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    15 February 2010, Volume 22 Issue 1
    Project management model and its evolution in schistosomiasis control programme of China
    ZHOU Xiao-Nong, JIA Tie-Wu, GUO Jia-Gang, WANG Li-Ying, JIANG Qiang-Wu
    2010, 22(1):  1-4. 
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    The paper reviewed the project management model and its evolution in the national schistosomiasis control in China at different stages. The key factors impacting the progress of the control activities were analyzed by introducing the concept of project management, and the principles, i.e. objective management, temporal management, cost-effectiveness management, and quality management, that would have to be complied with in the future control activities were put forward, so as to accelerate the elimination of schistosomiasis in China.

    Construction and evaluation of a novel dendrimer vector-DNA vaccine for schistosomiasis japonica
    WANG Xiao-Ting, ZHU Yin-Chang, GAO Qiu-Duan, GUO Ling-Xiang, LI Xin-Song
    2010, 22(1):  5-12. 
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    [Abstract] Objective To construct and evaluate a novel PAMAM dendrimers vector - DNA vaccine for schistosomiasis japonica. Methods Lysine was used to modify 4.0G PAMAM, and the modified product PAMAM-Lys was synthesized. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to confirm the  composite ratio of plasmid DNA and dendrimer. Microstructure of the compound was observed using a transmission electronic microscopy, and the stability was analysized using electrophoresis. The viability of the cells transfected with dendrimers was evaluated using a MTT technique in vitro. Fiftyty mice were immunized with purified plasmid pJW4303, pJW4303-Sj23 dendrimer PAMAM-Lys and compound PAMAM-Lys/pJW4303-Sj23, respectively. The specific antibodies of the mice in each group were detected to access the immunoreactivity. Results The agarose gel electrophoresis showed that at the charge ratio of the dendrimer vector and DNA with 2 to 4, the positive and negative charges could be counteracted completely, and the compound was blocked completely by DNA electrophoresis. The observation results with transmission electronic microscopy showed that the composition of dendrimer vector and DNA caused shrink of DNA structure. Dendrimer - DNA compound had good stability. MTT showed the modified dendrimer vector and DNA compound system produced lower cell toxicity on 293T cell than that of the unmodified ones. The levels of specific antibodies of the mice immunized with PAMAM-Lys/pJW4303-Sj23 were significantly higher than those of the mice immunized with naked DNA vaccine (P<0.05). Conclusions The lysine-modified PAMAM-Lys is an excellent vector, and has appropriate biocompatibility. Lysine-modification can reduce the cell toxicity of PAMAM dendrimer significantly. PAMAM-Lys can enhance the immunoreactivity of DNA vaccine which merit further application in schistosomiasis DNA vaccine.
    Clinical examination results of 310 patients with advanced schistosomiasis
    ZHANG Gui-Lin
    2010, 22(1):  12. 
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    Effect of soluble worm antigen and soluble egg antigen of Schistosoma japonicum on apoptosis and cell-cycle of CD4+ T lymphocytes
    ZHANG Cui, CHEN Xiao-Jun, ZHU Ji-Feng, CHI Ying, WEN Xiao-Yun, HE Lei, ZHOU Sha, LIU Feng, SU Chuan
    2010, 22(1):  13-16. 
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    [Abstract] Objective To investigate and compare the different effects of soluble adult worm antigen (SWA) and soluble egg antigen (SEA) of Schistosoma japonicum on the apoptosis and cell-cycle of murine CD4+ T cells. Methods  Purified CD4+T cells from normal C57BL/6 mice were cultured with CFSE labeled antigen presenting cells (APC) in the presence of different stimulus for 36 h. Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect the apoptosis of CD4+ T cells by fluorescence conjugated caspase-3 antibodie staining. The flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell-cycle of CD4+ T cells cultured as described above for 96 h by propidium iodide staining. Results Compared with the apoptosis percentage of CD4+ T cells[(1.24±0.29%] in the SEA stimulated group, that [(1.52±0.38)%] in the SWA stimulated group did not show statistically significant difference(P>0.05). Compared with the cell percentages in G1 phase[(78.91±2.98)%], S phase[(7.39±0.85)%] and G2/M phase[(10.69±1.05)%] in the SWA stimulated group, that of the G1 phase[(59.42±1.32)%] was significantly lower, but those in the S phase [(21.07±0.88)%] and G2/M phase[(18.88±1.21)%] were significantly increased in the SEA stimulated groupP0.01. Conclusions There is no statistically significant difference between the apoptosis levels of CD4+T cells stimulated by SWA and SEA. However, SEA significantly promotes the progression of the cell-cycle of CD4+T cells compared with SWA.
