Table of Content

28 August 2017, Volume 29 Issue 4

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Establishment of response system to emergency parasitic disease affairs in China

CAO Chun-Li, SUN Le-Ping, HONG Qing-Biao, XU Bian-Li, ZHONG Bo, LIU Jian-Bing, LIN Dan-Dan, LI Shi-Zhu, XIAO Ning, ZHOU Xiao-Nong

2017, 29(4):  397-401.  DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2017111

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China’s prevention and control of parasitic diseases has made remarkable achievements. However， the prevalence and transmission of parasitic diseases is impacted by the complicated natural and social factors of environment， natural disasters， population movements， and so on. Therefore， there are still the risks of the outbreak of emergency parasitic diseases affairs， which may affect the control effectiveness of parasitic diseases and endanger the social stability seriously. In this article， we aim at the analysis of typical cases of emergency parasitic disease affairs and their impacts on public health security in China in recently years， and we also elaborate the disposal characteristics of emergency parasitic disease affairs， and propose the establishment of response system to emergency parasitic disease affairs in China， including the organizational structure and response flow path， and in addition， point out that， in the future， we should strengthen the system construction and measures of the response system to emergency parasitic disease affairs， so as to control the risk and harm of parasitic disease spread as much as possible and to realize the early intervention and proper disposal of emergency parasitic disease affairs.

Effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control strategy with focus on cattle and sheep removal in Junshan District, Yueyang City

LI Wen-Bin, YANG Ya, PAN Xiang, LI Jian-Bing, LIU Hui-Xiang, LI Shi-Gui, HE Zhong, CAI Bin, LI Lin-Han, CHENG Wan-Ting, YANG Yu, ZHOU Jie, LI Sheng-Ming, REN Guang-Hui, LUO Zhi-Hong, ZHOU Yi-Biao, JIANG Qing-Wu

2017, 29(4):  402-405,411. 

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Objective To evaluate the effect of comprehensive schistosomiasis control measures with focus on total removal of cattle and sheep in Junshan District， Yueyang City. Methods The retrospective review and field survey were implemented in the pilot villages in Junshan District. The data of Schistosoma japonicum infection status of human， cattle， sheep and Oncomelania hupensis snails， and density of snails were gathered and modeled in the period of 2006 to 2016. Results The prevalence of schistosome infection in residents in the pilot villages decreased from 3.44% in 2006 to 0.59% in 2012 （F = 14.501， P = 0.013）. After removal of all the cattle and sheep in 2013， the prevalence of schistosome infection in the residents decreased to zero in 2016 （F = 14.148， P = 0.033）. The density of living snails decreased from 0.883 3/0.1 m2 in 2006 to 0.308 8/0.1 m2 in 2012 （F = 76.250， P = 0.005）. Conclusion The comprehensive schistosomiasis control strategy with focus on cattle and sheep removal is remarkably effective.

Study on spatial-temporal characteristics of Schistosoma japonicum infections among human in Hunan Province, 2004-2011

HU Ben-Jiao, ZHAO Zheng-Yuan, XIA Meng, LI Guang-Ping, REN Guang-Hui, JIANG Qing-Wu, ZHOU Yi-Biao

2017, 29(4):  406-411. 

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Objective To explore the spatial?temporal characteristics and changing regularities of Schistosoma japonicum infections among human from 2004 to 2011. Methods The township level spatial databases of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2011 were established， and the related spatial analysis was performed by SPSS 17.0， ArcGIS 10.1 and SaTScan 7.03. Results The schistosome infection rate among human in Hunan Province sharply decreased from 3.0% in 2004 to 0.8% in 2011. However， the rate among residents in parts of some townships in 2011 was still hovering at a higher level （P90 = 2.12%）， and the higher rate was distributed along the Oncomelania hupensis snail ridden areas outside embankment. The autocorrelation analysis showed that the global Moran’s I for schistosome infection rate among human was 0.34 to 0.53 from 2004 to 2011， and was higher than the expected value （Z > 8.71， P < 0.05）. The local G statistics indicated that the positive hotspot high?high clustering areas were mainly near the coast of Dongting Lake from 2004 to 2011， and the number of townships with schistosomiasis endemic in the clustering areas reached 30 to 70. The spatial scan analysis showed that the number of townships in the clustering areas ran up to 145 to 183 from 2004 to 2011. Conclusions The schistosome infection rate among human decreased significantly in Hunan Province from 2004 to 2011. However， the rate in parts of some townships still remains at a comparatively high level， and there are positive spatial correlation and spatial agglomerations in the schistosome infection rate among human， suggesting that the prevention and control work on schistosomiasis in these areas should be strengthened in the future.

Surveillance results and risk analysis of Schistosoma japonicum-infected sentinel mice in key water regions in Hubei Province in 2016

LI Guo, CHEN Yan-Yan, TU Zhen, SHAN Xiao-Wei, CAI Shun-Xiang

2017, 29(4):  412-415. 

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Objective To investigate the water infectivity in key water regions， and analyze the transmission risk of schistosomiasis in suspicious and high?risk environments in Hubei Province in 2016. Methods Schistosome?endemic areas of the Yangtze River， the Hanbei River and the Fu River were chosen as the surveillance and forecast sites. The water infectivity was detected by using the sentinel mice during the flood season. The infection status of residents in the villages around the surveillance sites and the activities of human beings and domestic animals were surveyed. The emergency response system was initiated when the water infectivity areas were detected. Results From May to June， among the ten surveillance sites of the first batch， two positive spots with infected mice were found， accounting for 20%. All the recovered mice （totally 200） were dissected： five mice were infected， with a total infection rate of 2.5%. Totally five schistosome adult worms were collected， with mean worm burden of 1 worm per infected mouse. The site with cercariae?infected water body started the emergency response and no epidemic occurred. From August to September， among the eight surveillance sites of the second batch， the recovered mice （totally 160） were dissected， and no infected sentinel mice were found. Conclusion The sentinel mice method plays an important role in analyzing the schistosomiasis transmission risk in Hubei Province.

Molluscicidal effect of suspension concentrate of niclosamide ethanolamine salt

YUAN Yi, CAI Shun-Xiang, HE Zheng-Wen, LI Bo, WANG You-Bin, TU Zhen, XU Zhao-Gang, HE Hui, XIONG Bo

2017, 29(4):  416-419,435. 

