Table of Content

11 May 2018, Volume 30 Issue 2

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Challenge and strategy of prevention and control of important parasitic diseases under the Belt and Road Initiative

CAO Chun-Li, GUO Jia-Gang

2018, 30(2):  111-116. 

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China was once a country with the heaviest burden of parasitic diseases. Under the leadership of the Communist Party and national authority， after more than 60 years’ efforts of prevention and control， the remarkable results have been achieved in China. However， affected by the social and economic development and environmental changes， the prevention and control of parasitic diseases， especially imported parasitic diseases， are facing new challenges， and the parasitic diseases， such as malaria， schistosomiasis， leishmaniasis， filariasis and trypanosomiasis， appear increasingly. With the development of the Belt and Road Initiative， the transmission risks of these diseases are more increased. The purpose of this paper is to describe the experience and results of parasitic disease prevention and control in China， understand the present parasitic disease epidemic situation of the Belt and Road Initiative related countries， analyze the transmission risks of important parasitic diseases， and present some relevant suggestions， so as to provide the evidence for the health administrative department formulating the prevention and control strategies of such parasitic diseases timely and effectively.

Challenges and strategies of health education and health promotion in stage of schistosomiasis elimination

HU Guang-Han, XU Jing, CAO Chun-Li, JIN Jia-Ning, LV Shan, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2018, 30(2):  117-120,123. 

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Health education and health promotion are important measures for comprehensive control of schistosomiasis in China， which can improve the compliance rate of residents involved in schistosomiasis control activities， reduce the water contact behavior of the target population， thus avoiding or decreasing the infection of schistosome in endemic areas. In recent years， the comprehensive control of schistosomiasis in China has achieved remarkable results. China has reached the goal of transmission control and is moving toward the transmission interruption or even elimination of schistosomiasis. This article analyzes the role of health education and health promotion in schistosomiasis control programme and the current challenges. Meanwhile， suggestions are also put forward on how to conduct health education and health promotionin the stage of schistosomiasis elimination.

Thinking on Oncomelania hupensis snail control by comprehensive control measures combined with "a total of five?water treatment"

GAO Lu-Lu

2018, 30(2):  121-123. 

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Oncomelania hupensis is the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum， and it has a significant influence on the transmission， control and elimination of schistosomiasis. In 2016， Zhejiang Province passed the national united assessment of “maintaining the schistosomiasis elimination status”; however, there are still O. hupensis snails remained in the very complicated environments. The breeding and spread of O. hupensis snails can be controlled for a long time with the environmental modification by adapting to local circumstance and scientific development， which can reduce the potential risk of schistosomiasis transmission and promote the development of local economy and society. This paper analyzes the working conditions of schistosomiasis prevention and control in Zhejiang Province and gives some relevant suggestions on how to guarantee the maintenance of the schistosomiasis elimination status in Zhejiang Province by the environmental modification combined with “a total of five?water treatment”， which can effectively condense the local snail breeding environments in key schistosomiasis endemic regions.

Analysis on the situation of schistosome infections in floating population in national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China

GUAN Zhou, LV Shan, LI Shi-Zhu, DANG Hui, ZHANG Li-Juan, XU Jing

2018, 30(2):  124-130. 

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Objective To understand the situation of Schistosoma japonicum infections in foating population and its epidemiological characteristics in China， so as to provide insights into the development of the surveillance strategy and interventions for schistosomiasis. Methods According to the protocol of national surveillance project， indirect hemagglutination test （IHA） was employed for serological screening of S. japonicum infections among the floating population in the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China from 2005 to 2014， and the sero?positives were subjected to parasitological examinations. In addition， epidemiological analyses were performed to describe the characteristics of schistosomiasis in the floating population. Results A total of 11 834 floating population were monitored at the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China during the study period， and 11 558 persons received serological tests， with 419 sero?positives screened. Then， 370 sero?positive floating populations were detected using parasitological examinations， and 25 stool positives were detected. The prevalence of S. japonicum infections significantly varied in time （[χ2]= 15.103 7）， occupations （[χ2]= 115.182 7） and regions （[χ2]= 13.177 5） in the study subjects during the study period（all P < 0.05）. A high adjusted prevalence of S. japonicum infections was seen in the boatmen and fishermen in several provinces. Conclusions Boatmen and fishermen are at a high risk of S. japonicum infections among the floating population， and should be paid more attention to in future schistosomiasis surveillance and control activities due to their strong mobility and difficulty of monitoring.

Effects of glycolytic pathway on generation of regulatory T cells during Schistosoma japonicum infection

WANG Xiao-Fan, QI Qian-Qian, ZHANG Li-Na, XU Lei, DONG Li-Yang, LI Ya-Lin, PU Ya-Nan, WEI Chuan, ZHOU Sha, ZHU Ji-Feng, CHEN Xiao-Jun, SU Chuan

2018, 30(2):  131-135. 

