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    04 November 2019, Volume 31 Issue 5
    Thinking on schistosomiasis control under the strategy of China's Yangtze River Economic Belt
    WANG Sheng-Lin, LI Yin-Long, ZHANG Li-Juan, Lü Shan, XU Jing
    2019, 31(5):  459. 
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    The construction of Yangtze River Economic Belt has been included in the national strategy of China, aiming to improve the economic level of the whole population, and to build a green ecological corridor with the joint development of economy, balance, ecology and equity. Yangtze River Economic Belt is the main area where schistosomiasis is endemic. During the economic construction, the prevention and control of schistosomiasis should be strictly carried out to facilitate the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination in China. In this paper, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Yangtze River Economic Belt areas and the possible impact on the schistosomiasis control were analyzed. In addition, a few suggestions were proposed for schistosomiasis control in Yangtze River Economic Belt areas.
    Survey of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild animals in hilly transmission-controlled areas of Jiangxi Province
    Lü Shang-Biao, CHEN Nian-Gao, LIU Yue-Min, ZHOU Li-Yuan, WANG Yi-Song, HU Fei, LI Yi-Feng, YUAN Min, LIN Dan-Dan1
    2019, 31(5):  463. 
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    Objective To understand the situation of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild animals in transmission?controlled schistosomiasis?endemic areas in Jiangxi Province, so as to provide scientific evidence for implementing precision control interventions and achieving the goal of transmission interruption and elimination of schistosomiasis. Methods Five endemic villages from Ruichang City and Pengze County that were heavily endemic for schistosomiasis in Jiangxi Province, were selected as the study villages. Wild animals like wild mice were captured, and the livers of wild animals were purchased from the snail habitats in the study villages for detection of S. japonicum infections. In the study villages, S. japonicum human infections were screened using indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) followed by parasitological examinations with miracidial hatching test and Kato?Katz method, and the S. japonicum infection in livestock was tested using a miracidial hatching test with a plastic tube. In addition, snail survey was conducted in the study villages by means of systematic sampling combined with environmental sampling, and the S. japonicum infection in snails was detected using a loop?mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. Results A total of 240 liver specimens were sampled or purchased from 5 species of wild animals in the study villages, including wild mice, weasels, pigs, deer and rabbits. A total of 172 wild mice were captured, with a 2.91% rate of S. japonicum infection, and there was no S. japonicum infection detected in other wild animals. The prevalence of Capillaria hepatica infection was 12.21%, 1.96% and 12.50% in wild mice, deer and pigs, respectively. In addition, there was no S. japonicum infection found in either humans or livestock in the study villages, and the mean snail density varied from 0.13 to 0.80 snails/0.1 m2 in the study villages. LAMP assay detected S. japonicum infection in 2 tubes in a study village. Conclusions The role of wild animals in schistosomiasis transmission and their potential risks can not be neglected in hilly schistosomiasis?endemic areas of Jiangsu Province after transmission control. Intensified surveillance and targeted control measures should be implemented to consolidate schistosomiasis control achievements.
    Establishment and preliminary evaluation of recombinase aided isothermal amplification (RAA) assay for specific nucleic acid detection of Clonorchis sinensis
    ZHANG Qiang, DING Xin, WU Xiao-Min, LIU Yan-Hong, LIU Jian-Feng, XU Xiang-Zhen, YING Qing-Jie, CAO Jun, DAI Yang
    2019, 31(5):  468. 
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    Objective To establish a recombinase aided isothermal amplification (RAA) assay for detection of Clonorchis sinensis. Methods The 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) sequence of C. sinensis was used as the target sequence, and specific primers and probes were designed, synthesized and screened to establish a rapid fluorescent RAA assay for the detection of C. sinensis. Then, the sensitivity of the fluorescent RAA assay was evaluated using the recombinant plasmids containing various copy numbers of DNA fragments and C. sinensis genomic DNA at various concentrations, and the specificity of the fluorescent RAA assay was evaluated using the genomic DNA of Ascaris lumbricoides, Echinococcus granulosus, Schistosoma japonicum, Ancylostoma duodenale and S. mansoni as templates. DNA samples were extracted from the feces containing C. sinensis eggs and freshwater fish containing metacercaria for the fluorescent RAA assay, and the performance for detection of C. sinensis?infected samples was preliminarily assessed in the field. Results A fluorescent RAA assay for detection of C. sinensis was successfully established, which was feasible for specific amplification of C. sinensis genomic DNA at 39 ℃ within 20 min. The lowest detection limit was 10 copies/μL if the recombinant plasmid containing various copy numbers of DNA fragments was used as a template, and the lowest detection limit was 3 pg/μL if the C. sinensis genomic DNA at various concentrations served as a template. All detections were negative if the genomic DNA of A. lumbricoides, E. granulosus, S. japonicum, A. duodenale, and S. mansoni was used as templates. In addition, the fluorescent RAA assay showed a high performance for the detection of C. sinensis?infected samples in the field, which successfully detected C. sinensis?infected human and rat fecal samples and Pseudorasbora parva samples. Conclusion A fluorescent RAA assay is successfully established, which is simple, rapid, sensitivity and specific for detection of C. sinensis.
    Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium species in sheep and goats in Anhui Province and neighboring provinces
    LI Wen-Chao, WANG Kai, TANG Li, CHEN Miao, LI Hui, KAN Zhen-Zhen, GU You-Fang
    2019, 31(5):  474. 