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Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effect of suspension concentrate of niclosamide ethanolamine salt （SCNE） against Oncomelania hupensis snails in laboratory and field. Methods The experiment of SCNE against the snails by using the immersing and spraying methods was performed in laboratory and field， with control groups of wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt （WPN）. Results In the laboratory， LC50（s） of SCNE for 24， 48 h and 72 h by using the immersion method were 0.092 6， 0.062 9 mg/L and 0.054 9 mg/L， respectively. The mortality rates of snails for 24， 48 h and 72 h by using the immersion method were all 100％ with the concentrations of 0.25 mg/L. The mortality rates of snails were all 100% while spraying SCNE for 3 d in the laboratory with the concentrations of 0.25 g/m2. In Jiangling County， except 0.5 g/m3 SCNE immersing the snails for 24 h， the mortality rates of snails by using SCNE with the immersing method were all 100％. While the concentration of SCNE was 0.5 g/m3 or above， the mortality rates were all 100％ after the use of it with the immersion method for 2 d in Gong’an County. In Jiangling County， the mortality rates of snails by using SCNE 0.5 g/m3 for 1 d， 3 d， and 7 d with the spraying method were 87.5％， 92.82% and 97.40% respectively. While the concentration of SCNE was 0.5 g/m3， the mortality rates were 85.94％， 86.78％ and 94.21％ respectively after the use of it with the spraying method for 1 d， 3 d， 7 d in Gong’an County， and the molluscicidal effect of SCNE （1.0 g/m2） was higher than that of WPN. Conclusion SCNE has a high molluscicidal effect in the laboratory and field， and it is a novel and simple formulation of niclosamide.

Study of spatial stratified sampling strategy of Oncomelania hupensis snail survey based on plant abundance

WANG Xun-Ping, ZHAO An

2017, 29(4):  420-425. 

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To optimize and simplify the survey method of Oncomelania hupensis snails in marshland endemic regions of schistosomiasis， so as to improve the precision， efficiency and economy of the snail survey. Methods A snail sampling strategy （Spatial Sampling Scenario of Oncomelania based on Plant Abundance， SOPA） which took the plant abundance as auxiliary variable was explored and an experimental study in a 50 m×50 m plot in a marshland in the Poyang Lake region was performed. Firstly， the push broom surveyed data was stratified into 5 layers by the plant abundance data； then， the required numbers of optimal sampling points of each layer through Hammond McCullagh equation were calculated； thirdly， every sample point in the line with the Multiple Directional Interpolation （MDI） placement scheme was pinpointed； and finally， the comparison study among the outcomes of the spatial random sampling strategy， the traditional systematic sampling method， the spatial stratified sampling method， Sandwich spatial sampling and inference and SOPA was performed. Results The method （SOPA） proposed in this study had the minimal absolute error of 0.213 8； and the traditional systematic sampling method had the largest estimate， and the absolute error was 0.924 4. Conclusion The snail sampling strategy （SOPA） proposed in this study obtains the higher estimation accuracy than the other four methods.

Dynamic change of population structure of Oncomelania hupensis

WANG Qi-Zhi, WANG Feng-Feng, ZHU Hai, SUN Cheng-Song, WANG Yue, YIN Xiao-Mei, ZHOU Li, ZHANG Shi-Qing, WANG Tian-Ping

2017, 29(4):  426-430. 

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Objective To understand the successive dynamic change of population structure of Oncomelania hupensis during a one?year period， so as to provide the evidence for snail control. Methods A river beach and a ditch infested with O. hupensis snails were selected and longitudinally investigated in the midmonth during one year. The snail survey indices included the survival status， gender， number of whorls， length and width of shell， and gonad development status （measured by the color depth of gonad and the length ratio of gonad to liver）， and the monthly snail eggs in the soil were collected and counted simultaneously. In addition， the temperature and humidity of the soil and the daily data of air temperature and precipitation were measured or collected during the study period （every month）. Results Both survival rate of snails and live snail density at the two environments were positively correlated with the temperatures of air and soil. With a slight bimodal distribution， the snail survival rate peaked from May to June， and in September. The living snail densities got the highest level in July and September in the river beach， and from April to May in the ditch. The regression equations of snail length （L） and width （W） were Lbeach = 2.355 + 1.678W （F = 2 989.43， P < 0.01） and Lditch = 0.478 + 2.091W （F = 2.989.43， P < 0.01）， respectively. The snails were the ones with 4.07-11.81 mm in the length （8.98 ± 0.92） mm in the river beach， and the snails were the ones with 3.63?9.92 mm in the length （7.03 ± 0.82） mm in the ditch. The main snails were the ones with five to eight whorls of shell in the river beach and four to seven whorls of shell in the ditch. The proportions of snails with less than or equal to five whorls （in the river beach） and four （in the ditch） were the highest in May and September， about 20%. The ratios of male and female snails were 1.66 in the river beach and 1.22 in the ditch， respectively. The gonad development status of male and female snails was basically synchronous and had a bimodal abundance period ? from April to May and September to October. The numbers of snail eggs in the soil among months were significantly different， reaching the highest in June in the river beach （100.8/0.1 m2）， and May in the ditch （82.5/0.1 m2）. Conclusion The principal periods of breeding and alternation of generations of snails are April?May and September?October every year， which should also be the optimal time for mollusciciding in schistosomiasis susceptible zones.

Pharmacokinetics of praziquantel injection in healthy buffaloes

YANG Hai-Feng, ZHU Chuan-Gang, LI Yong-Jun, LU Ke, LI Hao, SHI Yao-Jun, ZHANG Ao-Bo, LU Guang-Fu, BU Shi-Jin

2017, 29(4):  431-435. 

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Objective To investigate the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of praziquantel injection in buffaloes in contrast to praziquantel tablet. Methods A single oral administration of praziquantel tablet at a dose of 20 mg/kg or intramuscular administration of praziquantel injection at a dose of 10 mg/kg was performed in six healthy adult buffalos according to a two?period crossover design. The praziquantel concentration in plasma was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non?compartmental analysis. Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of praziquantel tablet were as follows： Tmax = （0.60±0.29） h， Cmax = （0.57±0.37） μg/ml， T1/2β = （0.70±0.42） h， AUC = （0.80±0.70） （μg/ml）·h. The main pharmacokinetic parameters of praziquantel injection were as follows： Tmax= （0.65±0.49） h， Cmax= （3.82±1.17） μg/ml， T1/2β= （1.00±0.73） h， AUC = （1.61±0.89） （μg/ml）·h. The relative bioavailability of praziquantel injection was 402.5% in contrast to praziquantel tablet. Conclusion The praziquantel injection has pharmacokinetic characteristics of rapid absorption， high bioavailability and extensive distribution， and the clinical recommended dosage of praziquantel injection is 10 mg/kg.

