Abstract: As an emerging interdisciplinary field bridging ecology and immunology, eco⁃immunology focuses on the co⁃evolutionary dynamics between hosts and parasites within natural environments, and aims to unravel the ecological mechanisms underlying the formation of host immune strategies, so as to provide new insights into parasitology and parasitic diseases research. Based on case studies of diverse host⁃parasite systems, including insects⁃protozoans, fish⁃cestodes, amphibians⁃nematodes, reptiles⁃arthropods, birds⁃ectoparasites, and mammals⁃helminths, this review summarizes critical eco⁃immunological principles, including host tolerance trade⁃offs under resource constraints, transgenerational epigenetic adaptation, nutrition⁃immunity interactions, and immune conflicts triggered by multiparasite co⁃infections. In addition, the article discusses the feasibility and practical pathways of ecological management and interventions to achieve biodiversity conservation and disease control based on the eco⁃immunological theory, so as to provide innovative insights into responses to address ecological conservation and public health challenges in the context of global changes.

Key words: Parasitology, Parasitic disease, Eco?immunology,  , Ecosystem, Disease control

摘要： 生态免疫学作为生态学与免疫学的新兴交叉学科，聚焦于宿主与寄生虫在自然生境中的协同进化规律，探讨宿主免疫策略形成的生态学机制，从而为寄生虫学和寄生虫病研究提供新的理论视角。本文通过列举昆虫⁃原虫、鱼类⁃绦虫、两栖类⁃线虫、爬行类⁃节肢动物、鸟类⁃体外寄生虫及哺乳动物⁃蠕虫等多类群宿主⁃寄生虫系统的具体案例，阐述了宿主在资源限制下形成的抗性与耐受性免疫策略权衡、跨代表观遗传适应、营养⁃免疫交互作用以及多寄生虫共感染引发的免疫冲突等重要生态免疫学规律。此外，基于生态免疫学理论，本文还探讨了通过生态管理和生态干预实现生物多样性保护和疾病防控的可行性和实践路径，旨在为应对全球变化背景下的生态保护和公共健康挑战提供创新见解。

关键词: 寄生虫学, 寄生虫病, 生态免疫学, 生态系统, 疾病控制