Table of Content

02 July 2018, Volume 30 Issue 3

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Analysis of schistosomiasis prevention and control model of Yujiang: insights from governmental supply of rural public goods

LI Yin-Cai, LIU Yi-Wen

2018, 30(3):  245-248. 

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This article analyzes the influencing factors of rural public service supply of schistosomiasis prevention and control in China and the successful experiences of schistosomiasis prevention and pattern of Yujiang from an angle of view of rural public goods. This article points out the short supply of rural public goods in the service of schistosomiasis prevention and control in the traditional small?scale peasant economy， and the possibility of promoting the rural public goods in the cooperation economic model. The essential features of the schistosomiasis prevention and control pattern of Yujiang include strengthening the leadship of the Communist Party of China， improving health education， adjusting the measures to local condition， and so on.

Studies on colonization risk and potential geographical distribution of Biomphalaria glabrata as an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Mainland China

WANG Yi-An, YANG Kun, LIANG You-Sheng, QU Guo-Li, SHI Feng, XING Yun-Tian, DAI Jian-Rong

2018, 30(3):  249-254,259. 

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Objective To predict the colonization risk and potential geographical distribution of Biomphalaria glabrata in the Mainland China based on the past period temperature data. Methods The survival extreme high temperatures and low temperatures of B. glabrata eggs， young and adult B. glabrata snails and the average effective accumulated temperature of generation development were determined in laboratory conditions. The temperature data in January and July from 1955 to 2010 were collected from the national meteorological monitoring sites in the southern part of China， including Chongqing， Zhejiang， Yunnan， Sichuan， Jiangxi， Hunan， Hainan， Guizhou， Guangdong， Guangxi and Fujian provinces （11 provinces）. A database of ambient temperature related to B. glabrata was established based on the Geographic Information System （GIS）. The colonization risk and potential geographical distribution of B. glabrata in the southern part of China were analyzed and predicted by ArcGIS 10.1 software. Results The half lethal low temperatures of B. glabrata eggs， young and adult B. glabrata snails were 6.80， 6.34 ℃ and 6.60 ℃ respectively； the half lethal high temperatures of B. glabrata eggs， young and adult B. glabrata snails were 35.99， 33.59 ℃ and 32.20 ℃, respectively. The highest and lowest temperatures of laying eggs were 31.75 ℃ and 9.91 ℃, respectively； the average effective accumulated temperature of generation development was （197 0.07 ± 455.10） days?degree. The GIS overlay analysis of the half lethal low and high temperatures of B. glabrata showed that the local temperature conditions in all Hainan and part regions in Yunnan， Guangxi， Guangdong and Fujian were conformed to the survival temperature of B. glabrata snails. The regions， where the average effective accumulated temperature was more than the average effective accumulated temperature of generation development of B. glabrata， were Guangdong and Hainan， and part regions of other 9 provinces. The overlay analysis of GIS maps of the survival extreme high temperatures and low temperatures of B. glabrata with the GIS map of the average effective accumulated temperature of generation development in 2010 showed that the whole region of Hainan and part regions of Guangdong， Guangxi， Yunnan and Fujian were potential geographical distribution regions of colonization risk of B. glabrata. The overlay analysis of GIS maps of the survival extreme high temperatures and low temperatures of B. glabrata with the GIS map of the average effective accumulated temperature of generation development from 1955 to 2010 showed that the potential geographical distribution regions of B. glabrata was expanding from the whole region of Hainan and part regions of Guangdong in 1955 to the whole region of Hainan and part regions of Guangdong， Guangxi， Yunnan and Fujian in 2010. Conclusions If B. glabrata snails were introduced into the Mainland China， the potential geographical distribution regions would be the whole region of Hainan and part regions of Guangdong， Guangxi and Yunnan. The changes of risk range and risk intensity present the trends of expanding and increasing from the south to the north gradually.

Strategy of transmission interruption of schistosomiasis and its effects in Runzhou District, Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province

XIA Ai, ZHAO Ya-Ming, JIANG Jun, TAO Heng-Ye, WANG Lin, LI Sha-Sha, HUANG Yi-Xin

2018, 30(3):  255-259. 

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Objective To evaluate the effects of the strategy of transmission interruption of schistosomiasis in Runzhou District， Zhenjiang City， Jiangsu Province. Methods The comprehensive prevention and control strategy was carried out in RunzhouDistrict， Zhenjiang City， Jiangsu Province. The strategy was relied mainly on the Oncomelania hupensis snail control， extended chemotherapy of schistosomiasis in residents and the health education. The infection rate of schistosomiasis in residents， area with snails， area with snails controlled， and the rates of awareness and correct behavior of schistosomiasis were as evaluation indexes. Results The area with snails controlled was 7 091.50 hm2 in Runzhou District， Zhenjiang City from 2001 to 2016.The area with snails reduced year by year from 2001 to 2016. There was a negative correlation between the coverage intensity of snail control and the area with snails（[r=-0.874]， [P=0]）. There were 1 703 serum positive and 199 fecal positive people of schistosomiasis in the permanent residents from 2001 to 2016. These serum and fecal positive people of schistosomiasis were all treated with praziquantel. The serum positive rate of schistosomiasis in the permanent residents dropped to below 1.0% after 2005. The fecal positive patients were not found in 2004 and later. Totally 189 639 people received the questionnaire survey for the knowledge of schistosomiasis control from 2001 to 2016. The rates of awareness and correct behavior of schistosomiasis were raised in the residents year by year. The goal of the transmission interruption of schistosomiasis came to true in Runzhou District， Zhenjiang City in 2016. Conclusion The comprehensive prevention and control strategy including mainly the snail control, extended chemotherapy of schistosomiasis and health education could achieve the goal of transmission interruption of schistosomiasis in the areas of marshland along the Yangtze River.