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    Objective To investigate the prevalence and molecular features of Cryptosporidium in sheep and goats from Anhui Province and neighboring provinces. Methods A total 832 and 781 fresh fecal samples were collected from seven large?scale sheep farms and ten large?scale goat farms in Anhui Province and neighboring provinces of Henan, Jiangsu and Shandong. The prevalence and species of Cryptosporidium were investigated in the fecal samples from the sheep and goats in the study areas using nested PCR assay based on the Cryptosporidium?specific SSU rDNA gene, and the subgenotypes of C. parvum and C. ubiquitum were characterized by amplification and sequencing of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. Results The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 5.8% (48/832) in sheep and 8.7% (68/781) in goats in Anhui Province and neighboring provinces, respectively. The SSU rDNA gene?based PCR assay identified C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum in sheep and C. parvum in goats, and subtyping revealed that all C. ubiquitum subgenotypes belonged to XIIa subtype 2 and C. parvum subgenotypes belonged to IIdA19G1. Conclusion The identification of zoonotic C. ubiquitum XIIa subtype 2 and C. parvum subtype IIdA19G1 suggests that sheep and goats may serve as a potential source for human Cryptosporidium infections.
    Prevalence and risk factors of Blastocystis hominis infection in inpatients in Jiangjin District, Chongqing City
    ANG Ji-Ming, LI Yi-Ting, CHEN Rui, YU Ying-Fang, LI Xi-Tong, WU Xiu-Ping, CHU Yan-Hong, CHEN Jia-Xu, ZHANG Shun-Xian, TIAN Li-Guang
    2019, 31(5):  479. 
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    Objective To understand the prevalence and risk factors of Blastocystis hominis infection in inpatients in Jiangjin District, Chongqing City. Methods A cross?sectional study was conducted in a community hospital in Jiangjin District, Chongqing City, and the inpatients were surveyed by questionnaires. After obtaining the informed consent from the inpatients or legal guardians, the stool and blood samples were collected and examined by microscopy and PCR from April 17 to May 1, 2018. The univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the risk factors of the B. hominis infection. Results A total of 198 hospitalized patients were investigated, and the infection rate of B. hominis was 10.61% (21/198), and the infection rate of the females (12.10%) was higher than that of the males (8.11%), but the difference was not statistically significant. The highest rate of infection was 19.23% in the age group of 10 to 20 years, followed by 17.74% in the age group of 60 years and above, and the lowest rate was 2.38% in the age group of 20 to 40 years. The difference in infection rates of B. hominis among the different age groups was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The infection rate of B. hominis in the people who used dry pail latrines was 33.30%, which was higher than that of the people who used water flush toilets (9.10%) (P < 0.05). The genotypes of B. hominis were ST1, ST3, ST6 and ST7, and ST6 and ST3 being the most predominant genotypes which accounted for 47.62% (10/21) and 38.10% (8/21) respectively, and among the infected males, the genotypes were only ST3 and ST6. The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that among the factors affecting B. hominis infection, only keeping pets was a risk factor [OR = 3.798, 95% CI (1.245, 11.581), P < 0.05]. Conclusion A high prevalence of B. hominis infection is found in the inpatients in Jiangjin District, Chongqing City, the predominant genotypes are ST6 and ST3, and keeping pets may be one of the main risk factors.
    Risk factors of human cystic echinococcosis in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province: a case-control study
    HE Wei, WANG Qian, HUANG Yan, YU Wen-Jie, ZHANG Guang-Jia, LIAO Sha, WANG Qi, YANG Liu, CHEN Fan, LI Rui-Rui, ZHONG Bo
    2019, 31(5):  486. 
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    Objective To identify the main risk factors of human cystic echinococcosis in Shiqu County, Sichuan Province, so as to provide the reference for the formulation of echinococcosis control strategies in Shiqu County. Methods During the period from November 2015 through June 2017, the patients with cystic echinococcosis (case group) and healthy controls (control group) were randomly sampled from Shiqu County as the study subjects. A questionnaire survey was conducted to capture the study subjects’ age, gender, ethnicity, occupation, religion, lifestyle, education level, number of household dogs, bovine and sheep, and density of dog feces in the courtyard. The major risk factors of human cystic echinococcosis were identified using a logistic regression model. Results Univariate logistic regression analysis showed 7 risk factors with statistical significance between the case and control groups, and age, lifestyle, number of household bovine, number of household sheep, number of household dogs, and the density of dog feces in the courtyard were included in the multivariate logistic regression model (OR = 1.026, 4.792, 1.067, 1.022, 1.709 and 1.095, respectively). Conclusion High age, pastoral nomadic lifestyle, high number of household bovine, high number of household sheep, high number of household dogs and high density of dog feces in the courtyard are strongly associated with the riks of human cystic echinococcosis in Shiqu County.
    Prevalence and influencing factors of intestinal parasitic diseases among rural children in Henan Province
    CHEN Wei-Qi, LI Su-Hua, ZHANG Ya-Lan, DENG Yan, XU Bian-Li, ZHANG Hong-Wei, LIN Xi-Meng, LI Peng, ZHAO Yu-Ling, YANG Cheng-Yun, QIAN Dan, ZHOU Rui-Min, LIU Ying, CHEN Jian-She
    2019, 31(5):  491. 
