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Endemic status of schistosomiasis in People’s Republic of China in 2020 ZHANG Li⁃Juan, XU Zhi⁃Min, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, Li Yin⁃Long, LÜ Shan, CAO Chun⁃Li, XU Jing, LI Shi⁃Zhu, ZHOU Xiao⁃Nong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (3): 225-.   Abstract （5507）      PDF（pc） （1047KB）（1756）       Knowledge map    Save This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People’s Republic of China at a national level in 2020, and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance sites. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis in China, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2020. A total of 450 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China, with 28 376 endemic villages covering 71 370 400 people at risk of infections. Among the 450 endemic counties (cities, districts), 74.89% (337/450), 21.87% (98/450) and 3.33% (15/450) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. By the end of 2020, 29 517 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China. In 2020, 11 117 655 individuals received inquiry examinations and 1 798 580 were positive; 5 263 082 individuals received serological tests and 83 179 were sero⁃positive. A total of 273 712 individuals received stool examinations and 3 were positive, including one case of acute schistosomiasis. In 2020, snail survey was performed in 19 733 endemic villages in China and Oncomelania snails were found in 7 309 villages, accounting for 37.04% of all surveyed villages, with 15 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey covered an area of 736 984.13 hm2 and 206 125.22 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 1 174.67 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 1.96 hm2 habitats with infected snails. In 2020, 544 424 bovines were raised in the schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas of China, and 147 887 received serological examinations, with 326 positives detected, while 130 673 bovines received stool examinations, with no positives identified. In 2020, there were 19 214 patients with schistosomiasis receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 964 103 person⁃time individuals and 266 280 herd⁃time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2020, molluscicide treatment was performed in 136 141.92 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 71 980.22 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 464.03 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero in humans and bovines in 2020, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. The results demonstrate that the overall endemic status of schistosomiasis remains at a low level in China and the goal of the National Thirteenth Five⁃Year Plan for Schistosomiasis Control was achieved as scheduled; however, the endemic situation of schistosomiasis rebounded in local areas. Precision schistosomiasis control and intensified monitoring of the endemic situation and transmission risk of schistosomiasis are required to be performed to facilitate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis steadily. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2021 ZHANG Li⁃juan, XU Zhi⁃min, YANG Fan, HE Jun⁃yi, DANG Hui, LI Yin⁃long, CAO Chun⁃li, XU Jing, LI Shi⁃zhu, ZHOU Xiao⁃nong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (4): 329-.   Abstract （1696）      PDF（pc） （1069KB）（1723）       Knowledge map    Save This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in the People’s Republic of China at a national level in 2021. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis in China, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to consolidate the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2021. A total of 451 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2021, with 27 571 endemic villages covering 73 250 600 people at risk of infections. Among the 451 endemic counties (cities, districts), 75.17% (339/451), 22.17% (100/451) and 2.66% (12/451) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. By the end of 2021, 29 037 cases with advanced schistosomiasis were documented in China. In 2021, 4 405 056 individuals received serological tests and 72 937 were sero⁃positive. A total of 220 629 individuals received stool examinations and 3 were positive. In 2021, snail survey was performed in 19 291 endemic villages in China and Oncomelania snails were found in 7 026 villages, accounting for 36.42% of all surveyed villages, with 12 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey was performed at an area of 686 574.46 hm2 and 191 159.91 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 1 063.08 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 5 113.87 hm2 reemerging snail habitats. In 2021, 525 878 bovines were raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China, and 115 437 received serological examinations, with 231 positives detected. Among the 128 719 bovines received stool examinations, no positives were identified. In 2021, there were 19 927 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and 729 113 person⁃time individuals and 256 913 herd⁃time bovines were given expanded chemotherapy. In 2021, snail control with chemicals was performed in 117 372.74 hm2 snail habitats, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 640.5 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed in snail habitats covering an area of 1 244.25 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections were both zero in humans and bovines in 2021, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in snails. The results demonstrate that the overall endemic status of schistosomiasis remained at a low level in China in 2021; however, the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination was slowed and the areas of snail habitats rebounded mildly. Strengthening researches on snail diffusion and control, and improving schistosomiasis surveillance and forecast are recommended to prevent reemerging schistosomiasis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Status and control of common food⁃borne parasitic diseases in China: a review HUANG Ji⁃Lei, WANG Yao, ZHOU Xia Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (4): 424-.   