Endemic features and space?time clustering of schistosomiasis in Xinjian District, Nanchang City from 2009 to 2014

LI Yin-Long, XUE Jing-Bo, HU Wei-Chen, MAO Yuan-Hua, ZHANG Zhi-Shu, ZHOU Ling, ZHANG Ping, YU Zhang-Ke, XU Jing

2018, 30(3):  260-263. 

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Objective To understand the endemic situation and distribution features of schistosomiasis in Xinjian District， Nanchang City， Jiangxi Province from 2009 to 2014， so as to provide a reference for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in the future. Methods The endemic data of schistosomiasis in Xinjian District were collected by taking the village as a unit from 2009 to 2014. An endemic database was established， and the SaTScan software was applied to analyze the spatiotemporal aggregation areas of Schistosoma japonicum infection in crowd， Oncomelania hupensis snails and cattle. Results The S. japonicum infection rate of crowd was decreased from 0.10% in 2009 to 0.000 68% in 2014. The infection rate of O. hupensis snails was greatly fluctuated from 2009 to 2014， the highest was 1.04% in 2012， but it fell to 0 in 2014. The highest infection rate of cattle was 1.98% in 2012， and it fell to 0 in 2014. The spatial temporal clustering detection showed that three areas of crowd infection were mainly concentrated in 20 villages of Changyi Township， Lianyu Township and Songhu Town； two areas of snail infection were mainly concentrated in five villages of Changyi Township and Nanji Township； one area of cattle infection was mainly concentrated in three villages of Changyi Township. Conclusions The endemic situation of schistosomiasis presents a declining trend in Xinjian District from 2009 to 2014 as a whole. However， the potential risks of the rebound of the disease still exist， and the six clustering areas of infection are still the key areas for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in the future.

Analysis of schistosomiasis endemic situation of national surveillance sites in Yunnan Province from 2005 to 2016

SHEN Mei-Fen, DONG Yi, FENG Xi-Guang, ZHANG Yun, WU Ming-Shou, HUANG Peng

2018, 30(3):  264-268. 

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Objective To analyze the dynamic endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Yunnan Province， and evaluate the effectiveness of the prevention and control interventions. Methods Four schistosomiasis heavy endemic villages （each of 4 endemic counties） from 2005 to 2014 and 18 villages （each of 18 counties） in 2015 and 2016 were selected as survey sites. Then， the serological screening and etiological tests were carried out in the residents and floating population. The infection status of the livestock and relevant information of field feces and Oncomelania hupensis snails were surveyed. Results The serum positive rate was 8.40% to 25.40% in the local residents， and the rate of the female was higher than that of the male， the rates of 30 to 60 year age groups were higher than those of the other age groups， and the rates of peasants were higher. The feces positive rate was 0 to 6.59%， and the corrected infection rate was 0 to 1.67% in the local residents. The serum positive rate was 0 to 25.00% in the floating population. The infection rate in the livestock was 0 to 10.29%， and the main infected animals were the cattle， buffalo， dog， equine and pig. Totally 1 642 feces were tested， and no positives were found. The area with snail habitats was 753.97 hm2， and the density of living snails was 0.013 9 to 0.631 5 snails/0.1 m2. A total of 64 positive snails were found. The snail control rate was 100%. Totally 161 schistosomiasis patients and 269 schistosome?infected animals were treated. Conclusions The schistosomiasis epidemic situation has been effectively controlled， and is at a low prevalence status in Yunnan Province. In order to block the transmission of schistosomiasis and eliminate schistosomiasis， the comprehensive control measures should be strengthened continually.

Effect of cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum on DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice

CHU Liang, LI Hui-Hui, WANG Shu-Shu, YUAN Yuan, JIANG Hui, XU Lan-Song, HE Wen-Xin, WANG Shou-Xiang, ZHAO Mu-Zi, BAI Yong-Sheng, WEI Ming, LIU Tao, SHENG Jie, CHEN Xin-Zhi, FANG Qiang, YANG Xiao-Di

2018, 30(3):  269-272,338. 

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Objective To investigate the effect of cysteine protease inhibitor derived from Schistosoma japonicum （SjCystatin） on dextran sodium sulfate （DSS）?induced acute ulcerative colitis in mice. Methods Eighteen C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups： a control group treated with PBS （Group A）， a DSS?induced?colitis group treated with PBS （Group B）， and a DSS?induced?colitis group treated with SjCystatin （Group C）. Colitis was induced in mice by giving 3% DSS orally for 7 days. During this period， the mice were daily injected with 10 μg of SjCystatin or PBS only as a control intraperitoneally. The mice were monitored daily for their clinical manifestations and given scores based on disease activity index （DAI）. The severity of colonic inflammation was monitored by the macroscopic score and pathological change. The cytokine profile including TNF?α， IL?4， IL?6 and IL?10 in the supernatants of colon homogenate was detected by ELISA. Results Compared with Group A （[0.50±0.28]）， the DAI score increased significantly in Group B （[9.30±1.30]） （F = 86.86， P < 0.01）， with remarkable pathological damages seen in colon tissues. and the levels of TNF?α and IL?6 were （321.33±67.01） and （403.58 ±180.51） pg/mL. The DAI score significantly reduced in Group C （6.67±1.57） as compared to Group B （F = 86.86， P < 0.01）， with improvements in the macroscopic and microscopic pathology in mouse colon specimens. As compared to Group B， the levels of TNF?α [(188.14 ± 40.14) pg/mL] and IL?6 [（209.71 ± 48.47） pg/mL] significantly decreased （F = 17.46 and 9.89， both P < 0.01）. Conclusion SjCystatin has a significantly inhibitory effect for alleviating DSS?induced acute ulcerative colitis in C57BL/6 mice.