Application of ARIMA model to predict number of malaria cases in China

HOU Hui-Yu, SONG Hua-Qin, ZHANG Shun-Xian, AI Lin, LU Yan, CAI Yu-Chun, LI Shi-Zhu, TENG Xue-Jiao, YANG Chun-Li, HU Wei, CHEN Jia-Xu

2017, 29(4):  436-440,458. 

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Objective To study the application of autoregressive integrated moving average （ARIMA） model to predict the monthly reported malaria cases in China， so as to provide a reference for prevention and control of malaria. Methods SPSS 24.0 software was used to construct the ARIMA models based on the monthly reported malaria cases of the time series of 2006-2015 and 2011-2015， respectively. The data of malaria cases from January to December， 2016 were used as validation data to compare the accuracy of the two ARIMA models. Results The models of the monthly reported cases of malaria in China were ARIMA （2， 1， 1） （1， 1， 0）12 and ARIMA （1， 0， 0） （1， 1， 0）12 respectively. The comparison between the predictions of the two models and actual situation of malaria cases showed that the ARIMA model based on the data of 2011-2015 had a higher accuracy of forecasting than the model based on the data of 2006-2015 had. Conclusion The establishment and prediction of ARIMA model is a dynamic process， which needs to be adjusted unceasingly according to the accumulated data， and in addition， the major changes of epidemic characteristics of infectious diseases must be considered.

Epidemiological analysis of malaria prevalence in Jiangsu Province in 2015

ZHOU Hua-Yun, WANG Wei-Ming, ZHU Guo-Ding, CAO Yuan-Yuan, LU Feng, GU Ya-Ping, ZHANG Chao, XU Sui, CAO Jun

2017, 29(4):  441-444,481. 

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Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation and characteristics in Jiangsu Province in 2015， so as to provide the evidence for malaria elimination. Methods The data of malaria cases in Jiangsu Province in 2015 were collected from China’s routine diseases surveillance information system. Results Totally 405 imported cases were reported in Jiangsu Province in 2015， and the cases increased by 14.08% compared with those in 2014. All the malaria cases were imported， and 5 cases （1.23%） were from Southeast Asia and 400 （98.77%） were from 25 African countries or regions. The imported malaria cases were reported in 13 cities across Jiangsu Province， where Taizhou， Lianyungang， Nantong， Huaian and Yangzhou cities accounted for 68.64% of all the cases in the province. Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases （JIPD） reference lab checked all the cases and classified 299 falciparum malaria cases， 13 vivax malaria cases， 18 quartan malaria cases， 71 ovale malaria cases， and 4 mixed Plasmodium infection cases. Conclusions In Jiangsu Province， there are no local malaria cases for 4 consecutive years， but the imported cases are on the rise. Compared to 2014， the imported vivax cases increased significantly in 2015. It should be the key points to strengthen the surveillance of imported malaria cases， improve malaria diagnosis and treatment abilities for all levels of medical institutions， and promote the abilities of Plasmodium check， and focus survey and disposal of all Center for Disease Control （CDC） staffs across Jiangsu Province.

Time characteristics of imported malaria cases in Yunnan Province

MAO Xiang-Hua, DENG Yan, DONG Ying, CHEN Meng-Ni, XU Yan-Chun, WEI Chun, TANG Ye-Rong

2017, 29(4):  445-448. 

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Objective To investigate the time distribution characteristics and the epidemic trends of imported malaria cases in Yunnan Province. Methods The malaria case records and epidemiological history data of Yunnan Province were collected， and the local infection cases were excluded. The data were statistical analyzed. Results The imported malaria cases had a significantly seasonal periodicity （Q = 26.574， P < 0.05） and epidemic trends （Q = 35.487， P < 0.05）. The imported peak was in May， while February was the lowest month of imported cases， and the difference was significant （Z = -2.619， P < 0.05）. The simple seasonal prediction model was the best model （R2 = 0.677， BIC = 4.867） for forecast while the residual sequence was white noise （Q = 14.226， P > 0.05）. By using the model to predict the cases in January， February and March of 2016， the number （95% CI） were 29 （7-50）， 22 （0-44） and 31 （8-54）， and the actual number of imported malaria cases were 29， 24 and 38 cases respectively and all cases were included in the 95% CI. Conclusion The imported malaria cases in Yunnan Province had a significantly seasonal periodicity and epidemic trends， and the established model has good prediction on the recent cases.

Optimized application of nested PCR method for detection of malaria

ZHANG Yao-Guang, JIANG Li, WANG Zhen-Yu, CAI Li

2017, 29(4):  449-453,463. 

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To optimize the application of the nested PCR method for the detection of malaria according to the working practice， so as to improve the efficiency of malaria detection. Methods Premixing solution of PCR， internal primers for further amplification and new designed primers that aimed at two Plasmodium ovale subspecies were employed to optimize the reaction system， reaction condition and specific primers of P. ovale on basis of routine nested PCR. Then the specificity and the sensitivity of the optimized method were analyzed. The positive blood samples and examination samples of malaria were detected by the routine nested PCR and the optimized method simultaneously， and the detection results were compared and analyzed. Results The optimized method showed good specificity， and its sensitivity could reach the pg to fg level. The two methods were used to detect the same positive malarial blood samples simultaneously， the results indicated that the PCR products of the two methods had no significant difference， but the non?specific amplification reduced obviously and the detection rates of P. ovale subspecies improved， as well as the total specificity also increased through the use of the optimized method. The actual detection results of 111 cases of malarial blood samples showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the routine nested PCR were 94.57％ and 86.96％， respectively， and those of the optimized method were both 93.48％， and there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods in the sensitivity （P > 0.05）， but there was a statistically significant difference between the two methods in the specificity （P < 0.05）. Conclusion The optimized PCR can improve the specificity without reducing the sensitivity on the basis of the routine nested PCR， it also can save the cost and increase the efficiency of malaria detection as less experiment links.

Investigation on contamination of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water in Jiangsu Province

NI Bi-Xian, CHEN Ming-Xue, XU Xiang-Zhen, WANG Xiao-Ting, DAI Yang, JIN Xiao-Lin

2017, 29(4):  454-458. 

