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    20 June 2017, Volume 29 Issue 3
    Challenges and countermeasures for water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control in China in new era
    WANG Jia-Sheng, LU Jin-You, MIN Feng-Yang, ZHU Kong-Xian
    2017, 29(3):  259-262. 
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    The spread of schistosomiasis seriously threaten the health of people and hinder the economic and social development in China. The water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control effectively controlled the spread of schistosomiasis by controlling the spread of Oncomelania hupensis, the only intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. This paper reviews the evolution of the strategy of schistosomiasis prevention and control in China and points out the historical role of water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control. Furthermore, this article analyzes the problems and challenges of water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control in the new period. In response to the challenges, the new strategy of water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control is put forward, including: developing the research of the new strategy of water conservancy combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control, enhancing the research of water conservancy technology combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control, improving the efficiency and applicability of water conservancy projects combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control, strengthening the guidance of water conservancy technology combined with schistosomiasis prevention and control, and perfecting the evaluation system.
    Challenges and countermeasures of forestry schistosomiasis control programs in ecological priority of Yangtze River economic belt development
    SU Ning, XU Yong-Jie
    2017, 29(3):  263-266. 
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    Relevant projects carried out within the Yangtze River economic belt on the impact of schistosomiasis epidemic and transmission are important issues for "ecological priority" in the process of implementing the strategy. The key problems of schistosomiasis epidemic risk, epidemic happening repeatedly, difficulty of rehabilitating Oncomelania hupensis snail control and schistosomiasis prevention forest, lag of evaluation system and platform construction, lack of basic research, et al. were analyzed in the Yangtze River economic belt taking "ecological priority" as the basis in this paper. Then corresponding countermeasures to these challenges were put forward so as to provide the reference for the national forestry schistosomiasis control programs, which include: execution of the comprehensive prevention and control strategy, scheming of the new round of forestry schistosomiasis control programs, strengthening schistosomiasis prevention and control, promoting productivity in existing forestry to consolidate and improve the achievements of previous forestry schistosomiasis control programs, and promoting the intensity of technological innovation to improve the technological level of forestry schistosomiasis control programs.
    Value and evaluation on multidisciplinary treatment of advanced schistosomiasis
    ZHU Yong-Hui, ZHAO Zheng-Yuan, DENG Wei-Cheng
    2017, 29(3):  267-272. 
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    Advanced schistosomiasis, encompassing a wide range of pathologic entities and multi?complications, poses a serious threat on the patients’ health. Through comprehensive analysis and evaluation on related aspects regarding clinical classification, main methods of auxiliary examination and treatment (including types of surgical procedure) of advanced schistosomiasis, we think that the individual based multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment according to varying conditions of patients is the most optimal treatment mode of advanced schistosomiasis. It is further proposed that multidisciplinary collaborative diagnosis and treatment system should be undoubtedly established, multidisciplinary case discussions be regularly organized, and treatment expert teams be stably formed, in order to significantly improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of advanced schistosomiasis, so as to reduce the misdiagnosis and improve the therapeutic effect in advanced schistosomiasis control.
    Surveillance of schistosomiasis in People's Republic of China in 2015
    DANG Hui, JIN Jia-Ning, XU Jing, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Xiao-Nong, SUN Jun-Ling, LI Zhong-Jie, LV Shan
    2017, 29(3):  273-280. 
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    Objective To analyze the investigation data of the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in 2015, so as to provide scientific evidences for schistosomiasis control, elimination and surveillance. Methods According to National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Programme (version 2014),457 surveillance sites were selected, and the investigation data in residents, floating population, domestic animals and Oncomelania hupensis snails were collected and analyzed from four types of endemic counties. Results A total of 4 468 seropositive cases were detected from 133 350 residents, among which 4 457 residents with seropositive results received the etiological tests, and 71 of them were identified with positive results. Most of them were fishermen and farmers in the middle and old?aged group. The schistosomiasis infection rate was 0.05% in local population. Totally 977 seropositive cases were examined from 85 047 migrant individuals, and 16 positive cases were found out from 966 individuals who took etiological tests, which showed the schistosomiasis infection rate was 0.02% in floating population. Imported cases were found among floating people in four provinces, namely Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei and Anhui provinces. No acute schistosomiasis cases were reported. A total of 13 406 head of cattle received examinations and only 5 were determined as stool positives. The cattle infection rate was 0.04%. The snail survey covered an area of 22 295.13 hm2 and snails were found in an area of 7 426.63 hm2, including 3.47 hm2 newly detected area with snails. No schistosome?infected snails were found. Conclusions Based on the collected data from 457 national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China, the Schistosoma japonicum infection rate is 0.05% in local population which maintains a stably descending trend. In floating population, there are imported schistosome?infected persons. Cattle are still a vulnerable species infected with schistosome. Although no infected snails are found, snails are widely distributed in endemic areas. Some provinces detect areas with snails for the first time or the reproduction of snails. The staff in endemic provinces should carry out the surveillance work according to National Schistosomiasis Surveillance Programme (version2014) to improve the surveillance system, and enhance the sensibility and effectiveness of surveillance work.
    Analysis of characteristics of medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Hunan Province, 2015
    LI Fei-Yue, TAN Hong-Zhuan, ZHOU Jie, ZHOU Rui-Hong, ZHU Jin-Hua, CAI Xin-Ting, REN Guang-Hui
    2017, 29(3):  281-285. 