    Effect of Kupffer cells on CD4+CD25+ T cells in schistosome granuloma
    YANG Jiang-Hua, HE Lei, WANG Tao, YANG Jin-Sun, HOU Wei-Shun, SU Chuan
    2010, 22(1):  17-19. 
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    [Abstract] ObjectiveTo explore the effect of targeting Kupffer cells on CD4+CD25+ T cells in schistosomiasis granuloma. Methods Six to eight-week-old C57BL/6 female mice were divided into three groups, a control group, an infection group with S. japonicum cercariae and an infection group injected with GdCl3 through the penile vein (15 mg/kg) twice per week. After 8 weeks of the infection, the number of CD4+CD25+Tcells were detected by using flow cytometry and the number of Foxp3 was detected by using immunohistochemistry.For the detection of murine IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TGF-β1 and IFN-γ, a DuoSet ELISA development kit was used.Results The number of CD4+CD25+Tcells and the level of IL-10 decreased in the infection group injected with GdCl3 comparing with the infection group. GdCl3treatmentdecreased Foxp3 production and the level of ALT, and reduced the inflammatory response in schistosomiasis granuloma. Conclusion Kupffer cells can regulate the response of CD4+CD25+ T cells in schistosomiasis granuloma.
    Biblimetric study of schistosomiasis literature based on Web of Science
    YANG Pin, DAI Jing, GAO Shi, LI Shi-Zhu, SHENG Hui-Feng
    2010, 22(1):  20-25. 
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    [Abstract] Objective To understand the progress in schistosomiasis research over the last 10 years through a biblimetric approach. Methods The literature was searched in Web of Science citation database (1998-2008) by using the following terms: “schistosomiasis*” or “schistosoma” or “schistosome”. The searching results were analyzed by the Derwent Analytics software concerning the article numbers and the total citations by countries, institutes and authors, and journal distribution, in an effort to discover schistosomiasis research progress in and outside China. Results The annual number of schistosomiasis articles published in Web of Science had little change from 1998 to 2008. The US played a leading role in the schistosomiasis research in the world. China had made a great progress in schistosomiasis research in recent years, but was still lagging behind developed countries. The vaccine and drug development, the immune mechanisms resulting in morbidity were the focuses of schistosomiasis research in the world. Meanwhile, the transcriptome and proteome of Schistosoma japonicum, schistosomiasis vaccines and drugs, spatial epidemiology were the focuses of research in China. Conclusion The research of schistosomiasis in China has been progressing rapidly, but is still lagging behind its international peers.
    Dynamic analysis of Oncomelania snail distribution in Jiangsu Province, 2004—2008
    SUN Le-Ping, LIANG You-Sheng, TIAN Zeng-Xi, HONG Qing-Biao, YANG Guo-Jing, YANG Kun, WANG Wei, GAO Yang, HUANG Jing-Zhang, ZHANG Lian-Heng, GUO Jia-Hong, MIN Jie, HUANG Yi-Xin
    2010, 22(1):  26-30. 
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    [Abstract] Objective To analyze the characteristics and changes of Oncomelania snail distribution in regions with different epidemic types and degrees of Jiangsu Province, so as to provide the evidence for implementing the feasible schistosomiasis control strategy. Methods A retrospective survey was performed, and the 5-year database of snail status in Jiangsu Province was established based on the collected reports of snail habitat cards and schistosomiasis control in Jiangsu Province from 2004 to 2008. Changes of snail areas, infected snail areas, infection rates of snails in different years were analyzed, and the annual variations of snail areas, infected snail areas and infection rates of snails in areas with different epidemic types and degrees were compared, and their variation trend charts year by year were dropped. Results The actual snail areas and infected snail areas decreased by 3 799.86 hm2 and 2 006.35 hm2, respectively in Jiangsu Province, 2006—2008, with the annual mean decreasing rates of 9.64% and 18.83%. Among them, the actual snail areas in marshland and lake regions, water net regions and mountainous regions decreased by 3546.10, 209.19 hm2 and 44.57 hm2, respectively, with the annual mean decreasing rates of 9.59%, 10.29% and 11.18%, respectively. An area of 22.02 hm2 of new snail habitats was detected during the 5 years, and the water net regions accounted for 89.24%. The proportions of actual snail areas in historical snail areas were between 2.77% and 5.36%. Among them, the proportions of actual snail areas in historical accumulative snail areas in transmission-uncontrolled, transmission-controlled and transmission-interrupted areas were 13.29%-22.82%, 0.88%-3.54% and 0.14%-0.32%, respectively, and there were significant differences among them (all P values were less than 0.01). The constituent ratios of the actual snail areas were 93.79%-95.60%, 3.67%-5.45% and 0.73%-1.01%, respectively in marshland and lake regions, water net regions and mountainous regions from 2004 to 2008. The infection rate of snails in Jiangsu Province reduced from 0.15% in 2004 to 0.02% in 2008, with a reduction rate of 85.50% (P<0.01). The constituent ratios of infected snail areas in transmission-uncontrolled, transmission-controlled and transmission-interrupted areas were 98.15%—100%, 0—0.81%, and 0—1.43%, respectively. Conclusions As a whole, there is a decreasing tendency of snail areas and infected snail areas in Jiangsu Province, and the snail control was consolidated step by step in transmission-interrupted areas. The control of snails in marshland and lake regions and infected snails in transmission-uncontrolled areas effectively are the key points in the future schistosomiasis control of Jiangsu Province.