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Objective To know the contamination status of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water of Jiangsu Province， so as to provide the evidence for producing hygiene and safety drinking water. Methods A total of 28 water plants of 13 cities in Jiangsu Province were selected， and the source water （10 L）， chlorinated water （100 L） and tap water （100 L） were collected separately in each site. The water samples were then treated by filtration， washing， centrifuging concentration， immune magnetic separation， and immunofluorescent assay， to detect the numbers of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Results Totally 84 samples from 13 cities were collected， including 28 source water， 28 chlorinated water and 28 tap water samples. Among the chlorinated water and tap water samples， no Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were found. However， Giardia cysts were detected in 3 （10.71%， 3/28） source water samples （Yancheng， Lianyungang， Changzhou cities）， with the density of 1 cyst/10 L of all. Cryptosporidium oocysts were also detected in 3 （10.71%， 3/28） source water samples （Nanjing， Zhenjiang， Yangzhou cities）， with the density of 1 oocyst/10 L of all. Conclusions The source water in partial areas of Jiangsu Province has been contaminated by Giardia and Cryptosporidium. To ensure the safety of drinking， the regulation of source water and surveillance of drinking water should be strengthened.

Investigation on epidemic status of clonorchiasis sinensis based on inpatients in Zhongshan City, China

WANG Man, LUO Le, CHEN Xue-Qin, LI Lei, FANG Yue-Yi

2017, 29(4):  459-463. 

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Objective To understand the prevalence and epidemiological features of clonorchiasis sinensis based on inpatients in Zhongshan City. Methods All of the 23 town hospitals in Zhongshan City were selected as the surveillance hospitals in 2016. Among the inpatients from those hospitals， those lived in the city longer than 6 months were selected as the surveillance subjects. The stool specimens of the subjects were collected and examined by the modified Kato?Katz thick smear method for the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis. The crude infection rates of C. sinensis of the subjects were standardized according to the age and sex compositions of the population in Zhongshan City， 2016. Meanwhile， the infection rates of the subjects from different towns and those combined with related clinical diseases were analyzed. Results A total of 2 667 people were included in the surveillance， among which 219 were tested as positives， with a crude infection rate of 8.21%. For the positives， the male accounted for 81.74% （179/219）， and their age ranged from 4 to 89 years with the mean value of （62.20±13.80） years. After standardization by age and sex composition， the infection rate was 3.62% for the whole population， the rates of the male and the female were 5.46% and 1.53%， respectively， and the former was 3.57 times as high as the latter. Both the infection rates of the male and the female rose as the age increasing （[χ2]male = 99.91， [χ2]female = 16.51， both P < 0.01）. The standardized infection rates among the subjects in different towns ranged from 0 to 10.40%， and the rates in the north towns were higher than those in the south towns. The standardized rate was 9.22% for the subjects combined with gallstone， 3.40% for those not combined with gallstone， and the former was 2.71 times as high as that of the latter. Conclusion The people aged 30 years and above， with gallstone or living in towns with high C. sinensis infection rates are the key population for prevention and control of clonorchiasis in Zhongshan City.

Primary culture of cat intestinal epithelial cell and construction of its cDNA library

LIU Ye, ZHAO Gui-Hua, YIN Kun, WANG Hong-Fa, XIAO Ting, LIU Gong-Zhen, ZHONG Wei-Xia, CUI Yong

2017, 29(4):  464-467,474. 

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Objective To establish the primary cat intestinal epithelial cells （IECs） culture methods and construct the cDNA library for the following yeast two?hybrid experiment， so as to screen the virulence interaction factors among the final host. Methods The primary cat IECs were cultured by the tissue cultivation and combined digestion with collagenase XI and dispase I separately. Then the cat IECs cultured was identified with the morphological observation and cyto?keratin detection， by using goat anti?cyto?keratin monoclonal antibodies. The mRNA of cat IECs was isolated and used as the template to synthesize the first strand cDNA by SMARTTM technology， and then the double?strand cDNAs were acquired by LD?PCR， which were subsequently cloned into the plasmid PGADT7?Rec to construct yeast two?hybrid cDNA library in the yeast strain Y187 by homologous recombination. Matchmaker? Insert Check PCR was used to detect the size distribution of cDNA fragments after the capacity calculation of the cDNA library. Results The comparison of the two cultivation methods indicated that the combined digestion of collagenase XI and dispase I was more effective than the tissue cultivation. The cat IECs system of continuous culture was established and the cat IECs with high purity were harvested for constructing the yeast two?hybrid cDNA library. The library contained 1.1×106 independent clones. The titer was 2.8×109 cfu/ml. The size of inserted fragments was among 0.5-2.0 kb. Conclusion The yeast two?hybrid cDNA library of cat IECs meets the requirements of further screen research， and this study lays the foundation of screening the Toxoplasma gondii virulence interaction factors among the cDNA libraries of its final hosts.

Observation on destroyed architecture of splenic lymphoid follicles in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum by immunohistochemistry

WANG Yan-Juan, SHEN Yu-Juan, XU Yu-Xin, CAO Jian-Ping

2017, 29(4):  468-470. 

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Objective To observe the destroyed architecture of splenic lymphoid follicles in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum by immunohistochemistry. Methods The mice infected with S. japonicum （20 cercariae/mouse） for 8 weeks were sacrificed， and the splenic samples were paraffin embedded and sliced. The sections were first stained by hematoxylin and eosin to observe the massive structure of splenic lymphoid follicles， and then B cells， follicular dendritic cells （FDC） and germinal center cells were labeled with anti?B220， anti?CD21 or anti?Ki67 antibodies respectively by immunohistochemistry to observe the distribution of the specific cells of lymphoid follicles. Results The results of HE staining showed that the structure of lymphoid follicles in spleens of infected mice was blurred， the number and area of follicles were significantly reduced compared to those of the normal mice. The immunohistochemical staining showed that the splenic T/B lymphocyte segregation， FDC network and germinal centers of the infected mice all disappeared. Conclusion The structure of splenic lymphoid follicles in the mice infected with S. japonicum is obviously damaged.

Study of schistosomiasis transmission interruption based on intensive agriculture

LU Ding, TAN Ben-Fu, DENG Qi-Hua, CHEN Lin, ZHONG Bo

2017, 29(4):  471-474. 