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    Objective To understand the epidemic status and influencing factors of intestinal parasitic diseases among rural children in Henan Province. Methods According to the Scheme for The National Survey on Current Status of Major Human Parasitic Diseases in China, the survey counties were selected based on the ecological zones and economic levels in Henan Province between 2014 and 2015. Then, the included counties were stratified according to the topography and economic levels. A township was randomly sampled from each stratum, and a village was randomly sampled from each township as the study site. Finally, a total of 104 study sites from 35 counties were enrolled for the survey of intestinal parasitic diseases in children. At least 250 fresh stool samples were collected from each study site for detection of intestinal helminth eggs with the Kato?Katz technique, for the identification of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale with the fecal culture method, and for the detection of intestinal protozoa trophozoite and cyst with the physiological saline smear and iodine staining techniques. In addition, the Enterobius vermicularis and tapeworm eggs were detected in children aged 3 to 6 years using the adhesive cellophane?tape perianal swab method. Results The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 3.21% (214/6 671) among rural children in Henan Province, and the prevalence of intestinal helminthes (2.62%, 175/6 671) was higher than that of intestinal protozoa (0.60%, 40/6 671). A total of 12 species of intestinal parasites were found, including 4 nematodes species, one trematode species, and 7 protozoa species, and the highest infection was seen in E. vermicularis (2.47%, 161/6 671). Among the four ecological zones in Henan Province, the greatest prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was detected among children in the Qinba Mountain Ecological Zone (5.85%, 90/1 538). There was no gender?specific difference in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children (P > 0.05); however, there were age? ([χ2] = 32.762, P < 0.05) and education level?specific differences in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children ([χ2] = 67.507, P < 0.05), with the greatest prevalence of E. vermicularis infection seen in all species of intestinal parasites in children at all age groups. Multivariate non?conditional logistic regression analysis showed that high education level, high coverage of harmless toilets, drinking tap water and deworming were protective factors for intestinal parasitic infections in children in Henan Province. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections appeared a tendency towards a gradual decline among children in Henan Province as compared to the previous two surveys. Conclusions The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections shows a tendency towards a remarkable decline among children in Henan Province. E. vermicularis infection should be given a priority for future parasitic disease control activities among rural children in Henan Province.
    Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of Blastocystis hominis infection among patients with HIV/AIDS in Fuyang City, Anhui Province
    ZHANG Shun-Xian, YU Ying-Fang,WU Xiu-Ping, CHU Yan-Hong, TENG Xue-Jiao, WANG Feng-Feng, CHEN Jia-Xu, TIAN Li-Guang
    2019, 31(5):  498. 
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    Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of Blastocystis hominis infections among patients with HIV/AIDS in Fuyang City, Anhui Province. Methods A cross?sectional study was conducted in Fuyang City, Anhui Province in 2016. The demographic and socioeconomic status, and the lifestyle and production style were collected using a questionnaire survey. B. hominis DNA was detected in subjects’ stool samples using a PCR assay, and the CD4+ T lymphocyte count and HIV viral load were measured in the subjects’ blood samples. The risk factors of B. hominis infections among patients with HIV/AIDS were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results A total of 398 HIV/AIDS patients were enrolled in this study, with a mean age of 49.3 years, a mean body weight of 55.9 kg and a mean height of 164.4 cm. The prevalence of B. hominis infection was 6.78% in the study subjects, and no gender? ([χ2] = 1.589, P = 0.207), education level? ([χ2] = 0.508, P = 0.776), marital status? ([χ2] = 0.419, P = 0.811) or occupation?specific prevalence ([χ2] = 2.744, P = 0.615) was detected. Among the patients with HIV/AIDS, there were no significant differences in the age (t = 0.370, P = 0.712), height (t = 1.587, P = 0.113), body weight (t = 0.516, P = 0.606), CD4+ T lymphocyte count (t = 1.187, P = 0.230) or HIV viral load (t = 0.193, P = 0.496) between B. hominis?infected and uninfected individuals. Dinking non?tap water [OR = 6.554, 95% CI: (1.876 to 22.903)] and keeping dogs [OR = 5.895, 95% CI: (2.017 to 17.225)] were identified as risk factors for B. hominis infection in patients with HIV/AIDS. Conclusion The prevalence of B. hominis infection is high in HIV/AIDS patients, and drinking non?tap water and keeping dogs are risk factors for B. hominis infection among HIV/AIDS patients.
    Protective effect of excretory-secretory protein from adult Trichinella spiralis on ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in mice
    2019, 31(5):  504. 