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Objective To assess the influence of glycolytic pathway on the proportion and numbers of regulatory T cells during Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods A S. japonicum?infected mouse model was established， and C57/BL6 male mice infected with S. japonicum were subjected to intraperitoneal injections of with the glycolytic inhibitor 2?Deoxy?D?glucose （2DG） or PBS for 6 times， and then the cells from spleen or mesenteric lymph nodes （LNs） were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry （FCM） to detect the percentage of Glut1+CD4+ T cells and Treg cells. Results The proportions of Glut1+CD4+ T cells in the spleen （43.58%±2.50% vs. 21.15%±0.96%； t = 8.834， P < 0.01） and mesenteric LNs （38.97%±1.97% vs. 28.40%±2.11%； t = 3.662， P < 0.05） were higher in the normal mice than those in the infected mice， and the percentages of Treg cells in the spleen （6.83%±0.21% vs. 13.30%±0.35%； t = 15.65， P < 0.01） and LNs （8.26%±0.15% vs. 14.37%±0.44%； t = 13.14， P < 0.01） were lower in the normal mice than those in the infected mice. In addition， the proportions of Treg cells in the spleen （15.50%±0.76% vs. 13.07%±0.15%； t = 3.130， P < 0.05） and LNs （17.00% ± 0.41% vs. 13.83% ± 0.18%； t = 6.947， P < 0.01） were higher in the infected mice injected intraperitoneally with 2DG than those in the infected mice injected intraperitoneally with PBS. Conclusion Glycolytic pathway inhibits Treg differentiation in the spleen and mesenteric LNs of S. japonicum?infected mice.

Study on role of TIGIT signal in Th1/Th2 balance in Schistosoma japonicum?infected mice

ZHANG Li-Na, WANG Xiao-Fan, QI Qian-Qian, DONG Li-Yang, XU Lei, PU Ya-Nan, WEI Chuan, ZHU Ji-Feng, ZHOU Sha, LI Ya-Lin, LIU Feng, CHEN Xiao-Jun, SU Chuan

2018, 30(2):  136-139,144. 

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Objective To investigate the role of TIGIT signal in Th1/Th2 balance in the process of Schistosoma japonicum infection. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were infected with cercariae of S. japonicum， and normal uninfected mice served as the controls. The percentages of TIGIT+ cells， Ki67+CD3+CD4+TIGIT+ cells， Ki67+CD3+CD4+TIGIT? cells， IFN?γ+CD3+CD4+TIGIT+cells， IFN?γ+CD3+CD4+TIGIT? cells， IL?4+CD3+CD4+TIGIT+ cells and IL?4+CD3+CD4+TIGIT? cells were evaluated in mouse spleen by flow cytometry. Results The proportion of TIGIT+CD4+ T cells was higher in the spleen of S. japonicum?infected mice than in the normal uninfected mice （29.30%±0.70% vs. 3.09%±0.50%； t = 8.834， P < 0.01）. However， no significant difference in the percentages of TIGIT+CD8+T cells between the infection group and normal controls （3.61%±0.26% vs. 3.58%±0.16%； t = 0.108， P > 0.05）， and no significant difference was detected in the percentages of TIGIT+ cells in non?T cells between the infection group and controls （1.86%±0.19% vs.1.37%±0.17%； t = 1.931， P > 0.05）. In addition，the proportion of Ki67 in the TIGIT+ cells was higher than that in the TIGIT? cells （17.03%±0.64% vs. 6.59%±0.37%； t = 14.09， P < 0.01）. The Th2/Th1 ratio was higher in the TIGIT+CD4+ T cells than in the TIGIT?CD4+ T cells （39.28%±3.75% vs. 11.79%±1.64%； t =6.721， P < 0.01）. Conclusion The TIGIT signaling may be involved in the development of Th2 responses in the mice infected with S. japonicum.

Preparation of freeze-drying control materials of IgG antibody against Schistosoma japonicum for immunodetection kits

HUANG Jin, TANG Chun-Lian, TU Zu-Wu, TANG Li, ZHANG Ke-Hui, LI Qian, YE Jun

2018, 30(2):  140-144. 

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Objective To prepare freeze?drying control materials of IgG antibody against Schistosoma japonicum for detection kits. Methods The serum samples of schistosomiasis patients from endemic areas and normal people without history of schistosome infection or contact with infested water in Hubei Province were collected. All the sera were detected by the method approved by China Food and Drug Administration and selected for preparation of quality control samples. Results Totally twelve positive quality control materials， ten negative quality control materials， and one sensitive and one precision quality control materials were screened. According to the positive serum level， the positive degrees of quality control materials were divided into strong， medium and weak levels. The stability could be valid for one year. Conclusions The freeze?drying quality control materials of IgG antibody against S. japonicum for detection kits are prepared. They are easy to use and have good stability， and therefore， they may meet the requirement of quality control for the detection of schistosomiasis diagnostics kits.

Quantitative determination of biogenic amine from Biomphalaria glabrata nervous system by UPLC MS/MS

HUANG Tao, GUO Yun-Hai, LIU He-Xiang, ZHANG Yi

2018, 30(2):  145-148,178. 