Abstract （1560）      PDF（pc） （1011KB）（1313）       Knowledge map    Save Food⁃borne parasitic diseases include meat⁃borne, fish⁃borne, plant⁃borne, water⁃borne, mollusk⁃borne and freshwater crustacean⁃borne parasitic diseases. The review summarizes the current status and control of 6 major food⁃borne parasitic diseases in China, including clonorchiasus, paragonimiasis, Taenia solium taeniasis, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis and angiostrongyliasis, aiming to increase the understanding of food⁃borne parasitic diseases and provide insights into the development of the control strategy for food⁃borne parasitic diseases. The transmission of food⁃borne parasitic diseases are predominantly associated with diet, and neither eating raw nor semi⁃cooked food is the most effective measure to prevent the development of food⁃borne parasitic diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Artificial intelligence technology enables ultrasonography in precision diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases ZHOU Bo⁃yang, SHI Yi⁃lei, GUO Le⁃hang, MOU Li⁃chao, ZHU Xiao⁃xiang, ZHAO Chong⁃ke Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 458-.   Abstract （678）      PDF（pc） （1084KB）（1174）       Knowledge map    Save Liver disease is one of the major problems affecting human health. Ultrasound plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment of diffuse and focal liver diseases. However, conventional ultrasound evaluation is subjective and provides limited information. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology may supplement the disadvantages of conventional ultrasound and has been widely used in the field of ultrasound in liver diseases. To date, remarkable progress has been achieved for the use of AI technology in the diagnosis, assessment of therapeutic efficacy and prognosis prediction of liver diseases. This paper reviews the research progress of ultrasound image⁃based AI technology in the diagnosis and treatment of diffuse and focal liver diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2022 ZHANG Lijuan, HE Junyi, YANG Fan, DANG Hui, LI Yinlong, GUO Suying, LI Shizhen, CAO Chunli, XU Jing, LI Shizhu, ZHOU Xiaonong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (3): 217-224,250.   Abstract （1087）      PDF（pc） （939KB）（1157）       Knowledge map    Save This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance program in the People’s Republic of China in 2022. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to maintain the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2022. A total of 452 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2022, with 27 434 endemic villages covering 73 424 400 people at risk of infections. Among the 452 endemic counties (cities, districts), 75.89% (343/452), 23.45% (106/452) and 0.66% (3/452) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. In 2022, 4 317 356 individuals received serological tests for schistosomiasis, and 62 228 were sero⁃positive. A total of 208 646 individuals received stool examinations for schistosomiasis, with one positive and another two cases positive for urine microscopy, and these three 3 cases were imported schistosomiasis patients from Africa. There were 28 565 cases with advanced schistosomiasis documented in China by the end of 2022. Oncomelania hupensis snail survey was performed in 18 891 endemic villages in China in 2022 and O. hupensis snails were found in 6 917 villages (36.62% of all surveyed villages), with 8 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey was performed at an area of 655 703.01 hm2 and 183 888.60 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 110.58 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 844.35 hm2 re⁃emerging snail habitats. There were 477 200 bovines raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China in 2022, and 113 946 bovines received serological examinations for schistosomiasis, with 204 sero⁃positives detected. Among the 131 715 bovines received stool examinations, no positives were identified. In 2022, there were 19 726 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and expanded chemotherapy was performed in 714 465 person⁃time for humans and 234 737 herd⁃time for bovines in China. In 2022, snail control with chemical treatment was performed at an area of 119 134.07 hm2, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 825.27 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed at an area of 1 163.96 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance program of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections was both zero in humans and bovines in 2022, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in O. hupensis snails. These data demonstrated that the endemic status of schistosomiasis continued to decline in China in 2022, with 3 confirmed schistosomiasis patients that had a foreign nationality and all imported from Africa, and the areas of snail habitats remained high. Further improvements in the construction of the schistosomaisis surveillance and forecast system, and reinforcement of O. hupensis survey and control are required to prevent the re⁃emerging schistosomiasis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Geographical and temporal weighted regression model and its application in epidemiology: A review WANG Zhe, LIU Lu, YANG Kun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (2): 199-.   Abstract （281）      PDF（pc） （1050KB）（1028）       Knowledge map    Save Geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR) model is a local regression linear model, which indirectly reflects the spatio⁃temporal non⁃stationary characteristics of the study data by calculating the trends for changes in parameters with space and time. Recently, GTWR model has become one of the hot topics in the study on spatio⁃temporal heterogeneity of diseases. This review summarizes the basic principles and study methods of the GTWR model, and describes the applications of this model in epidemiology. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Trends in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020 based on Joinpoint regression analysis GAO Feng⁃hua, DING Song⁃jun, ZHANG Shi⁃qing, WANG Tian⁃ping, HE Jia⁃chang, XU Xiao⁃juan, DAI Bo, LIU Ting Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 469-.   Abstract （301）      PDF（pc） （1286KB）（882）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To investigate the changing trends in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis elimination strategy in the province. Methods The epidemiological data of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020 were collected, and the trends in the endemic status of schistosomiasis were analyzed using a Joinpoint regression model. The trends in the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in humans, bovines and Oncomelania hupensis were measured in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020 using average annual percent change (AAPC), and the correlations among the changing trends in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans, bovines and O. hupensis snail status were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. Results　The prevalence of S. japonicum human infections continued to decline in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, with an annual mean decline of 