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    Objective To understand the current distribution and characteristics of advanced schistosomiasis patients who accepted medical assistance in Hunan Province in 2015, so as to provide the evidence for perfecting the policy and measures of the medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients. Methods The patients who had been diagnosed as advanced schistosomiasis were verified and confirmed according to the standard of the medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients in Hunan Province in 2015. The epidemiological survey was conducted to investigate the demographic characteristics, history of diagnosis and treatment, and medical assistance to these persons. Results There were 3 850 advanced schistosomiasis patients who accepted the medical assistance in Hunan Province in 2015, and among them, 2 664 patients were male (69.19%), and 1 186 were female (30.81%). Most of them (92.82%) came from the main schistosomiasis endemic areas, such as Yueyang, Changde and Yiyang. There were 2 369 cases of ascites (61.53%), 1 466 cases of splenomegaly (38.08%), 15 cases of colon proliferation and dwarf (0.39%). The mean age of advanced schistosomiasis patients who accepted the medical assistance was (62.94 ± 11.67) years old, with 64.31% of them being more than 60 years old. The age of initial diagnosis of advanced schistosomiasis was (53.85 ± 21.32) years old, and it was concentrated in 40-60 years old (68.57%). The mean duration of advanced schistosomiasis was (9.58 ± 10.06) years, and it was mainly distributed in 10 years (75.95%). The mean duration from initial diagnosis of schistosomiasis to advanced schistosomiasis was (22.33 ± 14.20) years. The priority of the medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients was given to the county hospitals (76.57%); and the effective rate of assistance was 94.46%. Totally 86.57% of the patients with advanced schistosomiasis got the medical insurance (rural cooperative medical care, urban medical care, etc.). Conclusions The burden of the medical assistance to advanced schistosomiasis patients is still heavy because of many patients and low cure rate in Hunan Province. The ascites patients and high age patients should be the important objects of the medical assistance.
    Application of degree of portal systemic shunting in assessing upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with schistosomiasis cirrhosis
    JU Shuai, LI Ying, JI Chang-Xue, ZHANG Biao
    2017, 29(3):  286-289. 
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    Objective To discuss the application of the degree of portal systemic shunting in assessing the upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hepatic schistosomiasis. Methods Thirty?three patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by hepatic schistosomiasis (a bleeding group) and 29 schistosomiasis cirrhosis patients without bleeding (a non?bleeding group) were enrolled as investigation subjects in Jinshan Hospital. The subjects were scanned by the 128 abdominal slice spiral CT. The portal systemic shunting vessels were reconstructed by using thin slab maximum intensity projection (TSMIP) and multi?planar reconstruction (MPR). The degrees of the shunting vessels of the subjects were evaluated and compared, and the relationship between upper gastrointestinal bleeding and the degree of the shunting was analyzed. Results In the bleeding group, the occurrence rates of the shunting vessels were found as follows: 86.4% in left gastric varices, 68.2% in short gastric varices, 50.0% in esophageal varices, 50.0% in para?esophageal varices, 37.9% in gastric varices, 69.7% in gastric?renal varices, 51.5% in spleen?renal varices, 25.8% in abdominal wall varices, 15.2% in omentum varices, 63.6% in para?splenic varices, 34.8% in umbilical varices, 40.9% in retroperitoneal?paravertebral varices, and 36.4% in mesenteric varices. In the bleeding group, the occurrence rates and the degree of shunt were significantly higher than those in the non?bleeding group in esophageal varices, esophageal vein, left gastric vein and gastric varices (all P < 0.05). Conclusions CT portal vein reconstruction can accurately display the location, degree and walking of all kinds of shunting vessels. Esophageal varices, esophageal vein, left gastric vein and gastric varices can accurately predict the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hepatic schistosomiasis. The patents with higher degree of the shunting vessels have a higher risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.
    Practice of engineering management and its effect on schistosomiasis control in Hankou marshland, Wuhan City
    DENG Zhi-Qing, TAN Xiao-Dong, KONG Shi-Bo, WU Kai, XU Ming-Xing, LUO Hua-Tang
    2017, 29(3):  290-293. 
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    Objective To investigate the Oncomelania hupensis snail control effect of schistosomiasis control engineering in marshland within Wuhan City. Methods The engineering measures including surface barrier removal, molluscicide, flatting surface, topsoil stripping, topsoil covering and ditch renovation were applied to transform Hankou marshland. Then the corresponding technical parameters of engineering measures were put forward. The situation of snails was analyzed before and after the transform project. Results The total length and area of the project were 6 015 m and 87.21 hm2, respectively, including 17.44 hm2 of topsoil landfill, 52.08 hm2 of topsoil covering and 23 new ditches. After the transformation, the average length of the new groove, the groove top width, groove depth, height difference, and the average values of slopes and ditch bottom slope were all increased, while the average values of the width and height of the ditch were decreased. At the same time, the marshland beach surface had a new slope that the embankment was higher than the river and no living O. hupensis snails were found then. Conclusions The snail breeding environment in Hankou marshland has been effectively changed by the project. However, the constant monitoring and engineering management are still needed to consolidate the effect.
    Distribution features of wild feces in schistosomiasis endemic areas in Jiangling County, Hubei Province
    ZHANG Xia, XUE Jing-Bo, HU He-Hua, LIU Xiong, CUI Cai-Xia, WEN Xiao-Hong, XIE Xiao-Ping, ZHANG Wei-Rong, TIAN Rong, DONG Li-Chun, CAO Chun-Li, LI Shi-Zhu, ZHOU Yi-Biao
    2017, 29(3):  294-299. 
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    Objective To understand the spatial distribution characteristics of wild feces in schistosomiasis endemic areas of Jiangling County, Hubei Province and further explore the source of infection efficiently, so as to provide the evidence for the development of corresponding monitoring and response technology. Methods In 2011, the fresh wild feces were investigated every two months in the selected 15 villages by the severity of historical endemic in Jiangling County. The schistosome miracidium hatching method was used to test the schistosome infection of the wild feces. The descriptive analysis and spatial analysis were used for the description of the spatial distribution of the wild feces. Results Totally 701 wild feces samples were collected with the average density of 0.055 6/100 m2, and the positive rate of the wild feces was 11.70% (82/701). The results of the regression analysis showed a positive spatial correlation between the positive rate of wild feces and the rate of human infection, the area with infected Oncomelania hupensis and the number of fenced cattle, and the corrected R2 of the model was 0.58. Conclusion The infection rate of wild feces is positively correlated with the rate of human infection, area with infected O. hupensis and number of fenced cattle in space in Jiangling County, so the prevention and control measures could be conducted according to the spatial distribution of the positive wild feces.
