gondii infection rate of reproductive women in Shandong Province is high； the related risk factors include pregnant status， residence， degree of intimate contact with animal， and whether eating half?baked foods. It suggests that the detection of T. gondii infection and health education in reproductive women should be strengthened. 

Investigation on current status of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women and exploration of risk factors in some areas of Lhasa City, Tibet

TONG De-Sheng, HUA Hai-Yong, CHEN Wei, TANG Feng, LIU Yi-Xin, ZHA Xi

2016, 28(6):  708-710. 

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Objective To understand the current status of Toxoplasma gondii （TOX） infection among pregnant women and to explore the risk factors in some areas of Lhasa City， Tibet. Methods From 2015 to 2016， 3 districts （counties） of Lhasa City were chosen as the investigation sites， and 200 pregnant women in each district （county） were selected as the investigation objectives. Meanwhile， 450 pregnant women from Xuzhou， Yangzhou， Wuxi cities in Jiangsu Province were chosen as the control. Then the blood samples of the pregnant women both in Lhasa and Jiangsu were detected by ELISA for TOX antibodies IgG， IgM， and the detection results were analyzed and compared. In addition， the individual information of the pregnant women in Lhasa City was surveyed by questionnaires， and the related risk factors of TOX infection were analyzed. Results Among 600 pregnant women investigated in Lhasa City， there were 99 pregnant women with positive TOX antibodies， and the positive rate was 16.50%， which was significantly higher than that （5.11%） of the pregnant women in Jiangsu Province （P < 0.05）. There was no statistically significant difference among the 3 districts （counties） of Lhasa City in the positive rates of pregnant women （P > 0.05）. The positive rates of the women who preferred raw meat or had the intimate contact with animal were high. Conclusions Compared with Jiangsu Province， the infection rate of TOX among pregnant women in Lhasa City is high. Therefore， the comprehensive measures including health education， early examination and treatment should be taken actively， so as to prevent and control TOX infection in this area.

Investigation on species of Limacodidae on Prunus cerasifera and sycamore in urban area of Wuhu City

HONG Yong, TAO Ning, CHAI Qiang, LI Chao-Pin

2016, 28(6):  711-712,737. 

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Objective To investigate the species of Limacodidae and the biological habits on Prunus cerasifera and sycamore in the urban area of Wuhu City， so as to provide the reference for the prevention and control of the diseases caused by Limacodidae. Methods Two observation places were selected in the urban area of Wuhu City， and the survey period of the first observation place （A） was from 2014?5?4 to 2014?11?2， and eucleid caterpillar was observed and collected every Sunday （a total of 27 times）； the survey period of the second observation place （B） was from 2014?1?5 to 2014?12?28， and eucleid caterpillar was observed and collected every Sunday （a total of 52 times）. The eucleid caterpillars were collected by the visual inspection and artificial direct collecting method， and then they were identified and classified by the naked eye direct observation and the direct observation with the help of the anatomical lens in the laboratory. Results There were seven kinds of identified Limacodidae from the two observation places and their occurrence regularity， the species composition ratio， and natural enemies were understood. Conclusions Limacodidae larvae not only are the defoliator of the ornamental forests， but also harm the health of residents， that is they can cause eucleid larva dermatitis. Therefore， we should strengthen the prevention and control of Limacodidae， reducing its impact on the lives of the residents.

Schistosomiasis control progress and endemic situation in Sichuan Province

WAN Jia-Jia, XU Liang, WU Zi-Song, XU Jia, CHEN Lin, LIU Yang, ZHONG Bo

2016, 28(6):  713-716. 

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Objective To understand the schistosomiasis control progress and endemic situation， so as to provide the evidence for formulating the strategy of schistosomiasis elimination in Sichuan Province. Methods The schistosomiasis history data， working reports of schistosomiasis prevention and control， schistosomiasis surveillance data， and data of schistosomiasis prevention and control capacity were collected and analyzed for the schistosomiasis control progress and epidemic situation in Sichuan Province from 2004 to 2015. Results There were 63 schistosomiasis endemic districts in 11 cities in Sichuan Province， and the standard of schistosomiasis transmission interruption was achieved in the whole province in 2015. Currently， the area with Oncomelania hupensis snails was 2 537.54 hm2， and there were 1 769 advanced schistosomiasis patients. From 2004 to 2015， the accumulated survey area with snails was 433 065.80 hm2， and the area of snail control by molluscicides was 251 259 hm2. There were 26.017 144 million person?times of schistosomiasis blood tests and 7.89 million person?times of chemotherapy. There were 1.276 117 million head?times of cattle that received the schistosomiasis examinations. The schistosomiasis patients and livestock and the area with snails were decreased year by year. Since 2010， there were no local schistosome?infected residents and livestock and since 2004， there were no schistosome?infected snails. However， in some area， the professional personnel were less， the technology and hardware lagged behind， and the schistosomiasis prevention and control capacity was weak. Conclusions Sichuan Province achieved the standard of schistosomiasis transmission interruption in 2015. In the future， the comprehensive schistosomiasis prevention and control strategy still should be strengthened， including the promotion of schistosomiasis prevention and control capacity， establishment of sensitive early?warning surveillance system， and implementation of accurate schistosomiasis prevention and control， in order to consolidate the control achievements and realize the aim of schistosomiasis elimination as soon as possible.