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    Objective To investigate the protective effect of excretory?secretory protein (AES) from adult Trichinella spiralis on ovalbumin (OVA)?induced allergic rhinitis in mice.Methods Eighteen female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups, including the blank control group (Group A), OVA?induced rhinitis group (Group B) and AES treatment group (Group C). Mice in Group A were given PBS. Mice in Group B were intraperitoneally injected with antigen adjuvant suspension for systemic sensitization, once every other day for seven times; then, local excitation was intranasally induced with 5% OVA solution once a day for seven times to establish a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. In addition to induction of allergic rhinitis, mice in Group C were given 25 μg AES at baseline sensitization and local excitation. Following the final challenge, mice were observed for 30 min in each group, and the behavioral score was evaluated. The serum levels of IFN?γ, IL?4, IL?5, IL?10 and TGF?β were determined using an enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay in mice, and the pathological changes of mouse nasal mucosa were observed under a microscope. Results There was a significant difference in the mouse behavioral scores among the three groups (F = 110.12, P < 0.01). The mouse behavioral score was significantly higher in Group B than in Group A (7.17 ± 0.75 vs. 1.33 ± 0.52, P < 0.01), and more remarkable pathological damages of mouse nasal mucosa were seen in Group B than in Group A, while the mouse behavioral score was significantly decreased in Group C than in Group B (P < 0.01), and the pathological damages of mouse nasal mucosa remarkably alleviated in Group C relative to Group B. There was a significant difference in serum IFN?γ level among the three groups (F = 7.50, P < 0.01) and the serum IFN?γ level in Group B was significantly lower than in group A and C (both P < 0.05). There were significant differences in serum IL?4 (F = 470.81, P < 0.01) and IL?5 levels (F = 68.20, P < 0.01) among the three groups, and significantly greater serum IL?4 and IL?5 levels were detected in Group B than in Group A (P < 0.01), while significantly lower serum IL?4 and IL?5 levels were detected in Group C than in Group B (P < 0.01). There were significant differences in serum IL?10 (F = 174.91, P < 0.01) and TGF?β levels (F = 9.39, P < 0.01) among the three groups, and significantly greater serum IL?10 and TGF?β levels were seen in Group C than in Group B (both P < 0.05). Conclusion T. spiralis AES has a remarkable protective activity against OVA?induced allergic rhinitis in mice.
    Effects of low temperature on trehalose and trehalase contents in Culex pipiens pallens
    ZHANG Ben-Guang, LI Ya-Ping, MA Rong, CHENG Peng, GUO Xiu-Xia, WANG Hai-Fang, LIU Li-Juan
    2019, 31(5):  510. 
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    Objective To examine the effect of low temperature on trehalose and trehalase levels in Culex pipiens pallens. Methods The fourth instar larvae and female adult mosquitoes of Cx. pipiens pallens were exposed at 4 ℃ for 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 h and 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72 h, respectively. Then, the trehalose and trehalase contents were detected by enzyme?linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in mosquitoes.Results The contents of trehalose and trehalase significantly increased in the larval and female adult mosquitoes post?exposure to low temperature. The changing trend of trehalose levels was consistent in the larval and female adult mosquitoes, and the highest levels were (2.458 8 ± 0.379 2) mg/g and (2.825 7 ± 0.211 1) mg/g 3 h post?exposure to low temperature, respectively. The trehalose and trehalase levels fluctuated greatly within the first 6 h post?exposure to low temperature. Following adaptation for a period of time, the trehalose and trehalase levels remained at a relatively high level. Conclusion Low temperature may induce the production of trehalose and trehalase in Cx. pipiens pallens, and the trehalose and trehalase may play an important role in the improvement of the cold resistance.
    Scanning electron microscopic observation on morphology of Carpoglyphus lactis
    ZHAO Ya-Nan, LI Chao-Pin
    2019, 31(5):  513. 
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    Objective To observe the morphological characteristics of live Carpoglyphus lactis at different stages of life cycle and its ultrastructure. Methods The live C. lactis specimens were isolated from longan pulp, and firstly rinsed with double distilled water under a light microscope to make slide preparation by the conventional manner, and then were made into scanning electron microscope (SEM) specimens. The specimens were observed under SEM for the ultrastructure characteristics at different developmental stages including egg, larva, nymph and adult (male and female). Results The SEM photographs showed that the egg was oval and milky. The larva had three pairs of legs, without genital setae, preanal seta and coxal rod, and there was no trace of genital growth. The nymph had four pairs of legs, genital seta and preanal seta, whereas the genital area was looked still under?developed. The male adult had a conical gnathosoma and a pair of external verticals which were longest setae at the dorsal idiosoma, whereas the other dorsal setae were all short rhabdoid. At the ventral idiosoma, there was an aedoeagus which was like a bent cube, and the top was straight forward. The external sacral setae and post anal were longest setae. The female adult’s genital plates were a composite of plastron and cutex inner root, covering the genital tract, and a hole of anus and a pair of anal setae were located at posterior of idiosoma. Conclusion The morphological characteristics and ultra?structure of C. lactis at different stages of life cycle can be vividly observed under SEM, which provides the morphological bases for further study of the relation between parasitism and disease.
    Sero-prevalence of Babesia infection among voluntary blood donors in Jiangsu Province
    LIN Hong, JI Yi-Hong, CHEN Xiao-Li, ZHU Shao-Wen, SUN Jun, HUANG Cheng-Yin, JIAO Yong-Jun
    2019, 31(5):  516. 