    Study on transcriptome of Oncomelania hupensis before and after Schistosoma japonicum invasion Ⅰ De novo assembly of data by RNA-Seq
    QIN Zhi-Qiang, MO Xiao-Jin, GUAN Wei, LI Shi-Zhu
    2017, 29(3):  300-304. 
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    Objective To produce a comprehensive transcript dataset of Oncomelania hupensis before and after Schistosoma japonicum infection, so as to provide experimental data for perfecting genetic structural information and excavating related molecular markers of O. hupensis infected by S. japonicum. Methods O. hupensis snails were divided into the following 3 groups: one week after S. japonicum miracidium infection, 4 weeks after S. japonicum miracidium infection, and normal condition. Million high?quality reads were obtained from the normalized cDNA of the pooled samples, which were assembled into transcripts. Results A total of 63 686 unigenes were identified and were classified into 4 main categories, including general functional prediction (15.36%), signal transduction mechanism (11.75%), posttranslational modification (8.89%), and functional unknown (12.20%). Conclusions The transcriptome information of O. hupensis snail after the invasion of S. japonicum shows that several genes are significantly up?regulated or down regulated expression, and that the availability of transcriptome information might provide a strong foundation for further understanding the schistosome?snail interaction at the molecular level.
    Comparative analysis of malaria detection ability of laboratories in Shanghai City from 2012 to 2015
    WANG Zhen-Yu, JIANG Li, ZHANG Yao-Guang, ZHU Min, ZHANG Xiao-Ping, MA Xiao-Jiang, ZHU Qian, HE Yan-Yan, JIANG Shou-Fu, CAI Li
    2017, 29(3):  305-309. 
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    Objective To compare the application effects of three methods, namely microscopic examination, antigen detection (RDT) and nucleic acid test (PCR) in malaria detection between municipal and districts/counties centers for disease control and prevention in Shanghai, and analyze the malaria detection ability of the laboratories in Shanghai. Methods The blood smears, whole blood samples, case review confirmation records and case data of malaria cases and suspected cases in Shanghai from 2012 to 2015 were collected by Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the detection results were analyzed and compared. Results A total of 212 samples with complete data were submitted by all districts (counties) in Shanghai from 2012 to 2015, the samples submitted by Jinshan Districts were the most (41.98%), and among the first diagnosis hospitals, those submitted by the tertiary hospitals were the most (82.07%). The submitted samples in the whole year were increased gradually from January to October. All the 212 samples were detected by three methods (the microscopic examination, RDT and PCR) in the laboratory of Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and 167 were tested and confirmed comprehensively as positives, accounting for 78.77%, and 45 were confirmed as negatives, accounting for 21.23%. The samples were detected by the method of microscopy and domestic RDT in the laboratories of the centers for disease control and prevention at district/county level, totally 153 were tested as positives, accounting for 72.17%, 41 were unclassified, accounting for 19.34%, 53 were negative, accounting for 25.00%, and 6 were undetected, accounting for 2.83%. The coincidence of microscopic examination between the report hospitals and the centers for disease control and prevention at district/county level was 78.16%, and the coincidence between centers for disease control and prevention at district/county level and municipal level was 93.20%. The utilization rate of RDT in the laboratory of district/county level was 73.58%. The coincidence of RDT tests between those domestic and imported was 93.59%. Compared with the detection results by municipal center for disease control and prevention, 37 samples were misjudged by the laboratories of district/county level. Almost all (99.37%) of the confirmed malaria cases were imported overseas, including Africa (85.44%), Asia (13.92%) and America (0.63%). Conclusion The surveillance after malaria elimination in Shanghai should be carried out by combining with different detection methods and resource integration.
    Epidemiological analysis and control strategy discussion for overseas imported malaria cases reported in Chongqing City from 2011 to 2015
    LUO Fei, ZHOU Shuang, YUAN Yi, HUANG Wen-Li, LI Shan-Shan
    2017, 29(3):  310-314. 
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    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of overseas imported malaria reported in Chongqing City from 2011 to 2015, so as to provide the evidence for improving the imported malaria control strategies. Methods The epidemiological data of overseas imported malaria cases were collected and analyzed descriptively for the species, original countries, diagnosis and treatment in Chongqing City from 2011 to 2015. Results A total of 148 overseas imported malaria cases were reported in Chongqing City from 2011 to 2015, in which 96 (65.54%) cases were falciparum malaria, and 37 (24.32%) cases were vivax malaria; 125 (84.46%) cases were infected in Africa, and the rest of 23 (15.54%) cases were infected in Southeast Asia. Most of the patients were 30 to 50 years old male workmen, and the ratio of male to female was 11.42∶1. There was no obvious seasonal distribution among the reported timelines of the cases; however, there were two small peaks from June to August and from January to February. The median interval time of imported malaria cases from malaria onset to see a doctor was 1 day and from seeing the doctor to get malaria diagnosis was 2 days. The patients’ first selected institutions were county medical institutions (50 cases, 33.78%), then provincial medical institutions (36 cases, 24.325%) and private doctors (20 cases, 13.51%), and only 79 (53.38%) patients got malaria diagnoses in their first selected institutions. The standard treatment were provided to 142 (95.54%) cases. There were 43 (29.05%) patients had serious complications and three patients were dead. Conclusion It is very important to enhance the multi?sector’s collaboration to establish the collaborative investigation mechanism for screening malaria patients, and strengthen malaria health education for overseas workers and training courses in primary care medical institutions.
    Anti-tumor effect of Plasmodium yoelii infection on melanoma in mice
    QIAO Ji-Chen, ZHANG Hui, JIAO Yu-Ming, YANG Yu-Ting, DONG Jia-Jun, WANG Zheng-Zheng, LI Jiang-Yan, MENG Lin-Wen, YANG Xiao-Di, TAO Zhi-Yong, XIA Hui, FANG Qiang
    2017, 29(3):  315-319. 
