Table of Content

22 December 2015, Volume 27 Issue 6

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Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People’s Republic of China in 2014

LEI Zheng-Long, ZHANG Li-Juan, XU Zhi-Min, DANG Hui, XU Jing, LV Shan, CAO Chun-Li, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2015, 27(6):  563.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015235

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This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China at national level in 2014， and analyzed the data captured from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and 81 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites. Among the 12 provinces （municipality and autonomous region） endemic for schistosomiasis japonica in China， 5 provinces （municipality and autonomous region） of Shanghai， Zhejiang， Fujian， Guangdong and Guangxi had achieved transmission interruption， 4 provinces of Sichuan， Yunnan， Jiangsu and Hubei had achieved transmission control， and Anhui， Jiangxi and Hunan provinces were still at infection control until 2014. There were 453 counties （city， district） endemic for schistosomiasis， with 251 million residents， and 30 048 villages endemic for schistosomiasis， with 68 million 507 thousand and 3 hundred residents. Among the 453 endemic counties （city， district）， 69.09% （313/453） and 29.80% （135/453） endemic counties （city， district） reached the transmission interruption and transmission control respectively while the number of counties （city， district） at the stage of infection control reduced from 34 in 2013 to 5 in 2014 （accounted for 1.10% of the total number of endemic counties， 5/53）. Till 2014， 115 614 people were estimated to have schistosomiasis and only 2 acute schistosomiasis cases were reported. In addition， there were 30 880 advanced schistosomiasis cases documented in 2014. In 2014， a total of 9 461 348 individuals received schistosomiasis examinations and 8 270 persons were found stool positives with the reduction rate of 50.96% as compared to that （16 865 cases） in 2013. The Oncomelania hupensis snail survey was performed in 20 123 endemic villages in 2014， and the snails were detected in 5 653 villages， which accounted for 28.09% of total villages， with 13 newly detected villages with snails. The snail survey covered an area of 576 506.37 hm2 and snails were found in an area of 364 324.42 hm2， including an area of 531.13 hm2 detected snails for the first time. No schistosome infected snails were found in 2014. A total of 919 579 head of cattle were raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China. In 2014， 494 620 head of cattle received examinations and only 666 were determined as stool positives. Based on the data from the 81 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China， the mean Schistosoma japonicum infection rate was 0.11% and 0.05% in humans and cattle respectively， and no infected snails were detected in 2014. There were 280 855 schistosomiasis cases receiving treatments， with 2 565 555 cases undergoing expanded chemotherapy； there were 798 head of cattle with schistosomiasis receiving treatments， with 408 690 head of cattle undergoing expanded chemotherapy； there was a total 138 923.90 hm2 area with snail control by using molluscicides， with actual mollusciciding of 74 538.17 hm2； and there was an environmental modification of 5 331.42 hm2. These data demonstrate a decline in the endemic city of schistosomiasis in China in 2014. However， the risk of schistosomiasis transmission remains high in some regions. Further control and effective surveillance should be strengthened to consolidate the achievements and reduce the endemic situation of schistosomiasis in China.

Effect of water storage and aquaculture on Oncomelania hupensis control in tidal flats wetlands of islet?beach type area of Dantu section of lower reaches of Yangtze River

LI Ye-Fang, HUANG Yi-Xin, WANG He-Sheng, HANG De-Rong, CHEN Xiang-Ping, XIE Yi-Feng, ZHANG Lian-Heng

2015, 27(6):  570.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015169

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Objective To evaluate the effect and the benefits of the projects of water storage and aquaculture on Oncomelania hupensis snail control in the tidal flats wetlands of islet?beach type area of lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Methods The projects of water storage and aquaculture on O. hupensis snail control were implemented in the tidal flats wetlands of islet?beach type of lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The breed situation of the snails was investigated by the conventional method before and after the project implementation and the effect of control and elimination of the snails by the projects were evaluated. At the same time， the cost?benefit analysis of two projects among them was performed by the static benefit?cost ratio method. Results All of O. hupensis snails were eliminated in the first year after the implementation of seven water storage and aquaculture projects. The costs of detection and control of snails saved by each project was 69.20 thousand yuan a year on average. The annual net benefits of the “Nanhao Group 10 beach” project and “Wutao Group 6?14 beach” project were 2 039.40 thousand yuan and 955.00 thousand yuan respectively， and the annual net benefit?cost ratios were 1.09∶1 and 1.07∶1 respectively. Conclusion The O. hupensis snails could be rapidly eliminated by the water storage and aquaculture， and the economic benefit is obvious， but the wetland ecological protection and flood control safety should be considered in the tidal flats wetlands of islet?beach type area of lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Acute toxicity of LDS| a molluscicide| to non-target organisms

YUAN Yi, LIU Min, CHEN Ru-Juan, WEI Feng-Hua, LI Gui-Ling, LI Jian-Qiang, XU Xin-Jian

2015, 27(6):  575.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015104

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Objective To evaluate the acute toxicity of 10% LDS， a new molluscicide， to non?target organisms. Methods Based on “Chemical pesticide environmental safety test evaluation standard”， an acute toxicity test was carried out with Coturnix coturnix japonica （quail）， Apis mellifera L （bee）， Bombyx mori （silkworm）， and Brachydonio rerio （zebra fish）， and the skin stimulus test was also performed with guinea pig. Results The quails had no toxic symptoms while the maximum poisoning concentration of LDS was 200 mg/kg （no toxicity）. LC50 of bees was 2.68×103 mg/L （low toxicity）. After 96 hours， no silkworms died in each group of different concentrations of LDS while the most concentration was 6.00×102 mg/kg， but there were some toxic symptoms such as inappetence and inactive in the high concentration group as compared to the blank control group （low toxic）. LC50 （96 h） of zebra fish was 6.16 mg/L （medium toxicity）. Conclusions LDS has no toxicity to Coturnix coturnix japonica， low toxicity to Apis mellifera L and Bombyx mori， and medium toxicity to Brachydonio rerio. Compared with niclosamide ethanolamine salt， the toxicity to the fish is lower， and therefore， it is more suitable for the field application.

