Abstract: Objective　To systematically reconstruct the evolution of schistosomiasis prevalence in China from 1950 to 2024, so as to fill the gap of national data on schistosomiasis prevalence in China before 1986. Methods　Schistosomiasis control data were collected from schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of China before 1986, which mainly included statistical data on schistosomiasis, compilations of control records, annual work reports, and academic papers. Data pertaining to the prevalence of schistosomiasis from each province (autonomous region, municipality) were collected and summarized annually, and integrated into national annual work reports for schistosomiasis control in China from 1986 to 2024 to build a national schistosomiasis epidemic database covering schistosomiasis patients, cattle with schistosomiasis, and Oncomelania hupensis snails. The provincial⁃level epidemic data of schistosomiasis were summarized annually from 1986 to 2024 with pivot tables, and then the national epidemic data of schistosomiasis were summarized. The temporal trends in key epidemic indicators of schistosomiasis were analyzed in China from 1950 to 2024.  Results　A complete time⁃series dataset of schistosomiasis was established in China from 1950 to 2024 through systematic reconstruction of multi⁃source historical documents and materials. A total of 1.97 million newly detected schistosomiasis cases were recorded in China from 1950 to 2024, and the actual number of schistosomiasis patients was all more than 1 million each year from 1955 to 1978. There were only more than 20 000 advanced schistosomiasis patients in China by the end of 2024, and the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum human infections reduced from 34.6% in 1950 to below 1.0% after 1996. A total of 2.47 million cattle were tested positive for schistosomiasis, and the prevalence of S. japonicum infections reduced from 21.4% in bovines since 1950. The area of emerging O. hupensis snail habitats was concentrated during the period between 1956 and 1958, accounting for 49.8% of total areas, while the area of emerging O. hupensis snail habitats significantly decreased since 1992, indicating a stable distribution pattern of O. hupensis snails. Data validation results showed that the cumulative variation in areas of O. hupensis snail habitats was 1.6%, and the cumulative variation in the number of schistosomiasis cases was 1.4%. Joinpoint regression analysis revealed four turning points in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans and seven turning points in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in livestock across China from 1955 to 2024. Conclusions　Through the joint efforts of the Communist Party of China and government leadership, interdepartmental collaboration, professional teams, scientific and technological innovation, and public participation, the schistosomiasis epidemic has been effectively controlled in China following active control for more than 70 years. This study builds, for the first time, a complete time⁃series dataset on schistosomiasis in China, which provides insights into assessment of the effectiveness of schistosomiasis control programmes and refinement of the experience from schistosomiasis control programmes in China.

Key words: Schistosomiasis, Epidemic reconstruction, Historical literature, Control strategy, China

摘要： 目的　系统重建1950—2024年我国血吸虫病疫情演变过程，填补1986年前全国血吸虫病疫情数据空白。方法 收集我国1985年及以前各血吸虫病流行区防治资料，主要包括血吸虫病统计资料、防治志/资料汇编、工作年报及学术论文等。采集并逐年汇总各省（自治区、直辖市）血吸虫病疫情数据，并与1986—2024年全国血吸虫病防治工作年报拼接，形成包含病人、病牛、钉螺3类指标的1950—2024年全国血吸虫病疫情数据库。整理数据库，采用透视表汇总历年省级行政区血吸虫病疫情数据，并进一步汇总为全国血吸虫病疫情数据，分析血吸虫病疫情关键指标的时间动态变化趋势。结果 基于多源历史文献及资料系统重建了1950—2024年我国血吸虫病疫情完整时间序列数据。1950—2024年，我国累计新发血吸虫病病人1 197万例，1955—1978年各年份实有血吸虫病病人数均> 100万，2024年底仅2万余名晚期血吸虫病病人；人群血吸虫感染率从1950年的34.6%降至1996年后的1.0%以下；累计查出病牛247万头·次，耕牛血吸虫感染率从1950年的21.4%波动下降；新发有螺面积集中发现于1956—1958年，占历年累计有螺面积的49.8%，1992年后新发有螺面积大幅减少，钉螺分布格局基本定型。数据验证结果显示，累计有螺面积差值占比为1.6%，累计血吸虫病病人数差值占比为1.4%。Joinpoint回归分析结果显示，1955—2024年我国人群血吸虫感染率有4个拐点，家畜血吸虫感染率有7个拐点。结论 在党政领导、部门协作、专业队伍、科技创新与群众参与的共同推动下，我国血吸虫病防治历经70余年积极防控，疫情得到有效控制。本研究构建的我国血吸虫病完整时间序列数据为评估防治成效、总结中国经验提供了科学参考。

关键词: 血吸虫病, 疫情重建, 历史文献, 防治策略, 中国