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    Objective To explore the anti?tumor effect of 17XL strains of Plasmodium yoelii (P.y) infection on melanoma in mice. Methods B16F10 tumor cells were axillarilly injected into the right flank of 20 C57BL/6 mice to establish tumor?bearing mouse models. The next day, the mice were randomly divided into a P.y infection group and control group, 10 mice each group. Each mouse of the P.y infection group was intraperitoneally injected with 1×106 red blood cells including 20% P.y infection red blood cells, and each one of the control group were intraperitoneally injected with 1×106 normal red blood cells of C57BL/6 mice. The time of tumor formation of the mice in the two groups was observed and the tumor volumes were measured. Results The time of tumor formation in the P.y infection group [(11.30 ± 0.21) d] was significantly later than that in the control group [(10.40 ± 0.22) d] (P < 0.05). From the tumors could be accurately measured to the study end point, both the tumors of mice in the two groups were growing, and the tumor volumes of mice in the P.y infection group were significantly less than those in the control group at each time point (all P < 0.05). The growth rate of tumors in the P.y infection group [(71.10 ± 6.29) mm3/d] was significantly slower than that in the control group [(302.80 ± 49.94) mm3/d] (P < 0.05), and the growth rates of tumors every day in the P.y infection group were significantly slower than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The P.y infection can delay the occurrence of tumor and inhibit the growth of melanoma.
    In vitro pro-angiogenic activity of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts from experimentally infected mice
    YIN Jian-Hai, SHEN Yu-Juan, YU Ai-Ping, CAO Jian-Ping
    2017, 29(3):  320-323. 
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    Objective To preliminarily study the pro?angiogenic activity of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cysts against human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro and the transcriptional level of potential pro?angiogenic factors. Methods The hydatid cysts and protoscolex derived from experimentally infected mice were collected and cultured in vitro, then the human umbilical vein endothelial cells were stimulated by the supernatant and cyst fluid respectively, and the angiogenesis was observed and analyzed through a microscope and the angiogenesis mode of the software NIH Image J. Meanwhile, the mouse homologous proteins of matrix metalloproteinase?9 (MMP?9) and high mobility group box B1 (HMGB1) were identified in E. granulosus genome through sequence alignment, and their transcriptional levels in the cyst wall and protoscolex were analyzed. Results The culture supernatant of hydatid cysts significantly promoted human umbilical vein endothelial cells into tubes (F = 73.03, P < 0.001), the transcriptions of MMP?9 and HMGB1 were detected in the cyst wall and protoscolex, and the transcriptional level of MMP?9 was higher in protoscolex (t = -11.65, P < 0.001),while the level of HMGB1 was higher in hydatid cysts (t = 6.43, P = 0.003). Conclusion Some parasite?derived pro?angiogenic molecules may exist in the supernatant of E. granulosus hydatid cysts, while further researches are required into their exact mechanisms.
    Evaluation on application of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System of Hydatid Disease Ⅱ System integration and simulation tests
    YU Qing, HAN Shuai, WANG Qiang, XUE Jing-Bo
    2017, 29(3):  324-328. 
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    Objective To report the integrated progress of the hydatid disease information management system, and to provide the reference for further system improvements by analysis of results on simulation test feedback. Methods The work of institutional code matching by collecting fundamental and integrated information of the system in epidemic areas of hydatid disease was carried out, and professional control agencies were selected to carry out the simulation test. Results The results of agencies code matching at stage indicated the average completion rate was 94.30% on administrative agencies, 69.94% on registered professional agencies and 56.40% on professional institutions matching related to hydatid disease prevention and control implements in seven provinces (autonomous regions) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Meanwhile, the response rate of open?ended proposals was 93.33% on fifteen feedbacks, and the statistics showed 21.43% believed the system was low fluency, 64.29% considered the system was inconvenience for data inputs and 42.86% considered it would be improved on system statistics functions, of which 27.78% were provincial users, 22.22% were the city users and 50.00% were the county users. Conclusion The hydatid disease prevention information management system meets the fundamental needs of the majority agencies in hyperendemic areas of echinococcosis, it needs to develop the further test with more agencies joining after the work of the institutional code matching completion and the system service improvement in the next stage.
    Genotype analysis of Toxoplasma gondii isolated strains from congenital teras and HIV-Toxoplasma co-infected patient in Jiangsu Province
    ZHOU Yong-Hua, HOU Zhao-Feng, MA Yi-Wu, WANG Xue-Dong, XU Yong-Liang, TAO Jian-Ping
    2017, 29(3):  329-333. 
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    Objective To identify the genotype of Toxoplasma gondii isolated strains from a congenital teras (KS strain) and an HIV?Toxoplasma co?infected patient in Jiangsu Province. Methods T. gondii DNA of tachyzoites of a isolate from a congenital teras (KS strain) and blood DNA of an HIV?Toxoplasma co?infected patient in Jiangsu Province were extracted, and 11 loci were identified for the genotype by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR?RFLP). Results The complete bands were obtained from the congenital teras (KS strain) and HIV?Toxoplasma co?infected patient in Jiangsu Province, and identified as T. gondii gene type I. Conclusion T. gondii gene type I may be the dominant genotype strain of T. gondii among the women who have the abnormal pregnant outcomes and HIV?Toxoplasma co?infected patients in Jiangsu Province.
    Comparison of three different methods for isolating RNA from Oncomelania hupensis
    XU Shu-Jun, WANG Kang, ZHANG Min-Hong, CHEN Wen-Jie, GUAN Guo-Yu, LIU Man-Man, XU Lei, SUN En-Tao
    2017, 29(3):  334-337. 