    Ultrasonographical characters and their changes due to Schistosoma japonicum infection in Poyang Lake region, Jiangxi Province
    LIU Yue-Min, LIN Dan-Dan, HU Fei, TAO Bo, JIANG Qiu-Lin, WANG Jin-Ming, LI Jian-Ying
    2010, 22(1):  31-34. 
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    Objective To observe ultrasonographical characters and their changes in endemic areas of schistosomiasis japonica in Poyang Lake region, Jiangxi Province and to explore the value of ultrasound for assessment of the morbidity of the disease. Methods All permanent residents aged above 3 years old were examined by ultrasound and Kato-Katz method. Results The schistosome positive rates of fecalexaminations decreased greatly from 16.29% in 1995 to 8.54% in 2007(P value was less than 0.01). However, the rates of hepatomegaly and splenomegaly between 1995 and 2007 were not significantly changed(All P values were above 0.05), with the rates of 8.82% and 20.33% in 1995 and 8.54% and 21.34% in 2007, respectively. The abnormal rate of portal vein diameter decreased significantly, from 32.47% in 1995 to 6.50% in 2007. The abnormal rate of liver parenchyma increased remarkably( all P values were less than 0.01), from 34.85% to 51.83%. The changes of liver parenchyma Grade I showed a bidirectional trend, 29.90% of them changed into Grade 0 (normal image on ultrasonography), and 34.02% changed into Grade 2 and above. The abnormality of various indexes of ultrasonography examinations were related to age, occupation and schistosome infection status. Conclusion Ultrasonography can show the damages of liver and spleen in patients infected with Schistosoma japonicum directly, but it is necessary to study on further the sensitive indexes that reflecting early pathological changes and the best combination of the indexes for the assessment of schistosomiasis-related morbidity.

    Dynamic analysis of distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in mountainous regions
    ZHAO Fei, ZHANG Zhi-Jie, WANG Hai-Yin, ZHOU Yi-Biao, PENG Wen-Xiang, JIANG Qiang-Wu
    2010, 22(1):  35-39. 
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    Reliability and validity of SF-36 in advanced schistosomiasis
    DENG Yao, WANG Jin-Sheng, YUAN Xiu-Bai, JIA Tie-Wu, WANG Xian-Hong, YANG Kun, HE Wei-Long, OU Yang-Shan-Wen, HE Shi-Hao, CUI Xia-Yu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong
    2010, 22(1):  40-46. 
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    Surveillance of schistosomiasis in a national surveillance site of Chuanxing Town, Xichang City, 2008
    ZHOU Shi-Guo, YIN Hong-Zhi, ZHAO Lian-Guo, FENG Zong-Liang, LAI Yu-Hua, YE You-Qin
    2010, 22(1):  46. 
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    Effect of schistosomiasis control in Bianmin River of Nanjing City
    XIE Chao-Yong, YANG Pei-Cai, YIN Wi-Gang, GAO Yuan, QIU Ling, WEI De-Hui, ZHOU Wei, ZONG Zhao-Min
    2010, 22(1):  47-50. 
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    Therapeutic effect of different dosages of praziquantel on mice infected with Sparganum mansoni
    LI Nan, LIN Xi-Meng, CUI Jing, WANG Ming-Ming, JING Feng-Jun, QI Xin, WANG Li, WANG Zhong-Quan
    2010, 22(1):  51-55. 
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    Doposition of schistosome eggs in lymph nodes of rectal cancer draining area: one case report
    HU Zhi-Yong, CHEN Yong
    2010, 22(1):  55. 
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    Sample related factors affecting short-term culture of erythrocytic Plasmodium vivax in vitro
    LU Feng, GAO Qi, XIA Hui, CAO Jun, TAO Zhi-Yong, ZHU Guo-Ding, ZHOU Hua-Yun, Han Eun-taek, JIANG Wen-Cai, WANG Wei-Ming, GU Ya-Ping, LI Ju-Lin
    2010, 22(1):  56-58. 
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      Protective immunity of Trichinella spiralis encapsulated larva antigens
    DONG Ming-Zhi, WU Min-Fang, SHEN Li-Jie
    2010, 22(1):  59-62. 
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    Acute schistosomiasis complicated with epidemic hemorrhagic fever: one case report
    PENG Xing-E
    2010, 22(1):  62. 