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Objective To study the effect of schistosomiasis transmission interruption model based on intensive agriculture in hilly endemic areas， so as to provide the reference for the similar endemic areas. Methods Based on the development of intensive agriculture in Guanghan City， a comprehensive demonstration area of schistosomiasis control with measures such as new rural construction， hardening ditches， the adjustment of industrial structure and water remediation measures was constructed. Jinhua， Shiguan and Hongyan villages were chosen as the evaluation sites to comparatively analyze the indexes of intensive agriculture and schistosomiasis control effects. Results Compared with the demonstration area before construction， in 2014， the harden rates of ditches and village roads were increased by 49.57% and 39.33% respectively； and the proportion of agricultural machinery increased by 25%. The positive rate of serological tests of schistosomiasis was decreased by 81.74%. The Oncomelania hupensis snail area was decreased from 2.44 hm2 （2007） to 0 （2014）. The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge and correct behavior rate of the residents were increased from 51.28% and 90.85% to 91.29% and 97.69% respectively. The experience of the demonstration area ensured the entire Guanghan District achieved the schistosomiasis transmission interruption criterion at the end of 2014. Conclusions The schistosomiasis control model of intensive agriculture combined with other comprehensive measures has a good effect on interrupting the endemic of schistosomiasis， and it can realize the sustainable development of the agricultural economy and schistosomiasis control.

Effectiveness of clinical pathway for treatment of advanced schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis

NIU Xue-Hua, HUA Hai-Yong, GUO Wen-Jian, HONG Ye, YOU Lu, DENG Yong, CHEN Wei

2017, 29(4):  475-477. 

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Objective To assess the effectiveness of the clinical pathway for the treatment of advanced schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis. Methods The duration of hospital stay， gross hospitalization expense， individual?paid expense， interior diameter of portal vein， levels of four serum hepatic fibrosis?related parameters （PIIIP， CIV， HA， and LN）， and activities of ALT， AST and γ?GT were assessed and compared between the advanced schistosomiasis patients receiving the clinical pathway and ones receiving non?clinical pathway. Results There were 142 advanced schistosomiasis patients with hepatic fibrosis receiving the clinical pathway of anti?hepatic fibrosis. Compared with the patients receiving non?clinical pathway， the gross hospitalization expenses reduced by 11.2% （t = 6.310， P < 0.05）， and the individual?paid expenses reduced by 16.1% （t = 4.326， P < 0.05）. The mean HA level was twice higher than the normal range， with a positive rising from 70.4% to 83.1%， and the abnormal rates of CIV and γ?GT were 64.1% and 28.9% respectively. Conclusions The clinical pathway can drastically reduce the treatment expenses in advanced schistosomiasis patients with hepatic fibrosis. However， the patients have a trend towards the persistent disease progression. Therefore， the researches of more effective therapeutic methods for advanced schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis are urgently needed.

Epidemiological analysis of imported malaria in Suining City, Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2016

TANG Ming-Jiang, WU Xiao-Hong

2017, 29(4):  478-481. 

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Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Suining City from 2011 to 2016， so as to provide the evidence for improving the surveillance， risk assessment and control measures of imported malaria. Methods The malaria epidemic data in Suining City from 2011 to 2016 were collected from the reporting system， and statistical analyzed. Results Totally 71 malaria cases were reported in Suining City from 2011 to 2016， and they were all imported cases. Sixty cases （84.51%） were imported from Africa. There were cases reported throughout the year， and no obvious seasonal distribution characteristics. The median time from onset to seeing a doctor was 2 days； the median time from seeing a doctor to confirmed diagnosis of malaria was 4 days. Totally 63.38% of the cases were diagnosed of malaria in initially seeing a doctor. Forty?three cases were diagnosed by county and municipal medical institutions， accounting for 60.56%. All cases were laboratory confirmed cases， and they all received the standardized treatment. Conclusion The imported malaria epidemic situation in Suining City is still severe， and it is necessary to strengthen the management of floating population and professional training of medical staff so as to prevent the second malaria cases and deaths.

Analysis of assessment results of malaria elimination in counties (districts) of Huai'an City

GIA Cong-Ying, WANG Wei-Ming, YANG Wen-Zhou, GAO Hong-Xia

2017, 29(4):  482-485,504. 

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Objective To analyze the results of the assessment of malaria elimination in 8 counties （districts） in Huai’an City， Jiangsu Province， so as to provide evidences for consolidating the achievement of malaria elimination. Methods The data from the network reports of malaria epidemic situation， blood examinations of febrile patients， epidemiological questionnaires of malaria cases， investigation and disposal of epidemic focuses were collected and analyzed in Huai’an City from 2010 to 2016. The results of the assessment on the clinicians’ ability of malaria diagnosis and treatment as well as the inspectors’ skill of Plasmodium microscopic examinations were analyzed. In the natural village where the last local case of malaria was reported， no less than 200 blood filter papers were made for gene detection of Plasmodium. Results From 2010 to 2016， 308 malaria cases were reported in Huai’an City. Totally 323 002 patients received blood detection of malaria， among which 272 ones were positive and the positive rate was 0.08%. The majority of the malaria cases were imported， except 19 and 3 local infection cases in 2010 and 2011， respectively. Except Qinghe District， a total of 1 420 blood filter papers from the other 7 counties （districts） were detected genetically， and the results were all negative. Six of the eight counties （districts） gained an average score of 20 points on the Plasmodium microscopic examination， and Jinhu County and Huai’an District got a minimum average score of 19.6 points. In capacity assessment of malaria diagnosis and treatment， Hongze District gained the highest average score of 20 points， and Huai’an District got the lowest average score of 18.8 points. The malaria elimination assessment scores of the eight counties （districts） were all above 97 points. All the 8 counties （districts） in Huai’an City passed the malaria elimination assessment at county （district） level until 2016. Conclusions All the 8 counties （districts） in Huai’an City have passed the malaria elimination assessment with high scores. After the malaria elimination， the monitoring still should continue to consolidate the achievement.

Analysis of overseas imported malaria and implication for prevention and control strategy in Shijiazhuang City from 2012 to 2015

CAO Yan-Qiang, PANG Zhi-Zhao, LI Yun, JIANG Cai-Xiao, LIU Li

2017, 29(4):  486-489. 