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    Objective To compare the effects of three kinds of Oncomelania hupensis RNA extraction methods, namely a modified SDS method, TRIzol reagent method, and CTAB method, so as to obtain an economical and efficient method for RNA extraction from O. hupensis. Methods The modified SDS method, TRIzol reagent method and CTAB method were applied to extract the RNA from O. hupensis. A nucleic acid protein analyzer was used to measure the concentration and purity of RNA. The yields were calculated by the concentration of the products. The purity was indicated by A260/A280 and A260/A230. The quality of RNA was inspected by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The β?acting gene was selected as the target gene for RT?PCR analysis. Results The RNA yields obtained by using the three kinds of extraction methods were significantly different (F = 16 895.85, P < 0.01) according to the analysis of variance. The LSD test showed that the yields obtained by using the modified SDS method were the highest, and those obtained by the CTAB method were the lowest. The purity of RNA extracted by the CTAB method was superior to that by the other two methods, and the A260/A280 and A260/A230 ratios of the CTAB method were in the range from 1.8-2.0 and 2.0-2.2. The A260/A230 ratios of the other two methods were both lower than 2.0. The RNA extracted by the modified SDS method had the better integrity. The electrophoresis results showed that the 28S rRNA band, 18S rRNA band and 5S rRNA band were clear, and there was no obvious smear between each band. The RNA obtained by the TRIzol reagent method had no 28S rRNA band, and that obtained by the CTAB method had no 28S rRNA and 5S rRNA bands. The β?acting gene of the RNA extracted by all the three methods could be amplified by RT?PCR. The costs and time?consuming of the modified SDS method were less than those of the other two methods. Conclusion The modified SDS method is an economic and efficient method, and it is suitable for extracting the RNA of O. hupensis, especially for large sample preparation.
    Density and hydrostatic settling velocity of Biomphalaria straminea
    MIN Feng-Yang, WANG Jia-Sheng, XU Xin-Jian, ZHOU Jian-Yin, CHEN Li-Zhen
    2017, 29(3):  338-339. 
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    Objective To understand the eco?hydraulics characteristics of Biomphalaria straminea, the intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. Methods The drainage method and settlement tube method were applied to measure B. straminea’s density and hydrostatic settling velocity respectively. Results The density of B. straminea was 1.04-1.16 g/cm3, and the average value was 1.08 g/cm3. The hydrostatic settling velocity was 2.32-12.92 cm/s. Conclusions The eco?hydraulics characteristics of B. straminea is different from Oncomelania hupensis, and more attention should be paid to the hydraulic measures for the control of B. straminea.
    Laelaps echidninus found on skin of Apodemus agrarius in Wuhu area
    CHAI Qiang, TAO Ning, LI Chao-Pin
    2017, 29(3):  340-341. 
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    Objective To report the seizure of Laelaps echidninus on the surface of Apodemus agrarius in Wuhu area for the first time,which prompts that there may exist the spread of the diseases by mites. Methods The mites got from the rats poisoned by bait were made as the routine slide specimen and then identified with the reference of previous literature. Results The mites seized from Apodemus agrarius were 8 female ones totally and identified as Laelaps echidninus. Conclusion There exsits Laelaps echidninus parasitic on the body of Apodemus agrarius in Wuhu area, which should be paid attention to seriously in order to prevent the spread of diseases by it.
    Short-term effects of two kinds of plastic mulch on Oncomelania hupensis snail control in irrigation and drainage ditches in Yunnan Province
    ZHANG Yun, HUANG Ning-Bo, FENG Xi-Guang, SHI Xue-Wen, LI Xiong-Bin, YANG Wei-Dong, MAO Gui-Lin, XIONG Meng-Tao, WU Ming-Shou, SONG Jing, SUN Jia-Yu, CHEN Chun-Qiong
    2017, 29(3):  342-345. 
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    Objective To evaluate and compare the short?term effects of two kinds of plastic mulch on Oncomelania hupensis snail control in irrigation and drainage ditches with snails in Yunnan Province. Methods The irrigation and drainage ditches with high density of Oncomelania hupensis snails were chosen as the investigation sites, and then 4 groups were set, namely a colorless plastic mulch group, black plastic mulch group, colorless plastic mulch with molluscicide group and black plastic mulch with molluscicide group. The snail situation of the 4 groups was surveyed before the experiment and 7, 14, 21, 30 days after covering plastic mulch, and the snail death rates were compared among the 4 groups. Meanwhile, the hourly temperatures of soil surface, soil surface under plastic mulch and soil layer 5, 15 cm under the surface as well as the weather situation during the study period were measured and recorded. Results The average snail mortality rate of the colorless plastic mulch group was only 15.29% that was higher than that of the black plastic mulch group (6.56%) (P < 0.01). The average snail mortality rates of the colorless and black plastic mulch with molluscicide groups were 40.80% and 50.15%, respectively, and there was no statistic difference between them (P > 0.05). Both kinds of plastic mulches could raise the temperature of the soil surface under plastic mulch and the soil layer below it, and the temperature of soil under the mulches increased over the cover time, and the average temperature of the soil surface under the black mulch in 30 days was higher than that under the colorless mulch. Conclusion It is not suitable to use plastic mulch only in irrigation and drainage ditches with snails widely in Yunnan Province because of its low effect, and if necessary, the molluscicide should be added.
    Investigation on knowledge, attitude, and practice of schistosomiasis prevention and control and infection status in Armed Police Forces stationed along Yangtze River
    HE Ming-Zhen, XIE Yi-Qing, GUO Yan-Li, CHEN Hong, ZOU Yong-Gen, ZHU Shi-Ying, ZHANG You
    2017, 29(3):  346-348. 
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    Objective To understand the status of knowledge, attitude, and practice of schistosomiasis prevention and control and infection status in Armed Police Forces stationed along the Yangtze River, so as to provide the reference for formulating the schistosomiasis prevention and control measures in Armed Police Forces. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in the Armed Police Forces along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, and the investigation content included social demographic data, schistosomiasis prevention knowledge, attitude and behavior. All the subjects were examined for Schistosoma japonicum infection. Results Totally 376 soldiers were investigated in 2 sites. The total passing rate of schistosomiasis knowledge was 72.87%. The passing rate among different age groups had no significant difference ([χ2]=0.26, P > 0.05). The passing rate of soldiers from endemic areas was significantly higher than that of the soldiers from non?endemic areas ([χ2]=4.71, P < 0.05). The passing rate of officers was significantly higher than that of the soldiers ([χ2]= 4.21, P <0.05). The passing rate of soldiers with the education levels of junior school, high school, college, undergraduate and above increased gradually, with a significant difference ([χ2]=8.16, P < 0.05). The soldiers with positive attitude accounted for 93.88%. Among the water contact behaviors, training accounted for 17.55% and participating in the task (such as flood fighting and water work) accounted for 86.44%. When launching, the rate of taking protective measures was 52.93%. The rate of taking protective measures in the knowledge passing group was much higher than that in the knowledge failed group ([χ2]=10.55, P < 0.05). The stool was harmlessly treated in the two camps. Among 376 soldiers, the positive rate of blood examinations was 0.53%, but the stool examinations were all negative. Conclusions The overall level of knowledge and correct behavior of schistosomiasis prevention in the Armed Police Forces along the Yangtze River still should be improved. The better health education and behavior intervention are crucial to schistosomiasis prevention in the army.