Establishment of a recombinase-aided isothermal amplification technique to detect Schistosoma japonicum specific gene fragments

ZHAO Song, LI Ting, YANG Kun, LI Wei, ZHANG Jian-Feng, GUO Li-Chuan, LIU Yan-Hong, DAI Yang, YING Qing-Jie, YANG Hai-Tao

2018, 30(3):  273-277,306. 

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Objective To establish a novel method for the detection of Schistosoma japonicum specific gene fragments by recombinase aided isothermal amplification （RAA）. Methods The gene fragment SjG28 of S. japonicum was selected as the target gene fragment to be detected， and the primers were designed according to the mechanism of RAA reaction. The reaction of isothermal amplification of S. japonicum was established and optimized. Then this method was applied to amplify and detect the specific gene fragment in the gradient diluent SjG28?recombiant plasmids and different concentrations of S. japonicum genomic DNA to estimate the sensitivity of this method. The samples were also detected by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） in parallel as control. This method was applied to detect the genomic DNA of S. mansoni， Ascaris lumbricoides， and Ancylostoma duodenale to evaluate the specificity. Results The specific gene fragment was amplified from genomic DNA of adult worms and eggs of S. japonicum by recombinase aided isothermal amplification reaction established in this study. The reaction can be completed within 30 minutes and the minimum detectable template was 20 copies of plasmids or 0.5 ng of genomic DNA per microliter. Other parasites’ genomic DNAs， such as S. mansoni， A. lumbricoides， An. duodenale and healthy human blood genomic DNA were not able to be detected by this method. Conclusion A novel method for the detection of S. japonicum specific gene fragments by recombinase aided isothermal amplification is established in this study， which can be carried out conveniently and rapidly with a considerable sensitivity and specificity， showing the prospect for application in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica.

Study on effect of clinical pathway implementation in advanced schistosomiasis with ascites

ZHOU Xiao-Rong, SHAN Xiao-Wei, ZHENG Li, LI Guo, LIU Si

2018, 30(3):  278-281. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of clinical pathway （CP） on the implementation of advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites. Methods Totally 1 129 cases of advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites but without other complications were selected randomly from the Performance Evaluation and Management System for Medical Treatment of Advanced Schistosomiasis Patients in Hubei Province from year 2011 to 2013. Among the patients， 754 cases were treated by CP （CP group ）， and 375 cases were treated with traditional methods （NCP group）， and the hospitalization days， hospitalization expenses， medicine proportions， treatment outcomes and degrees of satisfaction and health knowledge rates of the two groups were compared. Meanwhile， the variation of CP was calculated. Results The average length of hospital days of the CP group and NCP group were （13.85 ± 5.60） d and （17.92 ± 5.80） d， respectively， and the average hospitalization costs of the two groups were （4 699.14 ± 1 520.59） Yuan and （5 692.01 ± 1 616.66） Yuan， respectively， both the differences were statistically significant （both P ＜ 0.05）. Also the hospitalization cost structures of the two groups were remarkably different， the composition ratios of the inspection fee and accommodation fee in the CP group were lower than those in the NCP group， but the constituent ratios of the examination fee， diagnosis and treatment fee， drug charges and other expenses were higher than those in the NCP group （all P < 0.05）. The awareness rate of health knowledge in the CP group was higher than that in the NCP group （P < 0.05）， but there were no statistically significant differences in the treatment outcome and the degree of satisfaction between the two groups （both P > 0.05）. The variation rate of CP was 9.02% （68/754）. Conclusions The implementation of CP can decrease the days of hospital stay and medical expenses， improve the awareness rate on health knowledge of the patients. The CP treatment with low variation rate is applicable to advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites but without complications.

Epidemiological characteristics of echinococcosis death cases in China from 2008 to 2016

TIAN Tian, CAO Chun-Li, WU Wei-Ping, GIA Tie-Wu, QIAN Men-Bao, HAO Yu-Wan, ZHU Ze-Lin, WANG Qiang, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2018, 30(3):  282-288. 