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Objective To establish a method for the quantitative determination of serotonin and dopamine in the nervous system of Biomphalaria glabrata by using ultra high performance liquid chromatography?tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry （UPLC MS/MS）. Methods The B. glabrata nervous system was broken in the pure methanol solution after obtaining it by dissecting with microscope. Then， the supernatant containing the target substance after twice high speed centrifugation was got. The extraction was separated on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH Amide column with Waters TQ?XS series mass spectrometry detector， with ESI source and positive electrospray ionization mode when the machine testing. Results The detection limit of serotonin was 0.03 ng/ml and the limit of quantification was 0.1 ng/ml. The detection limit of dopamine was 0.05 ng/ml and the limit of quantification was 0.15 ng/ml. The recoveries of serotonin ranged from 90.68% to 94.72% over the range of 1 to 40 ng/ml. The recoveries of dopamine ranged from 91.68% to 96.12% over the range of 1.0 ng/ml to 40 ng/ml. Conclusion The established UPLC MS/MS method is simple， stable and reproducible. It can be used for the quantitative analysis of serotonin and dopamine in the nervous system of B. glabrata snails.

Study on expression characteristics of cytochrome P450 genes in Anopheles sinensis

WEI Mo, TANG Jian-Xia, LI Ju-Lin, ZHANG Mei-Hua, CHEN Jing, XU Sui, CAO Yuan-Yuan, YANG Meng-Meng, ZHU Guo-Ding, ZHOU Hua-Yun, CAO Jun

2018, 30(2):  149-154. 

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Objective To explore the expression characteristics of cytochrome P450 （CYP） candidate genes （CYP6M3， CYP6Y1， CYP6P5， CYP4H14， CYP4G17， CYP12F16） in Anopheles sinensis. Methods The samples were collected from different developmental stages （eggs， larvae， pupae and adult mosquitoes （females and males））， and different tissues （salivary glands， malpighian tubes， midguts， ovaries， and fat bodies） of An. sinensis and the female adult mosquitoes exposed by different insecticide doses （0， 1.25， 3.75， 6.25， 12.5 μg/bottle） and time points （0， 5， 15， 30， 60 minutes）， then the total RNA was extracted. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR （qPCR） assay was used to analyze the relative expressions of six CYP genes in An. sinensis at different developmental stages， tissues and different insecticide exposure doses and time. Results The expressions of CYP6M3 and CYP6Y1 in the male adult mosquitoes were the highest， the expression of CYP6M3 gene in the males was 35.1 times higher than that in the females， the expression of CYP6Y1 in the males was 61.4 times higher than that in the females； the expression level of CYP4H14 in the larvae was the lowest， the expression of CYP4H14 in the females was 22.5 times higher than that in the fourth instar larvae. The expressions of candidate CYP genes in different tissues of An. sinensis were significantly different， the expression of CYP6M3 in the malpighian tubule was 38.9 times higher than that in the ovary， the expression of CYP6Y1 in the fatbody was 9.1 times higher than that in the ovary， the expression of CYP4G17 was 4.6 times higher than that in the ovary， and the expression of CYP12F16 was 4.4 times higher thanthat in the ovary. The exposure to different insecticide doses and time showed some induction effects in the expressions of candidate CYP genes， which affected the expressions of candidate CYP genes in An. sinensis. Conclusion The expression of candidate CYP genes varies significantly in different developmental stages and various tissues of An. sinensis， and exposure to deltamethrin at various doses and time points affects CYP genes expression in An. sinensis.

Cloning, expression and immunity analysis of transketolase of Echinococcus granulosus

CAO De-Ping, ZHANG Yao-Gang, LI Chao-Qun, LIU Jia, JIANG Bo-Fan

2018, 30(2):  155-160. 

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Objective To obtain the prokaryotic expression of transketolase genes and analyze its value as a diagnostic antigen for echinococcosis. Methods TK gene was amplified by PCR and cloned into prokaryotic vector pMD19?EgTK， and then subcloned into the expression vector pET?28a. The target gene TK prokaryotic expression plasmid pET?28a was constructed and transferred into BL21. The purified protein was identified by SDS?PAGE and Western blotting. The blood samples of patients with cystic echinococcosis （CE group）， alveolar echinococcosis （AE group） and healthy people （healthy group） were collected and detected by ELISA with the recombinant EgTK protein as a diagnostic antigen. Results The recombinant plasmid pET?28a（+）?EgTK was constructed successfully， and there was a band around 70 kDa by using Western blotting. ELISA showed that the difference among the 3 groups of sera reaction A450 was significantly different （F = 44.47， P < 0. 01）， and the A450 values of the CE group （1.46±0.41） and AE group （1.28±0.29） were higher than that of the healthy group （[0.66±0.23]）， but there was no significant difference between the former two. Conclusion The recombinant EgTK protein is better to distinguish the echinococcosis group and healthy group， but it can’t do a differential diagnosis between CE and AE cases.

A case-control study on risk factors of cystic echinococcosis in humans in Tibetan areas

WU Wen-Ting, WU Wei-Ping, GUAN Ya-Yi, HAN Shuai, XUE Chui-Zhao, WANG Xu, LIU Bai-Xue

2018, 30(2):  161-164. 