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Objective To analyze the overseas imported malaria situation of Shijiazhuang City from 2012 to 2015， so as to provide the evidence for exploring the prevention and control strategy. Methods The data of overseas imported malaria were collected and analyzed with the descriptive method including Plasmodium species， population characteristics， epidemic focus distribution， onset time， diagnosis and treatment in Shijiazhuang City from 2012 to 2015， and the time from the onset to first medical visit， time from first medical visit to being diagnosed， and time from onset to being diagnosed of different Plasmodium species were analyzed respectively with the statistical analysis method. Results A total of 92 overseas imported malaria cases were reported in Shijiazhuang City from 2012 to 2015， including 88 cases from African countries （falciparum malaria taking 53.41%）， and 4 cases from Southeast Asian and other countries （vivax malaria taking 50%）. Eighty?nine cases were distributed in 28 counties（districts）of 6 cities in Hebei Province， except 2 persons with foreign nationalities and 1 with Anhui Province census register. The male and young adults were dominant. The median time from the onset to seeing a doctor was one day and the median time from seeing a doctor to being diagnosed was five days. Most cases were reported by the Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang which was the sentinel hospital. Totally 42.39% of the cases were misdiagnosed when the first visit to a doctor. All of the cases were laboratory confirmed and 100% of them received the standard treatment after diagnosis. Conclusions The overseas imported malaria cases are increasing rapidly with years and the malignant malaria cases were more than other malaria cases in Shijiazhuang City. It is necessary to further strengthen the long?term cooperation mechanism between the medical institutions and the entry?exit inspection and quarantine department. The technician training should be strengthened to avoid the severe cases and death cases.

Investigation of health knowledge and behaviors on clonorchiasis sinensis of urban residents in Yanqing District, Beijing City

ZHANG Shu-Guang, TIAN Li-Li, WAN Di

2017, 29(4):  490-493. 

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Objective To understand the status of health knowledge and behaviors on clonorchiasis sinensis of urban residents in Yanqing District of Beijing City， China， so as to provide the targeted suggestions for further health education. Methods The communities/streets were selected as the investigation sites by using the stratified randomly sampling method. A total of 283 residents were randomly selected and investigated with the structural questionnaire designed by Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The fecal samples were collected and the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis were detected with Kato?Katz technique. Results All of the questionnaires were valid. The awareness rate about clonorchiasis was 25.09%. The rates of knowing clonorchiasis infection route， harm and prevention measures were 10.60%， 9.89% and 10.60% respectively. Totally 7.07% of the residents had the habits of eating raw or undercooked fresh water fish， and 2.47% of the residents had the behavior of eating sashimi. C. sinensis eggs were not found among the research objects. Conclusions The awareness rate about clonorchiasis is low among urban residents in Yanqing District. The focus of the future work is to extensively carry out the health education about clonorchiasis prevention and control and take relevant interventions.

Gohieria fuscus breeding heavily in grand dust flour of a flourmill

CHAI Qiang, GUO Jiao-Jiao, WANG Shao-Sheng, LI Chao-Pin

2017, 29(4):  494-495. 

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Objective To investigate the breeding quantity and average breeding density of Gohieria fuscus in the grand dust flour of a flourmill and explore the prevention and control measures. Methods A certain amount of grand dust flour was collected from a flourmill， and it was sieved. The powder was placed into the glass pan， and the mites were sought out under an optical microscope and made of specimens. The mites were identified on the basis of literature. Results In this survey， 400 g samples were collected from 4 habitats. The average breeding density of mites was 3 516/g. The mite was identified as Gohieria fuscus. Conclusions Gohieria fuscus is one of the widely distributed stored mites. It impacts the stored food and reduces the quality of food. In addition， the mite affects human health. Therefore， the preventive measures should be taken.

Blomia tropicalis is found in a flour warehouse of a food factory in a civil aviation airport

TAO Ning, WANG Shao-Sheng, YANG Yan-Feng, ZHOU Yong, LI Chao-Pin

2017, 29(4):  496-497,501. 

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Objective To investigate whether there is Blomia tropicalis breeding in the flour warehouse of food factory in a civil aviation airport， and， if there is， to observe the morphological structure of the mite. Methods The flour samples were collected from the flour warehouse of food factory in a civil aviation airport. The breeding mites were isolated from the samples by direct microscopy and made into specimens to observe with a light microscope. Results Female Blomia tropicalis was found in the collected flour samples. Under the microscope， the mite was nearly spherical， and it had no tergum and claw. Its apodemeⅠwas developed and connected in the midline. The reproductive hole was located between the foot Ⅲ and IV level and was covered with a pair of oblique genital folds. The foot Ⅲ and Ⅳ had no solenoids. The copulatory pouch was a long， slightly curved tube， extending from the end of the mite. Conclusions Blomia tropicalis has been found in the flour warehouse of a food factory in the civil aviation airport. The main distinguishing feature of this mite is that it has no tergum， its feet have no pectinate inferior tarsus scales or claw， the feetⅠgenu has only one solenidia， and feet Ⅲ and Ⅳ have no solenidias.

Infection status of Toxoplasma gondii and its related knowledge and behavior among special population in Changzhou City

GUO Yan-Li, XIE Yi-Qing, ZOU Yong-Gen, XU Da-Cheng, XU Wen-Wei, DAI Yang, SHEN Ming-Xue

2017, 29(4):  498-501. 

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Objective To investigate the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and related knowledge and behavior among special population in Changzhou City， so as to provide the evidence for formulating effective measures of toxoplasmosis prevention. Methods The pregnant women and patients with neoplasia in Changzhou hospitals， and livestock and poultry breeding or processing workers were selected as the subjects of the study. Venous blood samples were collected from each participant for detecting IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii by ELISA. A questionnaire investigation on knowledge and behavior about T. gondii infection was conducted. Results Among the total 300 respondents investigated from March to May， 2015， the prevalence of T. gondii infection was 16.3% （49/300）. Totally 52 respondents knew the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection with an awareness rate of 17.3% （52/300）. The proportion of participants who frequently contacted with cats/dogs （25.0%， 13/52） in the group who knew the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection was lower than that of participants （50.8%， 126/248） in the group who did not know the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection， and the difference was statistically significant （c2 = 11.51， P < 0.05）. The proportion of participants separating chopping boards for raw and cooked food （61.5%， 32/52） in the group who knew the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection was statistically higher than that of the participants （9.3%， 23/248） in the group who did not know the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection， and the difference was statistically significant （c2 = 78.43， P < 0.001）. There was a negative correlation between the awareness rate of the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection and the infection rate of T. gondii. The infection rate of T. gondii （5.8%， 3/52） in the group who knew the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection was lower than that （18.5%， 46/248） of the group who did not know the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection， and the difference was statistically significant （c2 = 5.14， P < 0.05）. Conclusions The awareness rate of the knowledge about the prevention and control of T. gondii infection among special population in Changzhou City is low. The health education on the knowledge of the prevention and control of toxoplasmosis should be strengthened， in order to improve the awareness of personal hygiene and change the unhealthy lifestyles and dietary habits.