Analysis of results of technique competition for parasitic disease diagnosis in Class A tertiary hospitals in Jiangxi Province, 2015

XIE Shu-Ying, JIANG Wei-Sheng, GONG Yan-Feng, LI Dong, HU Fei, HANG Chun-Qin, LAN Wei-Ming, ZENG Xiao-Jun

2016, 28(6):  717-720,728. 

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Objective To understand the capability of parasitic disease diagnosis among professionals from the clinic laboratory of Class A tertiary hospitals in Jiangxi Province. Methods The teams that took part in the competition were formed from 20 Class A tertiary hospitals， with 2 contestants per team. The competition contents included written examination and skill operation. The written examination involved the life cycle of parasites， immunological basis， detecting techniques， etiological diagnosis etc.， and the skill operation involved making and dying thin and thick blood smears， making Kato?Katz’s fecal thick smears， as well as microscopic examinations of smears. Results A total of 40 participants took part in the competition. Their total average score was 97.3±22.4 with the pass rate of 15.0%， in which the mean score of theoretical knowledge was 56.6±12.8 with the pass rate of 52.5%， and the mean score of skill operation was 40.8±12.4 with the pass rate of 5.0%. In the written examination， the scoring rate of the life cycle of soil?transmitted helminths was the highest （90.0%）， and the rate of the basic knowledge of food?borne parasites was the lowest （31.5%）. Both the pass rates of blood smear making and examination were higher than those of Kato?Katz’s thick smears， and the differences were statistically significant （ both P < 0.05）. The detection rates of Plasmodium vivax， Plasmodium falciparum， Plasmodium ovale and negative slides of the contestants were 38.8%， 45.0%， 35.0% and 25.0% respectively. As to the microscopic examination of helminth eggs， the detection rate of Trichuris trichiura egg was the highest （87.5%）， and the rate of the Sparganum mansoni egg was the lowest （2.5%）. The scores of Kato?Katz’s thick smear making and examination of the contestants from the provincial level hospitals were higher than those from the city level hospitals （both P < 0.05）， and the score of those from teaching hospitals in Kato?Katz’s thick smear making was higher than that of those from non?teaching hospitals （P < 0.05）. Conclusions The technique level of professionals from the clinic laboratory of the Class A tertiary hospitals cannot meet the needs of the diagnosis of parasitic diseases in Jiangxi Province， which should arouse the attention of the health authorities and hospitals.

Study on discourse right construction of China's medical aid to Africa

ZHOU Li-Ying, DENG Yao, YANG Kun

2016, 28(6):  721-723. 

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Objective To analyze the discourse right construction of China’s medical aid to Africa， so as to provide evidences for improving the effect and sustainable development of China’s medical aid to Africa. Methods The documents of the discourse right that China constructed in the medical aid to Africa were selected at different periods as discourse samples. The achievement and deficiency were analyzed from four aspects， namely confident， charismatic， influential， and dominant. Results China’s medical team made much in the discourse right construction in their aid to Africa， but some China’s medical team members were still too cautious and too low?key. China’s medical team gained the trust of the people of Africa， but the language communication difficulties still hampered in China’s medical aid to Africa. Chinese medical team were widely praised by the African society， but in the west， some African media， even China’s media still neglected to report China’s doctors. China’s international discourse right were greatly improved， but western countries still dominated the public opinion. Conclusion China should refer to the actual situation of medical aid to Africa to strengthen the construction of discourse right.

Investigation on Oncomelania hupensis snail status in Hailing District, Taizhou City from 2007 to 2014

ZHAO Yang

2016, 28(6):  724-725. 

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Objective To understand the current status of Oncomelania hupensis snails and the change rules， so as to provide the evidence for formulating the snail control strategy. Methods The data of snails were collected and the factors influencing the changes of snail status were investigated， and all the data were analyzed in Hailing District from 2007 to 2014. Results There were 18 environments with snails in 17 villages of 3 townships in Hailing District from 2007 to 2014. The snail area was 7.832 4 hm2. Among these environments and snail areas, 6 environments and 2.134 5 hm2, snail area were detected by the village snail investigation groups, and 12 environments and 5.697 9 hm2 snail area were detected by the township snail investigation groups. In addition, in 5 non?endemic villages, 3.126 3 hm2 snail area was found. In 2008, 2012 and 2013, a total of 2.274 0 hm2 snail area was found again. Conclusions In recent years， the snail situation rises again after schistosomiasis transmission has been interrupted. Therefore， this situation should be paid attention to.