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    Objective To evaluate the sero?positivity of Babesia infection in voluntary blood donors in Jiangsu region, so as to provide the evidence for transfusion safety. Methods A total of 950 blood samples were collected from voluntary blood donors in Jiangsu Provincial Blood Center from February to May, 2017, and detected by double antigen sandwich ELISA targeting peptides derived from B. microti-secreted antigen 1 (BmSA1). The positive samples were confirmed by microscopy and nested?PCR to determine parasitemia. The prevalence of anti?BmSA1 was analyzed between/among different genders, ages and occupations of the blood donors. Results Of the 950 blood screened samples, 5 were positive for anti?BmSA1, and the sero?prevalence of Babesia infection was 0.53%. The 5 samples were all negative by microscopy and nested?PCR. There were no gender? ([χ2] = 0.01, P = 0.92) or age?specific differences ([χ2] = 0.11, P = 0.95) in the sero?prevalence of Babesia infection; however, there was an occupation?specific difference detected in the sero?prevalence of Babesia infection ([χ2] = 11.93,P < 0.05). Conclusion Babesia infection is detected in voluntary blood donors in Jiangsu region, which should be paid much attention.
    Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in People's Republic of China from 2010 to 2017
    CAO Chun-Li, ZHANG Li-Juan, BAO Zi-Ping, DAI Si-Min, Lü Shan, XU Jing, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2019, 31(5):  519. 
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    Objective To understand the epidemic trend of schistosomiasis in China from 2010 to 2017 so as to provide the scientific evidence for schistosomiasis elimination. Methods The information of schistosomiasis control nationwide from 2010 to 2017 was collected, including the endemic of population, status of livestock control, and Oncomelania hupensis snail control. Microsoft Excel was applied for datum management and analysis. Results From 2010 to 2017, the epidemic of schistosomiasis in China dropped significantly. The decreasing amplitude of estimated number of patients nationwide was 88.46%. Seventy?one acute schistosomiasis patients were reported and 12.68% (9/71) of them were imported. The decreasing rate of cultivated cattle was 50.09% , and the accumulative number of schistosome?infected cattle was 17 239, and the average positive rate of stool examinations decreased from 1.04% to 0.000 22%. The area with snails nationwide was 373 596.18 to 363 068.95 hm2, and the new detected area with snails was 46.71 to 1 346.73 hm2. The area with schistosome?infected snails was 171.68 hm2 in 2012 and it was 9.25 hm2 in 2013. In 72 key monitoring points of 7 endemic provinces, there were 17 schistosome positive points of water body in 2010 and 6 points in 2016. There were some high risk?factors related to schistosomiasis transmission including schistosome?infected cattle, dogs, and field rats, and the field stools, and the pasture in the area with snails in schistosomiasis monitoring points. Conclusions The endemic status of schistosomiasis in China has dropped significantly, and the transmission level is very low. However, the infectious source and risk factors in the endemic environments have not be eliminated. Therefore, the infectious source control, health education, snail control, and transmission monitoring should be strengthened, so as to promote the progress of schistosomiasis elimination.
    Strategy of schistosomiasis elimination and its effects in Jinhu County, Jiangsu Province
    SUN Dao-Kuan, LI Qian, LI Shu-Mei, ZHANG Cui-Ping, WANG Quan-Feng
    2019, 31(5):  522. 
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    Objective To understand the strategy of schistosomiasis elimination and its effects in Jinhu County, Jiangsu Province. Methods The data of schistosomiasis control in Jinhu County at different stages from 1970 to 2017 were collected and analyzed. Results From 1970 to 2017, there were three stages of schistosomiasis control, including transmission control, transmission interruption, and monitoring and elimination stages in Jinhu County. The main measures included Oncomelania hupensis snail control, infectious source control, and health education. A total of area of 290 691.78 hm2 was detected in Jinhu County, and the area with snails was 3 420.98 hm2. There were 8 729.37 hm2 area with snails was controlled. Since 2014, no O. hupensis snails were found. A total of 525 377 person?times were examined for schistosomiasis, with 2 815 schistosomiasis patients identified, and 2 844 person?times were treated by chemotherapy. In addition, 977 cases received the expand chemotherapy. Since 1990, no local schistosome?infected persons were found. In 2017, the awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge and the correct rate of health behavior were increased by 54.59% and 14.23% respectively compared with those in 1992. Conclusions The comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures implemented in Jinhu County at different periods have achieved remarkable outputs and accelerated the schistosomiasis elimination process. However, the precise control measures should be implemented in the future to consolidate the prevention and control achievements.
    Analysis of factors related to human soil-transmitted nematode infections in Chongqing City
    XIE Jun, LI Shan-Shan
    2019, 31(5):  525. 
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    Objective To investigate the related factors of soil?transmitted nematode infections in Chongqing City, so as to provide the basis for scientific prevention and treatment of the infections. Methods From 2011 to 2015, the stool samples of residents of the surveillance sites in Chongqing City were collected every year, and the soil?transmitted nematode eggs were examined by the modified Kato?Katz thick smear method (three smears for a single stool sample). The respondents were surveyed by questionnaires, and the factors affecting soil?transmitted nematode infections were identified. Results The prevalence of human soil?transmitted nematode infections were 6.44%, 7.30%, 6.85%, 6.93% and 5.56% in Chongqing City from 2011 to 2015, respectively. The more unclean drinking water and the lower frequency of washing hands after using the toilet were the risk factors for Ascaris lumbricoides infection. The more harmless toilets, the higher level of fertilizer application, the lower frequency of drinking raw water, and the lower frequency of food without washing were the protective factors for A. lumbricoides infection. Conclusions The local soil?transmitted nematode infections are at a low epidemic level in Chongqing City, and it is necessary to adhere to the classified guidance, comprehensive prevention and further monitoring on the basis of health education, water and toilet improvement, and environmental sanitation improvement in order to consolidate the prevention and control achievements.