14.8% [AAPC = -14.8%, 95% confidential interval (CI): (-18.9%, -10.5%), P < 0.01]. The prevalence of S. japonicum infections continued to decline in bovines in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2015 [AAPC = -31.3%, 95% CI: (-35.1%, -37.2%), P < 0.01], and was 0 for 5 successive years from 2016 to 2020. During the period from 2004 to 2020, there was an annual mean decline of 0.7% in areas of snail habitats [AAPC = -0.7%, 95% CI: (-1.2%, 0.3%), P < 0.05] and an annual mean decline of 9.2% in the density of living snails [AAPC = -9.2%, 95% CI: (-18.3%, 1.0%), P = 0.08] in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, and an annual mean decline of 35.6% was found in the density of S. japonicum⁃infected snails [AAPC = -35.6%, 95% CI: (-49.2%, -18.3%), P < 0.01] from 2004 to 2012, with no infected snails detected in Anhui Province from 2013 to 2020. There were significant correlations in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections between humans and bovines (r = 0.959, P < 0.01), between the prevalence of S. japonicum human infections and the density of S. japonicum⁃infected snails (r = 0.823, P < 0.01) and between the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in bovines and the density of S. japonicum⁃infected snails (r = 0.902, P < 0.01). Conclusions　The prevalence of S. japonicum infections appeared a decline in humans, bovines and O. hupensis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, and significant correlations were found among the changing trends in the prevalence of S. japonicum human infections, the prevalence of S. japonicum bovine infections and the density of S. japonicum⁃infected O. hupensis snails. Because of a minor decline in the area of snail habitats and widespread distribution of O. hupensis, however, there is still a risk of schistosomiasis transmission, and precision control for schistosomiasis remains to be reinforced in Anhui Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A practice of curriculum ideological and political education in Medical Parasitology teaching based on the situation of Yunnan Province WANG Li⁃ming, WANG Wei⁃qun, WANG Hong, CHUNYU Wei⁃xun, LI Juan, XIANG Zheng, LI Cui⁃ying Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 537-.   Abstract （274）      PDF（pc） （985KB）（744）       Knowledge map    Save In order to build a unified teaching pattern integrating knowledge delivery, skill cultivation and value guidance, this article, based on the targets of cultivating medical talents in the new era, aims to explore the pathway of curriculum ideological and political education in Medical Parasitology teaching based on the situation of Yunnan Province. By analyzing the epidemiology of parasitic diseases in Yunnan Province, the remarkable achievements of parasitic diseases control in China and Yunnan Province, cases with parasitic disease misdiagnosis, parasitologists’ selfless contributions, the contributions of traditional Chinese medicines to parasitic diseases control and the contributions of traditional Chinese medicines in Yunnan Province, the ideological and political education is naturally integrated into Medical Parasitology teaching, to create an educational model combining professional course teaching with ideological and political education curriculum. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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One Health: Re⁃thinking of zoonoses control FEI Si⁃wei, XU Jing⁃shan, LÜ Shan, GUO Xiao⁃kui, ZHOU Xiao⁃nong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (1): 1-.   Abstract （977）      PDF（pc） （1170KB）（735）       Knowledge map    Save Under the dual pressure of emerging zoonoses and the difficulty in eliminating conventional zoonoses, many uncertainties in global control of infectious diseases are challenging the achievement of sustainable development goals set by the United Nations General Assembly. One Health, developed on the basis of understanding the relationship between human diseases and animal diseases, is conducive to the prevention and control of zoonoses. The connotation of “One Health” is mainly explained by three aspects, namely the systems thinking mode of “unity of environment and man”, the practice guidance of “multi⁃sectoral concert” and the economic evaluation strategy of “cost⁃effectiveness analysis”. One Health approach has been successfully applied in the control of major infectious diseases in China, such as schistosomiasis, leading to remarkable achievements; however, there are still multiple challenges. This review proposes that much attention should be paid to top⁃level design, the difference between emerging zoonoses and conventional zoonoses, and the dynamic process of One Health governance during the development and application of One Health. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development and application of the world’s first malaria subunit vaccine RTS, S/AS01 XU Wen⁃yue Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (6): 557-.   Abstract （1212）      PDF（pc） （643KB）（693）       Knowledge map    Save On October, 2021, the WHO announced the recommendation of RTS, S/AS01 for use among children living in moderately and highly malaria⁃endemic areas, which receives global attention. Here, the history of RTS, S/AS01 vaccine development and its role in malaria control are described. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological trends for human schistosomiasis prevalence in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2018 based on Joinpoint regression analysis XIAO Ying, ZHONG Chen⁃hui, WEI Feng⁃hua, DAI Ling⁃feng, YANG Jun⁃jing, CHEN Yan⁃yan Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (2): 122-.   Abstract （882）      PDF（pc） （1177KB）（670）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the trends of human schistosomiasis prevalence in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2018, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis elimination strategy in the province. Methods　All data pertaining to human schistosomiasis prevalence in Hubei Province were collected from 2004 to 2018, and the trends for changes in seroprevalence, egg⁃positive rate and prevalence of human Schistosoma japonicum infection were analyzed using a Joinpoint regression model. Results 　Both of the numbers of residents seropositive and egg⁃positive for S. japonicum infections appeared a tendency towards a decline in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2018, and the prevalence of human S. japonicum infections reduced from 6.85% in 2004 to 0 in 2018. Joinpoint regression analysis showed that the prevalence of human S. japonicum infections appeared an overall tendency towards a reduction in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2018 [average annual percent change （AAPC） = -24.1%, P < 0.01], and the trends