    Percutaneous transsplenic varices embolization in treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage of schistosomiasis cirrhosis
    JI Chang-Xue, LI Ying, JU Shuai, QIANG Jin-Wei
    2017, 29(3):  349-351. 
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    Objective To evaluate the application value of percutaneous transsplenic varices embolization (PTSVE) in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in patients with schistosomiasis cirrhosis. Methods Sixteen schistosomiasis cirrhosis patients (12 males and 4 females) with portal hypertension complicated with esophageal and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were selected as the investigation subjects, all the patients had been treated by esophageal vein ligation and sclerotherapy, but with bleeding again post?operation. The patients were treated by PTSVE under the guidance of X?ray fluoroscopy. The success rate of PTSVE and the rate of complications were observed. In addition, the patients received PTSVE were reexamined with abdominal CT one month post?operation, and the degrees of varices were compared before and after PTSVE. Results Fourteen cases (87.50%) were successfully treated with PTSVE. Two cases (12.50%) failed, and one case had an abdominal bleeding 1 week post?operation. The abdominal CT showed the degrees of esophageal varices (P < 0.001), esophageal vein (P <0.001) and gastric varices (P < 0.001) were significantly decreased in the patients who received PTSVE one month after the operation. Conclusions PTSVE is a safe and effective method in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage in the patients with schistosomiasis cirrhosis. PTSVE is especially suitable for the patients with severe liver cirrhosis, significantly bordered liver split, and bared main portal vein and even the branches.
    Survey on Toxoplasma gondii infection among key populations in Wuxi City
    GAO Dong-Lin, MENG Xiao-Jun, ZHANG Xuan, QIAN Yan-Hua, LU Bing
    2017, 29(3):  352-354. 
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    Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection among key populations in Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, so as to provide evidences for developing preventive and control interventions for T. gondii infection. Methods A questionnaire was designed to conduct face?to?face interviews to HIV/AIDS carriers/patients, tumor patients, pregnant women and pet breeders. The blood samples were collected to test anti?Toxoplasma IgM and IgG antibodies by using ELISA method. Results Totally 404 participants were investigated, and 38 were positive in testing T. gondii antibodies (9.4%), and among these, 37 (97.4%) were IgG positive and 1 (2.6%) was IgM positive. The multivariate logistic regression indicated that age, regularly contacting cats/dogs and being HIV positive were associated with the infection of T. gondii (OR=2.1, 2.6 and 2.3, all P < 0.05). Breeding pets, being HIV positive and being tumor patients were more likely to infect T. gondii than being pregnant (OR = 1.5, 8.1 and 2.8, all P < 0.05). Conclusion The high infection rate of T. gondii is observed among key populations in Wuxi City, so that the effective measurements should be taken to enhance the intervention among key populations including immunocompromised people, pet breeders or people having bad dietary habits of eating raw food.
    A comparison of knowledge awareness rates and influencing factors of clonorchiasis among residents in 4 counties (cities) of Hunan Province
    WEI Xuan-Dong, WEI Mo, LV Yuan, YI Shang-Hui, LIU Tao-Cheng, LUO Chun-Xiang, ZHA Wen-Ting, LUO Qiang-Hong
    2017, 29(3):  355-357. 
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    Objective To understand the status of knowledge awareness rates and influencing factors of clonorchiasis among the residents in 4 counties (cities) of Hunan Province, so as to provide the references for formulating the prevention and control strategy of clonorchiasis in the province. Methods A total of 1 224 subjects were selected by the multi?stage cluster sampling method and investigated with questionnaires and face?to?face interviews. Results The clonorchiasis knowledge awareness rates of the residents were 15.67% in Yongzhou City, 9.94% in Yueyang City, 13.25% in Wangcheng County, and 21.96% in Tongdao County, respectively. In the whole province, the clonorchiasis knowledge awareness rates of the residents were 44.67%, 56.43%, 60.95%, and 42.46% in the etiology, clinical manifestations, epidemiological characteristics and daily prevention, respectively. The logistic regression showed that the influencing factors of clonorchiasis knowledge awareness rates were the daily dining place, whether or not having the medical personnel in the family, the degree of attention to the relevant news reports, and the history of parasitic diseases. Conclusions The level of clonorchiasis than that in other areas, but the overall level of clonorchiasis knowledge awareness of the residents in Hunan Province is not high. Therefore, the relevant authority should strengthen the health education in clonorchiasis prevention knowledge including personal daily food hygienic knowledge. knowledge awareness rate of the residents in the west?southern areas of Hunan Province is higher
    Investigation on Demodex infection status and influencing factors in medical students in Wuhu City
    ZHAO Ru-Juan, YANG Xue-Rong, ZHAO Ying, PAN Yi-Ning, XU Wen-Ting, HU Ting-Ting, YANG Yan, ZHAO Jin-Hong
    2017, 29(3):  358-362. 