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Objectives To understand the risk factors of cystic echinococcosis in Tibetan population， so as to provide the reference for development of prevention and control strategies. Methods Four cystic echinococcosis highly?prevalent townships were selected from Naqu County of Tibet and Shiqu County of Sichuan Province， which had similar environmental and altitude conditions， from August to September， 2017. Applying the 1∶1 case?control study， a household survey was conducted to investigate the risk factors of echinococcosis in humans. Results A total of 378 residents were investigated， of which the numbers of cases and non?cases were both 189. The univariate analysis showed that the years of keeping dogs （OR = 1.032， P < 0.05）， the number of keeping dogs （OR = 1.260， P < 0.05）， the way of raising dogs （OR = 1.434， P < 0.05）， feeding with raw viscera （OR = 1.531， P < 0.05）， and there being stray dogs around （OR = 1.946， P < 0.05） were the risk factors of echinococcosis. As a result of the multivariate logistic regression analysis， only three risk factors， feeding with raw viscera， there being stray dogs around， and drinking water resource， were included in the regression model. Conclusion Feeding with raw viscera， there being stray dogs around， and drinking water resource are the risk factors of echinococcosis in humans.

Investigation on unhealthy related behaviors of echinococcosis patients in Garzê|Prefecture, Sichuan Province

TIAN Ke-Qing, TIAN Tian, SHI Guo-Qing, CAO Chun-Li, HAO Yu-Wan, ZHU Ze-Lin, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2018, 30(2):  165-172,183. 

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Objective To understand the unhealthy related behaviors of echinococcosis patients in Tibetan region in Sichuan Province， so as to provide the references for the health education of echinococcosis. Methods The echinococcosis patients who were registered in the Tibetan region in Sichuan Province were selected as target population. The basic situation and unhealthy related behaviors of them were surveyed by individual interviews. Results Totally 368 echinococcosis patients were investigated. The proportion of patients who lived with dogs was 53.3%， who did not wash hands before meals was 23.4%， who ate raw food was 15.5%， who fed dogs with diseased livestock visceral organs was 9.8%， who drank unboiled water was 8.7%， and who played with dogs was 5.4%. The proportion of nomads’ unhygienic behaviors was higher than that of sedentary residents’ unhygienic behaviors. The proportion of playing with dogs and feeding dogs with diseased livestock visceral organsin students was higher than that in nomads. Conclusion There are some unhealthy related behaviors in echinococcosis patients in Garzê Prefecture， and the different health education modes for echinococcosis patients with different characteristics should be applied.

Genotyping and gene nucleotide polymorphism of epidemic strain of Echinococcus granulosus metacestode from humans and sheep in Tianjun region, Qinghai Province

ZHANG Xue-Yong, JIAN Ying-Na, LI Xiu-Ping, HAN Xiu-Min, CAI Dan Zhuo-Ma, LI Fu-Shou, MA Li-Qing

2018, 30(2):  173-178. 

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Objective To understand the genotypes and nucleotide polymorphisms of Echinococcus granulosus metacestode from humans and sheep in Tianjun region， Qinghai Province. Methods The specific primers were designed according to the cox1 and nad1 genes of E. granulosus mitochondrial genome sequences accessed by GenBank. The primers were used to detect the cyst samples from 16 sheep and 2 humans infected with E. granulosus in Tianjun region of Qinghai Province by PCR， then the PCR amplification products were sequenced， the genotypes and nucleotide polymorphisms of the cox1 and nad1 genes were analyzed. Results The 18 isolated samples all belonged to E. granulosus G1 genotype. Among all the isolates， 9 haplotypes existed in the cox1 gene with 16 nucleotide mutation sites， and there were 0 to 5 nucleotide differences with the highest variation rate of 0.31%， whereas 7 haplotypes occurred with 15 nucleotide mutation sites， and there were 1 to 8 nucleotide differences with the highest variation rate of 0.89% for the nad1 gene. Conclusions The epidemic genotype of E. granulosus is G1 in humans and sheep in Tianjun region of Qinghai Province， and the nucleotide polymorphisms of the cox1 gene were more abundant than those of the nad1 gene， and the resolution of the nucleotide polymorphisms of cox1 gene is higher than that of the nad1 gene used in E. granulosus isolates.

Genotyping and polymorphism analysis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰgene of Pomacea canaliculata from Lincang City in Yunnan Province

ZHANG Cang-Lin, PENG Jia, RAN Zhen, ZI Jin-Rong, YANG Ya-Ming

2018, 30(2):  179-183. 