for the reduction were both significant during the period from 2004 to 2006 [annual percent change （APC） = -35.1%, P < 0.01] and from 2006 to 2018 （APC = -22.1%, P < 0.01）. The prevalence of human S. japonicum infections appeared a tendency towards a decline in islet （AAPC = -25.1%, P < 0.01）, inner embankment （AAPC = -26.4%, P < 0.01） and hilly subtypes of schistosomiasis⁃endemic areas （AAPC = -32.5%, P < 0.01） of Hubei Province from 2004 to 2018, and the prevalence all appeared a tendency towards a decline during the infection control stage （from 2004 to 2008）, the transmission control stage （from 2009 to 2013） and the transmission interruption stage （from 2014 to 2018） （AAPC = -28.0%, -24.4% and -63.8%, all P values < 0.01）. The seroprevalence of human S. japonicum infections appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2018 （AAPC = -14.5%, P < 0.01）, and the trends for the reduction were both significant during the period from 2004 to 2012 （APC = -8.4%, P < 0.01） and from 2012 to 2018 （APC = -22.1%, P < 0.01）. In addition, the egg⁃positive rate of human S. japonicum infections appeared an overall tendency towards a decline in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2018 （AAPC = -30.6%, P < 0.05）, and the trend for the reduction was significant during the period from 2007 to 2014 （APC = -15.5%, P < 0.01）. Conclusions　The prevalence of human schistosomiasis appeared a tendency towards a decline in Hubei Province from 2004 to 2018, and the islet and inner embankment subtypes of endemic areas are a high priority for schistosomiasis control during the stage moving towards elimination in Hubei Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological trends of schistosomiasis in Poyang County of Jiangxi Province from 2004 to 2020 based on the Joinpoint regression model WU Xin⁃hua, WU Jun, XU Ren⁃mei, XIONG Ying, CHEN Zhe Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (1): 7-.   Abstract （1236）      PDF（pc） （1296KB）（666）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the dynamic changes of schistosomiasis in Poyang County of Jiangxi Province from 2004 to 2020, so as to provide insight into the development of the schistosomiasis elimination strategy. Methods　Schistosomiasis control data were captured from Poyang County from 2004 to 2020, and the epidemiological data of schistosomiasis were collected from national schistosomiasis surveillance sites in Poyang County from 2005 to 2020. The endemic status of schistosomiasis was analyzed in Poyang County from 2004 to 2020, and a Joinpoint regression analysis was performed to investigate the trends of schistosomiasis in Poyang County from 2004 to 2020. Results　The sero⁃prevalence and egg⁃prevalence of human Schistosoma japonicum infections reduced from 24.39% (24 976/102 397) and 4.53% (259/5 721) in 2004 to 5.37% (2 421/45 100) [annual percent change (APC) = average annual percent change (AAPC) = -8.64% ] and 0 (0/3 963) in 2020 (APC = AAPC = -32.07%) in Poyang County, and the trends were both significant (both P < 0.01). The sero⁃prevalence of S. japonicum infections reduced from 1.21% (294/24 332) in bovines in 2013 to 0.58% (35/5 999) in 2020 in Poyang County, with one turning point (AAPC = -8.20%，P > 0.05). There were no townships or villages with emerging snail habitats in Poyang County from 2004 to 2020, and there were three turning points of trend in the proportion of snail areas detected in total snail areas (AAPC = -2.30%，P > 0.01).The sero⁃prevalence and adjusted prevalence of S. japonicum infections reduced from 60.82% (742/1 220) and 10.16% (124/1 220) in local residents in 2005 to 5.73% (70/1 221) and 0 in 2020 in national schistosomiasis surveillance sites of Poyang County, and the trends for sero⁃prevalence (APC = AAPC = 17.47%, P < 0.01) and adjusted prevalence of S. japonicum infections (APC = AAPC = -44.92%, P < 0.01) were both statistically significant. S. japonicum infections were identified in 10 (2005) and 2 local livestock (2007), with prevalence of 10.00% (10/100) and 13.33% (2/15), respectively, and S. japonicum infections were detected in snails in 2008 and 2009; however, no positive samples of mixed O. hupensis were detected by loop⁃mediated isothermal amplification. Conclusions The endemic situation of schistosomiasis control had remarkably reduced in Poyang County from 2004 to 2020; however, there are still challenges for consolidating schistosomiasis control achievements and even elimination of schistosomiasis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Identification of potential targets and synergistic mechanism of Kushen Decoction for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis ZHAN Na, LIU Xing⁃Hai, TANG Fang⁃Ying, ZHANG Jian⁃Yong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (5): 483-.   Abstract （349）      PDF（pc） （2815KB）（607）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To explore the potential targets and synergistic mechanisms of Kushen Decoction for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis using network pharmacology and molecular docking methods. Methods　The main active ingredients of Kushen Decoction were captured from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) and the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) database, and the potential targets were predicted. In addition, the active ingredients of Kushen Decoction that were not included in the TCMSP database were retrieved in CNKI, WanFang Data, CBM, PubMed and Web of Science databases, and the target genes of all supplemented active ingredients were predicted using the online TargetNet database. Network construction and analysis were performed using the Cytoscape software, and cryptosporidiosis⁃related targets were retrieved in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and GeneCards database. The protein⁃protein interaction (PPI) network was created using the STRING database, and the DAVID database was used for GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses. The tissue distribution of key targets was investigated using the BioGPS database, and the AutoDockTools software was employed to verify the molecular docking results. Results　A total of 38 active ingredients of Kushen Decoction were screened, and the core ingredients included quercetin, (+)⁃14α⁃hydroxymatrine and apigenin. A total of 831 targets of Kushen Decoction and 512 cryptosporidiosis⁃related targets were predicted, and PPI network analysis revealed 69 key targets, including AKT1, TNF and IL⁃6. There were 303 biological processes, 46 molecular functions and 29 cellular components involved in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis with Kushen Decoction, and 13 KEGG pathways played a therapeutic role in the synergistic mechanisms of multiple targets, such as Toll⁃like receptor (TLR), nuclear factor kappa B(NF)⁃ĸB, nucleotide binding oligomerization domain like receptor (NLR) signal pathways. The core targets were mainly distributed in the hematologic and immune systems. Molecular docking analysis showed that the binding energy between active ingredients and key targets were all less than 0 kJ/mol, indicating the strong binding of ligands to receptors. Conclusions　The active ingredients of Kushen Decoction, such as quercetin, (+)⁃14α⁃hydroxymatrine and apigenin, may act on targets like AKT1, TNF, IL⁃6 to modulate TLR, NLR and NF⁃κB signaling pathways to play a synergistic role in the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in the hematologic and immune system. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Schistosomiasis control in China from 2012 to 2021: progress and challenges  XU Jing, CAO Chun⁃li, LÜ Shan, LI Shi⁃zhu, ZHOU Xiao⁃nong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (6): 559-.   Abstract （540）      PDF（pc） （1317KB）（568）       Knowledge map    Save Schistosomiasis has been endemic in China for more than 2 000 years, which causes huge morbidity, social and economic burdens. Guided by the national specific strategic programs and criteria for schistosomiasis, tremendous achievements have been gained for schistosomiasis elimination in China. This paper reviews the progress of schistosomiasis control and endemic status of schistosomiasis in China during the period from 2012 to 2021, analyzes the challenges to achieve the goal of schistosomiasis elimination in China by 2030, and proposes suggestions for future schistosomiasis control programs. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of health economics assessment techniques in the prevention and control of important infectious diseases: a review WU Ling⁃Ling, ZHOU Xiao⁃Nong, JIA Tie⁃Wu, XU Jing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (3): 311-.   Abstract （516）      PDF（pc） （961KB）（553）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the relative shortage of health resources, rational allocation and utilization of health resources is critical to achieving the maximum economic benefits in developing countries, which requires a health economic assessment to meet the needs to balance the competitive requirements of cost reduction and effectiveness enhancement. This review describes the advances in applications of health economic assessment techniques in four major infectious diseases, including AIDS, tuberculosis, hepatitis B and schistosomiasis. Currently, there is no standard economic assessment in the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and notably, the transparency of cost research is limited, which may affect the popularization of the study conclusions. Further health economic assessments of infectious diseases are required to improve the quality, standard and transparency of the economic evaluation through formulating strategies, to improve the standardization of studies, to improve the popularization of the study conclusions and to improve the applicability of the economic evaluation for policies. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current status and prospects of artificial intelligence in schistosomiasis prevention and control LI Zi⁃ang, JIAO Yi⁃ping, XU Jun Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 453-.   Abstract （508）      PDF（pc） （1052KB）（545）       Knowledge map    Save Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that seriously endangers human health and affects socioeconomic developments. Artificial intelligence technology has been widely used in clinical medical sciences, including tumor screening, and electrocardiogram, imaging and pathological analyses, which has potential for precision control of schistosomiasis. Currently, artificial intelligence technology has been employed for clinical assessment of schistosomiasis⁃associated hepatic fibrosis and ectopic schistosomiasis, prognostic prediction of advanced schistosomiasis, automated identification of Oncomelania hupensis and Schistosoma japonicum eggs and miracidia, epidemiological surveillance of schistosomiasis, and drug discovery. This review summarizes the advances in the applications of artificial intelligence technology in the management of schistosomiasis and proposes the prospects for the use of artificial intelligence in schistosomiasis elimination. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application of CRISPR/Cas systems in the nucleic acid detection of pathogens: a review LI Mengru, QIN Zhiqiang, YIN Kun, ZHENG Bin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (1): 98-.   Abstract （308）      PDF（pc） （1332KB）（525）       Knowledge map    Save Rapid, sensitive and specific detection tools are critical for the prevention and control of infectious diseases. The in vitro nucleic acid amplification assays, including polymerase chain reaction and isothermal amplification technology, have been widely used for the detection of pathogens. Recently, nucleic acid detection⁃based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR⁃associated proteins (Cas) have been developed, which are rapid, highly sensitive, highly specific, and portable. This review describes the classification and principle of CRISPR/Cas systems and their applications in pathogen detection, and discusses the prospects of CRISPR/Cas systems. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Enterobius vermicularis infection in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province: a case report LU Li⁃Dan, SHE Dan⁃Ya, LIN Guang⁃Chu, GUO Hua Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (2): 212-.   Abstract （420）      PDF（pc） （1079KB）（466）       Knowledge map    Save The report presents a case with  Enterobius vermicularis infections  in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, aiming to strengthen the attention to parasitic infections. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiology of pathogenic tick-borne viruses in China: a review#br# #br# MA Jingge, LIU Ning, LIU Ziyan, LIU Quan, WEI Feng, WANG Zedong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (4): 325-330,348.   Abstract （259）      PDF（pc） （973KB）（450）       Knowledge map    Save Ticks are obligate, haematophagous arthropods that are distributed across the world, which may transmit more than 200 pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. A large number of tick species are widespread in China, and their transmitting tick-borne viral diseases pose a great threat to human health in endemic foci. This review describes the epidemiology of common, emerging and potentially pathogenic tick-borne viruses in China, and recommends the assessment of public health significance and pathogenicity of emerging tick-borne viruses using reverse microbial etiology, so as to provide insights into the management of emerging tick-borne diseases in China. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemic trend and control progress of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Henan Province JIANG Tian⁃tian, JI Peng⁃hui, HE Zhi⁃quan, ZHANG Ya⁃lan, DENG Yan, CHEN Xi, HONG Yang, ZHAO Dong⁃yang, ZHANG Hong⁃wei, LIN Xi⁃meng, CHEN Wei⁃qi Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (5): 547-.   Abstract （417）      PDF（pc） （1050KB）（446）       Knowledge map    Save Henan Province is one of the provinces where taeniasis and cysticercosis were historically highly prevalent, and Taenia solium is the dominant species of tapeworm. Following the concerted efforts since 1970s, the prevalence of human taeniasis and cysticercosis has been maintained at a low level in Henan Province, which facilitates the national taeniasis and cysticercosis elimination program in China. Following the implementation of the policy of aeniasis and cysticercosis elimination and classified guidance, a great success has been achieved in aeniasis and cysticercosis control in Henan Province. With continuous promotion of the opening⁃up policy and the Belt and Road Initiative, there are still challenges in taeniasis and cysticercosis control. This review summarizes the control progress of taeniasis and cysticercosis and proposes the challenges of taeniasis and cysticercosis control in Henan Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The role of sinusoidal endothelial cells in liver injury: a review JIANG Tingting, HU Yuan, CAO Jianping Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2023, 35 (1): 92-.   Abstract （267）      PDF（pc） （958KB）（445）       Knowledge map    Save Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) locate on the surface of hepatic sinusoids. As the first line of defense between the liver and blood, LSECs are the most abundant non-parenchymal cells in the liver. Under physiological conditions, LSECs may induce liver immune tolerance through participating in substance transport and metabolic waste removal, thereby maintaining liver homeostasis, and under pathological conditions, LSECs may promote liver immune response via antigen presentation. LSECs have been found to play a crucial regulatory role in maintaining the balance between liver regeneration and liver fibrosis. This article reviews the progress of researches on LSECs functions, LSECs changes in liver injury, signal pathways associated with regulation of LSECs functions, and the interaction between LSECs and other types of cells in the liver, aiming to elucidate the function of LSECs and their roles in liver diseases Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Epidemiological characteristics and diagnosis of imported malaria cases in Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2020 ZHANG Xuan, RUAN Wei, CHEN Hua⁃Liang, LU Qiao⁃Yi, YAO Li⁃Nong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (3): 262-.   Abstract （486）      PDF（pc） （1001KB）（434）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the epidemiological features and diagnosis of imported malaria cases in Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2020, so as to provide the scientific evidence for the management of imported malaria in the province. Methods　The data of malaria cases reported in Zhejiang Province were captured from the Information Management System for Parasitic Disease Control of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention from 2017 to 2020, and the temporal, spatial and human distribution, and initial and definitive diagnosis of imported malaria cases were descriptively analyzed. Results　A total of 593 malaria cases were reported in Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2020, and all were overseas imported cases, including 532 men and 61 women, with a mean age of 41 years. There were 93.93% of the malaria cases from African countries, and the malaria parasites infecting these cases included Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and mixed infections, with P. falciparum as the predominant species (76.73%, 455/593). All malaria cases received totally correct initial diagnoses in county⁃ and city⁃level centers for disease control and prevention (CDC) and entry⁃exit inspection and quarantine sectors, and the proportion of malaria cases with confirmation at the day of initial diagnosis was 41.48% (207/499) in medical institutions and 66.18% (45/68) in CDC ([χ2] = 14.779, P < 0.001). In addition, the median interval [M (QR)] of malaria cases was 1 (2) d from onset to initial diagnosis and 1 (2) d from initial diagnosis to confirmation in Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2020, and the median interval [M (QR)] of severe malaria cases was significantly longer than that of non⁃severe cases [2 (3) d vs. 1 (2) d; Z = -3.002, P < 0.05)]. Conclusions　Zhejiang Province faces great challenges of malaria control, and post⁃elimination surveillance of malaria still requires to be reinforced. Meanwhile, the awareness of seeking medical services requires to be improved among returners from malaria⁃endemic regions and the diagnostic capability of malaria requires to be improved among medical professionals. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Construction of a risk assessment indicator system for re-establishment of imported malaria LAN Zi⁃yao, LI Yang, HUANG Yu⁃ting, SHI Wei⁃fang, SHE Dan⁃ya, JIANG Zhi, LIU Lei Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (2): 163-.   Abstract （433）      PDF（pc） （1344KB）（433）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To create a risk assessment indicator system for re⁃establishment of imported malaria. Methods　The risk assessment indicator system for re⁃establishment of imported malaria was preliminarily constructed through literature review and thematic discussions. A total of 26 malaria control experts were selected to carry out a two⁃round Delphi consultation of the indicator system. The active coefficient, authority coefficient and coordination coefficient of the experts and the coefficient of variation on each indicator were calculated for indicator screening and the weight of each indicator was calculated. The reliability of the indicator system was evaluated using Cronbach’s coefficient α, and the content validity of the indicator system was evaluated using the authority coefficient of the expert, while the structural validity of the indicator system was evaluated using Kaiser⁃Meyer⁃Olkin (KMO) test and factor analysis. Results　Two rounds of Delphi expert consultations were completed by 23 malaria control experts, and a risk assessment indicator system for re⁃establishment of imported malaria was constructed, including 3 primary indicators, 7 secondary indicators, and 21 tertiary indicators. The active coefficient (100.00% vs. 88.46%; P < 0.01) and coordination coefficient of the expert (0.372 vs. 0.286; P < 0.01) were significantly