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    Objective To investigate the Demodex infection status and influencing factors in medical students in Wuhu City. Methods The mite specimens were collected by the cellophane tape method, and the influencing factors were investigated through the questionnaires. Results A total of 316 medical students were surveyed, 117 students were infected with Demodex mite, and the total infection rate was 37.03%. There was no significant difference between the male and female in the infection rate ([χ2]= 0.00, P > 0.05). Of the 117 infected cases, the infection rate of simple Demodex folliculorum was 51.28%, the infection rate of simple Demodex brevis was 24.79%, and the rate of mixed infections was 23.93%. The rate of the mild infection (83.76%) was significantly higher than that of the moderate infection (12.82 %) and that of the severe infection (3.42%). The infection rate in the forehead was the highest (29.41%). Among the students with the oily skin, the infection rate of Demodex mite was related to sex. The infection rate of simple Demodex brevis in the male (3.70%) was lower than that in the female (16.42%) ([χ2]= 6.92, P < 0.05), while the rate of the mixed infections in the male (17.28%) was higher than that in the female (4.48%) ([χ2]= 5.91, P < 0.05). The infection rate of facial skin with symptoms (51.80%) was higher than that of normal facial skin (33.05%) ([χ2]= 9.14, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the infection rate of Demodex mite and the living habits and other factors. Conclusions There is some infection of Demodex in the medical students. The infection rate of facial skin with symptoms is higher than that of the normal facial skin. So we should strengthen the prevention and treatment of Demodex infection in medical students.
    Development and application of WEB-based information management system for chronic schistosomiasis patients
    HUA Wei, YANG Fei, PENG Guo-Hua
    2017, 29(3):  363-365. 
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    To improve the management level of patients' information of schistosomiasis control stations in Nanchang City, the B/S three?layer architecture and ASP+SQL technology were applied to formulate the WEB?based management system of chronic schistosomiasis patients' information, so as to achieve the information sharing of chronic schistosomiasis among schistosomiasis control stations.
    Retrospective analysis of schistosomiasis elimination history in Jingxi City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
    YU Shui-Lan, DENG Ji-Guang, XU Shao-Ren, JIANG Zhi-Hua
    2017, 29(3):  366-368. 
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    Objective To understand the schistosomiasis epidemic and control history in Jingxi City, so as to provide the evidence for improving the future work. Methods The data of schistosomiasis prevention and control work were collected and analyzed comprehensively in Jingxi City from 1956-2015. Results From 1956, the schistosomiasis prevention and control work carried out, and in 1985, Jingxi City reached the standard of schistosomiasis transmission interrupted and no local schistosome infected residents and livestock were found for 36 years. In May 2016, the city reached the national standard of Schistosomiasis Elimination Assessment Review. The cumulative number of schistosomiasis detection of residents was 348 801 person?times, and 10 434 schistosomiasis patients were found. The cumulative number of schistosomiasis detection of cattle was 20 674 head?times, and 590 schistosome infected cattle were found. The cumulative schistosomiasis treatment number of residents was 18 739 person?times, and 512 cattle were treated. The cumulative detection area with Oncomelania hupensis was 65 213.25 hm2, and 353.80 hm2 area with O. hupensis snails was found. Conclusions Jingxi City has reached the standard of schistosomiasis elimination, but there is still recurrence of O. hupensis snails, and the imported infection source exists. Therefore, we should strengthen the monitoring of floating population.
    Experience and analysis of excellent works of human parasitology in national medical colleges and universities
    YANG Xiao-Di, FANG Qiang, CHENG Yang, CHANG Xue-Lian, TAO Zhi-Yong, WANG Yuan-Yuan, WANG Xiao-Li, LI Jiang-Yan, HUANG Shi-Ya, JIAO Yu-Meng, WANG Xue-Mei, XIA Hui, CHEN Xin-Zhi
    2017, 29(3):  369-371. 
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    Teaching competition is an effective way for college and university teachers to improve their teaching skills. Based on the teaching practice and experience in medical parasitology, this paper discusses several key issues in teaching competition including topics, teaching designs and teaching methods. It provides references for the teachers in department of parasitology of universities and colleges to improve the quality of classroom teaching.
    Schistosomiasis surveillance among migrant population in Haining City in 2015
    CHENG Qian, ZHENG Qiong-Lin, DING Feng, WANG Juan-Fen, GAO Yu
    2017, 29(3):  372-373. 
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    Objective To understand the schistosomiasis epidemic situation among migrant population, so as to assess the potential risk of schistosomiasis transmission in Haining City. Methods Five districts in Haining City were randomly selected to investigate the schistosomiasis endemic situation in migrant population from the schistosomiasis endemic provinces. Results Totally 1 207 persons were investigated and four positives were found in serological tests, with the positive rate of 0.33%, but no patients were found in pathologic tests. The positive cases in serological tests were mainly between 31-40 years old, with the positive rate of 1.68%, which was higher than that of other age groups ([χ2] = 6.590, P < 0.05). Conclusion The schistosomiasis surveillance work in migrant population still should be strengthened in Haining City.
    Analysis of epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases in Chongqing Municipality in 2015
    TAN Yan, LI Zhi-Feng, LING Hua, ZHOU Yang, XIE Wu-Juan, XU Jing-Ru
    2017, 29(3):  374-376. 
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    Objective To analyze the laboratory diagnosis results and epidemiological characteristics of imported malaria cases in Chongqing Municipality in 2015. Methods According to the Standard Operating Procedures of Malaria Diagnosis Reference Laboratory Manual, all the blood samples collected from the imported malaria patients were detected by microscopy, RDT and nest PCR. Meanwhile, the epidemiological data of the malaria cases were collected from the Parasitic Diseases Information Management System and analyzed. Results Totally 31 cases of imported malaria were reported in Chonqing Municipality in 2015, among which, there were 2 vivax malaria cases (6.45%), 23 falciparum malaria cases (74.19%), 5 ovale malaria cases (16.13%), 1 malariae malaria case (3.22%). For the 5 ovale cases, three of them were confirmed as Plasmodium ovale wallikeri infection. Among all the cases, 30 cases (96.77%) were from African countries, 1(3.33%) was from Southeast Asia. Thirty patients were male, and 1 was female. All the patients were aged from 23-61 years. There was no obvious seasonality in the case distribution. Both the medians of duration from malaria attack to first visiting a doctor and from first visiting a doctor to diagnosis were 2 days. The medical care units that the patients first visited were mainly county?level units, while those that made the diagnosis were mainly provincial level institutes. Conclusions All the malaria cases in Chongqing in 2015 are imported, no local cases have been found, which suggests that this municipality still maintain the malaria elimination state. However, the monitoring and management of imported malaria cases as well as the training on malaria control for related medical staff still need to be strengthened.