    Clinical features and efficacy of microsurgery for treatment of cerebral cysticercosis of the fourth ventricle: a report of 24 patients
    ZHANG Zheng-Ping, XU Chang-Lin, XI Chao-Jie, ZHANG Xiao-Lu
    2019, 31(5):  529. 
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    Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of 24 patients with cysticercosis of the fourth ventricle, and to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of microsurgery. Methods The clinical data of 24 patients with cysticercosis of the fourth ventricle referred the Department of Neurosurgery of the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University from January 2000 to December 2018 were collected, and the clinical features, imaging characteristics, surgical methods, therapeutic efficacy and postoperative complications were analyzed. Results The 24 patients included 15 men and 9 women, and had a mean age of 43.5 years (range, 16 to 68 years). Preoperative imaging examinations showed obvious dilatation of bilateral lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and middle cerebral aqueduct, and spherical or cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle. There were 18 cases positive for antibodies against cysticercus, and 3 of the 21 cases were egg positives. All 24 cases received microsurgery, including 8 cases via the median aperture approach, 7 cases via the median aperture?cerebellar vermis approach, and 9 cases via the transcerebellomedullary fissure approach. There were 17 cases with complete delivery of vesicles, 5 cases with vesicle rupture and 2 cases with extraction of cystic fluid followed by separation and removal of cystic wall. All cases had obvious retraction of the ventricular system and disappearance of intracranial hypertension following surgery. There were 19 cases (79.17%) with well recovery, and 5 cases (20.83%) with aggravation or development of cerebellar ataxia, which recovered following treatment for 1 to 2 weeks. Conclusion The transcerebellomedullary fissure approach is a safe and lowly invasive approach for the treatment of cysticercosis of the fourth ventricle.
    Current status of international discourse of China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar
    ZHOU Li-Ying, LUO En-Pei, YANG Kun
    2019, 31(5):  532. 
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    Since the Eighteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has constantly innovated and developed its diplomatic concept, and proposed the important idea of the Community of Shared Future for Mankind (CSFM), which contributes a discourse system with Chinese characteristics to the world. It is indicated that discourse builds its subject and governs the subject’s discourse practices, and the discourse subject strengthens and reiterates discourse rules in discourse practices. China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar is a discourse subject of the CSFM discourse system. This paper analyzes the discourse status, discourse practices and the reiteration of discourse rules of China aid project of schistosomiasis control in Zanzibar.
    Effectiveness of snail control by immersion of molluscicides through tide diversion in marshlands: a field evaluation
    QIU Qi-Ling, CHEN Shao-Zhou, ZUO Yin-Ping, TANG Kai, DU Guang-Lin, HUANG Yi-Xin
    2019, 31(5):  535. 
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    Objective To compare the effectiveness of snail control between immersion of molluscicides through tide diversion and mollusciciding by spraying in marshland areas. Methods Immersion of 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide through tide diversion and spraying 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide alone were employed for snail control in two neighboring snail?breeding marshlands, and snails were surveyed before and after mollusciciding. The mortality of snails and the density of living snails were estimated. Results The density of living snails reduced by 72.19% and 100.00% 1 and 2 years after immersion of 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide through tide diversion, and 5.93% and 18.15% 1 and 2 years after spraying 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide alone. Conclusion Immersion of 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide through tide diversion is significantly superior to spraying 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide along for snail control, and implementation of immersion of 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide through tide diversion for more than 2 successive years may achieve a higher snail control efficiency.
    Surveillance of potential transmission factors of schistosomiasis in Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City from 2013 to 2015
    ZHU Pei-Hua, XU Hui-Qing, SHEN Yue-Gen, ZHANG Jian-Feng, LUO Tian-Bin, ZHU Qiu-Rong, YU Meng-Hua
    2019, 31(5):  538. 
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    Objective To understand the potential risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City, so as to provide the scientific evidence for consolidating schistosomiasis control achievements. Methods Fixed and mobile surveillance sites were set up in Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City from 2013 to 2015. Oncomelania hupensis snails was surveyed historical snail habitats, current snail habitats, and suspected snail habitats. The schistosome infections were identified using serological and parasitological testing among local residents and mobile populations. In addition, the survival and reproduction of snails imported into Xiuzhou District was observed, and the schistosome infection in wild reservoir hosts was detected. Results A total of 540.14 hm2 of settings were surveyed in Xiuzhou District, Jiaxing City from 2013 to 2015, and 1.65 hm2 of snail habitats were identified. The snail habitats were mainly located in dry lands, and no infected snails or importation of snails were found. During the period from 2013 to 2015, a total of 7 668 local residents and mobile populations were examined in Xiuzhou District, and no new local infections were detected; however, three imported schistosomiasis cases were identified. Field simulation experiment showed that the imported snails laid eggs and reproduced in Xiuzhou District, and no schistosome infections were found in wild animals. Conclusion There are still residual Oncomelania snails and imported schistosomiasis patients in Xiuzhou District of Jiaxing City; therefore, the surveillance and management of local Oncomelania snails and imported schistosomiasis should be intensified to reduce the risk of schistosomiasis transmission.