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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of death cases of echinococcosis in China from 2008 to 2016， so as to provide an important reference for the prevention and control of echinococcosis. Methods The death information registration and management system data were selected to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the death cases of echinococcosis. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 and the map was drawn by ArcGIS 10.1 software. Results From 2008 to 2016， a total of 367 death cases of echinococcosis were reported in China， and the number of deaths in turn was 33， 30， 21， 32， 35， 54， 55，and 81 in each year， with an annual average crude mortality of 129.29 /105. The average age of death was （56 ± 18） years； the sex ratio of male to female was 100∶94. There was no statistical difference between the male and female death cases （[χ2] = 0.33， P > 0.05）.The death cases of echinococcosis were mainly distributed in endemic areas of Qinghai， Sichuan， Ningxia， Xinjiang， Gansu， Inner Mongolia，Yunnan and non?endemic areas of Heilongjiang， Jiangsu， Henan and Shandong. The death cases in the first eleven provinces accounted for 87.5% （321/367） of the total death cases， among which the highest proportions of the nationality， occupation， educational level， highest diagnostic units， and the place of death were Han （52.0%， 191/367）， farmer （46.6%， 171/367）， junior high school or below （57.2%， 210/367）， provincial or three?level hospitals （46.6%， 171/367）， and at home （59.9%， 220/367）. Conclusions Since 2014， the death cases of echinococcosis in China have been increasing year by year， indicating that the prevention and treatment of echinococcosis is still very serious. The causes for the rise of the fatality rate remain to be further studied.

Epidemic situation of imported malaria and diagnostic capabilities of medical institutions in Wuhan City from 2008 to 2017

WU Kai, CHEN Fang, XU Ming-Xing, YANG Yan

2018, 30(3):  289-294. 

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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria and the control and diagnostic capacities of the medical institutions in Wuhan City， so as to offer the evidence for formulating the surveillance and control strategies. Methods From 2008 to 2017， the epidemiological data of imported malaria were collected. The information including gender， age， distribution， vocational background， positive rate of fever patients， and time of final diagnosis was analyzed with the descriptive statistic method. The Plasmodium species composition and infection source were analyzed by chi square test. The initial and confirmed diagnosis abilities of medical institutions were analyzed by rank sum test. Results Totally， 424 imported malaria cases were reported， including 301 falciparum malaria cases （70.99%）. The male population aged 20 to 49 years was the main morbidity group， and the incidence was not related to seasons. For the parasite species， there was a significant difference between African countries and Southeast Asian countries （[χ2] = 205.83，[P<0.01]）. Plasmodium ovale and P. malariae were all imported from sub?Saharan Africa. For diagnostic capacities of the medical institutions at different levels， the initial diagnosis （Z = -3.89，P < 0.01） and confirmed diagnosis （[χ2] = 53.88，[P<0.01]） were significantly different， respectively. The ability of malaria diagnosis was improved rapidly in the clinical laboratory after 2008 and achieved to 100% in 2010. The detection rate within 24 hours increased to at least 90% and the detection rate within 6 days decreased to 0 in 2016. Conclusions Although the medical institutions in Wuhan City have strong ability to treat imported malaria， they are still faced with a serious situation for malaria control and elimination. The capacity building should be strengthened constantly.

Effect of Cryptosporidium parvum infection on Toll-like receptors of intestinal mucosa in mice

JI Rui, GUAN Zhi-Yu, LIANG Rui-Wen, YIN Feng-Ling, LI Rui-Fang

2018, 30(3):  295-299. 

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Objective To investigate the mechanism of Toll?like receptor in intestinal mucosal injury induced by Cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice. Methods Totally 30 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into a normal control group， 1?week infection group and 2?week infection group. The mice of the 1?week and 2?week infection groups were sacrificed 7 days and 14 days after the infection respectively， and the mice of the normal control group were sacrificed 14 days after the infection. The model of intestinal infection of C. parvum in mice was built by using the immunosuppressive method and oocyst intragastric administration. The pathological changes of the intestinal mucosa of mice were observed with a light microscope and the villus height， crypt depth and ratio of villus height/crypt depth were measured. The ultrastructure of the intestinal mucosa of mice was observed by a transmission electron microscope （TEM）. The expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 in the intestinal mucosa were tested by qPCR and Western blotting. Results Under the light microscope， the intestinal villi were dropsical， obviously atrophied and shortened， and the submucosal structure was dropsical. The height of chorionic villi and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum of the 1?week and 2?week infection groups were significantly lower than those in the normal control group （all P < 0.05）， while the depth of the recess of the former two was significantly increased （all P < 0.05）. With the extension of the infection time， the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the jejunum of mice decreased significantly （both P < 0.05）， and the crypt depth increased significantly （P < 0.01）. The TEM observation showed that the structure of the oocyst of C. parvum in the jejunum of the infected mouse was intact， the villi around the oocyst were abscission seriously， and the oocyst wall was fused with the epithelial cell membrane. The qPCR observation showed that compared with the normal control group， the expressions of TLR2 mRNA and TLR4 mRNA in the intestinal mucosa of the 1?week and 2?week infection groups were significantly higher （all P < 0.05）. In addition， the expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in the 2?week infection group were significantly higher than those in the 1?week infection group （both P < 0.05）. The Western blotting showed that the expressions of TLR2 protein and TLR4 protein in the intestinal mucosa of the 1?week and 2?week infection groups were significantly higher than those of the normal control group （all P < 0.05）. Furthermore， the expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 protein in the 2?week infection group were significantly higher than those in the 1?week infection group （both P < 0.05）. Conclusions TLR2 and TLR4 are important receptors for intestinal mucosal recognition of C. parvum. The C. parvum infection may lead to intestinal mucosal damage possibly via the mechanisms associated with the up?regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 expressions.