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Objective To analyze the genetic diversity of Pomacea canaliculata based on the mitochondria DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ （mtDNA COⅠ） gene as a molecular marker in Lincang City of Yunnan Province, so as to provide the scientific data for monitoring Angiostrongylus cantonensis in local areas. Methods The genotypes and polymorphisms of 38 specimens of P. canaliculata collected from Mengding Town of Lincang City were analyzed by sequencing COⅠ gene. The phylogenetic tree and genetic distances were produced based on the haplotypes from GenBank and the present study by using the neighbour?joining method with the software MEGA version 6.06. Results Totally 31 sequences were acquired in the present study and they produced 3 unique haplotypes. Haplotype 1 showed a higher frequency compared to the others and it accounted for 83.9 % （26/31）. The data showed that the least genetic distances ranged from 0 to 0.052 between P. canaliculata and 3 haplotypes， as well as the largest genetic distances ranged from 0.021 to 0.239 between Pila conica and 3 haplotypes. Otherwise， the analysis of the phylogenetic trees based on COⅠ gene sequences of P. canaliculata indicated that all of 3 haplotypes clustered into one big clade with that from Japan （GenBank accession number: AB433769）， China （GenBank accession number: KT313034） and USA （GenBank accession number: EU523129）， which owned the closet relationship amongst them. Their genetic relationships were distantly related to the GenBank’s reference sequences of P. insularum （GenBank accession number: EF514942）， P. camena （GenBank accession number: EF515059） and so on. Conclusion There is a P. canaliculata species in Lincang City of Yunnan Province as well as a high genetic diversity amongst the acquired 3 haplotypes in this study.

Construction and expression of multi-gene recombinant plasmid pEGFP-N1-HBsAg-ROP2

MA Rong, XIAO Ting, LI Jin, SUN Hui, XU Chao, HUANG Bing-Cheng, YIN Kun, ZHAO Gui-Hua, CUI Yong, ZHU Song, LIU Gong-Zhen, YAN Ge, WEI Qing-Kuan

2018, 30(2):  184-188. 

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Objective To construct pEGFP?N1?HBsAg?ROP2 recombinant expression plasmid and transfect HEK293T cells for expression， and pay a way for Toxoplasma gondii nucleic acid vaccine development. Methods According to the HBsAg gene sequence and pcDNA3?p30?ROP2 recombinant plasmid restriction sites， the HBsAg gene was amplified by PCR. The HBsAg gene was cloned into the pcDNA3?p30?ROP2 and instead of p30 gene. The HBsAg?ROP2 fragment was amplified by PCR and digested with HindⅢ and KpnⅠ to clone into the pEGFP?N1 eukaryotic expression vector and construct the recombinant pEGFP?N1?HBsAg?ROP2. The expression vector was transfected into HEK293T cells based on the identification of PCR amplification， restriction endonucleases and sequencing. Results The PCR product of HBsAg was about 700 bp， which was consistent with the theoretical value. Two bands of about 5.4 kb and 1.9 kb were obtained after double enzyme digestion with pcDNA3?HBsAg?ROP2 recombinant plasmid. The recombinant plasmid pEGFP?N1?HBsAg?ROP2 was double?digested to generate an empty vector fragment of about 4.7 kb and a band of about 1.9 kb of HBsAg?ROP2 fragment. The results of sequencing showed that the sequence was 99.84% identical with the published sequence in GenBank. The target plasmid was successfully transfected into HEK293T cells， and the expression was correct， the protein concentration was 3.08 mg/ml. Conclusion The recombinant plasmid pEGFP?N1?HBsAg?ROP2 is successfully constructed and expressed efficiently.

In silico cloning and comparative analysis of NAD1 gene in three common human parasites

XIE Jian, ZHAO Yong-Xia, YANG MIng-Li, ZHANG Zhi-Min, GIA Qi

2018, 30(2):  189-193,207. 

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Objective To in silico clone the NAD1 gene of three common parasites and analyze their bioinformatics， so as to lay the foundation for further research on the NAD gene. Methods By using the in silico cloning method， the full length cDNA（s） of NAD 1 genes of Clonorchis sinensis， Ascaris lumbricoides and Schistosoma japonicum were got， then their physical and chemical properties， compositions of amino acids， subcellular localizations， binary and ternary structures were contrastively analyzed. Results The three kinds of NAD1 proteins were similar in the relative molecular weight， subcellular localization， and physical and chemical properties. The NAD1 proteins were highly similar in binary and ternary structures of A. lumbricoides and S. japonicum. The phylogenetic analysis showed that C. sinensis， A. lumbricoides and S. japonicum belonged to the different evolutionary branches with a certain of genetic distance. Conclusion The three NAD1 genes got from C. sinensis， A. lumbricoides and S. japonicum by in silico cloning belong to the same gene of different species， which can be widely used in the researches of heritable variation of parasites.

Survey and analysis of major human parasitic diseases in Chongqing City

LI Shan-Shan, LUO Fei, XIE Jun, YUAN Yi

2018, 30(2):  194-199. 