    Surveillance and sociological factors of schistosomiasis among mobile populations in Haining City
    CHENG Qian, GAO Yu, DING Feng, ZHENG Qiong-Lin, WANG Juan-Fen
    2019, 31(5):  541. 
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    Objective To investigate the correlation between the source of Schistosoma japonicum infections and sociological factors among mobile populations in Haining City, so as to provide insights into the management of schistosomiasis among mobile populations in Haining City. Methods A total of 12 villages were randomly sampled from 8 townships and 4 subdistricts in Haining City. The mobile populations from schistosomiasis?endemic areas were detected for S. japonicum infections using serological tests. In addition, the awareness of schistosomiasis prevention and control knowledge was investigated using a questionnaire survey. Results A total of 1 019 mobile populations were investigated in 12 villages from Haining City, and 23 sero?positives were found, with a positive rate of 2.26%; however, no egg?positives were detected. Logistic regression analysis showed that the mobile populations with original occupations of aquaculture and husbandry were more likely to be sero?positive. The mobile populations had an overall low awareness rate of schistosomiasis prevention and control knowledge, and a higher rate was seen in sero?positive than in sero?negatives. Conclusions The mobile populations with original occupations of aquaculture and husbandry were the key for the surveillance of source of S. japonicum infections. The health education should be intensified to improve the awareness of schistosomiasis prevention and control knowledge among mobile populations.
    Results of microscopic examinations and blood slide re-examinations of malaria elimination evaluation in ten prefectures of Yunnan Province
    ZHOU Xing-Wu, ZHOU Hong-Mei, YANG Ya-Ming, XU Jian-Wei, SUN Xiao-Dong, LI Jian-Xiong
    2019, 31(5):  543. 
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    Objective To understand the laboratory technicians’ abilities in blood slide making and reading in 10 prefectures of Yunnan Province which have passed the provincial malaria elimination evaluation, so as to provide the evidence for improving the malaria elimination surveillance and parasite examination. Methods Thirty negative blood slides were randomly sampled to evaluate coating, dyeing and clean quality and reading results, and 4 laboratory technicians were sampled to evaluate their reading abilities from each prefecture level and its 2 subordinate counties (districts) respectively, and then the results were analyzed. Results A total of 869 negative blood samples were evaluated. The coincidence rate was 100%. The proportions of good coating, dyeing and clean quality were 96.09%, 91.71% and 96.89%, respectively. Totally 576 blood slides were used to evaluate the reading ability. The number of correct reading was 505, and the correct rate was 87.67%. Among them, the Plasmodium vivax correct reading rate was 87.76%, the P. falciparum correct reading rate was 87.50%, and the correct reading rate of mixed infections was 47.62%. The laboratory technicians’ ability to the mixed infections was significantly lower than the ability to the others ([χ2] = 37.169, P < 0.05), however, in the laboratory technicians’ abilities, there was no significant difference among the center(s) for disease control and prevention, general hospitals and township hospitals ([χ2] = 2.782, P > 0.05), and the prefecture, county and township levels ([χ2] = 0.358, P > 0.05). Conclusion The 10 prefectures have passed the provincial evaluation in blood slide making and microscopic examination skill indicators requested, but the medical and public health institutions at all levels still should further improve their laboratory technicians’ abilities in blood slide making and microscopic examination skills.
    Surveillance of key parasitic diseases in Baise City from 2006 to 2015
    DENG Ji-Guang, YU Shui-Lan, NONG Zhi, YANG Yi-Chao
    2019, 31(5):  546. 
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    Objective To understand and master the infection status of key parasitic diseases in Baise City from 2006 to 2015, so as to provide evidence for the development and adjustment of the control strategy for parasitic diseases. Methods The relevant information of the final evaluation of the key parasitic diseases in 12 counties (cities and districts) of Baise City from 2006 to 2015 was collected, and analyzed. Results During the period of 2006-2015, a total of 20 654 person?times were investigated for parasitic diseases in Baise City and 1 147 persons were infected, with an average infection rate of 5.55%. In 2006, the infection rate was the highest (28.67%, 362/1 254), while the lowest was in 2013 (2.08%, 44/2 113). The infection rate of Clonorchis sinensis was the highest, and the infection rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was the second. The infection rates of the males and females were 5.35% (631/11 795) and 5.82% (516/8 859) respectively, with no significant difference between them ([χ2] = 2.175, P > 0.05). The highest infection rate existed in the 40-49 years group, the rural residents, the farmers and the crowd with the educational level of senior high middle school or above. Conclusions The infection rate of parasitic diseases presents a decline trend overall in Baise City from 2006 to 2013, however it rebounded in 2014 and 2015. The next step is to strengthen the prevention and control of parasitic diseases by promoting health education, regular insect repellent, and fecundity management.
    Schistosomiasis control effect in Mianyang City in ten years after Wenchuan earthquake
    SHI Ying-Hong, WANG Bao-Dong
    2019, 31(5):  549. 