Dynamics of routine blood tests in BALB/c mice with Babesia microti infection

CAI Yu-Chun, CHEN Shao-Hong, YANG Chun-Li, ZHAO Zhi-Xin, LI Hao, LU Yan, AI Lin, CHU Yan-Hong, SHEN Hui-Min, CHEN Jia-Xu

2018, 30(3):  300-306. 

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Objective To understand the changes in body weight， spleen weight and complete blood cells in BALB/c mice infected with Babesia microti. Methods For the infection group， six weeks old BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with a dose of 100 μL of B. microti infected blood （20% RBC infection rate， each mouse）. For the determination of the progression of B. microti infection up to 28 days of the infection， the microscopic visualization of thin blood smears of tail blood stained with Giemsa staining was performed in the infection group. The experiment was carried out at different intervals on days 0， 7， 14， 21， and 28 after the infection， respectively. The mice were sacrificed， and spleens were collected and weighed， and the body weight of the mice was also determined. The blood cells of the mice were analyzed by using Mindray BC?5300 Vet animal automatic hematology analyzer. Results On the first day after the infection， B. microti was visualized in RBC of the infection group. The significantly highest infection rate （55%） appeared on the seventh day of the infection， and then steadily decreased； the mice attained the latent infection phase on the 28th day post?infection， when the parasite could not be visualized in the peripheral blood. The mice in the infected group acquired a significantly lowest body weight on the 7th day of the infection， and then gradually returned to normal. The weight of the spleen was the significantly highest on the 14th day of the infection， and then consistently decreased. On the 28th day of infection， the spleen weight was still higher than that of the control group. There were no significant changes in the number of white blood cells （WBC）， lymphocytes， and eosinophils in the infected mice； and altered levels were all within the normal mouse reference range. The number of red blood cells， hemoglobin， and platelet count in the infected mice were decreased to the lowest level when the B. microti infection rate achieved to the highest， and then gradually returned to the normal levels. Conclusions B. microti infection can cause body weight loss， splenic weight gain， and reduction in the number of erythrocytes and platelets in whole blood of the mice. Besides， the whole blood cell analyzer has a diagnostic significance in the identification of babesiosis.

Establishing evaluation system for health education products of parasitic diseases by Delphi method

ZHU Hui-Hui, QIAN Men-Bao, ZHOU Chang-Hai, ZHU Ting-Jun, CHEN Ying-Dan

2018, 30(3):  307-311,328. 

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Objective To establish an evaluation system for health education products of parasitic diseases by using a Delphi method， so as to provide references for the evaluation of health education products. Methods An expert panel was established and evaluation indicators were determined by brainstorming and face?to?face discussion， then the weight of each evaluation indicator was determined through a two?round Delphi method and the evaluation system was established. Results The evaluation indicators for material products， graphic design products and audio?visual products were established respectively by expert panel. Four first indicators and 12 second indicators were included in each type of products. The consensus was achieved following the two rounds of expert consultation among 23 knowledgeable and experienced experts， who considered “scientificity” and “acceptability” to be the most important of all the first indicators， and “information accuracy” and “behavioral guidance” of all the second indicators. Conclusion A scientific and rational evaluation system is established， and it can be used in comprehensive evaluation of health education products for parasitic diseases.

Sequential analysis of genome of Thelazia callipaeda

ZHANG Lu-Fei, WANG Ling-Jun, ZHENG Ming-Hui, CAO Jian-Ping, LIU Hui

2018, 30(3):  312-316. 

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Objective To investigate the molecular characteristics of genome sequence of Thelazia callipaeda （T. cp）. Methods The obtained T. cp genome assembling data were annotated by using a combination of ab initio gene by softwares， GeneMark and GeneID， and the homology of the experimentally confirmed genes was predicted by software GeMoMa. The results were integrated by software EVM to predict all genes of genome. The obtained genes were annotated in the common public database and three dedicated databases（CAZyme， TCDB and PHI）， respectively. Results The Scaffolds and Contigs gene structure of T. cp genome （79.34 Mb） was analyzed， and a total of 6 333 genes were obtained. The sequence search was conducted in the public databases using BLASTx， of which 97.85% of the genes could be annotated. The genes annotated in the NR database were the most （98.69%）， and those enriched in the KEGG pathway were the least （50.50%）. The functional genes were blasted by KOG database and totally 4 517 genes were found. The three special databases （CAZyme， TCDB and PHI） were used to annotate all the genes， and 136， 139 and 1 498 genes were assigned respectively， and the number of genes in the PHI database was the largest. In the cytochrome proprietary database， 238 cytochrome P450 genes were predicted. Conclusion We have preliminarily revealed the T. cp genome structure characteristics and annotation information， and totally 6 333 genes are obtained.

Development of a novel method for UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of anti-schistosomiasis heterocyclic compounds

YE Yang, HUI Ren-Jie, FENG Bai-Nian

2018, 30(3):  317-321,345. 