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Objective To investigate the epidemic of major human parasitic diseases in Chongqing City， so as to provide a reference for developing prevention and control strategies. Methods According to the unified methods formulated by the national investigation scheme and stratified cluster random sampling， 36 rural pilots and 50 urban pilots were selected in Chongqing City. The number of the objects investigated in individual pilot was defined over 250. Results Totally 22 263 residents were detected. The overall infection rate of intestinal parasites was 5.41%. The infection rates of Ascaris lumbricoides， hookworm， Trichuris trichiura， and Enterobius vermicularis were 1.20%， 4.23%， 0.13% and 0.47% respectively. Only 0.22% of the infections were co?infections. The infection rate of overall intestinal parasites was statistically higher in the females than that in the males （[χ2] = 15.19， P < 0.05）， and the infection rates were significantly different among various age groups， occupations， education levels， and regions （[χ2] = 15.19， 396.72， 421.07， 347.79， all P < 0.05）. Conclusions The infection rates of major human parasites in Chongqing show an obviously decreasing tendency compared with the rates of the past twice of national surveys. In the future， the controlling practices are obliged to focus on reducing the infection rates of soil?borne parasites.

Study on rapid recognition technique of schistosome susceptibility water body Ⅰ Animal skin making and effect assessment

PENG Guo-Hua, WEI Wang-Yuan, QIAN Ke, HU Zhu-Hua, LI Shi-Zhu, GUO Jia-Gang, YU Qing

2018, 30(2):  200-201,210. 

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Objective To develop a bionic animal skin and evaluate its detective effect of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae so as to provide a new technique for the monitoring of the schistosome susceptibility water body. Methods A bionic animal skin was made with pigskin and the experiments were carried out for evaluating its detective effects of S. japonicum cercariae in laboratory and simulate fields， and at the same time， the sentinel mouse method was used as the control. Results In the laboratory， the cercariae were found in 10?， 30?， 60?cercaria subgroups in the bionic animal skin group after 1 and 2 hours， but the cercariae were found only in the 60?cercaria subgroup in the sentinel mouse group. In the simulate fields， in the water body with 5 schistosome?infected Oncomelania hupensis snails， the cercariae were found in 2 bionic animal skin devices （2/4） and 3 bionic animal skin devices （3/4） after 2 hours and 4 hours respectively， and in the water body with 10 schistosome?infected O. hupensis snails， the cercariae were found in 4 bionic animal skin devices （4/4） and 3 bionic animal skin devices （3/4） after 2 hours and 4 hours respectively in the bionic animal skin group. In the the sentinel mouse group， in the above?mentioned water bodies （with 5 or 10 schistosome?infected O. hupensis snails）， the cercariae were found in 2 sentinel mice （2/4） and 1 sentinel mice （1/4） after 2 hours and 4 hours respectively； and the cercariae were found in 2 sentinel mice （2/4） and 3 sentinel mice （3/4） after 2 hours and 4 hours respectively. Conclusion The bionic animal skin device can be used to detect the S. japonicum cercariae， and its sensibility and efficiency are superior to the traditional sentinel mouse method.

Molluscicidal effect and mechanism of action of niclosamidate against Oncomelania hupensis

LUO Bing-Rong, YAO Jun-Min, WANG Mei-Si, LI Shi-Zhu, YANG Jing, CHEN Shao-Rong, LUO Jia-Jun, LIU Yu-Hua, DUAN Li-Ping

2018, 30(2):  202-204. 

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Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of niclosamidate against Oncomelania hupensis in laboratory and explore its mechanism by determining the enzyme activities of six important enzymes in snail soft tissues. Methods O. hupensis snails were treated with niclosamidate at the concentration of 1.25 mg/L for 24 h and the snail soft tissues were separated and prepared for analysis. The enzyme activities of NOS， AChE， SDH， LDH， ACP and AKP were determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The morphology of the snail soft tissue was also observed. Results Niclosamidate exhibited a potent molluscicidal effect against O. hupensis at the concentration of 5.00 mg/L with a mortality of 96.67% by the immersion method in laboratory. After immersed with niclosamidate （1.25 mg/L） for 24 h， the enzyme activities of NOS， AChE， ACP and AKP were significantly decreased compared with those of the controls （all P < 0.01）. There were no significant changes observed in the enzyme activities of SDH and LDH （both P > 0.05）. Conclusion Niclosamidate possesses a potent molluscicidal effect against O. hupensis and its molluscicidal mechanism is probably by affecting the transmission of neurotransmitters， interfering with the circulation， metabolism and motor functions that require NO， and hindering the digestion and absorption of nutriments， which eventually result in the death of the snails.

Clinical characteristics of 16 newly discovered advanced schistosomiasis patients in Dongpo District, Meishan City, Sichuan Province

ZHOU Zhi, XU Jia, ZHANG Yi

2018, 30(2):  205-207. 

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Objective To understand the clinical characteristics of newly discovered advanced schistosomiasis patients in Dongpo District, Meishan City, Sichuan Province， so as to provide the reference for enhancing the clinicians’ awareness for diagnosis and treatment of this disease and improving the therapeutic effect. Methods The data of medical records and schedule of case survey of 16 newly discovered advanced schistosomiasis patients in Dongpo District， Meishan City， Sichuan Province were collected and analyzed. Results The mean age of the 16 newly discovered advanced schistosomiasis patients was 63 years， and there were 10 cases at ages of over 60 years. The 16 cases included 8 men and 8 women, and 10 cases were detected in the historical hyper-endemic areas. There were 11 cases with an ascitic type of advanced schistosomiasis， 4 cases with a megalosplenia type， and one case with a colon proliferation type. The primary initial symptoms mainly included ascites, splenomegaly, hypersplenism and portal hypertension. Following inpatient treatments, 15 cases achieved clinical improvments. Conclusions It is necessary to enhance the prevention and control of advanced schistosomiasis. If the patients with portal hypertension， hepatosplenomegaly， upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage visit a doctor， the clinicians should pay much attention to advanced schistosomiasis and they need to comprehensively analyze the clinical data in combination with the epidemiological information， clinical features and laboratory examinations， and make a correct diagnosis and give treatments timely.