Analysis of epidemic situation of malaria in Wuxi City from 2005 to 2014

SHAO Jie, CHEN Wei-Xuan, ZHANG Xuan

2016, 28(6):  726-728. 

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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Wuxi City， and explore effective strategies and measures for malaria elimination. Methods The data on malaria cases in Wuxi from 2005 to 2014 were collected and analyzed. Results In Wuxi City， from 2005 to 2014， 201 malaria cases were reported， of which， there were 52 local cases and 149 imported cases. Totally 156 malaria cases were reported from 2005 to 2009， of which 6 cases were infected with Plasmodium falciparum， and 45 malaria cases were reported from 2010 to 2014， of which 23 cases were infected with P. falciparum. From 2005 to 2009， the ratio of male to female was 2.39：1. Migrant workers， farmers and workers were the major infected populations， with a proportion of 41.03%， 17.95% and 9.62%， respectively. From 2010 to 2014， the ratio of male to female was 10.25：1. Workers， farmers and migrant workers were the major infected populations， with a proportion of 37.78%， 11.11% and 6.67%， respectively. The peak of malaria incidence was observed from May to October. From 2005 to 2009， most cases were reported by CDCs， and from 2010 to 2014， most cases were reported by medical institution. There was an increase in proportion of P. falciparum. Conclusion The control and prevention of malaria should focus on imported cases in the future in Wuxi. The doctors should improve the capacity of malaria diagnosis and treatment.

Analysis of epidemic situation of imported malaria in Donghai County from 2005 to 2015

XU Hui, WU Tong-Hao

2016, 28(6):  729-731. 

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Objective To understand the epidemic situation， epidemiological characteristics and clinical features of imported malaria in Donghai County， Lianyungang City from 2005 to 2015. Methods The epidemiological data of imported malaria in Donghai County from 2005 to 2015 were collected and analyzed by the descriptive epidemiological method. Results A total of 126 imported malaria cases were reported in Donghai County from 2005 to 2015， including 101 falciparum malaria cases （80.19%）， 13 ovale malaria cases （10.32%）， 7 vivax malaria cases （5.56%）， 4 quartan malaria cases （3.17%）， and 1 case with mixed infection （0.79%）. These cases were distributed in 14 towns， and mainly in 4 towns namely Niushan， Tuofeng， Shiliu， and Huangchuan， and the cases in the 4 towns accounted for 63.49% of the total cases. The cases occurred in the whole year， but the peak period of the disease was in April， which was related to the returned time of these patients from foreign countries. All the patients were male and aged from 20 to 55 years， and those aged from 20 to 50 years accounted for 90.70%. Conclusions The epidemic situation of imported malaria presents a rising trend in Donghai County in recent 10 years. To control imported malaria， the above?mentioned 4 towns with more migrant construction workers and businessmen should be treated as key areas. Meanwhile， the floating population management， disposal of the malaria epidemic spots， mosquito vector monitoring as well as health education should be strengthened.

Evaluation of health education of medium- and long-term planning of schistosomiasis prevention and control in Kunshan City

XU Han-Bing, HAN Chun-Mei, SUN Xiao-Wen

2016, 28(6):  732-734,744. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of health education on schistosomiasis in Kunshan City， so as to provide the evidence for making the consolidating strategy in the late stage of interruption of schistosomiasis transmission. Methods The residents， middle school students and elementary school students were randomly sampled from one community， one middle school and one elementary school of each of two towns and they were investigated with interviews and questionnaires for the implementation of health education on schistosomiasis prevention and control. Results A total of 452 middle school students （232 cases） and primary school students （220 cases） were surveyed. The awareness rate of total schistosomiasis knowledge was 98.21% among the students （the awareness rate of basic schistosomiasis knowledge was 98.42% and the awareness rate of preventive schistosomiasis knowledge was 98.01%）. Among the 220 elementary school students， the awareness rate of total schistosomiasis knowledge was 97.21% （the awareness rate of basic schistosomiasis knowledge was 97.60% and the awareness rate of preventive schistosomiasis knowledge was 96.82%）. Among the 232 middle school students， the awareness rate of total schistosomiasis knowledge was 99.17% （[χ2]= 34.661， compared with the rate of the elementary school students）[the awareness rate of basic schistosomiasis knowledge was 99.20% （[χ2]= 13.045， compared with the rate of the elementary school students） and the awareness rate of preventive schistosomiasis knowledge was 99.14%（[χ2]= 21.796， compared with the rate of the elementary school students）]. There were significant differences between the elementary school students and middle school students in above?mentioned awareness rates （all P < 0.001）. There were schistosomiasis health education materials or teaching plans in all the four schools. Among the 402 residents surveyed， the awareness rate of total schistosomiasis knowledge was 98.87%. Conclusion The effect of health education on schistosomiasis prevention and control is very well， and the total awareness rate of schistosomiasis prevention and control knowledge among the population has reached the goal （more than 95%） of the medium? and long?term planning of schistosomiasis prevention and control in Kunshan City.