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    Effect of Toxoplasma gondii infection on levels of neurofilament mRNA and cellular immunity in rats
    ZHOU Yong-Hua, HU Yu-Hong, GU Xiang-Ming, WANG Jie, HUANG Yu-Zheng, DONG Min, SHI Fang, XU Yong-Liang, GAO Qi
    2010, 22(1):  63-65. 
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    Comparison of field molluscicidal effects of four molluscicides
    XIONG Xin-Ping, HUANG Ping, LUO Miao-Kai, LI Wei, CHEN Mao-Sheng
    2010, 22(1):  66-68. 
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    Health education of schistosomiasis control among students in mountainous valley areas of Yunnan Province
    QI Yun-Liang, YANG Hong-Feng, MA Jun-Hua
    2010, 22(1):  68. 
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    Diffusion and distribution of imported Oncomelania snails in non-endemic areas of schistosomiasis
    ZHOU Zhi-Shan, HUANG Shao-Yu, LI Chu-Sheng, LIN Rong-Xing, ZHANG Qi-Ming
    2010, 22(1):  69-71. 
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    Endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Tangyin Village of Duchang County, Poyang Lake region
    ZHANG Kong-De, CAO Zhi-Yong, DUAN Zhong-Bai, LI Feng, ZHAO Zu-Nian, WANG Xiao-Hong, WANG Xi-Yun
    2010, 22(1):  71. 
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    Relationship between distribution of infected snails and transmission of acute schistosomiasis in hilly regions
    XU Yi-Xiang, CHU Cheng-Zhong, WU Yun-Long, CHENG Sheng-Jun, GAO Feng-Hua, ZHANG Gong-Hua, CHENG Jin, WANG Si-Wu
    2010, 22(1):  72-73. 
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    Current status of knowledge and attitutde of schistosomiasis control among human population in schistosomiasis transmission-controlled area of Changqiu mountainous areas
    CAO Chun-Li, CHEN Lin, WAN Xue-Xiang, LIU Qing, CAI Xing-Ping, ZHONG Bo, QIU Dong-Chuan, WU Xiao-Hua, ZHOU Xiao-Nong, GUO Jia-Gang
    2010, 22(1):  74-77. 
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    Using modified crushing-cercariae escaping method to detect infected snails
    WANG Jia-Song, HE Liang-Cai, MA Bang-Biao, WEI Jiang-Ping, FU Zheng-Yin, RONG Xian-Bing, ZHAO Yao-Sheng, PENG Xiao-Wu
    2010, 22(1):  78-80. 
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    Surveillance of schistosomiasis in areas along water transfer project from Yangtze River to Hanjiang River in Qiangjiang basin
    CAI Zong-Da, CHAI Zhi-Wu, XU Qian-Cheng, LIU Xian-Guo, HUANG Shui-Sheng, ZHANG Zheng-Ping
    2010, 22(1):  81-83. 
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    Prevalence and control of malaria in Sihong County from 1997 to 2007
    SHE Gui-Zhi, HONG Pei, PENG Fang, WANG Wei-Ming
    2010, 22(1):  84-86. 
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    Survey of knowledge, attitude and practice of malaria among villagers in rural areas of Yunnan Province
    ZHOU Sheng, LV Quan, DU Long-Fei, YANG Ming-Dong, LI Li, YANG Rui, YANG Zhong-Hua
    2010, 22(1):  87-89. 
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    Progress of research on genetic markers of Oncomelania hupensis
    SUN En-Tao, ZHANG Xi-Lin
    2010, 22(1):  90-95. 
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    Molluscicidal effect of 50% wettable powder of niclosamide ethanolamine salt combined with urea
    ZHANG Qiang-Dong, WU Rong-Feng, XIAO Min, LI Chun-Lan, CAO Gui-Bao, LIN Jin-Ming, ZHOU Chun
    2010, 22(1):  95. 
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    Role of interleukin family in infection of Toxoplasma gondii
    YUAN Wen-Yang, ZHAO Qing, ZHANG Ping, XU Chao-Yun, ZHAO Sheng, ZHU Jin-Song, YE Hong
    2010, 22(1):  96-99. 
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    Treatment effect of one imported endemic of schistosomiasis in historical non-endemic area of Shayang County
    WAN Jun, DING Zhao-Jun, HE Ting
    2010, 22(1):  100. 
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    Effect of replacing bovine with tractors for farming on schistosomiasis control in Xuancheng City
    YU Long-Qing, QIU Xiao-Yuan, HU Yuan, WANG Ya-Lin
    2010, 22(1):  101-102. 
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    Digest from Medline: Chinese schistosomiasis control and research (I)
    WANG Wei, LIANG You-Sheng
    2010, 22(1):  103-105. 
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