Effect of schistosomiasis control strategy based on infection source control of Poyang Lake region in Yongxiu County promotion zone

CHEN Zhe, RAO Xian-Long, LI Yi-Feng, GU Xiao-Nan, XU Mei-Xin, LIN Dan-Dan

2015, 27(6):  579.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015179

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Objective To evaluate the effect of schistosomiasis control strategy with emphasis on infection source control in the Yongxiu County promotion zone of Poyang Lake region. Methods The Wucheng Township of Yongxiu County was selected as the observation site， and the effect of the comprehensive control strategy was evaluated by using the method of field surveys combined with retrospective investigations. Results In 2010， there were 17 persons whose stool tests for schistosome infection were positive， and the number of calculated schistosomiasis patients was 2 331. The infection rate of cattle was 4.5%， and the area with infected Oncomelania hupensis snails was 10.00 hm2. In 2011， the comprehensive control strategy was carried out， and in 2012， there were no cattle in the promotion zone. In 2013 and 2014， there were no schistosomiasis patients with positive stool tests. In 2014， no schistosome infected snails were found. Conclusion The control strategy with emphasis on infection source control effectively controls the transmission of schistosomiasis in Yongxiu County promotion zone.

Impact of implementation of Three Gorges Project on schistosomiasis endemic situation and control in Nanjing City

XIE Chao-Yong, YANG Pei-Cai, WANG Yu

2015, 27(6):  583.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015147

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Objective To understand the changes of hydrological regime in the Yangtze River and schistosomiasis endemic situation in Nanjing City after the implementation of Three Gorges Project. Methods The data of hydrological regime of the Yangtze River， schistosomiasis epidemic situation， and Oncomelania hupensis snail status were collected and analyzed in Nanjing City from 2002 to 2012. Results After the implementation of the Three Gorges Project in 2003， the water level of the Yangtze River slightly rose from January to April， the average water levels in May and August both reduced compared with those in 2002， and the time of water withdrawal was moved up. The water level of the Yangtze River slightly reduced from November to December. The endemic situation of schistosomiasis showed a decline tendency in the areas along the Yangtze River in Nanjing City. In 2012， the rates of human and bovine infected with Schistosoma japonicum both reduced by 100% as compared with those in 2002， and the snail area， infected snail area and snail density were reduced by 48.45%， 100% and 95.76% respectively as compared with those in 2002. Conclusion After the implementation of the Three Gorges Project， the schistosomiasis endemic situation shows a decline tendency in the areas along the Yangtze River in Nanjing City， but the long?term monitoring still need to be carried out.

Establishment of malaria early warning system in Jiangsu Province Ⅶ Eliminating malaria surveillance sentinels

WANG Wei-Ming, ZHOU Hua-Yun, ZHU Guo-Ding, LIU Yao-Bao, CAO Yuan-Yuan, CAO Jun, GAO Qi

2015, 27(6):  586.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015084

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Objective To understand the epidemic situation and influencing factors of malaria in Jiangsu Province and grasp the regularity and trend of the epidemic. Methods According to the provincial malaria transmission situation and characteristics， Sihong County of Suqian City， which had more original cases， and Baoying County of Yangzhou City， which had more import cases， were chosen as the malaria surveillance sentinels at the state level； six counties， Yixing County of Wuxi City， Suining County of Xuzhou City， Wujin District of Changzhou City， Haian county of Nantong City， Ganyu County of Lianyugang City， and Xuyi county of Huaian City were chosen as the malaria surveillance sentinels at the provincial level. The data of basic status， blood tests of feverish patients， case studies of malaria patients， investigations and disposals of epidemic focuses and others were collected and analyzed. Results There were 92 484 blood test samples from feverish patients in the eight surveillance sentinels in 2014， and the average rate of blood tests was 1.15%. Totally 61 cases were plasmodium positive， and the positive rata was 0.07%. All of the 61 cases were foreign imported patients diagnosed by laboratory. After the direct network reporting， the review of the blood slides and epidemiological individual surveys were finished in 3 days， and the investigations and disposals of epidemic focuses were finished in 7 days. The epidemiological individual surveys of these 61 cases showed that 37.70% （23/61） of the first?time consultancy was mainly in the county level CDC， and 50.82% （31/61） in county level medical organizations. The making definite diagnosis of malaria also focused on the county level， 45.90% （28/61） in county level CDC and 47.10 % （29/61） in county level medical organizations. The definite diagnostic rate of fist?time consultancy was 90.16% （55/61）. Totally 48 malaria patients had been sent to abroad by their companies， and 34 had fellow crew. Conclusions The malaria surveillance sentinels in Jiangsu Province play a good role on the surveillance function of malaria， and effectively promote the elimination of malaria in whole province. In the future， the malaria surveillance should establish a multi?sectoral cooperation and investigation mechanism， and strengthen the screening of the high?risk population and health education.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Jiangsu Province in 2014