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control in Mianyang City in ten years after Wenchuan earthquake, so as to provide the experiences for schistosomiasis control post?disaster. Methods The data of implementation of schistosomiasis control work in ten years after the Wenchuan earthquake were collected and analyzed for the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Mianyang City. Meanwhile, the awareness situation on schistosomiasis control of villagers and students was investigated by questionnaires in 2008 and 2015. Results All of the 6 counties (cities, districts) with schistosomiasis endemic in Mianyang City were hit by the earthquake disaster. After the disaster, the measurements including the conventional schistosomiasis control measures, the control of exogenous infection sources, the control of Oncomelania hupensis snails, and health education were carried out. The relevant departments of schistosomiasis control were cooperated to implement the prevention and control measures. The schistosomiasis prevalence of population and the snail condition rose in the year of the earthquake, but then declined year by year. In 2015, the awareness rates of schistosomiasis control of both villagers and the students were significantly improved compared with those in 2008. Conclusion The measures of schistosomiasis control after the earthquake disaster are effective in Mianyang City, and the goal to prevent major plague after the earthquake is achieved.
    Analysis of evaluation results of malaria elimination in Jiujiang City
    HE Feng-Ning, LI You-Long, FAN Zhi-Gang, YANG Chun-Hong
    2019, 31(5):  552. 
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    Objective To analyze the evaluation results of malaria elimination and summarize the experience in Jiujiang City, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the surveillance work plan post?malaria elimination. Methods According to the requirements and arrangements of Jiangxi Eliminating Malaria Action Plan (2010–2020), the evaluation of malaria elimination was completed in all 13 counties (cites and districts) of Jiujiang City from 2013 to 2016, and the data were collected and analyzed. Results In Jiujiang City, the last local malaria case was reported in 2008. From 2010 to 2016, there were 20 imported malaria cases reported, including 12 cases of falciparum malaria, 7 cases of vivax malaria, and 1 case of mixed infection. Totally 67 501 fever patients were tested for Plasmodium and 13 cases were positive, with the positive rate of 0.02%. The comprehensive evaluation scores were between 88.75 and 98.15 in all the 13 counties (cities and districts), which meant they all reached the evaluative criteria. Conclusion All 13 counties (cities and districts) of Jiujiang City have passed the city level evaluative criteria of malaria elimination, and the key work should be the prevention and surveillance of imported malaria in the future.
    Advances in researches of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in parasites and parasitic diseases
    CHENG Wen-Jun, JIANG Hong, DONG Hui-Fen, LIU Rong
    2019, 31(5):  555. 
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    Exosomes are tiny vesicles secreted by most endogenous cells, and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) are specifically secreted by cells. Recently, it was found that exosomes contain a large quantity of important substances such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, which play important roles in material exchange and information transmission in cell?cell communication, and in modulating the immune response, metabolism, and expansion, metastasis, and drug resistance of tumors. This paper summarizes the recent researches on exosomes in parasites and parasitic diseases and hopes to be helpful for improving the researches of parasites and parasitic diseases.
    Progress of research on host immune responses induced by hookworm infection and its potential therapeutic values
    WU Xiao-Min, DAI Yang, CAO Jun
    2019, 31(5):  560. 
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    Hookworm infection remains a global health concern, which threatens human health. Hookworm infection is widely prevalent across the world, notably in tropical and subtropical areas. Recently, with the in?depth study of the immunity of parasitic infections, the “bidirectional effect” of host immune responses induced by helminth infections (including hookworm infections) has become increasingly prominent. On one hand, an immune response is induced in the host to kill the infected worms; on the other hand, the host produces a series of immunological changes that are conducive to the maintenance of parasite survival. The immune state of the host is regulated by various complicated mechanisms, and this may lead to the reduction in the incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases or alleviation of the disease symptoms, which provide new insights into the management of these allergic and autoimmune diseases. The present article reviewed the advances of host immune responses induced by hookworm infection and its potential values in the treatment of allergic asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
    Rhabditis axei found in urine routine examination: a case report
    YU Pei-Xia, ZHAO Qing, MENG Ze-Min, JI Yong-Jin
    2019, 31(5):  565. 
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    Rhabditis axei is a free?living nematode, which can occasionally invade into humans through drinking and contacting wastewater. It is usually parasitic in the digestive and urinary systems, causing the disease of rhabditelliasis axei. This paper reports a case of R. axei infection found in the urine routine examination.
    Pleural amoebic empyema: a case report
    HAN Xiao-Qing, ZHANG Ming-Yang, WU Yan, WANG Jian-Wei, YU Chang-Li, LI Qiu-Bing, YUAN Ling, LI Xin-Ru, DONG Ai-Ying
    2019, 31(5):  567. 
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    In this paper, a case of pleural amoebic empyema and its diagnosis and treatment were reported.
    Comparison of molluscicidal cost and effectiveness between 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules and 26% suspension concentrate of metalaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt
    WU Ping-Jin, LIU Yu-Rong
    2019, 31(5):  570. 
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    Objective To compare the molluscicidal effects and cost?effectiveness of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules (NEG) and 26% suspension concentrate of metalaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt (MNSC). Methods Two plots with high Oncomelania hupensis snail density were selected as research areas in Nanjing Chemical Industry Zone, and 5% NEG (40 g/m2) and 26% MNSC (40 g/m2) were used by the spraying method for snail control in the two plots, and their molluscicidal effects and cost?effectiveness were investigated and statistically analyzed. Results There was no significant difference between 5% NEG and 26% MNSC in the molluscicidal effects. The cost of 5% NEG was 1.25 times higher than that of 26% MNSC per ten thousand square meters in snail control. Conclusions The cost of 5% NEG is higher than that of 26% MNSC per ten thousand square meters in snail control. Their molluscicidal effects are similar.