greater in the second round of the Delphi expert consultation than in the first round. After the second round of the Delphi expert consultation, the authority coefficient of the experts ranged from 0.757 to 0.930 on each indicator, and the coefficients of variation were 0.098 to 0.136, 0.112 to 0.276 and 0.139 to 0.335 for the primary, secondary and tertiary indicators, respectively. The overall Cronbach’s coefficient α of the indicator system was 0.941, and there were significant differences in the KMO values for primary (KMO value = 0.523; [χ2] = 18.192, P < 0.05), secondary (KMO value = 0.694, [χ2] = 51.499, P < 0.01) and tertiary indicators (KMO value = 0.519; [χ2] = 477.638, P < 0.01), while the cumulative contribution rate of six principal components in the tertiary indicators was 84.23%. The normalized weights of three primary indicators of the source of infection, transmission condition and control capability were 0.337, 0.333 and 0.329, and the three secondary indicators with the greatest normalized weights included the number of imported cases and malaria parasite species (0.160), introduction of imported cases in China and medical care seeking (0.152), vector species and density (0.152), while the five tertiary indicators with the greatest normalized weights included the malaria parasite species of imported cases (0.065), vector populations (0.064), and the time interval from onset to medical care seeking (0.059), number of imported cases (0.056), and the time interval from medical care seeking to definitive diagnosis (0.055). Conclusion　A risk assessment indicator system for re⁃establishment of imported malaria is successfully created, which provides insights into the assessment of the risk of re⁃establishment of imported malaria and management of key high⁃risk factors in malaria⁃eliminated areas. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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An acute schistosomiasis case in Wuhan City imported from another province of China in 2020 ZUO Yu⁃ting, WANG Hao, ZHOU Shui⁃mao, HE Jian⁃min, SHI Xiao⁃ying, LUO Hua⁃tang, XU Ming⁃xing Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (6): 647-.   Abstract （875）      PDF（pc） （1111KB）（430）       Knowledge map    Save An imported case of acute schistosomiasis was reported in Wuhan City in 2020. The case was infected with Schistosoma by contact with the infested water due to playing water in the Yangtze River when working out of Hubei Province. The patient visited four medical institutions and the duration from onset to definitive diagnosis was 20 days. The patient’s low awareness of schistosomiasis prevention and control knowledge and lack of diagnosis and treatment awareness for schistosomiasis among medical institutions were considered as main causes of the development of acute schistosomiasis and progression to severe case. Intensifying schistosomiasis health education among mobile populations and improving the awareness and capability of early diagnosis of schistosomiasis among clinicians are recommended. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Potential challenges for large⁃scale uses of RTS, S/AS01 vaccine in malaria⁃endemic areas FENG Gao⁃qian Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (6): 553-.   Abstract （511）      PDF（pc） （654KB）（425）       Knowledge map    Save RTS, S/AS01 vaccine has recently been recommended by the WHO for large⁃scale uses in malaria⁃endemic areas, which is a milestone in the history of the fight against parasitic infections. Nevertheless, RTS, S/AS01 vaccine is not perfect. Hereby, the shortages of RTS, S/AS01 malaria vaccine were discussed, and the potential challenges during the research and development of next⁃generation malaria vaccines were analyzed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of researches on symbionts in the management of mosquito⁃borne infectious diseases LU Jia⁃Chen, SHEN Fei⁃Hu, Lei Yao, Xu Qin⁃Wen, Yang Bo, CHENG Yang Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (5): 544-.   Abstract （400）      PDF（pc） （975KB）（422）       Knowledge map    Save Mosquitoes are the main vectors of many infectious diseases, including malaria and yellow fever, which seriously threaten human health across the world. In addition to the use of chemical insecticides, genetic control is a new attempt to currently available interventions used for mosquito vector control. In terms of ecological safety, however, symbiotic control as a novel approach has been proposed for mosquito control. Since there are multiple symbiotic microflora inhabiting in a variety of tissues of mosquitoes, including the digestive tract, they may affect the transmission of mosquito⁃borne infectious diseases through affecting the lifespan, reproductive competence, and vector competence of the host. In this review, the interactions between symbionts in mosquitoes were summarized, and the research progress of mosquito⁃associated symbionts in the management of mosquito⁃borne infectious diseases was reviewed. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Progress of researches on the diagnostic techniques for schistosomiasis SONG Lan⁃gui, WU Zhong⁃dao Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (6): 660-.   Abstract （508）      PDF（pc） （939KB）（418）       Knowledge map    Save Schistosomiasis is an important zoonotic parasitic disease, and is categorized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Following the concerted efforts for more than 70 years, great achievements have been made in the national schistosomiasis control program in China, and the prevalence, disability and mortality due to schistosomiasis has remarkably dropped. Nevertheless, the frequent identification of imported schistosomiasis and the resulting potential transmission risk in mainland China have been recently paid much attention following the implementation of the “Belt and Road Initiative” and the China⁃Africa Cooperation Forum. This review describes the advances in the diagnostic tools for schistosomiasis, including pathogenic techniques, immunodiagnostic techniques and nucleic acid assays, in order to consolidate schistosomiasis control achievements and promote the capability for detection of external biological safety risks. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Current status and challenges for taeniasis and cysticercosis control in China GUO Zhao⁃yu, LIU Jian⁃feng, ZHOU Chang⁃hai, QIAN Men⁃bao, CHEN Ying⁃dan, ZHOU Xiao⁃nong, LI Shi⁃zhu Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (6): 563-.   