ZHOU Hua-Yun, WANG Wei-Ming, LIU Yao-Bao, CAO Yuan-Yuan, GU Ya-Ping, XU Sui, ZHU Guo-Ding, CAO Jun

2015, 27(6):  591.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015121

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Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2014， so as to provide the evidence for formulating and adjusting appropriate strategies and measures for malaria elimination in this province. Methods The reported malaria cases from the Internet Reporting System and the epidemiological data of malaria in Jiangsu Province were collected and analyzed. Results A total of 355 malaria cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2014， which was increased by 4.11% comparing to that in 2013 （341cases）， and the malaria incidence was 0.046/10 000. All the 355 cases were imported from other countries， among which， 4 cases （1.13%） were from Southeast Asia； the other 351 cases （98.87%） were from 21 African countries. Though the cases were distributed in all the 13 prefecture?level cities in Jiangsu Province， the number of cases in 5 of them namely Huai’an， Nantong， Lianyungang， Yangzhou and Taizhou accounted for 63.38% （225/355）. A total of 292 falciparum malaria cases， 4 tertian malaria cases， 10 quartan malaria cases， 46 ovale malaria cases and 3 mixed infection cases were confirmed after re?checked by Jiangsu Provincial Reference Lab of Malaria. The follow?up observation of the cases showed that among the 355 cases， 6 falciparum malaria cases recrudesced， and 4 ovale malaria cases and 1 tertian malaria case recurred. Conclusions There have been no local malaria cases reported from Jiangsu Province in the last three years， indicating the object of malaria elimination has been achieved initiatively. However， there are still many imported malaria cases from other countries， with a diverse species of plasmodium. Therefore， the surveillance of the imported malaria， the training for diagnosis and treatment of malaria as well as the health education to the key population should be strengthened.

Survey of epidemic status of principal human parasites in Jiangxi Province in 2014

ZENG Xiao-Jun, LI Zhao-Jun, JIANG Wei-Sheng, XIE Shu-Ying, GE Jun, LIU Hong-Yun, ZHANG Jing, HUANG Cheng-Jian, HANG Chun-Qin

2015, 27(6):  595.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015196

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Objective To understand and analyze the epidemic status of principal human parasites in Jiangxi Province, so as to provide the evidence for formulating The 13rd Five?Year Project of Parasites Control. Methods A survey was performed according to the scheme of The 3rd National Survey of Principal Human Parasites as well as the specific situation of Jiangxi Province. The survey of the soil?transmitted nematodes and intestinal protozoa were performed based on the ecological regions and stratified by economic and geographic situation. The survey of Clonorchis sinensis was performed along with the soil?transmitted nematodes in rural, and was performed by the sample method of random cluster in cities and towns. Results Totally 23 606 residents of 92 survey sites from 32 counties were surveyed, all of them were tested for the infection of soil?transmitted nematodes, in which 21 569 residents were tested for intestinal protozoa infection, and 1 486 children were tested for eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. Twenty kinds of intestinal parasites were found, with the total infection rate of 9.64%, and 4.296 millions of patients were reckoned in the whole Jiangxi Province. The infection rate of children of E. vermicularis was 13.73%. The infection rates of C. sinensis and intestinal protozoa were 0.58% and 1.42% respectively. The infection rate of Toxoplasma gondii was 7.50%. Conclusion In Jiangxi Province, the infection rates of soil?transmitted nematodes are decreasing but the infection rate of C. sinensis is increasing in local areas, and the control work of parasites still should be strengthened.

Investigation on Entamoeba histolytica infection in diarrhea patients from general hospitals in Shanghai City

ZHANG Xiao-Ping, HE Yan-Yan, WANG Zhen-Yu, ZHANG Yao-Guang, ZHU Qian, JIANG Shou-Fu, LI Ying, CHENG Yu-Ping, YIN Ming-Min

2015, 27(6):  600.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015210

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Objective To understand the status of Entamoeba histolytica infection in diarrhea patients in general hospitals， so as to provide the evidences for the prevention and control of the disease. Methods The diarrhea patients in intestinal disease clinics of 3 general hospitals in Shanghai City were chosen as the investigation objectives， and their fecal and blood samples were collected， and then were detected by the normal saline direct smear method and iodine solution staining， immunochromatographic?method and ELISA respectively to understand the infection status of E. histolytica， and the characteristics of the infected persons were analyzed. Results Totally 1 015 fecal samples were detected， and among which 36 positive ones were detected by parasitological examinations， with a general positive rate of 3.55%. There were no statistically significant differences among the positive rates of patients from the three hospitals（P > 0.05）， nor between or among those of the patients with different sexes， ages， occupations and education levels（all P > 0.05）. The positive rate of E. histolytica in bloody purulent stools was higher than those in loose stools and watery stools（both P < 0.01）. The peak period of infection was from July to September. Among the 36 infected people detected by parasitological examination， 88.90% of them complained about abdominal pain， and the red blood cells and leucocyte cells were found in the stool samples of 75.00% and 22.23% of the cases， respectively. The positive rates of E. histolytica were 8.18%（83/1 015）and 7.12%（48/675） respectively when detected by the immunochromatographic?method and ELISA. Conclusions Summer and autumn are the high risk seasons for E. histolytica infection， and the surveillance should be strengthened in this period. The positive rate of E. histolytica in samples of bloody purulent stools is high， and the combined application of several detection methods can increase the detection rate.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Wuxi region