    Survey of Toxoplasma gondii infection characteristics and its risk factors among healthy blood donation population in Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province
    Wu Ya, SONG Ren-Hao
    2017, 29(3):  377-379. 
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    Objective To understand the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection and its risk factors among healthy blood donation population in Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, so as to provide the evidence for developing effective prevention and control measures. Methods A total of 1 630 cases of blood donors in Shijiazhuang City were chosen as respondents, and all the respondents were qualified to the standard of blood donation. The antibodies to T. gondii were detected by using ELISA. The infection rates of T. gondii in blood donation population were compared between/among different genders, ages, occupations, education levels, and places of residence. The risk factors for Toxoplasma infection were surveyed with questionnaires. Results A total of 1 630 cases of healthy blood donors were investigated, and among which 126 cases were positive in the detection of antibodies to T. gondii and the positive rate was 7.73%. The positive rates between/among the different genders, ages, occupations, and education levels were significantly different ([χ2]=4.36, 13.98, 9.71, 7.65, respectively, all P < 0.05), and the positive rates among different places of residence were not significantly different ([χ2]=1.63, P>0.05). The questionnaire survey showed that the T. gondii infection was closely related to keeping pets, outside eating frequently, having chafing dish or barbecue, sharing cutting board for cooked and uncooked food, and no the habit of washing hands before meals. Conclusions The infection rate of T. gondii is relatively high among the healthy blood donation population in Shijiazhuang region. The cognitive education for T. gondii infection and infection monitoring are the keys to avoid the transfusion infection.
    Correlation between hepatic fibrosis and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in schistosomiasis patients
    WANG Xian-Mo, ZHANG Jia-Jun, XIAO Lin
    2017, 29(3):  380-382. 
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    Objective To investigate the association between hepatic fibrosis and anti?neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) in the patients with schistosomiasis. Methods Totally 145 schistosomiasis patients confirmed by Jingzhou First People’s Hospital during the period of February 2014 to June 2016 were randomly selected as an experimental group, and 100 healthy people during the same period were randomly selected as a control group. The serum samples of the two groups were collected and the level of ANCA was detected by indirect immunofluorescence, and the levels of hyaluronic acid, laminin, procollagen type III, and collagen type IV were detected by radioimmunoassay. The levels of the above indexes of the two groups were compared. Results The positive rate of ANCA was 28.96% (42/145) in the experimental group and 1.00% (1/100) in the healthy control group, and the difference between them was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The levels of hyaluronic acid, laminin, procollagen type III and collagen type IV in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05), and the proportions of those with abnormal levels of hyaluronic acid, laminin, procollagen type III and collagen type IV in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). In the experimental group, among the 42 patients with ANCA positives, the proportions of those with abnormal levels of hyaluronic acid and laminin were significantly higher than the proportions of those with ANCA negatives, and in the former, the levels of the four indicators of liver fibrosis were all higher than the normal values, and the average levels of hyaluronic acid and laminin in the patients with ANCA positives were significantly higher than those in the patients with ANCA negatives (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The patients with schistosomiasis hepatic fibrosis could be positive for the autoimmune antibody ANCA, and ANCA may be associated with the autoimmune process of liver fibrosis.
    Endemic situation of schistosomiasis at national surveillance sites in Nanjing City, 2015
    WEI De-Hui, XIE Chao-Yong
    2017, 29(3):  383-384. 
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    Objective To understand the dynamic endemic situation of schistosomiasis in Nanjing City, 2015, so as to provide evidences for policy?making of schistosomiasis control. Methods According to The National Scheme of Schistosomiasis Surveillance (2014), the endemic situation of schistosomiasis was monitored in 11 national surveillance sites in Nanjing. Results The positive rates of serological (IHA) and stool examinations were 2.97% (97/3 269) and 0 for local residents, and 0.52% (12/2 298) and 0 for migrant people, respectively. No schistosome?infected livestock was found. Totally 147.295 3 hm2 area with Oncomelania hupensis snails were found, but no schistosome?infected snails were discovered. Conclusions The endemic situation of schistosomiasis declines greatly in Nanjing City in 2015. However, the control work still should be strengthened to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis control.
    Progress and application of immunodiagnostic methods of giardiasis
    ZHANG Le-Sheng, WANG Yan-Juan, CAO Jian-Ping
    2017, 29(3):  385-387. 
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    Giardia lamblia is an important intestinal protozoan which can cause diarrhea in humans. The detection of Giardia infection is performed through the detection methods of pathogen, immunoassay and molecular biology. Currently, the immunodiagnostic methods have good application and development prospect because of high sensitivity and specificity, simple and convenient, and time saving. In this article, we review the main progress and application of immunodiagnostic methods for Giardia infection.
    Advances in automatic detection technology for images of thin blood film of malaria parasite
    ZHANG Juan-Sheng, ZHANG Di-Qiang, WANG Wei, WEI Xiao-Guang, WANG Zeng-Guo
    2017, 29(3):  388-392. 
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    This paper reviews the computer vision and image analysis studies aiming at automated diagnosis or screening of malaria in microscope images of thin blood film smears. On the basis of introducing the background and significance of automatic detection technology, the existing detection technologies are summarized and divided into several steps, including image acquisition, pre?processing, morphological analysis, segmentation, count, and pattern classification components. Then, the principles and implementation methods of each step are given in detail. In addition, the promotion and application in automatic detection technology of thick blood film smears are put forwarded as questions worthy of study, and a perspective of the future work for realization of automated microscopy diagnosis of malaria is provided.
    Strongyloides stercoralis infection with hypothyroidism: one case report
    SUN Yue, LIANG Min
    2017, 29(3):  393-394. 
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    This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one rare case of thyroid dysfunction caused by Strongyloides stercoralis infection.
    A case of dermatitis caused by Tyrophagus putrescentiae
    HONG Yong, CHAI Qiang, TAO Ning, LI Chao-Pin
    2017, 29(3):  395-396. 
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    Here we report a case of dermatitis caused by Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and have reviewed the related literature, then summarize the clinical characteristics and treatments of dermatitis in order to improve the understanding of the disease.