Abstract （866）      PDF（pc） （944KB）（409）       Knowledge map    Save In the WHO new road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021—2030, the disease⁃specific targets are classified into control, elimination as a public health problem, elimination and eradication, and taeniasis and cysticercosis are targeted for control. The overall prevalence of taeniasis and cysticercosis is low in China, and varies remarkably in regions and populations; however, there are many challenges for elimination of taeniasis and cysticercosis in China. Based on previous taeniasis and cysticercosis control programs, developing a sensitive taeniasis and cysticercosis surveillance⁃response system, updating criteria for diagnosis of taeniasis and cysticercosis, proposing a national guideline for treatment of taeniasis and cysticercosis, and strengthening interdisciplinary and intersectoral communications and collaborations are urgently needed under the One Health concept. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Surveillance of malaria vector Anopheles in Guizhou Province from 2005 to 2019 DING Xu, SHI Wei⁃Fang, ZHANG Yu⁃Qiong, LAN Zi⁃Yao, ZHANG Ai⁃Hua, XU Jian⁃Jun, ZHOU Guang⁃Rong Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2021, 33 (3): 274-.   Abstract （405）      PDF（pc） （1245KB）（386）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To understand the density, populations and habitats of malaria vector Anopheles in Guizhou Province from 2005 to 2019, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the countermeasures to tackle the risk of local transmission of imported malaria in the province. Methods　The malaria vector Anopheles density and populations were monitored using human⁃bait trapping and light trapping techniques in Guizhou Province from 2005 to 2019, and all captured Anopheles was morphologically identified and counted. In addition, the distribution of Anopheles habitats was investigated. Results　During the period from 2005 through 2019, the malaria vector Anopheles density increased from early June in Guizhou Province, peaked on early July and then declined, which appeared a single peak. The greatest Anopheles density was seen on early August, 2018 [57.34 mosquitoes/(person⁃night)], and the lowest density was found on late October, 2009 [1.29 mosquitoes/(person⁃night)]. The annual mean Anopheles density slowly reduced from 17.91 mosquitoes/(person⁃night) in 2005 to 12.34 mosquitoes/(person⁃night) in 2012, with a 38.02% reduction ([χ2] trend = 115.04, P < 0.01), while the annual mean Anopheles density showed a tendency towards a rise from 2017 to 2019 ([χ2] trend = 420.00, P < 0.01). The malaria vector Anopheles was captured during the period between 19：00 and 7：00 of the next day in Guizhou Province from 2017 to 2019, with the overall density appearing a tendency towards a rise followed by a decline, and the Anopheles activity was highly frequent during the period between 19：00 and 21：00. The malaria vector Anopheles was monitored for 938 times using the light trapping method in Guizhou Province from 2005 to 2019, and a total of 52 781 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured, including 49 705 An. sinensis, 804 An. minimus, 238 An. anthropophagus, and 2 034 other Anopheles mosquitoes, with a significant difference seen in the Anopheles composition ([χ2] =165.68, P < 0.01). From 2017 to 2019, a total of 24 557 Anopheles mosquitoes were captured in human housings, outdoors and livestock housings in Guizhou Province, with 67.68% captured in livestock housings and 12.01% in human housings, and there was a significant difference in the number of Anopheles mosquitoes captured from the three types of habitats ([χ2] = 55.04, P < 0.01). An. sinensis, An. minimus and An. anthropophagus were captured form all three types of habitats, in which 98.07% was An. sinensis, and 0.09% was An. anthropophagus. Conclusions　The population structure of malaria vector Anopheles has changed in historically malaria⁃endemic areas of Guizhou Province, and An. sinensis has replaced An. minimus and An. anthropophagus to become the predominant malaria vector. The malaria vector Anopheles density has shown a tendency towards a rise in Guizhou Province during the recent years, and there have been a rise in the type and number of Anopheles mosquitoes, leading to a potential risk of local transmission of imported malaria. Long⁃term, persistent and extensive surveillance of malaria vectors is recommended in Guizhou Province. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Analysis of lactate dehydrogenase gene polymorphisms and prediction of B cell epitopes in four human Plasmodium species HUANG He⁃rong, DONG Ying, DENG Yan, XU Yan⁃chun, CHEN Meng⁃ni, LIU Yan, ZHANG Cang⁃lin Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control    2022, 34 (1): 28-.   Abstract （438）      PDF（pc） （1273KB）（383）       Knowledge map    Save Objective　To analyze the polymorphism of Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) gene and predict B⁃cell epitopes in pLDH peptides in four species of human malaria parasites. Methods　The blood samples and epidemiological characteristics were collected from malaria cases in Yunnan Province registered in the National Notifiable Disease Report System. The pLDH genes of four human Plasmodium species were amplified using nested PCR assay and sequenced. The polymorphisms of pLDH genes was analyzed using the software MEGA version 7.0.26 and DnaSP version 5.10, and the B⁃cell epitopes were predicted in pLDH peptides using the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB). Results　The sequences of P. vivax LDH (PvLDH), P. falciparum LDH (PfLDH), P. ovale LDH (PoLDH) and P. malariae LDH (PmLDH) genes were obtained from 153, 29, 17 and 11 blood samples from patients with P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale and P. malariae malaria, respectively, which included 15, 2, 4 and 2 haplotypes and had a nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.104. A high level of intra⁃species differentiation was seen in the PoLDH gene (π = 0.012), and the π values were all < 0.001 for PvLDH, PfLDH and PmLDH genes. Active regions of B⁃cell antigen were predicted in the pLDH peptide chain of four human malaria parasites, of 4 to 5 in each chain, and the activity score was approximately 0.430. Among these peptide chains, the “86⁃PGKSDKEWNRD⁃96” short⁃peptide was a B⁃cell epitope shared by all four species of human malaria parasites, and the “266⁃GQYGHS (T)⁃271” short⁃peptide was present in PvLDH and PoLDH peptide chains, while “212⁃EEVEGIFDR⁃220” was only found in the PvLDH peptide chain, and “208⁃LISDAE⁃213” was only seen in the PfLDH peptide chain. Conclusions　The PoLDH gene polymorphism may be derived from the weak negative purification selection, while PvLDH, PfLDH and PmLDH genes may maintain a relatively conservative state. There may be two B⁃cell epitopes “212⁃EEVEGIFDR⁃220” and “208⁃LISDAE⁃213” in the proximal region of the C terminal in the pLDH peptide chain, which is feasible to differentiate between P. vivax and P. falciparum infections. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）