Surveillance on schistosomiasis after its transmission interruption in Baoying County, Jiangsu Province

LU Jia-Xiang, LIU Guang-Xin

2016, 28(6):  735-737. 

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Objective To understand the endemic situation of schistosomiasis after its transmission interruption in Baoying County， so as to provide the evidence for adjusting the prevention and control strategy. Methods The data of schistosomiasis surveillance in Baoying County from 1988 to 2015 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Results The schistosomiasis surveillance has been established since it was interrupted in Baoying County in 1987. The total surveyed area with Oncomelania hupensis snails was 21 269.95 hm2， but no living snails were found. The number of schistosomiasis examinations of residents was 163 196 person?times， and 270 person?times were positive in serum test， 26 person?times were positive in stool test. No positive cases were found since 1997. The number of schistosomiasis tests of livestock was 2 180 cattle?times but no infection was found. Conclusion No schistosome infected snails or livestock are founded in Baoying County for last 28 years， and no patients are founded for last 11 years. The effect of schistosomiasis control is steady.

Application effect of pericardial devascularization plus gastric fundus transaction in advanced schistosomiasis

LI Xiang-Wen, LUO Jian-Fang, SONG Jin-Wen, WANG Hua, CAO Ting-Jia

2016, 28(6):  738-739. 

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Objective To discuss the effect of pericardial devascularization plus gastric fundus transaction in advance schistosomiasis patients with portal hypertension. Methods Thirty?six advanced schistosomiasis patients with portal hypertension treated with devascularization plus gastric fundus transaction （a portal hypertension group）， as well as 10 patients treated with modified Sugiura operation （a modified Sugiura operation group） in the Third People’s Hospital of Yangxin County since 2006 were chosen as the observation objects， and the clinical effects of the two groups were observed and compared. Results The operation time， indwelling time of stomach tube， time to taking food after operation， drainage tube removal time of the portal hypertension group were all shorten than those of the modified Sugiura operation group （all P＜0.05）. The hospitalization expenses of the two groups were （25 466.00 ± 2 888.48） Yuan and （34 517.10 ± 4 948.39） Yuan respectively， and the difference was also statistically significant （P＜0.05）. The incidence rates of portal thrombosis of the portal hypertension group and modified Sugiura operation group were 33.33% （12/36） and 40.00% （4/10）， respectively， and the incidence rates of rehaemorrhagia of the two groups 12 months after the operation were 16.67% （6/36） and 10.00% （1/10）， respectively， but the differences had no statistically significance （both P ＞ 0.05）. In addition， 1 case with delayed gastric emptying and 1 case with stomal leak of esophagus happened in the modified Sugiura operation group， while no corresponding complications happened in the portal hypertension group. Conclusions Pericardial devascularization plus gastric fundus is a relatively easy procedure which has a good short?term clinical effect， and therefore it is suitable for application in primary hospitals. However， its long?term effect still needs further observation.

Advances in research of stem cell therapy for human parasitic diseases: a review

LI Wen-Hua, WANG Peng

2016, 28(6):  740-744. 

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The stem cell is a class of primitive cells with self?renewal， and multiple pluripotent potential capacities， which can differentiate into multiple specialized cells and generate human organs and tissues. Stem cell therapy is an interventional treatment that introduces new stem cells to damaged tissues， which facilitates the regeneration of trauma， disease and ageing?induced damaged human tissues to repair or replace the damaged tissues， thereby achieving the goal of disease treatment. It has been proved that the stem cell therapy is effective in the treatment of multiple human diseases， including cancer， diabetes， neurological disorders， autoimmune diseases， cardiovascular disorders and blood diseases. This review summarizes the advances in the research of stem cell therapy for human parasitic infections.

Research status of Schistosoma transcription factors

XIN Yue, LIU Mu, LI Qing, HU Wei

2016, 28(6):  745-749. 

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Schistosomiasis is a kind of zoonosis with serious hazard， which is popular in many countries and regions in the world. One of the efforts for schistosomiasis prevent and control is developing new drugs and vaccines， and knowing the transcription regulation mechanism and the function of transcription factors will help us find the targets of new drugs and vaccines as soon as possible. This article reviews the progress of Schistosoma transcription factors and research methods.