Surveillance of soil-borne nematodiasis in population in Hefei City, 2012-2015

PAN Xiao-Xiang, AN Jin-Sheng, ZHU Li, WEI Hong-Sheng

2018, 30(2):  208-210. 

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Objective To analyze the surveillance results of soil?borne nematodiasis in Hefei City from 2012 to 2015， so as to provide the evidence formulating the Hefei “Thirteen?five” parasitic disease prevention strategy. Methods The population in monitoring points in Changfeng County， Lujiang City and Chaohu County were investigated for Ascaris lumbricoides， Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections with Kato?Katz technique every year from 2012 to 2015， and the children aged less than 6 years were checked for Enterobius vermicularis infection by using the cellophane tape method. Results A total of 12 496 people were investigated from 2012 to 2015， the number of infections was 84， and among them， the number of hookworm infection was the most （70 cases） and the number of A. lumbricoides was the least （3 cases）. The infection rate in 2014 was higher than that in other years， and there was a statistically significant difference （P < 0.008）. There was a statistically significant difference among all age groups over 6 years of age in the infection rates （[χ2] = 27.229， P < 0.05）， and the infection rate of the age group over 66 years was higher than that of the other age groups. The infection rate in the female was higher than that in the male （[χ2] = 5.378， P < 0.05）. The infection rate in the monitoring point in Changfeng County was higher than that in the other monitoring points （P < 0.017）. Conclusions From 2012 to 2015， the infection rate of soil?borne nematode infections is lower than 5% in Hefei City. The number of hookworm infection is the most. Therefore， during the "Thirteen five" period， the key point of prevention of parasitic infections is hookworm infection.

Design and implementation of field questionnaire survey system of taeniasis/cysticercosis

LI Huan-Zhang, XUE Jing-Bo, QIAN Men-Bao, ZANG Xin-Zhong, XIA Shang, WANG Qiang, CHEN Ying-Dan, LI Shi-Zhu

2018, 30(2):  211-214,225. 

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A taeniasis/cysticercosis information management system was designed to achieve the dynamic monitoring of the epidemic situation of taeniasis/cysticercosis and improve the intelligence level of disease information management. The system includes three layer structures （application layer， technical core layer， and data storage layer） and designs a datum transmission and remote communication system of traffic information tube in Browser/Server architecture. The system is believed to promote disease datum collection. Additionally， the system may provide the standardized data for convenience of datum analysis.

Final evaluation of Control Program of Key Parasitic Diseases in Jinhu County (2006-2015), Jiangsu Province

SUN Dao-Kuan, ZHANG Cui-Ping

2018, 30(2):  215-218,221. 

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Objective To evaluate the implementation of the Control Program of Key Parasitic Diseases in Jinhu County from 2006 to 2015， so as to provide the evidence for the future work of prevention and control. Methods The historical data about key parasitoses were collected， and the organization management， financial support， capacity building， control effects， and so on were evaluated with the descriptive method. Results From 2006 to 2015， totally 19 technique educations were conducted， 844.2 thousands RMB was invested， and 1 725 person?times of technicians were trained. Totally 197 600 person?times of drug administration were performed and 11 762 person?times of residents were tested for parasites， with the infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes fluctuating from 0.16% to 2.18%. The infection rates of Clonorchis sinensis were from 0.00% to 0.67%， and the infection rates of its intermediate hosts were from 3.81% to 9.48%. No imago and larva of Angiostrongylus cantonensis were found in the longitudinal surveillance. In 2013， the awareness rate of health related knowledge was up to 95.62%， and the correct rate of health behaviors was up to 96.46%. Totally 3 764 villages were renovated， and the beneficial rate of tap?water was up to 98.90%. The popularity rate of household toilets was up to 95.31%， and the popularity rate of harmlessness health toilets was up to 93.45%. Conclusion The endemic situation of key parasitoses is in a low state in Jinhu County， however， the transmitted risk still exists， and therefore， the surveillance work need to be enhanced.

Prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infection and effect of albendazole treatment among residents in two communities of Zhongshan City

ZHENG Ying-Yan, XIE Ting-Jun, WANG Man, FANG Yue-Yi, LUO Le

2018, 30(2):  219-221. 