Epidemic situation of imported malaria in Chengdu City from 2012 to 2016

PENG Zhong, TAN Kai-Ke, WANG Le-Yuan, ZHENG Hong, CAO Yang, WANG Jing, ZHU Bin, YANG Yu-Chuan, CHEN Gang, SONG Zhi-Yong

2017, 29(4):  502-504. 

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Objective To understand the malaria epidemic situation in Chengdu City， so as to provide the evidence for effectively carrying out the malaria elimination work. Methods The data of imported malaria in Chengdu City from 2012 to 2016 were collected from the Disease Surveillance Information Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and analyzed respectively. Results A total of 240 imported malaria cases were reported in Chengdu City from 2012 to 2016. In detail， 68.75% of the cases were falciparum malaria cases， 20.41% were vivax malaria cases， 2.50% were quartan malaria cases， 6.25% were ovale malaria cases， and 2.08% were mixed Plasmodium infections. Among them three patients died， with a mortality of 1.25%. All of the cases were infected overseas， among which 224 patients returned from Africa and 16 patients from Southeast Asia. The annual average morbidity was 0.28/100 000， and there was a significantly difference among annual average morbidities （[χ2]= 23.87， P < 0.001）. There were malaria cases reported in every month， and no significantly difference among seasons （[χ2]= 0.833， P > 0.05）. Conclusion The number of overseas imported malaria in Chengdu City increases year by year. The effective measures to control the overseas imported malaria should be strengthened to consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination.

Morphological observation on hypopus of Lepidoglyphus destructor by optical microscope

HONG Yong, TAO Ning, CHAI Qiang, LI Chao-Pin

2017, 29(4):  505-507. 

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Objective To observe the external morphology of Lepidoglyphus destructor hypopus under an optical microscope. Methods The samples were collected in a store of Chinese medicinal herbs in Huainan City in September， 2016， the L. destructor and the hypopus were isolated， and then made of slide specimens. The slide samples were prepared and observed under an optical microscope. Results The L. destructor hypopus and protonymph were found. The inactive hypopus was oval in shape， the feet were not well?developed， there was a distinct transverse seam on its back， and there were 2 pairs of genital sensory organs. Conclusion The optical microscopy shows the morphological characteristics of L. destructor hypopus， which can provide the basis for the biological classification and the prevention.

Diagnostic knowledge and skills of parasitic diseases based on competition of professional personnel in Jiangsu Province, China

CAO Yuan-Yuan, ZHU Guo-Ding, GU Ya-Ping, XU Xiang-Zhen, JIN Xiao-Lin, ZHOU Hua-Yun, WANG Jie, LIANG You-Sheng, YANG Kun, CAO Jun

2017, 29(4):  508-511,514. 

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Objective To understand the integrated ability of parasitic disease prevention and control of professional personnel of Jiangsu Province through the contest. Methods Totally 56 players from the whole province were selected， and all the players participated in the contest. The theory knowledge and skill scores were collected and the statistical analyses were conducted. Results The average theoretical score of the participants was 88.86±15.56 and the passing rate was 91.1%. The average skill operating score was 69.16±16.01 and the passing rate was 67.9%. The average Plasmodium microscopy score was 16.54±8.09 and the passing rate was 50%. The average helminth egg microscopy score was 34.27±10.66 and the passing rate was 67.9%. There were statistical differences among the age groups and different levels of schistosomiasis endemic situation （F = 5.10， 6.39， both P < 0.01）. The theoretical knowledge including schistosomiasis， malaria， hydatid disease and others and the score rates were 91.07%， 90.94%， 85.83% and 90.93%， respectively. The hydatid disease score rate was lower （[χ2]=19.17， P < 0.01）. The radar chart displayed that the score rates of tabletting and microscopy test in Kato?Katz film production， malaria blood film production and microscopy test were all low. Conclusion In Jiangsu Province， the participants have higher score in the theory test. However， they have lower skill test score， especially in the parasite species identification. The operational skills still need to be strengthened for center for disease control （CDC） participants.

Analysis of inspection certification results on malaria elimination in Baise City

DENG Ji-Guang, YU Shui-Lan, NONG Zhi, YANG Yi-Chao

2017, 29(4):  512-514. 

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Objective To analyze the results of inspection certification on malaria elimination in Baise City， and summarize the experiences of malaria elimination at a prefecture level. Methods According to Evaluation Schemes of Malaria Elimination （2014 edition） and Municipal Evaluation Schemes of Malaria Elimination in Guangxi （2016 edition）， the malaria elimination work in Baise City was evaluated. In addition， 2 counties （cities， districts） in the administrative region of Baise City were randomly selected for review assessment. Then the assessment and certification results were analyzed. Results The score of evaluation on malaria elimination in Baise City was 95.80， and the scores of review in Tiandong County and Jingxi City were 94.70 and 90.60， respectively. According to the weight of the three scores， namely 0.4， 0.3， 0.3， the final score of malaria elimination in Baise City was 93.91， which reached the national standards of malaria elimination score （more than 85）. Conclusions Baise City has passed the inspection certification of malaria elimination by the authority of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. However， the malaria monitoring post?elimination still should continue to consolidate the elimination achievements.

Analysis of epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Wuhu County from 2012 to 2016

XI Xin-Wang

2017, 29(4):  515-516,519. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis in Wuhu County from 2012 to 2016， so as to provide the reference for adjusting the control strategy. Methods The data of schistosomiasis prevention and control in Wuhu County from 2012 to 2016 were collected and longitudinally analyzed. Results Since 2013， the average infection rate of schistosomiasis in the population decreased year by year， and the infection rate decreased to 0 in 2016. Since 2012， the infection rate of livestock was 0. The area with Oncomelania hupensis snails decreased year by year， but it drastically rebounded in 2016. No schistosome?infected snails were found since 2012. Conclusions Schistosomiasis epidemic is effectively controlled in Wuhu County， but there is a possibility of recovery. In the next stage， we should focus on strengthening the control of snails and imported infectious sources in order to consolidate the achievements of prevention and control.