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Objective To develop an ultra?performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole?time of flight mass spectrometry （UPLC?QTOF?MS） method for the determination of an oxadiazole?2?oxide heterocyclic compound F?2015?14. Methods Mouse plasma and liver homogenate specimens were extracted with ethyl acetate and chromatographed on a Waters CORTECS column （C18， 1.6 μm， 2.1 mm × 150 mm） by using a mobile phase of 10% acetonitrile?0.1% formic acid with by a volume fractionation by gradient elution. Then， UPLC?QTOF?MS was performed to determine F?2015?14 in mouse plasma and liver homogenate specimens. Results The linearity of F?2015?14 in plasma ranged from 12.5 to 250 mg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.990 and a detection limit of 8.8 mg/mL. F?2015?14 in liver homogenates ranged from 12.5 to 250 mg/mL. The linearity was good with a correlation coefficient of 0.992 and a limit of detection of 5.6 mg/mL. If the concentration of plasma and liver homogenate specimens was 12.5 mg/mL， the accuracy and the matrix effect were 80% to 120%， and the inter?day and intra?day precision was within 20%. If the concentrations of plasma and liver homogenate specimens were 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL， the accuracy and the matrix effect were 85% to 115%， and the inter?day and intra?day precision was within 15%. Conclusion The UPLC?QTOF?MS established in this study has a high sensitivity and good reproducibility for the determination of F?2015?14， which provides bases for the development of novel anti?schistosomiasis drugs.

Investigation on Toxoplasma gondii infection in liver disease patients in Hangzhou City

HUANG Jian-Feng, XIA Jian-Ping, XU Ru-Jin, QIAN Chun-Yan

2018, 30(3):  322-324. 

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Objective To understand the Toxoplasma gondii infection in liver disease patients in Hangzhou City. Methods A total of 1 200 patients with liver diseases were enrolled， including 300 patients with liver cancer， 300 cases with hepatitis B， 300 cases with hepatic fibrosis and 300 cases with fatty degeneration of the liver， while 1 200 healthy people served as controls. The serum anti?T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in the subjects using ELISA assay. Results The seropositive rates of anti?T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies were 24.00% （288/1 200） and 1.17% （14/1 200） in the liver disease patients， and 11.42% （137/1 200） and 1.08% （13/1 200） in the healthy controls， respectively. There was a significant difference in the seropositive rate of anti?T. gondii IgG antibody between the liver disease patients and controls （[χ2] = 65.19， P < 0.01）， and no significant difference was seen in the seropositive rate of anti?T. gondii IgM antibody between the liver disease patients and controls （[χ2] = 0.04， P > 0.05）. The seropositive rates of anti?T. gondii IgG antibody were 26.00%， 25.00%， 23.33% and 21.67% in the patients with liver cancer， hepatitis B， hepatic fibrosis and fatty degeneration of the liver， respectively， and no significant difference was detected among these patients with four types of liver diseases （[χ2] = 1.79， P > 0.05）. Conclusion The seropositive rate of anti?T. gondii IgG antibody is high in liver disease patients in Hangzhou City， and the management and health education of toxoplasmosis should be given to patients with liver diseases.

Study on community of acaroid mites breeding in home storages in Linquan Area, Anhui Province

GUO Jiao-Jiao, MENG Xiang-Song, LI Chao-Pin

2018, 30(3):  325-328. 

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Objective To investigate the species and diversity of acaroid mites community in home storages in Linquan area， Anhui Province. Methods The samples of 48 kinds of storages from the residents in Linquan County were collected， and the mites in them were separated in a microscope directly. Results Totally 19 species of acaroid mites belonging to 14 genera of 6 families were obtained from the 48 kinds of samples. The diversity analysis showed that the number of species， the species richness index and species diversity index of mites in the habitats were in the order of the other [storages>drysaltery>grains]. Conclusion The quantities of breeding acaroid mites in storages in Linquan area are much larger， meanwhile the species are also very rich， thus in order to reduce the harm of acaroid mites， we should take active measures to control their breeding.

Seasonal fluctuations of mosquitoes and application of two surveillance tools in Taibai Lake area of Jining City

HUANG Xiao-Dan, WANG Hai-Fang, TIAN Hua, GUO Xiu-Xia, LIU Li-Juan, SHI Qi-Qi, SONG Xiao, ZHANG Chong-Xing, WANG Huai-Wei, CHENG Peng

2018, 30(3):  329-331. 

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Objective To investigate the seasonal fluctuations of mosquitoes in Taibai Lake area of Jining City， and evaluate the application effects of two mosquito trapping tools （Gongfu Xiaoshuai mosquito lamp and WJ?C mosquito sampler）， so as to provide references for the effective surveillance， prevention and control of local mosquito vectors. Methods The overnight capture of mosquitoes with a man?bait net trap， Gongfu Xiaoshuai mosquito lamp， and WJ?C mosquito sampler was performed to collect mosquitoes. The species of adult mosquitoes and seasonal fluctuations were investigated and analyzed. Results A total of 10 914 mosquitoes belonging to 13 species， 5 genera were collected with the overnight capture of mosquitoes with the man?bait net trap， and Culex tritaeniorhynchus， Cx. pipiens palllen and Mansonia uniformis were the dominant species， accounting for 77.41% of the total. The proportion of Coquillettidia ochracea increased significantly. All the adult mosquitoes appeared in June， and reached the density peak in July and August. Both of the two surveillance tools showed relatively sensitive capture performance against mosquitoes. The trapping results of WJ?C mosquito sampler were basically the same as the man?bait trapping method， however， the amount of Mansonia uniformis and Coquillettidia ochracea collected by Gongfu Xiaoshuai mosquito lamp was significantly lower than that of the man?bait trapping method. Conclusions The mosquito species are varied in Taibai Lake area of Jining City. Therefore， monitoring should be strengthened. In addition， the two mosquito trapping tools are sensitive， but they have both advantages and disadvantages， thus we should better pay attention to the consistency of monitoring methods in use.