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Objective To understand the prevalence of Clonorchis sinensis infection among residents in two communities of Zhongshan City， and evaluate the effect of albendazole treatment， so as to offer the evidence for formulating the strategy of clonorchiasis prevention and control. Methods The stool specimens were collected from the residents of two comprehensive demonstration areas， and the eggs of C. sinensis were detected by Kato?Katz technique. Those who were tested positive were treated with albendazole （0.4， twice a day for 4 days in adults， and half dosage for children aged 16 years or below）. Three weeks after the treatment， the stool specimens were recollected and retested to evaluate the effect. Results A total of 532 people were investigated and 96 were tested positive， with an infection rate of 18.05%. The infection rate was 28.63% （69/241） in the males and 9.28% （27/291） in the females， and there was a significant difference between them （[χ2] = 334.99， [P<0.01]）. The infection rate increased with the increase of the age （[χ2] = 63.84，[ P<0.01]）. Among the 96 positive residents， 94 received the albendazole treatment， and 86 were retested after the treatment with a negative conversion rate of 91.86% （79/86）. Of the 7 residents without the conversion， 5 had irregular medication. No severe adverse reactions were reported during the period of treatment. Conclusions The infection rate of C. sinensis among residents in the two communities of Zhongshan City is high， especially among the males and aged people. The effect of albendazole is good in the treatment of C. sinensis infection. In the future， the general survey and treatment should be strengthened in order to lower the infection rate.

Effect of cementing ditch?based project on schistosomiasis control in Dingshen River basin in Shitai County

TAO Wei, CHEN Xue-Feng, WU Ming-Yao, WANG Cheng, DU Yi-Fang

2018, 30(2):  222-225. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of cementing ditch?based project on schistosomiasis control in the irrigation area of Dingshen River basin in Shitai County， Anhui Province. Methods The data of Oncomelania hupensis snail surveys from 2009 to 2015 and the data of schistosome infections in humans and livestock from 2009 to 2015 were collected， and the changes of the epidemic situation were analyzed and compared before and after the project. Results In the cementing ditches， the occurrence rate of living snails decreased by 68.79% and the average density of living snails decreased by 97.78%， whereas in the control areas without ditch hardening， the occurrence rate of living snails increased by 72.49% and the average density of living snails increased by 37.16%. The infection rate in humans decreased by 100%. Of 161 bovines examined with the egg?hatching method during the period， no infections were found. Conclusion The cementing ditch?based project has a good effect on reducing the density of snails and controlling schistosomiasis.

Global burden and challenges of parasitic diseases in Africa

LI Yi-Ting, REN Guang-Hui, LIANG You-Sheng, YANG Kun, SUN Le-Ping, LI Shi-Zhu, LV Shan, GIA Tie-Wu

2018, 30(2):  226-231. 

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Parasitic diseases are common infectious diseases closely related to poverty， which are mainly endemic in the tropical and subtropical regions. Africa is the major epidemic area of parasitic diseases， and the global burden of malaria and schistosomiasis is over 85% in Africa. This paper reviews the disease burden， regional distribution and control strategies of the main parasitic diseases in Africa， in order to promote the prevention and control of parasitic diseases in this area.

Application of isothermal amplification technology for pathogen detection in parasitic and other diseases

LI Ting, YANG Kun

2018, 30(2):  232-236. 

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The in vitro nucleic acid amplification technique based on polymerase chain reaction （PCR） has been successfully applied to scientific researches. In recent years， the emergence of isothermal amplification technology is increasingly applied in the molecular diagnosis and disease detection because of its advantages of constant temperature， high efficiency， short time?consuming， and less reliance on equipment and instruments. The principle， characteristics and application of the partial isothermal amplification technique in the pathogen detection in parasitic and other diseases are reviewed in this paper， and the prospects of the wide development of the technique are also discussed.

Enzymology of snails under treatment of molluscicides

XIONG Tao, ZHAO Qin-Ping, LIU Rong, JIANG Ming-Sen, DONG Hui-Fen

2018, 30(2):  237-240,243. 

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Studies on the enzymology of snails are important in the study of molluscicidal mechanism. The alteration of activities of enzymes after molluscicidal treatment was reported in large numbers of papers. This paper reviews the progress of studies on the enzymology of snails under the treatment of molluscicides.

Treatment and nursing of a cysticercosis patient with multiple foci

FANG Yu-Hua, DENG Ji-Guang

2018, 30(2):  241-243. 

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Objective To analyze the relevant data， including medical history， treatment and nursing of one cysticercosis patient with multiple foci in Baise City， so as to provide the evidence for improving the treatment and nursing of cysticercosis in the future. Methods The data of diet history， diagnosis， treatment and nursing of the patient were collected and analyzed. Results The patient was a permanent resident in a cysticercosis high endemic area and had a definite history of eating measly pork. The combination of clinical manifestations and auxiliary examinations of the patient confirmed that he was suffered from cysticercosis with multiple foci. After the patient was firstly administered the antiparasitic treatment of cysticercosis （praziquantel）， he had status epilepticus. However， with the close cooperation between physicians and nurses， his illness obviously improved and 35 days later， he discharged. Conclusion The physicians and nurses should pay much attention to the changes of illness of the patients with cysticercosis， especially the cysticercosis patients with multiple foci in the antiparasitic treatment of cysticercosis， so as to avoid cerebral herniation due to the increased intracranial pressure.