ZHOU Jiao-Jiao, DAO Li-Li

2015, 27(6):  604.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015220

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Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among pregnant women in Wuxi City of Jiangsu Province， so as to provide the evidence for developing the preventive and control interventions of T. gondii infection. Methods The anti?Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by using ELISA in the sera sampled from 3 014 pregnant women from 2011 to 2014， and the pregnant outcomes were followed up. The risk factors of T. gondii infection were identified with questionnaires. Results Among the 3 014 pregnant women， 215 cases were found positive to anti?Toxoplasma antibody （7.13%）， including 49 cases positive to IgM antibody （49/215， 22.79%）， and 166 cases positive to IgG antibody （166/215， 77.21%）. The follow?up revealed that 46 T. gondii?infected pregnant women developed adverse pregnant outcomes （46/215， 21.40%）， including 35 cases positive to IgM antibody （35/46， 76.09%） and 11 cases positive to IgG antibody （11/46， 23.91%）. Of the 275 pregnant women without T. gondii infection， 7 cases were found to have adverse pregnant outcomes （2.55%）， which was significantly lower than that in T. gondii?infected pregnant women （P < 0.01）. The univariate analysis showed that the close contact with animals， liking eating raw meat， liking eating hot pot or barbecue， and tasting raw meat stuffing were important risk factors of T. gondii infection in pregnant women， compared with the uninfected group (all P values < 0.01）. Conclusions T. gondii infection may lead to adverse pregnant outcomes among pregnant women. Reduction of close contact with animals， development of good diet and hygiene habits and monitoring of T. gondii infection during pregnancy are effective approaches to avoid the development of adverse pregnant outcomes.

Molluscicidal mechanism of combining use of extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and niclosamide

JIANG Deng-Zhao, LI Hui-Min

2015, 27(6):  608.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015132

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bjective To investigate the molluscicidal mechanism of combining use of the extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis （GE） and niclosamide （Nic）. Methods The Oncomelania hupensis snails were immersed in Nic， GE and GE+Nic solutions for 24 h and 48 h respectively， and then were put into fresh water to confirm their survival condition. The alive ones were dissected to obtain their livers. The effects of the drugs on the protein and glycogen of the liver of O. hupensis were observed， and the effects on contractile activity of vola pedis of the snails were studied by the experimental method of isolated smooth muscles of O. hupensis. Results GE had no obvious effects on the protein and glycogen in the liver of O. hupensis （all P > 0.05）， but it could inhibit the contractions and decrease the contractile frequency of smooth muscles of vola pedis of O. hupensis （all P < 0.05）. Nic could significantly decrease the levels of protein and glycogen in the liver of O. hupensis （all P < 0.05）， as well as enhance the contractions and contractile frequencies of smooth muscles of vola pedis of O. hupensis （P < 0.05）. GE combined with Nic could further decrease the levels of protein and glycogen in the liver of O. hupensis （all P < 0.05）， meanwhile， it could inhibit the contractions and decrease the contractile frequency of smooth muscles of vola pedis of O. hupensis （all P < 0.05）. Conclusions The combining use of GE and Nic can accelerate the liver damage of O. hupensis， and also can inhibit the contractions of smooth muscles of vola pedis of O. hupensis which increases the contacting time of the drug， thus leads to the synergism of molluscicidal effect.

Research on dust mite allergen gathered from filters of air-conditioners

ZHAN Xiao-Dong, WU Hua, HU Hui-Min, LI Chao-Pin

2015, 27(6):  612.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015110

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Objective To discuss the relation between the dust mite allergen （Der） in air?conditioner filters and the asthma attack. Methods The dust samples were collected from the filters of air?conditioners in dining rooms， shopping malls， hotels and households， respectively. The concentrations of Der f 1 and Der p1 were detected by ELISA， and the dust mite immune activities were determined by dot?ELISA. Results The concentrations of Der f 1 in the dining rooms， shopping malls， hotels and households were 1.52， 1.24， 1.31 μg/g and 1.46 μg/g respectively， and the concentrations of Der p 1 were 1.23， 1.12， 1.16 μg/g and 1.18 μg/g， respectively. One hour after the running of air?conditioners， the concentrations of Der f 1 and Der p 1 in the air were higher than those before the running of air?conditioners， and the differences were significant （P < 0.05）. Additionally， the dot?ELISA results revealed that the allergen extracted from the dust was capable of reacting with IgE from the sera of asthma mice allergic to dust mites. Conclusion Der f 1 and Der p 1 appear abundantly in the filters of air?conditioners in domestic houses in Wuhu City， and the allergens can induce asthma.