Survey of prevention knowledge and behavior of echinococcosis and influencing factors in residents in agricultural and pastoral areas of Maerkang City

WANG Rui-Ou, DU Yu-Ping, FANG Ming-Wang, XIN Jun-Guo, CHEN Jin-Feng, MA Xiao

2018, 30(3):  332-335. 

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Objective To master the prevention knowledge and behavior of echinococcosis and the influencing factors in residents in agricultural and pastoral areas of Maerkang City， so as to provide the reference for formulating the policy and strategy of echinococcosis prevention and control. Methods In April， 2017， 796 residents in agricultural and pastoral areas of Maerkang City were selected by the multi?stage stratified random sampling method， and surveyed with questionnaires. The main questions included the prevention knowledge and related behaviors of echinococcosis. Results The awareness rate of prevention knowledge of echinococcosis was 70.1% （558/796）. The awareness rate was the lowest in the group aged 15 to 25 years. The difference of knowledge awareness rate was statistically significant among the different age groups （[χ2] = 16.408， P < 0.01）. The knowledge awareness rate of the people with middle school or above educational level was higher than that of the people with primary school or below educational level （[χ2] = 4.869， P = 0.027）. The knowledge awareness rate of the dog owners was lower than that of the people without a dog （[χ2] = 11.384， P = 0.001）. The knowledge awareness rate in the people who received the knowledge training of three times or more was higher than that in the people who received the knowledge training of two times or less （[χ2] = 11.439， P = 0.003）. The logistic regression showed that the age， educational level， training times and dog raising were the main influencing factors. The related behavior survey showed that 32.7% （260/796） of residents did not drink unboiled water， 37.0% （61/165） of dog owners tied the dog， 43.6% （72/165） of dog owners fed the dogs with anthelmintic regularly， and only 10.3% （17/165） of dog owners buried the dog’s dung. Conclusions The awareness rate of echinococcosis prevention knowledge in Maerkang City should be improved. The health education should be focused on the young people， people with low educational level， and people who have dogs. The behaviors of drinking unboiled water， tying dogs， feeding dogs with anthelmintic regularly， and burying dog’s dung should be advocated.

Acaroid mite breeding in ground rice in Wenchang area

ZHAO Ya-Nan, LIANG De-Yu, LI Chao-Pin

2018, 30(3):  336-338. 

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Objective To investigate the breeding of acaroid mites in the stored grains in Wenchang area， Hainan Province， China. Methods The breeding mites from the samples were separated by a shake?sieve and microscope directly. The isolations were used for slide preparation based on previous literature， and then under a light microscope， the identification and counting of the acaroid mites were performed. Results Twelve species of mites were identified from 20 categories of grains. They belonged to 10 genera of 4 families. Among the 12 grain samples， the breeding rates were higher of Blomia tropicalis and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Among the 20 samples collected， a total of 5 885 mites were found， with an average breeding density of 29.43/g. Conclusion The infestation of acaroid mites appears serious in the stored grains in Wenchang area， which should be taken measures to prevent and control.

Tracking evaluation on implementation of Criteria for Control and Elimination of Malaria (GB 26345-2010) in Yunnan Province

PANG Ya-Nan, LIN Zu-Rui, ZHENG BIn, ZHOU Shui-Sen, XIONG Yan-Hong, LI Zhen, YU Cheng-Hang

2018, 30(3):  339-342. 

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Objective To understand the knowledge， usage， applicability of the standard and the suggestions on the implementation of Criteria for Control and Elimination of Malaria （GB 26345-2010） among malaria prevention and control staff of disease control and medical institutions at all levels in Yunnan Province， so as to provide the evidence for the implementation and revision of the standard. Methods Malaria prevention and control workers at 192 institutions in 16 prefectures and cities of Yunnan Province were surveyed. The malaria prevention and treatment workers at county?level center for disease control and prevention （CDCs）， county?level medical institutions and township hospitals in Tengchong City and Yingjiang County of Yunnan Province were investigated on the spot. The knowledge and usage， problems and recommendations encountered in the implementation of the standard were collected. Results Totally 444 questionnaires were collected， of which 428 were valid and the valid rate of questionnaires was 96.4%. Among them， the proportion of those who knew the standard was 86.7% （371/428）， and the channel of knowledge acquirement was mainly the education and training， accounting for 50.7% （188/371）. The total awareness rate of objective indicators in the standard content was 65.9% （282/428）. Among the frequency of utilization， the "occasional use" of this standard was the majority， accounting for 33.6% （144/428）. Among the applications， the highest proportion of applying to the "regular malaria prevention and control work" was 59.3% （191/322）， and only 19.3% （62/322） applied to the "assessment for malaria elimination". In the standard suitability assessment， the proportion of considering the standard to be fully applicable was 91.3% （391/428）， and the proportion of considering the standard to be revised was 8.7% （37/428）. The agencies where the respondents were located have taken corresponding measures to promote the implementation of the standard. A total of 43 proposals for the implementation of the standard were collected， relating to personnel and supporting conditions. Conclusions Combined with the actual situation， the standard should be strengthened practically. At the same time， the standard learning， training， and publicity should be strengthened to raise the implementation level. Its implementation in Yunnan Province should be sequentially consolidated and steadily promoted.