Epidemiological analysis and countermeasures discussion on imported malaria in Zhangjiagang City

WANG Xue-Dong, JIANG Ling, LIU Bin

2017, 29(4):  517-519. 

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria in Zhangjiagang City. Methods The epidemiological data were collected and retrospectively analyzed for the distribution， cost， and exit?entry mode and port of imported malaria cases in Zhangjiagang City from 2005 to 2015. Results There were 25 imported malaria cases in Zhangjiagang City from 2005 to 2015， and among them， there were 16 cases of falciparum malaria （64%）， 6 cases of vivax malaria （24%）， and 3 cases of ovale malaria （12%）； there was 1 cases of critically ill （4%）， there were 8 cases of serious ill （32%） and 16 cases of mild ill （64%）. The time of onset was in accordance with the circular distribution. The peak of the incidence of the imported malaria was one month earlier than that of the domestic infection. The seasonal peak was gentle， and there was also the occurrence in the non?epidemic season in the city. The imported malaria patients were mainly from Africa， followed by Southeast Asia and Oceania. Conclusion The information technology should be applied to improve the key population coverage on the basis of improving the ability of malaria diagnosis and treatment of medical staff and the multi?sector’s cooperation for the imported malaria prevention and control in Zhangjiagang City.

Oncomelania hupensis status monitoring in Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2016

HE Ming-Zhen, XIE Yi-Qing, CHEN Hong, ZOU Yong-Gen, ZHU Shi-Yang, GUO Yan-Li

2017, 29(4):  520-522. 

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Objective To analyze the Oncomelania hupensis snail distribution and the changes of snail situation in Changzhou City from 2013 to 2016， so as to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis prevention and control interventions. Methods The data of snail monitoring in Changzhou City from 2013 to 2016 were collected and statistically analyzed. Results The total area with snails was 40.17 hm2 and the newly discovered area was 30.63 hm2 in Changzhou City from 2013 to 2016. In the four years， 3 454 snails were dissected， and no schistosome infected snails were found. There were totally 51 spots with snails， and the areas with snails of different types of marshland， inland and mountain were 12.13 （30.19%）， 25.54 hm2 （63.57%） and 2.51 hm2 （6.24%）， respectively. In the newly discovered snail environment， the areas of types of marshland and inland were 8.00 hm2 （26.12%） and 22.63 hm2 （73.88%） ， respectively. The main causes for snail existence were external input and adjacent diffusion. In the past four years， the total snail control area with molluscicides was 71.74 hm2， the consolidated snail control area with molluscicides was 155.15 hm2， and the total environmental modification areas in the current snail spots and historic snail spots were 15.90 hm2 and 11.30 hm2 respectively. Conclusion The diffusion of snails in inland rivers is the key of the newly discovered snail areas in Changzhou City in recent years， and the snail monitoring and control measures should be strengthened in the future.

Investigation on current situation of Plasmodium microscopic examination capabilities of professional staff in medical situations in Wuxi City

SHAO Jie, MENG Xiao-Jun, CHEN Wei-Xuan

2017, 29(4):  523-525. 

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Objective To investigate the capabilities of Plasmodium microscopic examinations of professional staff in medical institutions in Wuxi City， so as to provide evidences for improving malaria control and elimination work in the future. Methods The data of questionnaires for laboratorial staff in charge of Plasmodium microscopic examinations were collected and analyzed in the medical institutions in Wuxi City in 2016， and the influencing factors related to the capabilities of Plasmodium microscopic examinations were analyzed by the method of logistic regression. Results Totally 54 laboratorial workers in 54 medical institutions in Wuxi City were investigated， 16 of them were male， and 38 were female， and the ratio of male to female was 0.42∶1. Among the 54 laboratorial workers， 12 persons （22.22%） had the experience of detecting Plasmodium in the work. The multivariable analysis showed the ability to detect Plasmodium was associated with male laboratorial workers （adjusted OR = 0.11， 95%CI：0.02-0.53）， laboratorial workers with intermediate or higher professional titles （adjusted OR = 5.31， 95%CI： 1.04-27.19） and laboratorial workers from county and township medical institutions （adjusted OR = 0.04， 95%CI： 0.01-0.98）. Conclusions All of the medical institutions in Wuxi City have the capability of microscopic examinations of Plasmodium. However， the ability of laboratorial staff in primary hospitals still should be improved.

ATP?P2X₇R signalling pathway and its effects in parasitic diseases

JIANG Wang-Fang, JIANG Chun-Jie, GUAN Fei, LEI Jia-Hui, LUO Ming

2017, 29(4):  526-529. 

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ATP（Adenosine triphosphate）is an important endogenous damage ? associated molecular pattern（DAMP）. P2X7R is an ATP?gated cation channel. ATP?P2X7R plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of many diseases because P2X7R is distributed on various immune cells. ATP?P2X7R signal transduction pathway has been implicated to participate in the body's im? mune defense against pathogens. This paper reviews the recent progress regarding ATP?P2X7R and its effects on parasitic diseas? es.

Progress in researches of benzimidazole in treatment of echinococcosis

ZHU Wen-Jun, HAN Xiu-Min, GUO Ya-Min

2017, 29(4):  530-533. 

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Echinococcosis is a severe zoonosis parasitic disease and mainly caused by the larvae of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. Because of the limitation of operation level，such as recurrence and death，the drug treatment is still the most important method in our country. Meanwhile，the annual number of drug treatments is far greater than surgical treatments. Drugs play a significant role in the preoperative reduction of lesions，reducing pain，extending the life of patients .This article re? views the status of animals treatment and clinical treatment of echinococcosis treated by the benzimidazole drugs and their new formulations，provides the basis for exploring the development direction of anti?echinococcosis drug treatment research.

Pulmonary ectopic lesion of acute schistosomiasis: a report of two cases

YIN Fei, ZHANG Jian-Gang, LIANG Xiao-Lang, DONG Cheng-Kui

2017, 29(4):  534-535. 

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This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of 2 cases of acute schistosomiasis with ectopic lesion in the lung. It suggests that in schistosomiasis endemic areas，if the patients with the contact history of infested water have the symptom of fe? ver，while the effects of anti?infection and the corresponding treatments are not good，the clinician should consider acute schisto? somiasis.