Schistosomiasis monitoring and its cost in population in Danyang City, 2010-2014

ZHU Tao, JIANG Tao, SHI Yu-Kun, WANG Juan

2015, 27(6):  615.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015153

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Objective To explore the monitoring method of the infection source of schistosomiasis in the population of the schistosomiasis transmission?interrupted area with Oncomelania hupensis snails. Methods The changes of schistosomiasis among the population were investigated by using the active and passive monitoring methods in Danyang City from 2010 to 2014， and the cost?effectiveness of the two monitoring methods was evaluated. Results Totally 49 277 persons were detected for schistosomiasis by dipstick dye immunoassay （DDIA） from 2010 to 2014 and 608 cases were positive， and the positive rate was 1.23%. There were no positive persons by etiology detections. The positive rates of active and passive monitoring methods were 1.61% and 1.13%， respectively and there was a significant difference between them （[χ2]= 15.982， P < 0.05）. The average cost per positive case of the active monitoring was higher than that of the passive monitoring without considering the costs of the mobilization and labor. Conclusion In the schistosomiasis transmission?interrupted area with snails， the active and passive monitoring methods need to be combined in the future.

Current prevalence situation and control strategy of schistosomiasis in Yunnan Province

ZHANG Yun, FENG Xi-Guang, WU Ming-Shou, XIONG Meng-Tao, SHEN Mei-Fen, SONG Jing

2015, 27(6):  618.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015101

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Objective To evaluate the current prevalence situation of schistosomiasis in Yunnan Province， so as to provide the evidence for making further control strategy. Methods The data of schistosomiasis were collected and analyzed statistically in Yunnan Province in 2014. Results There were 7 transmission controlled counties and 11 interrupted counties in Yunnan Province in 2014， and Oncomelania hupensis snails were not found in 5 of the 11 interrupted counties for at least 5 years. In the transmission controlled areas， the schistosomiasis endemic villages， population， farm cattle， and snail areas accounted for 80.94%， 83.72%， 79.32% and 82.00% of whole schistosomiasis endemic areas in Yunnan Province， respectively. The infection source was not completely eliminated. Conclusion In the transmission controlled areas， the elimination of infection source should still be strengthened； in the transmission interrupted areas， the import infection sources should be prevented.

Investigation on schistosomiasis cognitive levels of people from Chaohu area

LIU Huan, SHA Jian-Jun, HUANG Hao, CAO Zhi-Guo, ZHAO Jin-Hong, LI Chao-Pin

2015, 27(6):  621.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015044

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Objective To investigate the cognitive levels of people from Chaohu area， Anhui Province about the prevention and control knowledge of schistosomiasis before the water transfer project operation， so as to provide the reference for formulating the health education intervention. Methods A schistosomiasis questionnaire survey was conducted among the students， fishermen， boat people and villagers from Chaohu selected by the random cluster sampling from May to October， 2014. Results A total of 1 140 questionnaires were issued with the actual recovery of 1 096 copies and 1 032 valid questionnaires. The awareness rate of prevention and control knowledge of schistosomiasis was from 11.72% to 71.71%. The highest awareness rate was in the “know schistosomiasis”， however the lowest awareness rate was in the “know the intermediate host of schistosomiasis”. Catching fish or shrimp in river or lake was the main way of contacting water in production activities （39.05%）， and swimming or playing in river or lake was the main way of contacting water in life activities （63.18%）. The prevention and control knowledge of schistosomiasis by teaching was at a rate of 41.47% on average， and the main way was anti?schistosomiasis professionals going to countryside to do health education （49.53%）. That the feces directly discharged into water accounted for 91.14% in fishman and boatman. Conclusion It is necessary for people from Chaohu to carry out various forms of health education of schistosomiasis prevention and control before the water transfer project operation.

Effect of management on imported malaria in Yangzhou City, 2012-2013

XU Yu-Hui, GAO Yang, ZUO Yin-Ping, HE Ri, TANG Kai

2015, 27(6):  625.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015194

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Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of the management on imported malaria in Yangzhou City， so as to provide a reference for formulating the strategy for the prevention and control of imported malaria. Methods The data about the detection rate of Plasmodium of fever people in labor?exporting services and overseas returners， the proportion of laboratory confirmed cases in the whole malaria cases， the proportion of the cases with standardized treatment in the whole falciparum malaria cases within 24 hours， and the status of establishment of labor export platform were collected and analyzed in Yangzhou City from 2012 to 2013. Results There were 82 imported malaria cases in Yangzhou City from 2012 to 2013. The monitoring of labor?exporting services and overseas returners was carried out in the seven counties and districts of Yangzhou City， and the coverage rate was 100%. There were 5 808 persons of export labor service， and among them， 5 575 persons got the medical alert service （95.99%）， and 9 525 persons accepted the healthy behavior （95.13%）. Totally 410 medical professional persons received the malaria microscopic examination training in 153 malaria microscopy stations or medical institutions， and the training coverage rate was 100%. The average time from attack to the first visit to a doctor of 82 falciparum malaria patients was 2.5 days； the average time from attack to diagnosis confirmation was 2.75 days. All the patients were cured. In the first visit to a doctor， 78 patients were diagnosed with blood tests， and the newly diagnosed blood test rate was 95.12%， and all of them were detected with Plasmodium. Totally 69 falciparum malaria cases were confirmed by the laboratory， and 58 patients were treated with the standard treatment within 24 hours after the first visit （84.16%）. Conclusions The effect of the imported malaria control and management in Yangzhou City is obvious. However， it is still necessary to strengthen the health education and relevant medical personnel training to prevent and control imported falciparum malaria efficiently.