Historical Oncomelania hupensis snail environments in Baoshan District, Shanghai City

ZHANG Jing-Xin, ZHENG Yu-Chao, JIN Yan-Jun, JIN Kai, XIANG Lun-Hui

2018, 30(3):  343-345. 

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Objective To understand the distribution and characteristics of historical Oncomelania hupensis snail environments in Baoshan District， Shanghai City， so as to provide the reference for adjusting and formulating the monitoring program of the snail situation in the future. Methods A retrospective survey and a field survey were conducted to collect the information of historical O. hupensis snail environments and set up the database. The distribution and characteristics of them were analyzed. Results There were 53 historical O. hupensis snail environments which distributed in three towns， and the accumulative area was 1 635 530 m2 in Baoshan District， Shanghai City. Class I， II， III and IV accounted for 73.58%， 5.66%， 16.98% and 3.77% respectively. The complete transformation （Class I and Class II） was done in 42 places which covered the area of 1 622 043 m2， in which Class I environments and Class II environments accounted for 79.25% and 99.18% of the total， respectively. Conclusions There has been a great change in the historical O. hupensis snail environments in Baoshan District， Shanghai City. The information of the field investigation should be enriched and updated at different times to guide the investigation of O. hupensis snails in the future.

Surveillance results of national monitoring sites for soil-transmitted nematode infections in Xinchang County from 2009 to 2017

CHEN You-Mei, CHEN Yu-Hao, SONG Xiao-Wei

2018, 30(3):  346-348. 

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Objective To understand the infection status of soil?transmitted nematodes in Xinchang County， so as to offer the evidence for the formulation of control measures. Methods The infection of soil?transmitted nematodes in residents was investigated by using the Kato?Katz method and cellophane anal swab. Results A total of 3 069 people were examined in 2009， 2012 and 2017， of which 1 520 people were male and 61 people were infected， with the infection rate of 4.01%； 1 549 were women and 54 people were infected， with the infection rate of 3.48%. The infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes in 2009， 2012 and 2017 were 4.60%， 4.29% and 2.35%， respectively， and the total infection rates were decreased （[χ2] = 7.151， P<0.05）. Conclusion The rate of soil?transmitted nematode infection in Xinchang County is declining， and it is at a low epidemic level.

Investigation on knowledge| attitude and practice (KAP) of college students on foodborne parasitic diseases in Wuhu City

ZHANG Ming, LIU Huan

2018, 30(3):  349-352,360. 

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Objective To understand the status of knowledge， attitude and practice （KAP） on foodborne parasitic diseases and the influencing factors among college students in Wuhu City， so as to provide the evidence for the development of strategies on health education. Methods A total of 1 685 college students from five colleges were selected through the randomly stratified cluster sampling method， and then they were investigated by questionnaires to understand their KAP on foodborne parasitic diseases. [χ2] test was performed and regression models were constructed to analyze the influencing factors of knowledge on food?borne parasitic diseases. Results Among the 1 685 college students surveyed the awareness rates of knowledge about foodborne parasitic diseases and their harms were 33.5% （565 cases） and 31.4% （529 cases）. There were statistically significant differences among/between the grades， schools， places of origin， family incomes， whether or not having the male or female friends， whether or not having the medical personnel in the family， whether or not having the insistence on the annual physical examination， whether or not receiving the health education， and whether or not having the history of parasitic diseases （all [P<0.05]）. The logistic regression analysis showed that the school， receiving the health education， having the insistence on the annual physical examination， and the history of parasitic diseases were the independent influencing factors of the awareness rate of knowledge on foodborne parasitic diseases （all [P<0.01]）. Conclusion The awareness rate， healthy behavior and correct attitude formation about foodborne parasitic diseases are low among the college students in Wuhu City， and therefore， it is necessary to offer the courses related to foodborne parasitic diseases in colleges and universities.

Evolution and evaluation of schistosomiasis prevention and control institutions in China

LI Sheng-Ming, LI Zhi-Yang, ZHOU Yi-Biao, LUO Zhi-Hong, HU Ben-Jiao, PAN Yu-Xin, LUO Li-Xin, JIANG Qing-Wu, REN Guang-Hui

2018, 30(3):  353-356. 

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Schistosomiasis is one of a few endemic and infectious diseases， which are controlled by the specific prevention and control institutions in China. Through the review of historical data， this paper describes the construction， continuation and changes of schistosomiasis prevention and control institutions in different historical periods and systems， and analyzes and evaluates its historical function， contribution and status.

Anemia due to hookworm disease: a case report

ZHANG Qing-Qing

2018, 30(3):  357-358. 

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This paper reports one case of anemia due to hookworm disease. The case was diagnosed through the stool routine examination， in which the hookworm ova were found. It is suggested that the role of stool routine examination in the diagnosis of hookworm disease should be paid much attention.

Differentiating the morphology of infective larvae between two human hookworms

WU Zhong-Xin, QIAN Yi-Xin

2018, 30(3):  359-360. 

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The morphological differentiation of the infective larvae between human Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus is of great significance for the epidemiological survey of hookworm diseases and human parasitology teaching. Understanding of features of the oral spear and transverse lines on the tunica vaginalis is able to accurately differentiate the infective larvae between these two human hookworms.