Current status of malaria control knowledge awareness of primary and secondary school students in Xuzhou City

SUN Xin-Sheng, LI Li, ZHANG Kan-Kan

2015, 27(6):  628.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015185

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Objective To understand the current status of malaria control knowledge awareness of primary and secondary school students and its influencing factors in Yunlong District， Xuzhou City， so as to provide the evidence for improving the malaria prevention work. Methods A total of 800 students from 4 urban and rural primary and secondary schools were randomly selected and investigated with questionnaires. Results The total awareness rate of malaria control knowledge was 61.27%， and the awareness rates of symptoms of malaria and malaria prevention were only 38.99% and 57.59% respectively. The main approach of obtaining the malaria control knowledge was media （51.52%）. The univariate analysis showed that sex， area and different education levels affected the awareness rates of malaria control knowledge （P＜0.05）， and the Logistic analysis showed that the awareness rate of malaria control knowledge of country students was lower than that of urban students （P＜0.05）， and the awareness rate of malaria control knowledge of the secondary school students was higher than that of the primary school students （P＜0.05）. Conclusions The awareness rate of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school students in Yunlong District is lower than that required by the national standard. Therefore， the health education of malaria control should be strengthened， especially in countryside school students and primary school students.

Discussion on relationship between hepatobiliary pathological changes under B-ultrasound and Clonorchis sinensis infection

LIANG Zhi-Cheng, QIU Shou-Zhong, LUO Li-Xuan

2015, 27(6):  631.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015029

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Objective To explore the relationship between the hepatobiliary pathological changes under B?ultrasound examinations and Clonorchis sinensis infection， so as to provide the evidence for further prevention and control. Methods The stool test and ELISA were applied to test the pathogeny and antibody to C. sinensis of the suspicious patients who had the hepatobiliary pathological changes under B?ultrasound examinations in People’s Hospital of Wuxuan County from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2013. Results Totally 113 suspicious patients of C. sinensis infection were investigated， and the positive rates of egg and serum antibody were 64.60% （73 cases） and 66.37% （75 cases） respectively. The positive rates of the male and those aged ≥ 50 years were significantly higher than those of the female and the cases younger than 50 years respectively （[χ2]= 3.554， 6.267， both P < 0.05）. In the C. sinensis infected patients， the degree of pathological changes of hepatobiliary was positively correlated with the infectiosity of C. sinensis （[χ2]= 64.952，P < 0.01）. Conclusion The hepatobiliary pathological changes under B?ultrasound examinations may be resulted from the infection of C. sinensis， and the patients with the changes should be further investigated for the pathogen and antibody to C. sinensis.

Investigation of Acaroid mites breeding in stored dry fruits

TAO Ning, ZHAN Xiao-Dong, SUN En-Tao, LI Chao-Pin

2015, 27(6):  634.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015061

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Objective To study the species and density of Acaroid mites breeding in stored dry fruits. Methods The samples from the dried fruit stores and warehouses were collected， and the mites breeding in them were separated， then the slides with mites were prepared and observed by a light microscope for species identification and counting. The indexes such as the breeding density， species richness index， diversity index and evenness index were calculated. Results Totally 12 species of Acaroid mites belonging to 6 families and 10 genera were obtained from the total 49 samples. The dominant mite species were Carpoglyphus lactis， Tyrophagus putrescentiae， Acarus siro， and Caloglyphus berlesei. The breeding densities of mites in longans， filberts and plum candies were 79.78， 48.91， 35.73 mites/g， respectively， which were higher than those in other dry fruits. The seasonal variation experiment of mites found that the average breeding density of acaroid mites was higher in July and October， the richness index and diversity index reached the highest value in July， and the evenness index was higher in January and April. The observation of the growth and decline of Acaroid mites under the artificial condition found the number of Caloglyphus berlesei declined sharply and Tyrophagus putrescentiae first increased and then decreased. Conclusion The pollution of Acaroid mites is serious in the stored dried fruits， for which the positive prevention and control measures to the mite breeding should be taken to reduce the harm.

Investigation of Acaroid mites breeding in university canteen condiments

SONG Hong-Yu, DUAN Bin-Bin, LI Chao-Pin

2015, 27(6):  638.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015064

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Objective To investigate the condition of Acaroid mite breeding in university canteen common condiments. Methods Thirteen kinds of condiments of the public cafeteria and 29 kinds of condiments of the canteen warehouse storage were collected. The mites were separated by the method of water film microscopy and an electric powder set， and then the film production； mite identification and counting were performed under a microscope. Results There were 13 spices with acaroid mites in canteen warehouse storage condiments tested and the detection rate was 62.07%， and there were 13 species， 10 genera， 5 families of mites. There were 9 spices with Acaroid mites in canteen condiments tested and the detection rate was 72.73%， and there were 11 species， 9 genera， 4 families of mites. Conclusion The college canteen common condiments are seriously polluted with acaroid mites， which should be paid attention to.

Study on the change of semantic perspective of schistosomiasis control in China

ZHOU Li-Ying, LIU Si-Yuan, LI Yu-Ye, DENG Yao, YANG Kun

2015, 27(6):  641.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015215

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Objective To analyze the evolution process， discourse and semantic meaning of schistosomiasis prevention and control， so as to provide suggestions for control work. Methods The official documents and mainstream media reports of schistosomiasis prevention and control were selected at different periods as discourse samples， and the deep social reasons behind the strategy change and the semantic meaning of the utterance were analyzed at different periods. Results The discourse of schistosomiasis prevention and control experienced the evolution of the political discourse， pluralistic discourse and public discourse， and the semantic connotations showed the authority conflict semantic features， and then transferred to semantic cooperation. Conclusion The prevention and control of schistosomiasis have different semantic meanings at different periods， and the prevention and control work should correspond to a social practice， seek truth from facts， correctly understand the actual situation， and then establish the effective control policy.

Analysis of epidemic situation and control strategy of schistosomiasis in Jiujiang City from 2008 to 2014

HE Feng-Ning, WANG Xin, FAN Wen-Yan, WANG Ling

2015, 27(6):  644.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015178

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Objective To understand the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Jiujiang City， so as to provide the evidence for formulating further control strategy. Methods The data of schistosomiasis control were collected in Jiujiang City from 2008 to 2014. and the indicators including the annual schistosome infections of human and cattle， acute schistosome infection， outbreak of schistosomiasis endemic， schistosome infected Oncomelania hupensis snails were analyzed statistically. Results Compared with 2008， in 2014， the infection rates of schistosomiasis declined by 98.40% and 92.54% in human and cattle respectively. The area of schistosome infected snails decreased from 103.24 hm2 to zero. The occurrence rate of frames with snails and density of living snails declined from 14.86% and 0.334 5/0.1 m2 to 6.89% and 0.126 5/0.1 m2， respectively. The acute schistosomiasis infection cases occurred except 2011 and 2014. Conclusion The control strategy emphasizing on infection sources control is effective in Jiujiang City， but the risk of schistosomiasis still exists， and the risk control and schistosomiasis control strategy should be strengthened

Surveillance of schistosomiasis in national surveillance sites of Zhenjiang City, 2005-2010

ZHU Xin-Yun, WU Rong-Feng, SHEN Xue-Hui, LI Ye-Fang

2015, 27(6):  647.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015123

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Objective To master the changes of schistosomiasis epidemic situation in national surveillance sites of Zhenjiang City， Jiangsu Province. Methods According to the scheme of the national schistosomiasis surveillance， the Shicheng Village of Yangzhong County and Sanzhou Village of Dantu District were selected as the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites， and from 2005 to 2010， the schistosomiasis morbidity and Oncomelania hupensis status were surveyed and the results were analyzed statistically. Results In 2010， in the Shicheng Village， the reduction rates of mean living snail density， infected snail density， area with infected snails， and positive blood tests in residents were 98.4%， 0， 0， 71.8% respectively， and in the Sanzhou Village， the reduction rates were 70.4%， 100%， 100% and 81.5%, respectively compared with those in 2005. No acute infections were found in the 2 villages during the period of 6 consecutive years. Conclusion In the national surveillance sites of Zhenjiang City， the schistosomiasis morbidity has been effectively controlled. However， the areas with snails change little. Therefore， the comprehensive management of snail environment in the marshland should be strengthened in the future.

Application of perfusion of low molecular dextran via splenic artery in portal azygous devascularization for portal hypertension

LIU Li-Jun, YU Wei, KUANG Yong-Jun

2015, 27(6):  650.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015160

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Objective To evaluate the effects of the perfusion of low molecular dextran via the splenic artery in portal azygous devascularization for portal hypertension in the prevention from portal vein thrombosis. Methods A total of 92 patients with portal hypertension were randomly divided into a control group （46 cases） that received the extensive devascularization around the cardia， and a trial group （46 cases） that received the above?mentioned operation and the perfusion of low molecular dextran via the splenic artery. The incidence of portal vein thrombus after the operation and the preoperative and postoperative blood transfusion were observed and the results were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results The incidence of thrombosis and blood transfusion were 26.1% （12/46） and CRBC 4 ~ 6 U respectively in the control group， while those were 4.3% （2/46） and CRBC 2 ~ 3 U respectively in the trial group. The differences were statistically significant （P＜0.05）. Conclusion The perfusion of low molecular dextran via the splenic artery in portal azygous devascularization for portal hypertension is effective and safe in the prevention from portal vein thrombosis.

Epidemiological characteristics of malaria prevalence in Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou City|2012-2014

LIN Jun-Ying, WANG Dong-Fei

2015, 27(6):  653.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015073

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Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Xiaoshan District， 2010-2014， so as to provide the evidence for formulating effective malaria elimination strategies and measures. Methods The reported malaria cases from the Internet Reporting System and the epidemiological data of malaria in Xiaoshan District were collected and analyzed statistically with Excel 2003. Results From 2010 to 2014， 25 malaria patients were reported， and the annual incidences were in the range of 0.09/100 000-0.38/100 000. All the cases were confirmed by laboratory examinations. Among these cases， 12 （48.00%） were vivax malaria cases and 13 （52.00%） were falciparum malaria cases. There was no death. These patients were mainly young people who were workers or businessmen overseas. There were 17 （68.00%） abroad?imported cases and 8 （32.00%） domestic?mobile cases， but no local malaria cases. Conclusions Malaria incidence rate continues at a lower level in Xiaoshan District. Since starting the action of malaria elimination， the source of infection has turned from domestic?mobile cases to abroad?imported cases. Therefore， in the future， we should enhance the prevention and control measures to reduce the risk of overseas imported malaria.

Investigation on awareness status of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school students in Pizhou City

LIU Ti-Ya, XU Yong, ZHANG Ying, ZHANG Yun-Hong

2015, 27(6):  655.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015146

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Objective To understand the awareness status of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school students in Pizhou City， so as to provide a reference for formulating the health education strategy for malaria control. Methods From November to December， 2014， the cross?sectional and random sampling method was used to choose the subjects， and then a questionnaire survey was conducted. Results A total of 7 221 students completed the questionnaires and all the questionnaires were effective. The total awareness rate of malaria control knowledge was 58.64%， and 54.31% in primary school students and 63.53% in middle school students， the difference was statistically significant （[χ2]= 63.05， P＜0.01）. There was no statistically significant difference between the male and female students （[χ2]= 0.20， P＞0.05）. Totally 87.30% of students understood what to do if they got malaria， 57.15% understood the transmission route of malaria， and 62.46% understood the symptoms of malaria. However， only 23.74% of the students understood anti?malaria drugs. Conclusions The awareness level of malaria control knowledge of primary and secondary school students in Pizhou City is low. Therefore， the targeted malaria health education activities should be strengthened.

Epidemiological investigation of second intermediate hosts of Clonorchis sinensis in Pizhou and Xinyi cities of Jiangsu Province

JIN Xiao-Lin, LIU Jian-Feng, SHEN Ming-Xue, DAI Yang, XU Xiang-Zhen

2015, 27(6):  658.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015047

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Objective To understand the endemic situation of Clonorchis sinensis in its second intermediate hosts in Pizhou and Xinyi cities of Jiangsu Province， so as to provide the evidence for the further control and treatment. Methods Pseudorasbora parva and Abbottina rivularis were caught from the natural water body of Pizhou and Xinyi cities， and the tabletting microscopy method was applied to test the metacercaria of C. sinensis. Results Totally 1 117 fishes were caught and dissected， including 792 P. parva （70.90%） and 325 A. rivularis （29.10%）. The metacercaria of C. sinensis infection rates of P. parva and A. rivularis were 29.80% （236/792） and 4.62% （15/325） respectively， and the difference between the two kinds of fishes was significant （[χ2]= 83.88， P＜0.01）. Conclusion The metacercaria of C. sinensis infection rate of freshwater fishes in Pizhou and Xinyi cities is high， and the local residents are facing the higher risk of clonorchiasis sinensis.

Current situation of patients with chronic filariasis in Lianshui County, Jiangsu Province

SUN Wei-Xin

2015, 27(6):  660.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015075

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Objective To understand the current situation of chronic filariasis patients in Lianshui County. Methods The chronic filariasis patients registered were interviewed one by one to observe their clinical signs and episodes of illness during recent one year. Results There were 361 patients with chronic filariasis in Lianshui County up to 2014， and they distributed in 23 townships. Among all the patients， 128 were male and 233 were female. Most of the patients were farmers （98.34%） and aged ≥ 70 years （63.71%）. The clinical signs of the patients including lymphedema of the lower limbs （87.81%）， chyluria （18.56%）， lymphangitis or lymphadenitis （12.74%） and hydrocele of tunica vaginalis （2.49%）， and there were 8.86% of the patients showed more than two signs. Among the patients with lymphedema of lower limbs， 97.79% were in stage Ⅰ to Ⅲ， and 2.21% were in stage Ⅳ. In 2014， the ill condition of 28.36% of the patients with chyluria and 45.65% of the ones with lymphangitis or lymphadenitis relapsed. Conclusion The concern and care to the patients with chronic filariasis should be continued， so as to reduce the pain as well as improve the quality of life of them.

Dynamics of CD4⁺ T cell subsets and their roles in schistosome infections: a review

FAN Xiao-Lin, GAO Qi, YANG Jun-Qi

2015, 27(6):  662.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015165

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Schistosomiasis is a chronic helminthic disease that affects about two hundred millions of people in the world. The pathogenesis of schistosome infection is primarily due to hepatic and intestinal granuloma formation around deposited eggs and subsequent fibrosis. It is known that CD4+ T cell subsets play critical roles in the host immunity and immunopathogenesis to schistosome infections， in which T helper 1 （Th1） and Th2 cells are major effector T cell subsets， whereas T regulatory （Treg） cells exert immunosuppressive roles in general. The recently discovered Th17 cells are also actively involved in the immune responses to the infection. During the infection， these T cell subsets cross?talk and exhibit different kinetics and roles in the control and regulation of infection progress and fibrosis. This review summarizes current findings of Th1， Th2， Th17 and Treg cells and their effector cytokines in schistosome infection.

Progress in researches on macrophages in liver fibrosis of schistosomiasis

XIE Yuan-Yuan, XU Yuan-Hong, CHU De-Yong, SHEN Ji-Long

2015, 27(6):  669.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2015129

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Schistosomiasis causes the imbalance of fibrogenesis and pro?fibrinolytic promoting factors， leading to extracellular matrix deposition and liver fibrosis. The activation of liver macrophages （Kupffer cells） and stellate cells are the two crucial events， which constitute a complex network regulating fibrosis balance. This review discusses the function of fibrotic cytokines secreted by macrophages， and their interaction and mutual influence with stellate cells in hepatic fibrosis. Additionally， the expected progress and novel in vitro and in vivo approaches that have been achieved recently in our laboratory are briefly introduced.